NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARIES Volume 78, Number 1 | Spring/Summer 2020 | ISSN 0029-2540

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From the Pen of the Editor 1 COVID-19 Hope Ralph Scott Advocacy for Multiculturalism and Immigrants’ Rights: The Effect of U. S. 3 Immigration Legislation on American Public Libraries, 1876-2020 Plummer Alston Jones, Jr.

Book Repair Workshops in North Carolina: This is How We Do it 17 Craig Fansler Renaissance’s Accelerated Reader: Does It Really Work? 21 Bridget Bloomer 26 Master’s Paper Abstracts: Summer 2018 - Spring 2019

From the pages of North Carolina Libraries Volume 59, No. 1 (Spring 2001): 4-9 47 Research and Practice in Academic Libraries: A Case Study Stefanie DuBose and David Durant

63rd Biennial Conference: Biennium Reports 55 Compiled by Al Jones North Carolina Books 60 Compiled by Al Jones

Wired to the World 67 Twitch and Discord Ralph Scott

Lagniappe 68 Highlighting NC LIVE’s Home Grown eBooks William Joseph Thomas

North Carolina Libraries is the official publication of the North Carolina Library Association.

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 1 From the Pen of the Editor | Ralph Scott

COVID-19 Hope

y the time you read this, the first half of lots to community based Wi-Fi, and slowly al- the year of COVID-19 will have passed lowing patrons limited access to retrieve materi- and we will have moved hopefully into a als from collections. Some libraries have turned Bmore open society. Slowly North Carolinians are their 3D printing stations into PPE manufactur- beginning to come out of their holes and moving ing stations, providing face shields for those who around public areas such as parks and streets. deal with COVID-19 patients. Recent studies Libraries were especially missed by their users and seem to indicate that the time the COVID virus were welcomed as they gradually re-opened. One remains on books much less longer that origi- of the interesting things I learned during the crisis nally thought, thereby allowing circulations to was that hope is not a plan. We need to have more resume sooner. Electronic magazines and books than just a hope that things will return to the old of course were highly requested with some librar- normal, we must plan for it. ies able to purchase additional collections and When General Eisenhower landed on the many vendors opening their door to free access. beaches of Normandy in World War II, he did so Unfortunately most of these collections remain after years of careful planning. He did not land hidden to patrons since few libraries are the habit on hope alone; the Allies had already tried that of cataloging materials they don’t own. Some and failed. One of the more amazing plans he magazines, like Our State took the opportunity had involved laying an underwater pipeline from to cut off access to library patrons in certain England to the coast of Normandy. And it worked, subscription packages. This seems to happen with supplying the needed fuel for equipment to move magazines in public library electronic collections. inland. Just think of what might have happen if While I wish Our State well, this timing of this the Allies had run out of gas? Like Eisenhower service cut off could not have been worse for we must learn from out past mistakes and plan North Carolina readers. With tax revenues un- for future events similar to COVID-19. With certain, this may be the COVID future unfortu- frequent hurricanes (as I write this we have had nately, as magazine packages are cut back to save already two tropical storms hit North Carolina expenses. in May of 2020) North Carolinians are used to So what can we do? Well like Eisenhower, we dealing with natural disasters. need better long range planning to keep our Public Libraries in North Carolina are respond- readers supplied with current books and peri- ing to the need by providing virtual services such odicals. I often am faced with telling a patron as web based story times, opening their parking that well, yes we had that collection last year, but

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 1 we stopped the subscription for something else. Interestingly these services can often bridge state Certainly no one could have imagined the COVID and international boundaries. For example I enjoy crises would engulf us all, but hurricanes, floods attending the University of Michigan Clements and yes, earthquakes will come in the future. Library “Bookworm” sessions which are attended What we need is a robust multi-type library system by people from around the world and open to in North Carolina that encourages sharing of anyone at https://clements.umich.edu/public- resources rapidly in case of crisis. This will cost programs/the-clements-bookworm-recordings/ money, but the citizens of North Carolina deserve Libraries have been very innovative during this the best 21st Century library service we can time; let’s keep these initiatives open and shared provide. We also need to review the special ser- with others so we can continue to reach out to vices that were introduced during the COVID populations that have not traditionally interacted crises and see if they are things that we might with library services. want to keep on our offering plate in the future.

