Und Vorderasiatischen Archao1

und Vorderasiatischen Archao1

Begrundet von E. Ebeling und B. Meissner fortgefOhrt von E. Weidner, W. von Soden und D. 0. Edzard herausgegeben von M. P. Streck unter Mitwirkung von G. Frantz-Szabo· M. Krebernik ·D. Morandi Bonacossi J. N. Postgate · U. Seidl · M. Stol · G. Wilhelm Redaktion T. Blaschke · J. Fechner · S. Heigl · N. Morello Band 14 · 5./6. Lieferung 'Uqair, Tall al-- Ot(a)-napisti(m) 2015

De Gruyter UQUMA!ENU - UR. A. I 355

identified the U. with the eastern branch of Girsu beheimateten PN Lu-

the shore of the Lower Sea better than the § 1. Name and writing. - § 2. Cuneiform eastern branch of the Tigris. sources. - § 3- The Uruk ill period (ca. 310o- In the Hellenistic period, the Kariin was 29oo).- § 4· The Early Dynastic I-II period (ca. called the Pasitigris and at times simply the 2900-26oo). - § 5· The Early Dynastic IIIa-b period (ca. 2600-2300).- § 6. The Sargonic and Tigris (ibid. 26f.). For a list of the at Gurian periods (ca. 2300-2111).- § 7· The Ur III testations of the U. under its various names period (ca. 2110-2003). s. ibid. 57- Cole S. W./Gasche H. 2007: Documentary § 1. Name and writing. The Sum. and other archaeological and environmental evi form of U. is U rim. The earliest written oc dence bearing on the identification and location currences of this name, spelled SES(ZATU of the rivers of Lower Khuzestan and the posi 595)+AB (= URI ), are dated to the Uruk tion of the head of the Persian Gulf ca. :1200 BC- 5 2oo AD, Akkadica :128, :1-72. - Layard A. H. III period. The two signs of this compound 1894: Early adventures in Persia, Susiana, and logogram stood for the city-god Nanna Babylonia, esp. 376. (SES; cf. Mondgott•· A. I. § 2.1) and prob G. Frame ably for "place" or a kind of building (AB). Uruk III occurrences are found on some ad ministrative tablets from Uruk* (ZATU Uquma/enu s. Qumanu. 596 and CDLI for other unpubl. at testations) and in the first line of the Ar chaic City List (ATU 3, W 21126 i 1) . To Uqur s. dU.GUR. this period belongs the so-called Archaic City Seal, impressed on thirteen tablets from Gamdat Na~r (Matthews 1993, 34 Uqurtu s. Ugurtu. and fig. 10a) and on one tablet from Tall 'Uqair•· (prob. ancient Urum•·; MSVO 4, 15), where the name of U. is also

Ur (Auerochse) s. Rind. A und B. § 13. spelled SES+AB (= URI 5). Later collective city seals bearing the name of U. are attested on clay sealings from U. found in Ur (Theonym). Ein Theonym

25; s:f.VU.<· B. § 3·4-5)- Although the spell seum (= Nisaba 19). - Burrows E. 1935: Ar shows that U. was involved in the above 1988, 20-23; Visicato 2ooo, 13-17), also chaic texts(= UET 2).- Civil M. 1988: Tablillas ing SES.AB (= lJRJ ) was preferred, it could mentioned religious organization centered revealed a complex administrative organi 5 sarg6nicas de Ur, Aula Or. 6, 105f. - D 'Agos alternate with SES.UNUG (= URI); the lat tino F./Laurito R./Pomponio F. 2004: Neo around Uruk {Steinkeller 2002). Whether zation that embraced the city and its rural ter is attested from ED I-II in seal impres Sumerian texts from Ur in the British Museum: its preeminent position in the Archaic City hinterland (Sallaberger 2010). This was the sions (e. g. UE 3, 424 =Matthews 1993, fig. epigraphical and archaeological catalogue of an List reflected the importance and influence time of southern city-states, whose econ 14 no. 20), and very rarely in other 3rd unpublished corpus of texts and fragments(= Ni of U. within the Bab. alluvium in this omy was dominated by an aggregate of mill. cuneiform texts (e. g. OSP 1, 56 ii 3 ', saba 5).- Gadd C. J ./Legrain L. 1928: Royal inscriptions(= UET 1).- Legrain L. 1936: Ar period remains uncertain. large households employing extensive agri Old Akk.). chaic seal-impressions (= UE 3); id. 1937-1947: Stein keller P. 2002: Archaic city seals and the cultural methods. This system evolved over A reading /urim/ of URI5 is supported by Business documents of the Third Dynasty of Ur question of early Babylonian unity, Gs. Th. Ja a long period, resulting in the classical evidence from the ED IIIb period on (e. g. 1-2 (= UET 3/i-2); id. 1951: Seal cylinders(= UE cobsen 249-257. structure known for Girsu "'/La gas'' in the E'annatum RIME 1, 160 iii 4'; other exam 10).- Lecompte C. 2013: Archaic tablets and fragments from Ur (ATFU): from L. Woolley's ED IIIb period. The ruler was in this system ples in RGTC 1, 176-179 ), when spellings excavations at the Royal Cemetery (= Nisaba § 4· The Early Dynastic I-II period the earthly representative of the city-god such as lugal Uri/i-ma confirm a final 25).- Loding D. M. 1976: Economic texts from (ca. 2900-26oo). City seals similar to {Stadtgott"· § 3 ), nominal owner of the city consonant !mi. Syllabic spellings for /urim/ the Third Dynasty(= UET 9).- Sollberger E. the Archaic City Seal, now impressed on state, who in the case of U. was the moon are provided by later lex. and lit. texts. 1965: Royal inscriptions 2 (= UET 8). jars and door locks, were found in U. in SIS god Nanna (Mondgott'' A. I. § 6.1); this is E.g. OB Diri Nippur sec. 4: 9 = MSL 15, 28; Sulgi 8 and SIS 5-4. Most of the so-called ar explicitly stated in the Za-mi Hymns from RIME 3!2, 145: 3; Nanna M 3, 6, 10, 14 = § 3· The Uruk III period (ca. 31oo- chaic texts from U. were also found in SIS Tall Abu Salabr]J. (ED IIIa; IAS p. 47: 35f.). ETCSL 4.13.13; Nanna N 29, 32 = ETCSL 2 9 oo ). U. was a small site of about 10 ha 5-4 (UET 2, 15-373, except 305-307); 4.13.14; Urnamma B 67 (B) = OBO 1§<2, 198, during the Uruk IV period. It experienced Charvat P. 1979: Early Ur, ArOr. 47, 15-20. etc.;.s. a. K. Yolk, Zvr Lesung von URUxSE-tenu only three tablets came from earlier levels, Karg N. 1.984: Untersuchungen zur iilteren friih (,GANA-tenu"I,KAR"), NABU 1997/6o, n.18. a modest expansion during the following namely from SIS 8 (UET 2, 3 07) and SIS 7 dynastischen Glyptik Babyloniens: Aspekte re Uruk III period, when it extended over 15 (UET 2, 305£.). These texts, quite homo gionaler Entwicklungen in der ersten Hiilfte des § 2. Cuneiform sources. U. (mod. ha {Wright 1981, 325f.). The scarce written geneous in terms of metrology, orthogra 3· Jahrtausends (= BagF 8). - Sallaberger W. Tall al-Muqayyar) was regularly excavated 2019: The city and the palace at archaic Ur, in: sources of this period mentioning U. sug phy and prosopography, were most prob K. Saskov:i et al. (ed.), Shepherds of the black by C. L. Woolley'' from 1922 to 1934 (U.'' gest that, despite its limited size, U. was in ably written over a short period of time headed people: the royal office vis-a-vis godhead B. § 2). During those years hundreds of cu volved in a regional network with a reli (Sallaberger 2010), but their date, as well in ancient Mesopotamia, 31.