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047-Lrbms-Water Qual LITANI RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT SUPPORT PROGRAM WATER QUALITY SURVEY – DRY SEASON (SUMMER 2010) VOLUME 1 – MAIN REPORT FEBRUARY 2011 This report was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by International Resources Group (IRG) under Contract EPP-I-00-04-00024-00 order no 7. LITANI RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT SUPPORT PROGRAM WATER QUALITY SURVEY – DRY SEASON (SUMMER 2010) VOLUME I – MAIN REPORT Contract No.: EPP-I-00-04-00024-00 order no 7. FEBRUARY 2011 DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ················································································ 1 1.1. Authorization ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Purpose of this Report ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.3. Program Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.4. Program Components ......................................................................................................................... 2 2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ·························································· 1 3. STUDY OBJECTIVES AND WORK PLAN ·············································· 4 4. STUDY METHODOLOGY ···································································· 5 4.1. Preparatory Work................................................................................................................................ 5 4.2. Sampling Campaign Framework ........................................................................................................ 5 4.3. Field and Reconnaissance Surveys .................................................................................................... 5 4.4. Determining ULB Sampling Locations ........................................................................................... 12 4.4.1. Sampling the Upper Litani Basin .......................................................................................................................... 12 4.4.2. Sampling the Qaraoun Lake ................................................................................................................................. 20 4.4.3. Sampling Irrigation Canal 900 .............................................................................................................................. 22 4.5. Development of Procedural Guidelines and Log Forms for Sample Collection ................. 24 4.6. Sampling and Analytical Quality Determination .......................................................................... 24 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ······························································ 27 5.1. Results of the Field Study of the ULB ............................................................................................ 27 5.1.1. The Yellow Zone (Upper Zone of the ULB) .................................................................................................. 27 5.1.2. The Orange Zone (Middle Zone of ULB) ........................................................................................................ 30 5.1.3. The Green Zone (lower Zone of the URB) .................................................................................................... 32 5.2. Litani River Water Quality Assessment ........................................................................................ 34 5.2.1. Domestic Water Use ............................................................................................................................................. 39 5.2.2. Irrigation Water Use .............................................................................................................................................. 44 5.2.3. Water for Livestock Use ...................................................................................................................................... 54 5.3. Ground Water Quality Assessment .............................................................................................. 56 5.3.1. Water Springs Quality Assessment .................................................................................................................... 56 5.3.2. Well Water Quality Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 60 5.4. Qaraoun Lake Water Quality Assessment .................................................................................. 66 5.5. IIrrigation Canal 900 Water Quality Assessment ....................................................................... 74 5.5.1. Water for Irrigation Use ....................................................................................................................................... 76 5.5.2. Water for Livestock Use ...................................................................................................................................... 79 5.6. Wastewater Quality Assessment ................................................................................................... 79 5.6.1. Domestic Wastewater (Sewage) ........................................................................................................................ 79 5.6.2. Industrial Wastewater Quality Assessment ..................................................................................................... 87 5.7. Soil Quality Assessment .................................................................................................................... 88 5.8. Sediments Quality Assessment ....................................................................................................... 97 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ······································ 104 6.1. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 104 6.1.1. Upper Litani River Basin Characteristics ........................................................................................................ 104 6.1.2. Litani River Water Quality Profile Assessment ............................................................................................ 104 6.1.3. Ground Water Sources ....................................................................................................................................... 107 6.1.4. Qaraoun Lake Water Assessment ................................................................................................................... 110 6.1.5. Irrigation Canal 900 Water Quality Assessment ......................................................................................... 111 6.1.6. Wastewater Quality Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 112 6.1.7. Soil Quality Assessment ...................................................................................................................................... 113 6.1.8. River and Lake Sediments Quality Assessment ............................................................................................ 114 6.2. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 115 6.2.1. Restore Litani River Health and Wellbeing ................................................................................................... 115 6.2.2. Protect and Sustain the Quality of Ground Water Resources ................................................................ 116 6.2.3. Regulate the Use of Wastewater for Irrigation ............................................................................................ 118 6.2.4. Enhance the Water Quality of the Qaraoun Lake ....................................................................................... 118 6.2.5. Enhance the Quality of Irrigation Canal 900 ................................................................................................. 118 6.2.6. Develop an Sustain Water Quality Monitoring Programs ......................................................................... 118 6.2.7. Complete the Risk Analysis Process to: ......................................................................................................... 119 7. REFERENCES ··················································································· 120 8. APPENDIX I: DETAILED RESULTS ···················································· 123 8.1. Surface Results .................................................................................................................................. 125 8.2. Spring Results .................................................................................................................................... 131 8.3. Well Results ....................................................................................................................................... 135 8.4. lake Results ........................................................................................................................................ 141
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