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2 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Plummer Alston Jones, Jr., Professor, Library Science, East Carolina University Advocacy for Multiculturalism and Immigrants’ Rights: The Effect of U. S. Immigration Legislation on American Public Libraries, 1876-2020

he American Library Associa- minority groups. The ALA advocates immigrants to Jamestowne and thou- tion (ALA), founded in 1876, for the rights of DACA recipients and sands more brought to the United demonstrated its advocacy for supports the need for a DREAMER States thereafter were neither white nor immigrants'T rights and multicultural- (Development, Relief, and Education free and thus ineligible for naturaliza- ism in adult library services from 1918 for Alien Minors) Act. Library advo- tion and citizenship. to 1948 through the Committee on cacy for immigrants is increasingly The American Civil War from Work with the Foreign Born (CWFB), dependent on the U.S. Congress to 1861-65 was fought primarily to which served as a clearinghouse for reform a broken and unfair immigra- eliminate slavery and thus preserve the Americanization (assimilation) ser- tion system. union. Three years later, in 1868, the vices within a philosophical framework Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. of cultural pluralism, now known as Prologue & Constitution declared former slaves multiculturalism. The ALA CWFB Socio-Political Context free and citizens of the United States. throughout its existence depended on The history of immigration to the After the war, Reconstruction in the grants from the Carnegie Corporation United States is inextricably tied to South coupled with Jim Crow racial from 1911 to 1961 through the Amer- slavery, the naturalization process, laws blocked the progress of African ican Association for Adult Education citizenship, including the right to vote, Americans for a century more until (1915-41), and the Ford Foundation, and the treatment of American Indians. they won the right to vote in 1965. through its Fund for Adult Education Beginning in 1607 with the first per- Not to be forgotten, the Native (1951-61). Beginning in 1956 with manent English colony in the New American Indians met by English the Library Services Act, the federal World, Jamestowne, immigration has colonists in 1607 Jamestowne and their government began to fund libraries, continued for over four centuries, but descendants would not be recognized including programs for immigrants, progress in these areas of concern has as citizens until 1924. American Indian African Americans, Native Americans, been painfully slow, piecemeal, and veterans of World War I were granted and illiterate adults. Since 1972, the debated open-endedly without solving citizenship for their service five years Reference & User Services Association the problems or simply ignored. earlier, in 1919, just one year before (RUSA) has provided literacy training From the very beginning the im- women won the right to vote in 1920.1 for foreign- and native-born adult il- migration system of the United States These historical facts must be taken literates; and the Public Library As- has been based on racist and sexist into consideration when viewing the sociation (PLA) has supported pro- thinking. The first enslaved Africans role of American public libraries in a grams to prepare New Americans for were brought to Point Comfort, Vir- country with a divided population citizenship. Since 1983, the ALA ginia, near Jamestowne, in 1619. regarding immigration and immi- Ethnic and Multicultural Information Shortly after the establishment of the grants. Conservatives or nativists, have Exchange Round Table (EMIERT) has United States of America, the U.S. supported the limitation, if not elimi- encouraged access to multicultural Congress passed the 1790 Act, which nation of immigration. Liberals or publications and collaborates with ALA limited citizenship to white men only. progressives have sought ways to serve affiliates for various ethnic and The descendants of the African immigrants and minorities and to

1. Lovia Gvarkye, “How the 1619 Project Came Together, New York Times, 18 Aug. 2019, p. A2(L),http://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A596676229/SCIC?u=ncl iveecu&sid=SCIC&xid=7b3a2855; Michael LeMay and Elliott Robert Barkan, eds., U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues: A Documentary History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999, 49-56, 72-76 88-89; Maldwyn Allen Jones, American Immigration, 2nd ed. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 175, 213-14, 226, 231; Rudolf J. Vecoli, “Immigration,” in Oxford Companion to United States History, ed. Paul S. Boyer and Melvyn Dubofsky (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 361-62; William S. Bernard, “Immigration: History of U.S. Policy,” in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. Stephan Thernstrom, Ann Orlov, and Oscar Handlin (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980). 490, Reed Ueda, “Naturalization and Citizenship,” 740; and Harlow G. Unger, ed., “American Indian,” in Encyclopedia of American Education, 2nd ed. (New York, NY: Facts on File, c2001, 1996), 64-67.