-37. - Steinkeller P. 1988: Grundeigentum in Babylonien von Uruk neiform tablets and other kinds of inscrip gious background, which implied the pro as that of the clay sealings from SIS, re tions dated to the 3 rd mill. were unearthed IV bis zur friihdynastischen Periode II, in: B. vision of offerings for Inanna "., the chief mains an open question since they were Brentjes (ed.), Das Grundeigentum in Mesopota and later distributed among the Iraq Mu deity of Uruk''. Thus, U. was one of the found in a dump area whose stratigraphy is mien, 11-27. - Siirenhagen D. 1999: Unter seum (IM), the University of Pennsylvania cities that together with Larsa and Erina difficult to define. Scholars have presented suchungen zur relativen Chronologie Baby loniens und angrenzender Gebiete von der aus Museum (UPM), and the British Museum appear in a text from Uruk that recorded different views on this matter, arguing for (BM). gehenden 'Ubaidzeit bis zum Beginn der Friihdy the donation of slave-women to Inanna's a dating to ED I (e. g. Marchesi/Marchetti nastisch II-Zeit 1: Studien zur Chronostratigra Most of these texts were published in the UET temple at Uruk (BagM 22, 78 W 24004,3b); 2011, 51-61, with previous lit.) or ED II phie der siidbabylonischen Stadtruinen von Uruk series. Burrows (1935) published 425 tablets or seal similarly, U. appears delivering a quantity und Ur (= HSAO 8). - Visicato G. 2000: The impressions antedating the Ur III Dyn., most of (Karg 1984, 15-38; Si.irenhagen 1999, 175- of beer to the goddess Inanna in a text that power and the writing: the early scribes of Meso them dated ED I-II; also to this period belong sixty 250). potamia.- Wright H. T. 1969: The administra six tablets and fragments kept in the BM, recently also records the cities of ABagunu, Larsa, In this period, the city of U. redesigned tion of rural production in an early Mesopota published by Lecompte (2013); eight more Old Akk. andEa.N1JNa (W 20511,2 = CDLIPoo38o8), its central precinct and kept growing. Clay mian town. tablets from U. kept in the UPM were published by while two more texts mention U. togeth Civil (1988, 105f.), while Black and Spada (2oo8) sealings (Siegelpraxis"·), used for containers published a few pre-Sargonic and Sargonic tablets er with Zabalam"· (W 15773,f+ = CDLI and door locks, were a reflection of this § 5· The Early Dynastic IIIa-b from the IM. Tablets dated to the Ur III period were Poo2311; ATU 2, Tf. 22 W 20274,16). growth: they were used by a centralized ad period (ca. 26oo-23oo). During this published by Legrain (1937-1947; 1802 texts) and Most of these cities are also attested in the ministration and are evidence of some kind period, the central precinct of the city was Loding (1976; 1378 texts, 1020 of them in hand copy); most of the remaining unpublished Ur III Archaic City List (ATU 3, 145-150), in of regional organization that involved U. rebuilt and U. probably approached the 50 texts and fragments from the BM were catalogued which U. was listed in the first place, and and other cities of the alluvium, such as ha of later times (Wright 1981, 327). Writ by D'Agostino, Laurito and Pomponio (2004; 919 in the Archaic City Seal from Gamdat Na~r Nippur"· (A. I. § 3.1), Larsa'' (A. § 2), ten sources from U. dated to this period are texts), while a high number of Ur III texts and (Matthews 1993, 34-38) and Tall 'Uqair Uruk'' (A. I. § 5), Kes"· (§ 2.1), Adab"· and scarce: only a few administrative tablets, mainly fragments from the UPM and possibly from the IM remain unpublished; a few other Ur III texts (MSVO 4, 15). Other cuneiform tablets Eridu ''. The development of U. in this mainly from ED IIIb (Alberti/Pomponio from U. found their way into other collections and from U. dated to this period are rare and period is also shown by the existence of 1986, 17f.), were found either in SIS 2-1 were published elsewhere (Widell 2003, 103-176). scarcely informative (UET 2, 1, 63f., 232f.). some lexical (UET 2, 234, 264, 299-301) or in the debris and the fill of the Royal Royal inscriptions were published by Gadd and Le grain (1928), and by Sollberger (1965). Stamp seals, Leaving aside the problematic relationship and lit. texts (UET 2, 69: cf. IAS p. 29, n. Cemetery. According to other sources, it cylinder seals and seal impressions were published between the Archaic City List and the Ar 8). Administrative tablets, which mainly seems that, during the first part of ED III, by Legrain (1936 and 1951). chaic City Seal (cf. Matthews 1993, 48-5o), dealt with agricultural production and the U. remained in some way outside of the in Black J. A./Spada G. 2008: Texts from Ur the fact that the same seal impression ap working personnel attached to it (Wright fluence of Kis"', which had extended over kept in the Iraq Museum and in the British Mu- pears on tablets from two different cities 1969, 99-116; Charvat 1979; Steinkeller the Sum. south. In fact, texts from Surup- UR. A. I UR. A. I 359 pag'' (A. § 2) dated to the ED Ilia period Sumer. U. could