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Studies of the Fast and Exotic Ions in Superfluid Helium-4

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Studies of the Fast and Exotic Ions in Superfluid Helium-4 Studies of the Fast and Exotic Ions in Superfluid Helium-4 by Wanchun Wei M.Sc., Brown University, 2009 B.Sc., University of Science and Technology of China, 2005 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Physics at Brown University PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2012 © Copyright 2012 by Wanchun Wei Vita Wanchun Wei was born on February 3, 1983 in Dalian, China. He received his B.Sc. in Applied Physics from University of Science and Technology of China in 2005. In the fall of that same year, he started his graduate studies in the Physics Department of Brown University. He earned his M.Sc. in Physics in 2009, and a second M.Sc. in Applied Mathematics in 2011. The work for this thesis began in the summer of 2007. During this work, he received the Forest Award for excellent work related to experimental apparatus in 2010. iv Acknowledgements In the seven years of my graduate studies at Brown University, it was a great pleasure to work with my advisor, Professor Humphrey Maris. I have learned a lot from his profound insight in physics and brilliant attitude to life. I deeply appreciate all of his invaluable guidance, inspiration, patience and consideration during the course of my studies. Without these, I couldn’t accomplish this work as a student who started from knowing nothing about cryogenics. I would like to express my gratitude to Professor George Seidel for his valuable advice and deep discussions during this entire work and to Professor Robert Lanou for his kindly help. I am also very thankful to both of them for spending time reading this thesis. In addition, my gratitude must be extended to Professor Arnold Dahm, Professor Gary Ihas and Professor Jan Northby for their helpful discussions on the experiment, and to Professor Leon Cooper for his genius ideas on the theory. I greatly thank Mr. Charles Vickers, Mr. Michael Packer, Mr. Raymond Pagliarini and Mr. Brian Corkum for their excellent work in the construction of the cryostat and the experimental structure, and thank Mr. Bruce Chick for his generous help in the design and making of the control circuit. It was great experiences to work with these brilliant engineers, from whom I have learned so many of the arts of engineering. I also thank Mr. Dean Hudek and Mr. William Patterson III for the electronics and assistance in all aspects. I give my thanks to all my fellows from our research group, the picosecond ultrasonics group, the quasi-2D electronic systems group and the NMR spectroscopy group for all their helps. In particular, I give my greatest appreciation to Dr. Yunhu Huang for v numerous discussions and helps in this work; to Matthew Hirsch for training me with cryogenic skills and offering suggestions on the design of the cryostat; to Dr. Dafei Jin for being my close friend and solid lab supporter all the time; and also, to Zhuolin Xie for her efforts and assistance in the experiments. Moreover, I am very thankful to Mrs. Barbara Dailey, who is always keen to help and support in all situations. It meant a lot to me. I want to express my gratitude to Professor Jin Li for being my great mentor and friend these years, especially for her generous support in the hard times. Inspired by many talks with her, I have gained a deeper understanding of the beauty and values of the traditional Chinese culture. This is something other than physics I have acquired at Brown that would benefit me for a lifetime. I also want to express my gratitude to my undergraduate advisor, Professor DING Zejun, for his continuous encouragement and support over years. It was him who taught me that to become a scientist, one must first be a diligent engineer and a meticulous researcher. I bear this advice in mind while I am pursuing my best throughout my graduate studies. My gratitude is as well given to Mrs. SUN Ying and Mr. TAO Yong, the greatest teachers who have impacted my life path so much since my teens. I thank all my dear friends at Brown and around the world for the funs together and all their warm supports. They make my life at Brown so memorable. I share with them my pleasure of this great moment. Finally, I am extremely grateful for my parents. This moment of honor also belongs to them for all their love, sacrifice and guidance in my growth. I am so glad to fulfill their dreams. vi To my beloved Mother and Father vii Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 2 Design and Construction of the Cryostat ........................................................... 7 2.0 Fundamentals of Cryogenics ..................................................................................... 8 2.0.1 Cooling Powers................................................................................................... 9 2.0.2 Heat Loads ........................................................................................................ 11 2.1 1 K Pot ― the Cryogenic Engine ............................................................................ 12 2.1.1 Cooling Power of the 1 K Pot ........................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Inlet Filter and Fill Line of the 1 K Pot ............................................................ 15 2.1.3 Thermal Connection between the 1 K Pot and the Cell ................................... 18 2.1.4 Construction of the 1 K Pot .............................................................................. 19 2.1.5 Analysis on the Performance of the 1 K Pot .................................................... 21 2.2 Auxiliary Thermal Components .............................................................................. 24 2.2.1 Cryogenic Coolant Baths and Precision Cryogenics Dewar ............................ 24 viii 2.2.2 Structures inside the Space of the Helium Bath ............................................... 27 2.2.3 Heat Exchangers and Thermal Anchors ........................................................... 33 2.2.4 Thermometry .................................................................................................... 38 2.3 Experimental Cell .................................................................................................... 43 2.3.1 Cell Body and View Window Ports ................................................................. 44 2.3.2 Cell Fill Lines ................................................................................................... 46 2.3.3 Cell Electrical Feed-throughs ........................................................................... 48 2.4 Electrical System ..................................................................................................... 50 2.4.1 Static High Voltage Lines ................................................................................. 50 2.4.2 Signal Drive & Acquisition Coaxial Lines ....................................................... 52 2.4.3 Thermometer Leads .......................................................................................... 54 2.5 Gas Handling System .............................................................................................. 59 2.6 Cool-Down Process ................................................................................................. 64 Chapter 3 Time of Flight Method ..................................................................................... 70 3.1 Introduction to the Time of Flight Method ............................................................. 70 3.1.1 A Brief Introduction to the Time of Flight Apparatus...................................... 71 3.1.2 Interpretation of the Signal Profile and the Transit Time ................................. 73 3.2 Experimental TOF Structure and Control Circuit ................................................... 77 3.2.1 Summary of Previous Experiments .................................................................. 78 ix 3.2.2 Summary of a Failed Short TOF Structure ....................................................... 80 3.2.3 Detailed Geometry of the Long TOF Structure ................................................ 82 3.2.4 Control Circuit and Electronics ........................................................................ 86 3.3 Experimental Signal Acquisition and Processing ................................................... 89 3.3.1 Analog Signal Amplification and Noise Management ..................................... 89 3.3.2 Control Program of the National Instruments DAQ Card ................................ 93 3.3.3 Numerical Data Processing .............................................................................. 95 3.4 Procedure for Searching for Ion Signals ................................................................. 95 3.5 A Preliminary Experimental Result ........................................................................ 96 3.5.1 Analysis of the Peak Shape of Ions .................................................................. 98 3.5.2 Error Analysis in the TOF Measurement ....................................................... 102 Chapter 4 Experimental Result and Analysis ................................................................
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