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 3 promote multiculturalism. Public li- with the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Chicago. brarians have worked within the frame- and some twenty-five years later, in Immigrants discovered that public li- work of immigration legislation passed 1907-8, the Gentlemen’s Agreement braries were free to use and provided by the U.S. Congress and have been to curtail immigration from Japan.3 books in their native languages as well subject to the changing policies of the as instruction in English and prepara- federal government as the debate on Americanization tion for naturalization that would lead immigration reform ebbed and flowed. Programs and Public to full citizenship in their new country. Library Commissions In response to the Progressive Era’s Founding of the American Prior to World War I, in the absence reforming spirit, Americanization ser- Library Association (ALA) of any national coordination of the vices were also provided beginning in The American Library Association Americanization campaign, govern- 1890 by state public library commis- (ALA) was founded in 1876 as part of mental and quasi-governmental agen- sions, beginning with the Massachu- the Centennial celebration of the cies competed to provide Americaniza- setts Free Public Library Commission founding of the United States of tion programs for the flood of (MFPLC), the first state library com- America and represented the first na- immigrants fleeing political, social, and mission established as well as the first tional coordination of American public economic upheavals in their European to offer Americanization services to library service. Progressive Era reform- homelands for the hoped-for promise immigrants on a statewide basis begin- ers called for public libraries to address of improving their economic status ning in 1913. Jane Maud Campbell the needs of not only white citizens and protecting themselves from perse- was employed by the MFPLC to su- but increasingly the needs of the newly cution. These agencies included, in pervise library work with immigrants enfranchised African Americans in ad- the former category, the U.S. Bureau statewide, the first woman to hold such dition to the needs of a continuing of Naturalization, administered by the a position. Other state public library ...historical facts must be taken into consideration when viewing the role of American public libraries in a country with a divided population regarding immigration and immigrants. influx of immigrants, mostly from Department of Labor; and the Division commissions soon followed the Europe, that had begun in the early of Immigrant Education of the U.S. example of the MFPLC. By 1904, the 1800s. The public libraries of several Bureau of Education, administered by League of Library Commissions was large cities and states with large im- the Department of Interior; and, in established to open communication migrant populations, particularly in the latter category, the Committee on among state public library commis- the Northeast and Midwest, were Information, which later was incorpo- sions across the country.5 already in the business of supplying rated as the independent Foreign Lan- books in languages other than English guage Information Service (FLIS).4 ALA War Service and helping immigrants to assimilate Public librarians, often branch li- During World War I and its aftermath in their new homeland.2 brarians in large Northeastern and ALA formally began to provide na- The movement toward restricting Midwestern cities, were enthusiastic tional coordination for Americaniza- or at least limiting the migration of or at least willing to serve the newly tion services in public libraries. The immigrants from the Far East gained arrived immigrants, who found their ALA’s national success, earned by pro- Congressional approval prior to World way to their branch libraries in the viding books to foreign and native- War I. The U.S. Congress passed leg- heart of neighborhoods in major urban born soldiers and sailors during World islation to bar immigration from China centers like New York, Boston, War I, encouraged ALA leaders to

2. Charles A. Seavey, “Public Libraries,” in Encyclopedia of Library History, ed. Wayne Wiegand and Donald G. Davis, Jr. (New York, NY: Garland Publishing, 1994), 521, 518-28; Frank B. Sessa, “Public Libraries, International: History of the Public Library,” in Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, ed. Allen Kent, Harold Lancour, and Jay E. Daily, vol. 24 (New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 1976), 285. 3. Otis L. Graham, Jr., Unguarded Gates: A History of America’s Immigration Crisis (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004), 6, 9, 15, 17. 4. John F. McClymer, “Americanization Movement,” in Dictionary of American Immigration History, 23-28. 5. Charles F. D. Belden, “Library Commission Work in Massachusetts,”: Library Journal 42 (Jan. 1917); 5-10; Massachusetts Free Public Library Commission Annual Report 1912/13, 16; Minnie Clarke Budlong, “League of Library Commissions,” Bulletin of the American Library Association 8, (1) (1914): 20-25.

4 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 consider ways to continue this success The ALA Executive Board appointed the blind, and institutional library in peacetime. The ALA received a grant as the ALA CWFB’s first chair, John development. Rather than being ap- of $320,000 from the Carnegie Cor- Foster Carr, then an ALA employee as proved by many ALA members, poration of New York for the ALA War well as Founder and Director and sole however, the ALA Enlarged Program Service Committee, led by Herbert employee of his Immigrant Publication threatened to tear apart the organiza- Putnam and Carl H. Milam.6 Society of New York. Carr had been tion. Vocal librarians objected that a particularly active and effective in the while they supported the public li- ALA Committee on massive ALA book drive for soldiers brary’s role in scholarship, many com- Work with Foreign Born, and sailors during World War I. plained that they had not accepted that 1918-1948 During the decade prior to his appoint- the ALA had a role to play in adult The ALA Committee on Work with ment, Carr had gained national atten- self-education, a new untested concept. the Foreign Born (CWFB), established tion for the publication of his series of Many librarians questioned the ALA’s in February 1918, was the first ALA Guides to the United States for various provision of services directly to readers, organization charged exclusively to immigrant groups, including, in addi- implying that this smacked of welfare serve immigrants as a clearly defined tion to an English edition, versions for rather than professionalism. Proposed population. Established to support Italian, Jewish, and Polish immigrants.9 changes to the ALA constitution to and continue the work that had already develop centralized administration for been accomplished with the foreign- ALA Enlarged Program the Enlarged Program and the pro- born community before and after The ALA Executive Board sought to posed move of ALA headquarters from World War I, the ALA CWFB’s retain the hard-won national recogni- Chicago to New York were challenged mission was straightforward: “to tion for its ALA War Service during and financial mismanagement was collect from libraries and to supply to World War I by following up with a charged. In sum, the library com- them information on desirable proposed ALA Enlarged Program, a munity was not ready to engage in yet methods of assisting in the education national program of services to meet another fund-raising campaign without of the foreign born, in American ideals the needs of populations already iden- the slightest hope of matching the and customs and the English tified and experimented with by the success of the ALA War Service. language.”7 This was the explicit social reformers of the Progressive Era. The ALA Enlarged Program, for mission. The implicit mission adhered Carr, concurrently the first chair of the these and a multitude of other reasons, to by many librarians and immigrants’ ALA CWFB, was responsible for the became hopelessly deadlocked. The rights advocates was to provide Amer- financial management of this new ALA Executive Board, chaired by Carl icanization services without force and campaign to expand library services H. Milam, was forced to close the coercion, without the mandate for not only to immigrants but also to fund-raising campaign in December immediate conformity, and within a other unserved or underserved popula- 1920, and, according to Margaret framework of advocacy for "cultural tions. Monroe, writing in the 1960s about pluralism," a new sociological con- Two million dollars were needed for the ALA library adult education (for- struct made popular by Horace Kallen implementing library extension or merly known as adult self-education) and embraced by other Progressive Era outreach services, work with the foreign program and the ALA Enlarged reformers.8 born, adult self-education, work with Program, “a curtain of silence was