have even ruled over Uruk came part of a state based on a new politi Shortly after, Ur-Namma became independ reveal the existence of a coalition of the during the rulership of Mes-kalam-dug and cal system imposed from northern Babylo ant from Utu-l:J_egal's political influence and main southern Sum. cities, i.e., Uruk'', La Mes-anne-pada (Marchesi/Marchetti 2011, nia. Its position and evolution within this founded the Third Dyn. of U. gas", Adab, Umma ", Nippur'' and Surup 108); it is remarkable in this regard that new structure and during this period are pag (Jacobsen 19 57, 120-122; Pomponio/ Mes-anne-pada called himself and called poorly known. Written sources from U. § 7· The Ur III period (ca. 2110- Visicato 1994, 10-20); U., located further his father "king of Kis" (RIME 1, 391f. no. itself are limited to about thirty administra 2 o o 3 ). On the basis of the political, eco south, was not among them. This league, 1f.; Kis* A. § 2), a title also borne in this tive tablets (s. § 2) and some twenty-five nomic and administrative organization set as yet of uncertain nature, was probably a period by the rulers of Uruk. different seals or royal inscriptions, mainly up by the kings of Akkade, the Third Dyn. counterbalance to the power of Kis in the The power shifted again to Uruk with related to the kings Sargon, Manistfisu ,. , of U. built a new empire that lasted for a north. Lugal-kinise-dudu'·, who was contempo Rimus"· and Naram-Sin"", and to Enl:J_edu century. The administrative apparatus of The position of U. among the cities of rary with Enmetena (Entemena *) of Lagas anna'', Sargon's daughter (RIME 2, 328). this state, admirably designed and struc the Sum. south seems to have changed be (RIME 1, 200-202). He reestablished the As some Old Bab. copies of Sargonic tured, produced tens of thousands of docu tween ED Ilia and ED IIIb, during the rul hegemony of his city over southern Sumer monuments mention, Sargon conquered U. ments coming from different cities, which ership of the so-called First Dyn. of U. This and dominated U., claiming to have exer by defeating its ruler Lu-Nanna (RIME 2, make this century one of the best docu dynasty is mainly known from inscriptions cized the lordship (nam-en) of Uruk and 9-17, 29-31). The strategic importance of mented periods in antiquity. Unfortunately, of the Royal Cemetery, whose chronology the kingship (nam-lugal) of U. (RIME 1, U. for the new Sargonic dyn. was evident the royal archives of U. have not yet been and stratigraphy have been much debat 413-415 ). The ascendancy of Uruk over U. from the fact that Enheduanna was in found, but other written sources from U. ed (U. ,. B. § 3.2; Woolley 1934; s. a. Mar continued under Lugal-kisal-si (Lugal-gi stalled at U. as Nanna'~ consort and en itself are abundant, particularly those dated chesi/Marchetti 2011, 61-6 5). It consisted pare-si * ), Lugal-kinise-dudu's son (RIME 1, priestess (Priester''' A. I. §§ 5.1, 6.8), a way to the last years of Ibbi-Suen •-. The more of 66o burials, of which sixteen were called 421-423), but was interrupted with Elili to counterbalance the local powers of the than 3000 cuneiform tablets found for the by Woolley "royal tombs". A few inscribed (RIME 1, 407; SKL 141), contemporary city. U. was nevertheless active in the con most part in the area of the Nanna temple, objects were found in these tombs, provid with Iri'inimgina (Urukagina ''). Ensaku frontation with the Sargonic kings. Com though not in their original location (Wi ing the earliest testimonies of kings, queens sanna ,_ (SKL 186), who probably stemmed manded by its ruler Kaku *, U. took part in dell 2003, 91-101), include letters, juridical and other elite personalities from U. (Wool from U. (he appears as Elili's son in RIME the rebellion against Rimus•· (§ 2.1), which texts, loan documents, and administrative ley 1934, 311-322; Marchesi 2004). One of 1, 431f.), used the titles of "lord of Sumer" ended in complete disaster for the rebel texts dealing with the main activities devel them was Ur-Pabilsag(a)'', most probably (en Ki-en-gi) and "king of the Land" (lu= city-states (RIME 2, 41-46). Under the rul oped in the city and its hinterland, i.e., ag the earliest king of U. known to us (UET 8, gal kalam-ma), and claimed to have de ership of Naram-Sin"· (A. § 4·7.2), a new riculture, animal husbandry, textile pro 3 =RIME 1, 381f.); he would have ruled in stroyed Aksak and Kis (RIME 1, 429-431), rebellion, known as the "Great Revolt", duction, and craft industry. The so-called the ED Ilia period, some time before the an achievement that was also celebrated in gathered the most important Mesopot. cit "craft archive", the most remarkable group kings of the First Dyn. year names recorded in texts from Nippur ies, U. again among them. Once more, the among these texts, vividly illustrates the or The kings that followed Ur-Pabilsaga be (OSP 1, 101; TMH 5, 158). Ensakusanna Sum. coalition was defeated, and Naram ganization and production of a huge work longed to the same lineage at least in some paved thus the way for Lugalzagesi'', who Sin captured three of its leaders, perhaps shop divided into eight departments of arti cases. Their sequence is conjectural in some took control over Uruk and U., defeated Lugal-anne'' of U. among them (cf. J. sans: sculptors, goldsmiths, stone-cutters, respects, and nothing is known about the Iri'inimgina of Lagas, and ruled over the Goodnick Westenholz, MesCiv. 7 [1997] carpenters, blacksmiths, leatherworkers, length of their reigns except for the unreli land of Sumer (RIME 1, 433-437). 226f.). felters, and reedworkers (Loding 1974; able information provided by the SKL. Neumann 1993\ 33-71; Sallaberger 1999, Alberti A./Pomponio F. 1986: Pre-Sargonic U. probably regained indep~ndence They are: A-kalam-dug; Mes-kalam-dug''; and Sargonic texts from Ur edited in UET 2, Sup during the period that followed Sar-kali 274-285). The life in the capital of the em Mes-anne-pada * (SKL 13 5 ), son of Mes-ka plement(= StPohl SM 13).