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Combined Solar Power and Desalination Plants: Techno-Economic Potential in Mediterranean Partner Countries

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Combined Solar Power and Desalination Plants: Techno-Economic Potential in Mediterranean Partner Countries Grant Agreement no.: 213824 Project Acronym: MED-CSD Combined Solar Power and Desalination Plants: Techno-Economic Potential in Mediterranean Partner Countries Instrument: Coordination and Support Actions Theme: ENERGY.2007.2.5.2: Using CSP for Water Desalination WP1: Technology Review and Selection of CSP and Desalination Configurations adapted for Application in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Region Final Report June 2009 Project coordinator: Dr.Houda Ben Jannet Allal Work Package 1 Leader Organisation: DLR EC-FP7 Project Combined Solar Power and Desalination Plants: Techno-Economic Grant Agreement no.: 213824 Potential in Mediterranean Partner Countries (MED-CSD) Authors: Franz Trieb, Massimo Moser, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Stuttgart, Germany Jürgen Scharfe, Marie Luise Tomasek (INVEN Engineering GmbH), München, Germany Jürgen Kern (kernenergien), Stuttgart, Germany Thomas Nieseor, Nicolas Cottret, Observatoire Méditerranéen de l’Energie (OME), Paris, France Pinhas Glueckstern, Inbal David, Menahem Priel (Mekorot), Israel WP1: Technology Review Page 2 EC-FP7 Project Combined Solar Power and Desalination Plants: Techno-Economic Grant Agreement no.: 213824 Potential in Mediterranean Partner Countries (MED-CSD) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................6 2 STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE - RESULTS FROM RECENT STUDIES .................7 2.1 AQUA-CSP Study .................................................................................................7 2.2 AQABA SOLAR WATER Project ........................................................................19 3 TASK 1: CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ........21 3.1 PRINCIPLES OF CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER.....................................21 3.2 HEAT STORAGE OPTIONS FOR CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER ..........28 3.2.1 Principles of Heat Storage .........................................................................28 3.2.2 Sensible Heat Two-Tank Molten Salt Storage ...........................................30 3.2.3 Sensible Heat Concrete Storage ...............................................................32 3.2.4 Latent Heat Phase Change Material Storage ............................................33 3.2.5 Steam Accumulator....................................................................................34 3.2.6 Hot Water Storage .....................................................................................35 3.3 PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTORS FOR STEAM CYCLE POWER PLANTS (20 - 200 MW) ............................................................................................................38 3.3.1 Parabolic Trough Collector with Synthetic Heat Transfer Fluid .................38 3.3.2 Parabolic Trough for Direct Steam Generation..........................................40 3.4 LINEAR FRESNEL COLLECTORS FOR STEAM CYCLE POWER PLANTS (5 - 200 MW).....................................................................................................................41 3.4.1 Linear Fresnel Collector for Direct Generation of Superheated Steam .....43 3.4.2 Linear Fresnel Collector for Direct Generation of Saturated Steam ..........44 3.5 CENTRAL RECEIVER SYSTEMS FOR STEAM CYCLE POWER PLANTS (10 - 100 MW).....................................................................................................................46 3.5.1 PS10 Central Receiver for Saturated Steam Cycle Power Plant...............46 3.5.2 The Solar Tres Central Receiver Plant Project ..........................................48 WP1: Technology Review Page 3 EC-FP7 Project Combined Solar Power and Desalination Plants: Techno-Economic Grant Agreement no.: 213824 Potential in Mediterranean Partner Countries (MED-CSD) 3.5.3 The Solarturm Jülich Central Receiver Project in Germany ......................49 3.6 CENTRAL RECEIVER SYSTEMS FOR GAS TURBINES AND COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS (5 - 100 MW)....................................................................49 3.7 CSP TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OUTSIDE EUROPE .............................52 3.7.1 Acciona Energia.........................................................................................52 3.7.2 Solel Solar Systems...................................................................................54 3.7.3 Ausra..........................................................................................................55 3.7.4 Skyfuel .......................................................................................................56 3.7.5 Brightsource Energy / Luz II.......................................................................57 3.7.6 Solar Reserve ............................................................................................58 3.7.7 eSolar.........................................................................................................58 3.8 CURRENT CSP PROJECT DEVELOPMENT (MARCH 2009)...........................59 3.9 REVIEW OF CSP INDUSTRY (MARCH 2009)...................................................66 4 TASK 2: DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY REVIEW.........................................69 4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................69 4.2 Evaporation Processes .......................................................................................71 4.2.1 Mechanical Vapour Compression MVC .....................................................71 4.2.2 Multi Stage Flash desalination (MSF) ........................................................72 4.2.3 Multi Effect Distillation (MED) ....................................................................73 4.2.4 Multi Effect Distillation with Thermal Vapor Compression (MED–TVC)....74 4.2.5 Solar Stills..................................................................................................75 4.2.6 Multi Effect Humidification (MEH) ..............................................................76 4.3 Membrane Processes .........................................................................................78 4.3.1 Electro Dialysis ..........................................................................................79 4.3.2 Reverse Osmosis.......................................................................................80 4.3.3 Vapor Membrane Distillation (VMEMD) .....................................................81 4.4 Desalination in the Mena-Region ........................................................................83 WP1: Technology Review Page 4 EC-FP7 Project Combined Solar Power and Desalination Plants: Techno-Economic Grant Agreement no.: 213824 Potential in Mediterranean Partner Countries (MED-CSD) 4.5 Thermodynamics.................................................................................................84 4.5.1 Irreversibilities............................................................................................84 4.6 Reverse Osmosis................................................................................................85 4.6.1 Main Characteristics of RO Membranes ....................................................85 4.6.2 Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO)...............................................86 4.6.3 Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO)........................................................88 4.7 Characteristics of Thermal Processes ................................................................94 4.7.1 Multi-Effect Desalination (MED).................................................................94 4.8 Summary.............................................................................................................96 4.9 Suppliers .............................................................................................................97 5 TASK 3: INTEGRATION OF CSP AND DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY .......98 5.1 PRE-SELECTION OF DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES ................................98 5.2 PRE-SELECTION OF CSP TECHNOLOGIES .................................................100 5.3 INTEGRATION OF CSP AND DESALINATION PLANTS ................................103 5.3.1 Case 1: Reverse Osmosis Powered by Electricity from a CSP Plant (CSP/RO) ..........................................................................................................103 5.3.2 Case 2: Multi-Effect Desalination Using Heat & Power from a CSP Plant (CSP/MED) .......................................................................................................107 6 REFERENCES..................................................................................................111 WP1: Technology Review Page 5 EC-FP7 Project Combined Solar Power and Desalination Plants: Techno-Economic Grant Agreement no.: 213824 Potential in Mediterranean Partner Countries (MED-CSD) 1 INTRODUCTION The first work package of the MED-CSD project gives an update on knowledge obtained from recent studies and on CSP and desalination technology as by status of March 2009. The report was delayed for some months with respect to its initial schedule in order to include as much as possible of the dynamic development of CSP industry during the year 2008. Many new technology providers, project developers and other stakeholders from industry, policy and finance have appeared, and the economic framework conditions are quickly changing due to the global financial crisis. On one side, investors are more careful and try to introduce the concept of sustainability also to the investment sector, and
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