6. Dennis Thomison, A History of the American Library Association, 1876-1972 (Chicago, IL: ALA, 1980, copr. 1978), 70-71. 7. American Library Association (ALA), 1918, Library Journal 43 (2): 120 (quote). 8. Wayne A. Wiegand, “Educating the Immigrant: The Americanization Movement and the Public Library, 1917-18, 113-31, in “An Active Instrument for Propaganda”: The American Public Library During World War ,I foreword by Edward G. Holley, Beta Phi Mu Monograph, Number 1 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989), 115; Margaret E. Monroe, Library Adult Education: The Biography of an Idea (New York, NY: Scarecrow Press, 1963), 25-27; Horace M. Kallen, “Democracy versus The Melting-Pot,”Nation 100 (!8. Feb. 1915: 190-94), and (25 Feb. 1915): 217-20; Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States: Studies in the Group Psychology of the American Peoples (New York, Y: Boni and Liveright, 1924; reprint, New York, NY: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1970). 9. John Foster Carr, Guide to the United States for the Immigrant Italian: A Nearly Literal Translation of the Italian Version, published under the auspices of the Connecticut Daughters of the American Revolution (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1911); Plummer Alston Jones, Jr., “The ALA Committee on Work with the Foreign Born and the Movement to Americanize the Immigrant,” in Libraries to the People: Histories of Outreach, 100-102, ed. by Robert S. Freeman and David M. Hovde, with a foreword by Kathleen de la Pena McCook (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003).

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 5 drawn over both the program and the countries in Western Europe at the more quickly than before. Second, the debates,” as if it had never happened.10 expense of decreasing the flow of new new law allowed for the concentration Carr, who had in the meantime immigrants from Eastern Europe.11 of Americanization efforts on second served as chair of the ALA CWFB for and third generations of the immigrant two terms, was relieved of his position National Origins Act (1924) community rather than on newcomers with the ALA after December 1920, In 1921, Congress passed the first of only. As a result of these two influ- his reputation tainted by his association two blatantly racist quota acts, which ences, the ALA CWFB began to rely with the widely criticized ALA En- established the quota principle based more and more on the public schools larged Program and his failure to raise on three percent of the foreign-born for the Americanization of children, anywhere near the two-million-dollar population in the 1910 census. It was and on local boards of education and goal. Carr was however the catalyst to within three years replaced by the Im- industries for the provision of adult get ALA to reexamine its mission “to migration Act of 1924, known as the evening schools. provide the best reading for the most National Origins Act, which was passed The failure of the ALA Enlarged at the least cost” (the words of Melvil by the Congress to establish national Program brought about a conservative Dewey), including those who, at this origin quotas based on two percent of wait-and-see policy to an already con- critical point in their lives, dreamed of the census of the 1890 foreign-born servative ALA during the early 1920s becoming citizens of their new home- population. The national origins quota and, as a counterbalance, the beginning land and sought help from any orga- system shifted the flow of Eastern of a reexamination of what had gone nization that would help them. For- Hemisphere immigration from South- wrong. ALA leaders found it difficult tunately for the library work with the ern, Central, and Eastern Europe to to abandon their typical conservative foreign born movement, Carr was immigration from Northwestern attitudes and purported that to do replaced in the 1920-21 term by Europe. The act barred the admission anything would jeopardize their ex- Eleanor (Edwards) Ledbetter of Cleve- of most Asians, who had already been pressed neutrality on social issues. land, who served for six consecutive legally classified as ineligible for citi- However, there were in ALA’s existing terms as chair of the ALA CWFB, zenship.12 programs a variety of library services during the formative years from 1920-21 to 1925-26. Although viewed as a victory for anti- Ledbetter shared Carr’s passion for library work with immigrants, but as immigration forces within the Congress and the a cultural pluralist, not an Anglo- country at large, the implementation of the National conformist. The promotion of and advocacy for multiculturalism in Origins Act had unforeseen consequences. library services became driving forces increasingly during Ledbetter’s admin- Although viewed as a victory for for adults already being delivered by istration of the ALA CWFB. Her anti-immigration forces within the public libraries that promised to be leadership brought stability to the ALA Congress and the country at large, the popular, helpful, and non-confronta- CWFB, which continued its program implementation of the National tional. These core services included of service to immigrants even as the Origins Act had unforeseen conse- reading guidance (known as readers’ U.S. Congress was debating and quences. First, immigrant customs and advisory service); services for special putting the final touches on an elabo- traditions transferred to the New groups, notably immigrants, but also rate quota system based on national World were becoming harder to main- youth and adults with little education; origins of future immigrants. The tain without the constant infusion of departmentalization of libraries based purpose of the quotas was a ruse to more immigrants from Europe: im- on subject; and services in collabora- allow more immigration from migrants were being Americanized tion with community organizations