- Cooper J. S.1983: sarri's reign, since Gutian (Gutium'·) domi pire was surrounded by the new buildings lam-dug (RIME 1, 391f.); A'anepada (Aan Reconstructing history from ancient inscriptions: nation apparently did not extend so far erected by Ur-Namma and his descendants, 1 nipadda'·; SKL 193 ), son of Mes-anne the Lagash-Umma border conflict (= SANE 2/ documented in the textual and archaeol. 1).- Jacobsen Th. 1957: Early political devel south. Nevertheless, U. probably fell under pada (RIME 1, 396£.); Mes-ki'ag-Nunna'', opment in Mesopotamia, ZA 52, 91-140. - the sway of the Second Dyn. of Lagas, at record (Woolley 1974; U.* B. § 3.1). They son of? (cf. contra Marchesi 2004, 167f.) Marchesi G. 2004: Who was buried in the least during the rulership of Ur-Ba'u'', who were, notably, the ziggurat of Ur-Namma, Mes-anne-pada (SKL 137f.; Tummal royal tombs of Ur?: the epigraphic and textual installed his daughter, En'annepada (Enan the Edublamab-'' (a,gateway into the ziggu Inscription 7f., d. Tummal"· § 3). Synchro data, Or. 73, 153-197. Pomponio F./Visi nipadda''· [correct ibid.: "Tochter" instead rat complex), the Ganunmal:J_•· (storing fa nisms between these kings and those of La cato G. !c994= Early Dynastic administrative cilities), the El:J_ursag* (apparently a pal tablets of Suruppak (= MEE 6). -Woolley C. of "Sohn"]), as the en-priestess of Nanna gas and Umma cannot be established with L. 1934: The royal cemetery: a report on the Pre (RIME 3/i, 24f.). The defeat of the Gutians ace), the Egipar•· (temple of Ningal'' and certainty. During the rule of this dynasty, dynastic and Sargonid graves excavated between by Utu-l:J_egal ,_ of Uruk resulted in a new residence and burial place of thve en-priest U. got involved in the political relation 1926 and 1931 (= UE 2). hegemony of the latter over the land of ess), and the mausoleums of Sulgi"· (§ 8) ships of southern Sum. cities, particularly Sumer. He mediated in the boundary con and Amar-Suen (U.'' B.§ 3.2.3). in the "Lagas-Umma border conflict" § 6. The Sargonic and Gutian flict between Lagas and U., perhaps de The Ur III state-building was mainly (Cooper 1983), and brought to an end the periods (ca. 2300-2111). With the ad posed Lusaga''- of U. (RIME 2, 3oof.), and based on an innovative economic and ad hegemonic role of Uruk over southern vent of Sargon"· of Akkade (§ 4), U. be- left the city under Ur-Namma*'s command. ministrative system (organized in core and UR. A. I UR. A. I 359 pag'' (A. § 2) dated to the ED Ilia period Sumer. U. could have even ruled over Uruk came part of a state based on a new politi Shortly after, Ur-Namma became independ reveal the existence of a coalition of the during the rulership of Mes-kalam-dug and cal system imposed from northern Babylo ant from Utu-l:J_egal's political influence and main southern Sum. cities, i.e., Uruk'', La Mes-anne-pada (Marchesi/Marchetti 2011, nia. Its position and evolution within this founded the Third Dyn. of U. gas", Adab, Umma ", Nippur'' and Surup 108); it is remarkable in this regard that new structure and during this period are pag (Jacobsen 19 57, 120-122; Pomponio/ Mes-anne-pada called himself and called poorly known. Written sources from U. § 7· The Ur III period (ca. 2110- Visicato 1994, 10-20); U., located further his father "king of Kis" (RIME 1, 391f. no. itself are limited to about thirty administra 2 o o 3 ). On the basis of the political, eco south, was not among them. This league, 1f.; Kis* A. § 2), a title also borne in this tive tablets (s. § 2) and some twenty-five nomic and administrative organization set as yet of uncertain nature, was probably a period by the rulers of Uruk. different seals or royal inscriptions, mainly up by the kings of Akkade, the Third Dyn. counterbalance to the power of Kis in the The power shifted again to Uruk with related to the kings Sargon, Manistfisu ,. , of U. built a new empire that lasted for a north. Lugal-kinise-dudu'·, who was contempo Rimus"· and Naram-Sin"", and to Enl:J_edu century. The administrative apparatus of The position of U. among the cities of rary with Enmetena (Entemena *) of Lagas anna'', Sargon's daughter (RIME 2, 328). this state, admirably designed and struc the Sum. south seems to have changed be (RIME 1, 200-202). He reestablished the As some Old Bab. copies of Sargonic tured, produced tens of thousands of docu tween ED Ilia and ED IIIb, during the rul hegemony of his city over southern Sumer monuments mention, Sargon conquered U. ments coming from different cities, which ership of the so-called First Dyn. of U. This and dominated U., claiming to have exer by defeating its ruler Lu-Nanna (RIME 2, make this century one of the best docu dynasty is mainly known from inscriptions cized the lordship (nam-en) of Uruk and 9-17, 29-31). The strategic importance of mented periods in antiquity. Unfortunately, of the Royal Cemetery, whose chronology the kingship (nam-lugal) of U. (RIME 1, U. for the new Sargonic dyn. was evident the royal archives of U. have not yet been and stratigraphy have been much debat 413-415 ). The ascendancy of Uruk over U. from the fact that Enheduanna was in found, but other written sources from U. ed (U. ,. B. § 3.2; Woolley 1934; s. a. Mar continued under Lugal-kisal-si (Lugal-gi stalled at U. as Nanna'~ consort and en itself are abundant, particularly those dated chesi/Marchetti 2011, 61-6 5). It consisted pare-si * ), Lugal-kinise-dudu's son (RIME 1, priestess (Priester''' A. I. §§ 5.1, 6.8), a way to the last years of Ibbi-Suen •-. The more of 66o burials, of which sixteen were called 421-423), but was interrupted with Elili to counterbalance the local powers of the than 3000 cuneiform tablets found for the by Woolley "royal tombs". A few inscribed (RIME 1, 