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A Case Study from Bena Tsemay Community, South Omo Zone, Ethiopia

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A Case Study from Bena Tsemay Community, South Omo Zone, Ethiopia IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ON AGRO PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY FROM BENA TSEMAY COMMUNITY, SOUTH OMO ZONE, ETHIOPIA MSc THESIS BY TESEMA NIGUSIE BIRKE APRIL 2017 ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ON AGRO PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY FROM BENA TSEMAY COMMUNITY, SOUTH OMO ZONE, ETHIOPIA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES; ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT BY TESEMA NIGUSIE BIRKA Advisor: Teshome Yiregu Bayu (PhD) Associate Professor in Environmental Geography APRIL 2017 ARBA MINCH UNIVERSTY ARBA MINCH APPROVAL SHEET As members of the Board of examiners the MSc Thesis Open Defense Examination, we certify that we have read and evaluated the Thesis prepared by Tesema Nigusie Birka and examined the candidate. We recommended that the Thesis accepted as fulfilling the Thesis requirement for the degree of Masters of Science Degree in Environmental Change Management. …………………………. ……………………. .............................. Department head Signature Date ........................................... ............................... ............................... Chairperson Signature Date ........................................... ............................... ............................... External Examiner Signature Date ........................................... ............................... ............................. Internal Examiner Signature Date ........................................... ............................... ............................. Principal advisor Signature Date DECLARATION The under singed declaration that this is my original work and it was not presented in other learning institutions by any else .All sources used for this thesis have been highly acknowledged. Name: Tesema Nigusie Birke Signature_______________ Date: ____________________ ACKNOWLEDGMENT Above all, I would like to thank the Almighty God without whose support, it would have not been possible all my wishes to come in to reality. I am deeply pleased to my advisor DrTeshome Yirgu his earnest guidance, critical comment, encouragement and timely suggestion, material and moral support and Mr Mulugeta Debele who closely follow up as well everything through my stay that would give this research a success. His support and advice makes me motivated and energetic all the way through this study. Special thanks also go to my Spouse Hana Tilahun and her mother Hewan Kassa, also her sister Meselech Kassa for continuous support. In addition, Tigest Tesema, Hana Shimber and Kuri Girma that supported me with materials and moral. I have no words to thank and appreciate the agro-pastoral of the three Kebles for their hospitality and patience to answer the questionnaire. My appreciation goes to those development agents who were most helpful and cooperative in collecting data. I am very much grateful to my sisters and brothers Ato Besrat Asfaw, Zenabewa Nigusie, Mimi Aberham for their encouraging with telephone calls, love and care during my stay in the study. The last but not the least, I am also thankful to my late father who has never been to school but brought me to this end. I wish a long living with God in haven to my beloved mother Emate Amakelech G/yes. ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATION CSA Central Statistical Agency CS Coping Strategies DFID Department for International Development EC Ethiopian Calendar EEA Ethiopian Economic Association FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FGD Focus Group Discussion GDP Gross Domestic Product HHH House Hold Head IPCC Intergovernmental Hanel on climate change MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development ODI Overseas Development Institute PFE Pastoral Forum Ethiopia SNNPR Southern Nation Nationality and Peoples’ Region SNNPRBoFED Southern Nation Nationality and Peoples’ Region Bureau of Finance and Economic Development SOZFEDD South Omo zone Finance and Economic Development Department SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences UNDP United Nation Development Program WoFEDO Woreda Finance and Economic Development Office TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................................ v ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. xi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ xii CHAPTER ONE: INRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Back ground of the study ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the problem .................................................................................................................. 2 1.3. Objectives of the study ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Research question ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.5. Significant of the study .................................................................................................................... 4 1.6. Limitation of the study ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.7. Delimitation of the study .................................................................................................................. 4 1.8. Organization of the thesis ................................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATEL LITERATURE ................................................................ 6 2.1. Theoretical framework of livelihood strategies ............................................................................... 6 2.1.1. Conceptual framework of livelihood analysis ............................................................................. 7 2.1.2. Sustainable livelihood approaches ............................................................................................ 10 2.1.3. Sustainable livelihood framework ............................................................................................ 10 2.1.4. Combining livelihood and resilience ........................................................................................ 12 2.2. Empirical review of livelihood analysis ....................................................................................... 13 2.2.1. Determinants of livelihood strategies........................................................................................ 14 2.2.2. Livelihood in sub- saharan africa .............................................................................................. 15 2.2.3. Livelihood strategies among sedentary and semi-pastoral communities in Ethiopia ............... 16 2.2.4.Livelihood strategies in semi-pastoral communities in Ethiopia ............................................... 17 2.3. Climate and agriculture ................................................................................................................ 19 2.3.1. Rainfall aariability and change in Ethiopia ............................................................................... 19 2.3.2. Climate change impact on agriculture....................................................................................... 20 2.3.3. Climate change and coping strategies ....................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 22 3.1. Description of the study area ........................................................................................................ 22 3.1.1. Bio physical characteristics ....................................................................................................... 22 3.1.2. Demographic caracteistics ........................................................................................................ 22 3.1.3. Source of livelihood .................................................................................................................. 23 3.2. Research methodology ................................................................................................................. 24 3.2.1. Research design......................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.2. Data source and method of data collection ............................................................................... 25 3.2.3. Sampling techniques and dample size determination ..............................................................
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