10. P. A. Jones, Jr., 1999, “The Publisher as Propagandist: John Foster Carr, 1869-1939,” in Libraries, Immigrants, and the American Experience (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999) 81-86. 11. P. A. Jones, Jr., “The Librarian as Social Worker; Eleanor (Edwards) Ledbetter, 1870-1954,” in Libraries, Immigrants, and the American Experience, 141. 12. LeMay and Barkan, U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and issues, 136-40; 144-51; Sucheng Chan, “Japanese,” in Dictionary of American Immigration History, 439, Raymond B. Williams, “Asian Indians,” 45, Ueda, “Naturalization and Citizenship,” 741; P.A. Jones, Jr., “The ALA Committee on Work with the Foreign Born and the Movement to Americanize the Immigrant,” 96-110.

6 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 and agencies. In the aftermath of World adult education in his The American Individual articles in the series focused War II, library sponsorship of educa- Public Library and the Diffusion of on the reading habits of different im- tional programs to promote demo- Knowledge. Endorsed by president migrant and ethnic groups, including cratic values in an increasingly plural- Keppel for distribution to a wider Yiddish-speaking Jews (1921), Poles istic society assumed more urgency.13 audience, the Learned report included (1922), Japanese (1922), Romanians a summary of significant adult library (1922), Greeks, Czechoslovaks (1923), ALA Adult Education services already developed and imple- and Italians (1924).16 These immi- Programs and Carnegie mented in public libraries, including grant groups were representative of Corporation of New York subject departments in the Cleveland the new immigrants with the unex- Under the organizational leadership Public Library; reading courses avail- pected exception of the Japanese, who of the ALA Adult Education Board, able for purchase in the Chicago Public at this point in U.S. immigration from its beginnings in 1924 as the Library; the ALA Reading Courses policy were not officially welcomed in ALA Commission on the Library and series; and the U.S. Bureau of Educa- the Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan Education, the new library adult edu- tion reading courses series. According of 1907-8. cation movement received extensive to Learned himself, the report repre- In January 1924, the ALA Bulletin’s funding and guidance from educa- sented a philosophical framework, not editorial column announced a general tional foundations. Millions of dollars only for adult education per se, but membership session on the topic of in grants came to the ALA from the also for the diffusion of ideas and library adult education at the upcom- Carnegie Corporation of New York. general knowledge, a concept framed ing ALA annual conference that The Carnegie Corporation’s support in the Corporation’s mission. The summer in Saratoga Springs, New of libraries was typical of its total adult Carnegie Corporation considered ser- York. Judson T. Jennings, librarian of education program, including the vices to immigrants an integral part the Seattle Public Library, and then subsidizing of surveys, publications, of library adult education, and through ALA President, would address the ALA research, demonstration projects, and its funding of the ALA itself, the Cor- membership. In line with recommen- experimental programs, as well as pro- poration indirectly continued the dations in the Learned report, Jennings moting professional participation in funding for the ALA CWFB.15 An endorsed public librarianship’s interest local, state, and national adult educa- ulterior motive for the Corporation in adult education, and identified three tion associations. The Carnegie Cor- leadership’s concern for immigrants short-term objectives for the ALA: poration from its beginning was in- was that if the needs of immigrants training competent personnel; extend- fluenced by conservative leaders, were placated, the potential for social ing library service to all areas of the including its early presidents. Under unrest was decreased. country, notably rural areas; and par- the leadership of Frederick Keppel, Although the Learned report did ticipating in the developing national the Carnegie Corporation officially not mention specifically the work of adult education movement. Jennings recognized the public library as a major the ALA CWFB, it was at least pos- recommended that every large public agency for promoting adult educa- sible that Learned knew about a series library employ readers’ advisers for tion.14 of publications by ALA CWFB reading guidance; develop reading In 1924, William Learned, an as- members in the Library Journal during courses, particularly for what was sociate of the Carnegie Corporation, the early 1920s that demonstrated the called out-of-school youth; and en- agreed with Keppel about the potential CWFB’s commitment to readers’ ad- courage the publishing of readable of the public library as an agency for visory and guidance programs. interesting books to be provided in