407; SKL 141), contemporary city. U. was nevertheless active in the con most part in the area of the Nanna temple, objects were found in these tombs, provid with Iri'inimgina (Urukagina ''). Ensaku frontation with the Sargonic kings. Com though not in their original location (Wi ing the earliest testimonies of kings, queens sanna ,_ (SKL 186), who probably stemmed manded by its ruler Kaku *, U. took part in dell 2003, 91-101), include letters, juridical and other elite personalities from U. (Wool from U. (he appears as Elili's son in RIME the rebellion against Rimus•· (§ 2.1), which texts, loan documents, and administrative ley 1934, 311-322; Marchesi 2004). One of 1, 431f.), used the titles of "lord of Sumer" ended in complete disaster for the rebel texts dealing with the main activities devel them was Ur-Pabilsag(a)'', most probably (en Ki-en-gi) and "king of the Land" (lu= city-states (RIME 2, 41-46). Under the rul oped in the city and its hinterland, i.e., ag the earliest king of U. known to us (UET 8, gal kalam-ma), and claimed to have de ership of Naram-Sin"· (A. § 4·7.2), a new riculture, animal husbandry, textile pro 3 =RIME 1, 381f.); he would have ruled in stroyed Aksak and Kis (RIME 1, 429-431), rebellion, known as the "Great Revolt", duction, and craft industry. The so-called the ED Ilia period, some time before the an achievement that was also celebrated in gathered the most important Mesopot. cit "craft archive", the most remarkable group kings of the First Dyn. year names recorded in texts from Nippur ies, U. again among them. Once more, the among these texts, vividly illustrates the or The kings that followed Ur-Pabilsaga be (OSP 1, 101; TMH 5, 158). Ensakusanna Sum. coalition was defeated, and Naram ganization and production of a huge work longed to the same lineage at least in some paved thus the way for Lugalzagesi'', who Sin captured three of its leaders, perhaps shop divided into eight departments of arti cases. Their sequence is conjectural in some took control over Uruk and U., defeated Lugal-anne'' of U. among them (cf. J. sans: sculptors, goldsmiths, stone-cutters, respects, and nothing is known about the Iri'inimgina of Lagas, and ruled over the Goodnick Westenholz, MesCiv. 7 [1997] carpenters, blacksmiths, leatherworkers, length of their reigns except for the unreli land of Sumer (RIME 1, 433-437). 226f.). felters, and reedworkers (Loding 1974; able information provided by the SKL. Neumann 1993\ 33-71; Sallaberger 1999, Alberti A./Pomponio F. 1986: Pre-Sargonic U. probably regained indep~ndence They are: A-kalam-dug; Mes-kalam-dug''; and Sargonic texts from Ur edited in UET 2, Sup during the period that followed Sar-kali 274-285). The life in the capital of the em Mes-anne-pada * (SKL 13 5 ), son of Mes-ka plement(= StPohl SM 13).- Cooper J. S.1983: sarri's reign, since Gutian (Gutium'·) domi pire was surrounded by the new buildings lam-dug (RIME 1, 391f.); A'anepada (Aan Reconstructing history from ancient inscriptions: nation apparently did not extend so far erected by Ur-Namma and his descendants, 1 nipadda'·; SKL 193 ), son of Mes-anne the Lagash-Umma border conflict (= SANE 2/ documented in the textual and archaeol. 1).- Jacobsen Th. 1957: Early political devel south. Nevertheless, U. probably fell under pada (RIME 1, 396£.); Mes-ki'ag-Nunna'', opment in Mesopotamia, ZA 52, 91-140. - the sway of the Second Dyn. of Lagas, at record (Woolley 1974; U.* B. § 3.1). They son of? (cf. contra Marchesi 2004, 167f.) Marchesi G. 2004: Who was buried in the least during the rulership of Ur-Ba'u'', who were, notably, the ziggurat of Ur-Namma, Mes-anne-pada (SKL 137f.; Tummal royal tombs of Ur?: the epigraphic and textual installed his daughter, En'annepada (Enan the Edublamab-'' (a,gateway into the ziggu Inscription 7f., d. Tummal"· § 3). Synchro data, Or. 73, 153-197. Pomponio F./Visi nipadda''· [correct ibid.: "Tochter" instead rat complex), the Ganunmal:J_•· (storing fa nisms between these kings and those of La cato G. !c994= Early Dynastic administrative cilities), the El:J_ursag* (apparently a pal tablets of Suruppak (= MEE 6). -Woolley C. of "Sohn"]), as the en-priestess of Nanna gas and Umma cannot be established with L. 1934: The royal cemetery: a report on the Pre (RIME 3/i, 24f.). The defeat of the Gutians ace), the Egipar•· (temple of Ningal'' and certainty. During the rule of this dynasty, dynastic and Sargonid graves excavated between by Utu-l:J_egal ,_ of Uruk resulted in a new residence and burial place of thve en-priest U. got involved in the political relation 1926 and 1931 (= UE 2). hegemony of the latter over the land of ess), and the mausoleums of Sulgi"· (§ 8) ships of southern Sum. cities, particularly Sumer. He mediated in the boundary con and Amar-Suen (U.'' B.§ 3.2.3). in the "Lagas-Umma border conflict" § 6. The Sargonic and Gutian flict between Lagas and U., perhaps de The Ur III state-building was mainly (Cooper 1983), and brought to an end the periods (ca. 2300-2111). With the ad posed Lusaga''- of U. (RIME 2, 3oof.), and based on an innovative economic and ad hegemonic role of Uruk over southern vent of Sargon"· of Akkade (§ 4), U. be- left the city under Ur-Namma*'s command. ministrative system (organized in core and UR.A.I UR.A.II peripheral provinces), intense diplomatic less, he probably fought for the throne with w).