13. Monroe, 27-28, 31-32; John Michael Handley, “The Carnegie Corporation and the American Association for Adult Education,” EdD dissertation (Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, 1998). 14. Florence Anderson, Carnegie Corporation: Library Program, 1911-1961 (New York, NY: Carnegie Corporation, 1963), 88-89. 15. William Learned, 1924, The American Public Library and the Diffusion of Knowledge (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace), iii, 3, 7, 28-29, 31, 33-36, 38-40, 56; Monroe, 1963, 228-230. 16. David Pinski, and Jennie Meyrowitz, 1921, “Yiddish Literature,” Library Journal 46 (21): 977–79; Eleanor (Edwards) Ledbetter, 1922, “The Polish Immigrant and the Library [Part I],” Library Journal 47 (2): 67–70; “The Polish Immigrant and the Library [Part II],” Library Journal 47 (11): 496–98; Ledbetter, 1923,“The Czechoslovak Immigrant and the Library,” Library Journal 48 (19): 911–15; Marion Horton, “Library Work with the Japanese,” Library Journal 47 (15 Feb. 1922); Josephine Gratiaa, 1922, “Roumanians [sic] in the United States and Their Relations to Public Libraries,” Library Journal 47 (9): 400–404; Margery Quigley, 1922, “The Greek Immigrant and the Library,” Library Journal 47 (18): 863–65; May M. Sweet, “Italians and the Public Library,” Library Journal 49 (15 Nov. 1924): 977-81.

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 7 quantities at low cost, an allusion both termed special groups, including im- to provide what the Carnegie Corpo- to Melvil Dewey’s motto for the ALA migrants, workers, unions, university ration’s and the ALA’s leadership had approved in 1879, and to the Carn- extension students, public school recommended. egie Corporation’s mission of diffusing youth, the blind, and inmates of hos- knowledge and ideas to the greatest pitals and prisons. Librarians began American Association for number.17 to look especially to the readers’ advis- Adult Education Reaction to Jennings’s speech was ers and specialist librarians, who had In 1934, the first edition of the Hand- generally enthusiastic, especially when adapted traditional services to the book of Adult Education was published compared to the total rejection of ALA needs of special groups in the com- by the AAAE, followed in 1936 by a Enlarged Program. Jennings was ap- munity, as the appropriate leaders for second edition. The Handbook in these pointed chairman of the ALA Com- library adult education. and later editions included articles on, mission of the Library and Adult Also, in March 1926, the ALA and directories of organizations in- Education in 1924 and instructed to Commission became the ALA Board volved in adult education. An article conduct a two-year study of libraries on the Library and Adult Education. in the 1934 edition, entitled “Library and their potential for promoting With the consensus of library com- Adult Education,” by Carl H. Milam, adult education. In 1925, the Carn- munity opinion being that the readers' ALA Executive Secretary, outlined the egie Corporation granted the ALA advisory service was the principal focus types of services available to the foreign $24,500 for this study and formed an of adult education, the American born and positioned the ALA as a sup- advisory committee, which included public library community had a clearer porter of the larger national adult John Cotton Dana of the Newark vision of its role as an agency of library education movement.21 Public Library, known for his sharp adult education. Critics like Dana Another article that appeared in criticism of the very concept of adult warned of the overreliance on the both the 1934 and 1936 editions of education, along with Carl H. Milam, readers’ adviser’s role considering the the Handbook, “Adult Education and ALA Executive Director, as official library’s role of neutrality in a plural- the Foreign Born,” by Read Lewis, representatives of the ALA. Together, istic democratic society.19 Director of the Foreign Language In- representatives from the library and From 1926 through 1933, the formation Service (FLIS), brought adult education communities would Carnegie Corporation granted the national attention specifically to the take steps in the formation of what ALA two million dollars for its endow- ALA CWFB’s work with immigrant would become, in 1926, the American ment. In 1929, the ALA CWFB, education: Association for Adult Education under the leadership of Edna Phillips Although immigration has played (AAAE), which would work in tandem of the MFPLC Division of Public no small part in the adult education as a subsidiary organization with the Libraries, Jane Maud Campbell’s suc- movement, it has always been some- Carnegie Corporation to promote and cessor as Supervisor for Work with thing of a stepchild. However con- advocate the growing interest in adult Racial Groups, published a handbook venient, the term “adult education education through public libraries.18 entitled Reading Service to the Foreign for the foreign born” is apt to be In 1926, the ALA Commission’s Born, which offered suggestions on misleading. Instruction in our lan- report, Libraries and Adult Education, how to introduce the public library’s guage and institutions is only a recommended, not surprisingly, that Americanization services to adult im- small section of the educational public libraries should organize adult migrants in evening school classes.20 needs and interests of the foreign education departments and programs This and other publications of the ALA born. Once the hurdle of language adapted to the needs of what were CWFB’s demonstrated a willingness is overcome, adult education is