- Sallaberger W. 1999: Ur III-Zeit, Annii which make the study of multiple aspects activity, control over the main trade routes, herungen 3, 119-390; id. 2003-2004: Schlacht of economic and other activity in this his brother Su-Suen'' (2035-2027), who fi vieh aus Puzris-Dagan: zur Bedeutung dieses kii and progressive territorial expansion. Ur nally succeeded him. With Su-Suen, who niglichen Archivs, JEOL 38, 45-62; id. 2007: period possible. His notes andpublications Namma•=- (2110-2093), founder of the dy faced major problems with Simanum, the From urban culture to nomadism: a history of contain information on the find spots of nasty, initiated this policy by recovering Amorites, and the Simaskians (Simaski ,_ upper Mesopotamia in the late third millennium, tablets and allow us to assemble dossiers or from Puzur-Insusinak"· (§ 1) the north of § 3 ), began the decline of the empire. Un in: C. Kuzucuoglu/C. Marro (ed.), Societes hu archives on the basis of archaeol. context. maines et changement climatique a Ia fin du troi Babylonia (Steinkeller 2013); he then estab der the rule ofibbi-Suen~' (2026-2003) the sieme millenaire: une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en The information is incomplete and contra lished an alliance with Mari"- (A. § 4), con situation grew worse: he had to fight Haute Mesopotamie?: actes du colloque de Lyon, dictory, however, and has led to different quered Susa"· (A. § 5.2; Marchesi 2013), against Simurrum'' (§ 1.5), he lost his con s-8 decembre 2005 (=Varia Anatolica 19), 417- scholarly interpretations. Still, our knowl and defined boundaries for the new prov trol over the eastern frontier, and the con 456. - Sharlach T. M. 2004: Provincial taxa edge of U. in the early 2nd mill. is more tion and the Ur III state (= CunMon. 26). - Si inces of his realm (recorded in the "Ur tributions from the peripheral areas grist M. 1992: Drehem.- Steinkeller P. 1987: comprehensive than for other periods of Namma's Cadastre": RIME 3h, 50-56; stopped, causing the collapse of the system. The administrative and economic organization of the city's history (d. U. ,_ A. I; A. III) and Steinkeller 2011, 25-28); he also wrote The core provinces left the empire very the Ur III state: the core and the periphery, in: for other cities of the time. Most tablets the "Code of Ur-Namma" (Ur-Namma'' soon after, a fact that can be deduced, for MeG. Gibson!R. D. Biggs (ed.), The organization from this period from Woolley's excava of power: aspects of bureaucracy in the Ancient ~ 3.4; Wilcke 2002; Civil 2011). His son, example, from their abandonment of the Near East (= SAOC 46), 19-41; id. 2011: Third tions are published, but the museum collec Sulgi ,_ (2092-204 5 ), who was deified year name system of the empire (Lafont millennium royal and votive inscriptions, in: tions in Baghdad, London, and Philadel sometime between his tenth and twentieth 1995; Sallaberger 1999, 174-178). The dif George, o. c. (= CUSAS 17), 1-28; id. 2013: Pu phia all still hold unpublished U. material, year of reign, was the true builder of the ficulties of Ibbi-Suen with his territories are zur-Insusinak at Susa: a pivotal episode of early mostly fragmentary. Elamite history reconsidered, in: De Graef!Taver empire: he reorganized the economy and well depicted in the correspondence that he nier, o. c. (= MDP 58), 293-317; id. in press: The the administration of the state, introduced exchanged with ISbi-Erra'' of Isin and Pu grand strategy of the Ur III empire: Babylonia's § 2. Archives. the provincial taxation system, created a zur-Numusda '' (c), his governor of Ka foreign policy and territorial expansion at the standing army, and launched an ambitious zallu'' (Ki:inigsbriefe"· § 3.5; Michalowski, end of the third millennium BC. -Widell M. § 2.1. Public archives. No archive from 2003: The administrative and economic Ur III this period derives directly from the palace policy of territorial expansion (Steinkeller CKU). Ibbr-Suen was finally defeated by texts from the city of Ur. - Wilcke C. 2002: 1987; Sallaberger 1999, 144-148; Sharlach Kindattu<-, the king of Ansan and Simaski, Der Kodex Urnamma (CU): Versuch einer Re administration, most probably because U. 2004). Sulgi thus formed a defensive belt who destroyed U. Its fall was always re konstruktion, Gs. Th. Jacobsen 291-333. - was in the control of dynasties from other after his successful campaigns against Si membered in the Lamentation over the de Woolley C. L. 1974: The buildings of the Third cities whose economic interests were repre Dynasty (= UE 6). -Wright H. T. 1981: The sented through the temple bureaucracy. Af murrum"· (§ 1.5), Lullubum'' (§ 3), Ki struction of Sumer and Ur (Michalowski southern margins of Sumer: archaeological sur mas", Burti (Bu;urti\ Bumurti), the Si 1989). vey of the area of Eridu and Ur, in: R. McC. Ad fairs of the Nanna (Mondgott'' A. I) I Nin ams, Heartland of cities: surveys of ancient set gal'' temple complex, U.'s main sanctuary, maskian lands (Sima ski*), the Amorites, Civil M. 2o:u: The law collection of Ur and the Hurr. tribes, and formed alliances tlement and land use on the central floodplain of are documented in two collections of tab Namma, in: A. R. George (ed.), Cuneiform royal the Euphrates, 295-345. with Mari, Marl}asi''- (§ 2), Ansan, and Si inscriptions and related texts in the Schoyen Col lets excavated in the Gipar"· and in the Ga manum (Sallaberger 2007, 433-449; Stein lection (= CUSAS 17). - Lafont B. 199 5: La M. Molina nunmal:J. '', and in one derived from illicit keller in press). He also built the Puzris chute des rois d'Ur et Ia fin des archives dans les digs (Van De Mieroop 1992a, 253-266). grands centres administratifs de leur empire, RA The latter tablets (mostly published in YOS Dagan* complex, where animals delivered 89, 3-13.- Loding D. M. 1974: A craft archive from the periphery and luxury goods do from Ur (PhD Diss. Univ. of Pennsylvania). - Ur. A. II. Philologisch. Im fruhen 2. 5) account for temple herds of sheep and nated by the king to his relatives and the Marchesi G. 2013: Ur-Namma(k)'s conquest of Jahrtausend. goats, cared for under contract by shep Susa, in: K. De Graef/]. Tavernier (ed.), Susa and herds, who delivered wool, goat hair, and elites of the state were handled (Sigrist § i. Introduction.-§ 2. Archives.