17. Judson T. Jennings, 1924, “Sticking to Our Last,” ALA Bulletin 18 (Proceedings): 150-56; John Cotton Dana, 1928, “To the Members of the Executive Board of the ALA,” ALA Bulletin 22 (1): 9-12; Monroe, 1963, 30-32, 34-38. 18. ALA, Commission on the Library and Adult Education, 1926, Libraries and Adult Education (Chicago, IL: ALA); Monroe, 1963, 32-34; Chronology of Milestones for Libraries and Adult Lifelong Learning and Literacy, 2002, Prepared for the ALA Committee on Literacy, by Kathleen de la Pena McCook and Peggy Barber (Washington, DC: ERIC) 2; Wiegand, Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of Melvil Dewey (Chicago, IL: ALA, 1996), 61-62. 19. Anderson, 88; John Cotton Dana, “To the Members of the Executive Board of the ALA,” ALA Bulletin 22 (1) (1928): 9-12’ Monroe, 30-32, 34-38. 20. Reading Service to the Foreign Born, 1929, comp. by the Committee on Work with the Foreign Born of the American Library Association (Chicago, IL: ALA). 21. Carl H. Milam, 1934, “Libraries and Adult Education,” in Handbook of Adult Education in the United States, 1934, ed. by Dorothy Rowden (New York, NY: AAAE).

8 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 essentially the same, whether the foreign- and native-born. In 1939, industrial and agricultural enterprises student was born in Poland or Penn- Ernestine Rose, then chair of the ALA and toward support for the war effort. sylvania.22 Adult Education Board, shepherded At the same time, European immigra- This observation from someone in an the first Library Bill of Rights through tion decreased. independent organization, which col- the ALA Council. Three principles or The plight of European refugees laborated with public libraries to rights affecting the provision of service from Nazi Germany in general and provide accurate and up-to-date infor- to the foreign-born community were specifically refugee librarians, was ad- mation on immigrant groups, empha- identified in the Library Bill of Rights. dressed by the ALA Committee on sized that, while library work with the First, reading materials should be se- Refugee Librarians, chaired by Jennie foreign born remained essential, it was lected in terms of their value and inter- M. Flexner, in charge of readers’ advi- often overlooked in the preoccupation est to the public, and not influenced sory services at the New York Public of the library profession with the ad- by race, nationality, or political views. Library, and concurrently chair of the ministration of library adult education Second, giving adequate representation ALA CWFB. From 1941 to 1942 the per se, rather than with its content and of all sides of questions on which dif- ALA Committee on Refugee Librarians intended audiences. ferences of opinion existed was an received a grant of $200 from the In the 1936 edition of the Hand- important step to reinforce the library’s Carnegie Corporation.25 book, Milam’s article is replaced by one policy of neutrality in a democratic These developments had an alarm- by John Chancellor, the newly ap- society. Third, making library meeting ing effect on the ALA CWFB. Mary pointed ALA Assistant in Adult Educa- facilities available for cultural activities, B. McLellan, librarian responsible for tion, titled “Libraries and Adult Edu- including the discussion of current Americanization services at the Hart- cation.” Chancellor did not mention national issues, would further demon- ford Public Library, voiced her reaction or discuss library services with the strate the library’s role as a sponsor of to the current situation in her article, foreign born. Following his article, community activities and a forum for “There’s Still Work to Be Done with however, were responses from public the discussion of ideas. The ALA Bill the Foreign Born.” McLellan reported libraries throughout the country which of Rights gave a philosophical under- that even though the numbers of im- had responded to Chancellor’s request pinning to the adult education activi- migrants entering the country had been for summaries of their adult library ties of the ALA and further enhanced decreased by restrictive legislation, services, including assimilation ser- the work of the ALA CWFB.24 there were still, according to the 1940 vices offered.23 census, more than 11,500,000 foreign ALA Adult Services during born of whom approximately ALA Adult Education Board World War II 3,500,000 had not been naturalized.26 and Library Bill of Rights The beginning of World War II af- Since immigration from areas Between 1936 and 1940, libraries fected not only the overall ALA adult throughout the Western Hemisphere began to move responsibility for adult education program, but also the ac- was unaffected by the National Origins education away from being a special- tivities of the ALA CWFB. A critical Act of 1924, the importation of ized service of the reader’s adviser and shortage of labor occurred in the migrant laborers from Mexico was the toward diffusing the responsibility for United States during World War II, most viable solution to meet the need library adult education to all profes- due to the redirection of American for agricultural workers to harvest sional staff serving adults, both manpower away from domestic crops during wartime. To aid