-§ 3· Political Elam: archaeological, philological, historical and dairy products (id. 1993a). The tablets 1992; Sallaberger 2003-2004; Paoletti geographical perspectives (= MDP 58), 285- history. - § 4· Intellectual life and scribal educa 2012); the texts from these archives are es 29i. - Marchesi G./Marchetti N. 2o:u: tion. from the Gipar - Ningal's temple as well as sential to unravel the relationships of the Royal statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia the residence of the entum-priestess - re central administration with the provinces, (= MesCiv. 14).- Matthews R. J. 1993: Cities, § 1. Introduction. The period consid cord contributions of food products deliv seals and writing: archaic impressions from Jem ered from the Ganunmal} (Figulla 1953). In and to reconstruct the political history of det Nasr and Ur (= MSVO 2). -Michalowski ered here starts in 2001 when the Elamites the state. Texts from Puzris-Dagan, and P. 1989: The lamentation over the destruction of deposed Ibbr-Suen *, the last ruler of the Ur the Ganunmal}, Woolley excavated a sub also from U., Girsu and Umma, are highly Sumer and Ur (= MesCiv. 1); id. 2013: Of bears III Dyn., and ends with the fall of the First stantial number of texts that together with informative as well about the cult and and men: thoughts on the end of Sulgi's reign and Dyn. of Babylon in 1595. The rich textual some royal inscriptions show how the func on the ensuing succession, in: D. S. Vanderhooft/ tion of this "Great Storage House" feasts in honor of the gods (mainly Nanna) A. Winitzer (ed.), Literature as politics, politics information for the period derives primar and the dead kings that took place in U. as literature: essays on the Ancient Near East in ily from D.'s excavation under the direction changed over time. In the period from Su (Sajlaberger, KultKal. 1, 159-208). honor of Peter Machinist, 285-320. - Neu of C. L. Woolley"· from 1922 to 1934, with ilisu ,_ of Isin to Sin-iddinam •- of Larsa it 2 Sulgi's son, Amar-Suen (2044-203 6), tried mann H. 1993 : Handwerk in Mesopotamien: additional material from earlier excava collected and stored durable materials Untersuchungen zu seiner Organisation in der (copper, silver) and valuable objects the to consolidate his father's achievements (s. Zeit der IlL Dynastie von Ur. - Paoletti P. tions and from looting (U. '' B. § 2). Wool Michalowski 2013 for a different interpreta 2012: Der Konig und sein Kreis: das staatliche ley found written materials in several resi temples received as rents, taxes, and ex tion of their family relationship). Neverthe- Schatzarchiv der III. Dynastie von Ur (= BPOA dential areas as well as in public buildings, voto's (Van De Mieroop 1989) as well as UR.A.I UR.A.II peripheral provinces), intense diplomatic less, he probably fought for the throne with w).- Sallaberger W. 1999: Ur III-Zeit, Annii which make the study of multiple aspects activity, control over the main trade routes, herungen 3, 119-390; id. 2003-2004: Schlacht of economic and other activity in this his brother Su-Suen'' (2035-2027), who fi vieh aus Puzris-Dagan: zur Bedeutung dieses kii and progressive territorial expansion. Ur nally succeeded him. With Su-Suen, who niglichen Archivs, JEOL 38, 45-62; id. 2007: period possible. His notes andpublications Namma•=- (2110-2093), founder of the dy faced major problems with Simanum, the From urban culture to nomadism: a history of contain information on the find spots of nasty, initiated this policy by recovering Amorites, and the Simaskians (Simaski ,_ upper Mesopotamia in the late third millennium, tablets and allow us to assemble dossiers or from Puzur-Insusinak"· (§ 1) the north of § 3 ), began the decline of the empire. Un in: C. Kuzucuoglu/C. Marro (ed.), Societes hu archives on the basis of archaeol. context. maines et changement climatique a Ia fin du troi Babylonia (Steinkeller 2013); he then estab der the rule ofibbi-Suen~' (2026-2003) the sieme millenaire: une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en The information is incomplete and contra lished an alliance with Mari"- (A. § 4), con situation grew worse: he had to fight Haute Mesopotamie?: actes du colloque de Lyon, dictory, however, and has led to different quered Susa"· (A. § 5.2; Marchesi 2013), against Simurrum'' (§ 1.5), he lost his con s-8 decembre 2005 (=Varia Anatolica 19), 417- scholarly interpretations. Still, our knowl and defined boundaries for the new prov trol over the eastern frontier, and the con 456. - Sharlach T. M. 2004: Provincial taxa edge of U. in the early 2nd mill. is more tion and the Ur III state (= CunMon. 26). - Si inces of his realm (recorded in the "Ur tributions from the peripheral areas grist M. 1992: Drehem.- Steinkeller P. 1987: comprehensive than for other periods of Namma's Cadastre": RIME 3h, 50-56; stopped, causing the collapse of the system. The administrative and economic organization of the city's history (d. U. ,_ A. I; A. III) and Steinkeller 2011, 25-28); he also wrote The core provinces left the empire very the Ur III state: the core and the periphery, in: for other cities of the time. Most tablets the "Code of Ur-Namma" (Ur-Namma'' soon after, a fact that can be deduced, for MeG. Gibson!R. D. Biggs (ed.), The organization from this period from Woolley's excava of power: aspects of bureaucracy in the Ancient ~ 3.4; Wilcke 2002; Civil 2011). His son, example, from their abandonment of the Near East (= SAOC 46), 19-41; id. 2011: Third tions are published, but the museum collec Sulgi ,_ (2092-204 5 ), who was deified year name system of the empire (Lafont millennium royal and votive inscriptions, in: tions in Baghdad, London, and Philadel sometime between his tenth and twentieth 1995; Sallaberger 1999, 174-178). The dif George, o. c. (= CUSAS 17), 1-28; id. 2013: Pu phia all still hold unpublished U. material, year of reign, was the true builder of the ficulties of Ibbi-Suen with his territories are zur-Insusinak at Susa: a pivotal episode of early mostly fragmentary. Elamite history reconsidered, in: De Graef!Taver empire: he reorganized the economy and well depicted in the correspondence that he nier, o. c. (= MDP 58), 293-317; id. in press: The the administration of the state, introduced exchanged with ISbi-Erra'' of Isin and Pu grand strategy of the Ur III empire: Babylonia's § 2. Archives. the provincial taxation system, created a zur-Numusda '' (c), his governor of Ka foreign policy and territorial expansion at the standing army, and launched an ambitious zallu'' (Ki:inigsbriefe"· § 3.5; Michalowski, end of the third millennium BC. -Widell M. § 2.1. Public archives. No archive from 2003: The administrative and economic Ur III this period derives directly from the palace policy of territorial expansion (Steinkeller CKU). Ibbr-Suen was finally defeated by texts from the city of Ur. - Wilcke C. 2002: 1987; Sallaberger 1999, 144-148; Sharlach Kindattu<-, the king of Ansan and Simaski, Der Kodex Urnamma (CU): Versuch einer Re administration, most probably because U. 2004). Sulgi thus formed a defensive belt who destroyed U. Its fall was always re konstruktion, Gs. Th. Jacobsen 291-333. - was in the control of dynasties from other after his successful campaigns against Si membered in the Lamentation over the de Woolley C. L. 1974: The buildings of the Third cities whose economic interests were repre Dynasty (= UE 6). -Wright H. T. 1981: The sented through the temple bureaucracy. Af murrum"· (§ 1.5), Lullubum'' (§ 3), Ki struction of Sumer and Ur (Michalowski southern margins of Sumer: archaeological sur mas", Burti (Bu;urti\ Bumurti), the Si 1989). vey of the area of Eridu and Ur, in: R. McC. Ad fairs of the Nanna (Mondgott'' A. I) I Nin ams, Heartland of cities: surveys of ancient set gal'' temple complex, U.'s main sanctuary, maskian lands (Sima ski*), the Amorites, Civil M. 2o:u: The law collection of Ur and the Hurr. tribes, and formed alliances tlement and land use on the central floodplain of are documented in two collections of tab Namma, in: A. R. George (ed.), Cuneiform royal the Euphrates, 295-345. with Mari, Marl}asi''- (§ 2), Ansan, and Si inscriptions and related texts in the Schoyen Col lets excavated in the Gipar"· and in the Ga manum (Sallaberger 2007, 433-449; Stein lection (= CUSAS 17). - Lafont B. 199 5: La M. Molina nunmal:J. '', and in one derived from illicit keller in press). He also built the Puzris chute des rois d'Ur et Ia fin des archives dans les digs (Van De Mieroop 1992a, 253-266). grands centres administratifs de leur empire, RA The latter tablets (mostly published in YOS Dagan* complex, where animals delivered 89, 3-13.- Loding D. M. 1974: A craft archive from the periphery and luxury goods do from Ur (PhD Diss. Univ. of Pennsylvania). - Ur. A. II. Philologisch. Im fruhen 2. 5) account for temple herds of sheep and nated by the king to his relatives and the Marchesi G. 2013: Ur-Namma(k)'s conquest of Jahrtausend. goats, cared for under contract by shep Susa, in: K. De Graef/]. Tavernier (ed.), Susa and herds, who delivered wool, goat hair, and elites of the state were handled (Sigrist § i. Introduction.-§ 2. Archives.-§ 3· Political Elam: archaeological, philological, historical and dairy products (id. 1993a). The tablets 1992; Sallaberger 2003-2004; Paoletti geographical perspectives (= MDP 58), 285- history. - § 4· Intellectual life and scribal educa 2012); the texts from these archives are es 29i. - Marchesi G./Marchetti N. 2o:u: tion. from the Gipar - Ningal's temple as well as sential to unravel the relationships of the Royal statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia the residence of the entum-priestess - re central administration with the provinces, (= MesCiv. 14).- Matthews R. J. 1993: Cities, § 1. Introduction. The period consid cord contributions of food products deliv seals and writing: archaic impressions from Jem ered from the Ganunmal} (Figulla 1953). In and to reconstruct the political history of det Nasr and Ur (= MSVO 2). -Michalowski ered here starts in 2001 when the Elamites the state. Texts from Puzris-Dagan, and P. 1989: The lamentation over the destruction of deposed Ibbr-Suen *, the last ruler of the Ur the Ganunmal}, Woolley excavated a sub also from U., Girsu and Umma, are highly Sumer and Ur (= MesCiv. 1); id. 2013: Of bears III Dyn., and ends with the fall of the First stantial number of texts that together with informative as well about the cult and and men: thoughts on the end of Sulgi's reign and Dyn. of Babylon in 1595. The rich textual some royal inscriptions show how the func on the ensuing succession, in: D. S. Vanderhooft/ tion of this "Great Storage House" feasts in honor of the gods (mainly Nanna) A. Winitzer (ed.), Literature as politics, politics information for the period derives primar and the dead kings that took place in U. as literature: essays on the Ancient Near East in ily from D.'s excavation under the direction changed over time. In the period from Su (Sajlaberger, KultKal. 1, 159-208). honor of Peter Machinist, 285-320. - Neu of C. L. Woolley"· from 1922 to 1934, with ilisu ,_ of Isin to Sin-iddinam •- of Larsa it 2 Sulgi's son, Amar-Suen (2044-203 6), tried mann H. 1993 : Handwerk in Mesopotamien: additional material from earlier excava collected and stored durable materials Untersuchungen zu seiner Organisation in der (copper, silver) and valuable objects the to consolidate his father's achievements (s. Zeit der IlL Dynastie von Ur. - Paoletti P. tions and from looting (U. '' B. § 2). Wool Michalowski 2013 for a different interpreta 2012: Der Konig und sein Kreis: das staatliche ley found written materials in several resi temples received as rents, taxes, and ex tion of their family relationship). Neverthe- Schatzarchiv der III. Dynastie von Ur (= BPOA dential areas as well as in public buildings, voto's (Van De Mieroop 1989) as well as