22. Read Lewis, 1934, “Adult Education and the Foreign Born,” in Handbook of Adult Education in the United States, 1934, 58-61, 61 (quote), comp. under the auspices of the American Association for Adult Education, Dorothy Rowden, ed. (New York, NY: American Association for Adult Education); Lewis, 1936, “Adult Education and the Foreign Born,” in Handbook of Adult Education in the United States, 1936, 58-61, 61 (quote), comp. under the auspices of the American Association for Adult Education, Dorothy Rowden, ed. (New York, NY: American Association for Adult Education). See also, This America: A Summary of the Work of the Foreign Language Information Service, 1927 (New York: Foreign Language Information Service); and Daniel Erwin Weinberg, 1973, “The Foreign Language Information Service and the Foreign Born, 1918—1939: A Case Study of Cultural Assimilation Viewed as a Problem in Social Technology” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota). 23. John Chancellor, 1936, “Libraries and Adult Education,” in Handbook of Adult Education in the United States, 1936, 77-83, comp. under the auspices of the American Association for Adult Education, Dorothy Rowden, ed. (New York, NY: American Association for Adult Education). 24. ALA, 1948c, “Library Bill of Rights,” ALA Bulletin 42 (7): 285. 25. Florence Anderson, 1963, Carnegie Corporation: Library Program, 1911-1961 (New York, NY: Carnegie Corporation), 90. The small sum speaks vol- umes. 26. Mary B. McLellan, 1945, “There’s Still Work to Be Done with the Foreign Born,” Library Journal 70 (Aug. 1945): 676-77.

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 9 Congressional deliberation and ap- laborers from Mexico and other parts The new ALA Committee on In- proval, Milam, ALA Executive Secre- of the Western Hemisphere, who were tercultural Action had four, seemingly tary, requested then CWFB chair Edna in the U.S. to provide much-needed unrelated, goals: (1) to foster tolerance Phillips to conduct a study of the labor farm and industrial labor. Congress and understanding among cultural situation with Mexican migrants and eventually passed the Agricultural Act groups; (2) to promote an appreciation to assess the needs for providing library of 1949, which allowed for the use of for diversity among racial and ethnic services to them. migrant laborers from throughout the groups; (3) to support the aims and In June 1945, Phillips sent Milam Western Hemisphere, especially from work of the United Nations, espe- a memorandum reporting that 75,000 Mexico, to work as seasonal agricul- cially UNESCO; and (4) to dissemi- Mexican migrant laborers were ex- tural workers. As part of the 1949 act, nate information on race, group dy- pected in July 1945 to work on farms the Mexican Bracero Program, which namics, and techniques for handling in the West and Midwest. In addition would last until 1964, was established potential violence due to racial friction. to the need for seasonal agricultural in large part to satisfy the demands of The only goal of the former CWFB workers, she noted that thirty-two farmers in the Midwest and South- that remained was promoting an ap- railroads, covering the entire United west.27 preciation for diversity, which broadly States, had been assigned quotas of 100 included multiculturalism. to 12,750 Mexican laborers. Demise of the ALA CWFB Phillips served as chair of the newly In her memorandum, Phillips re- From the end of World II onward, the formed committee whose principal ferred to the work already in progress ALA began to urge the CWFB to reported activity was the provision of since 1939 with Mexican migrants in accept a new mission to improve in- shipments of food or clothing to librar- Ohio under the supervision of Edith ternational and intercultural relations. ians in the countries serviced by CARE Wirth of the Cleveland Public Library, In October 1946, Phillips reported to (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief a current member of the CWFB. Based the CWFB membership that negotia- Everywhere), founded in 1945. Al- on Wirth’s initiative and its relative tions were underway with ALA officials though the Committee on Intercul- success, Phillips recommended the to bring about this change. Concur- tural Action functioned at least orga- establishment of library service points rently, during 1946, the Adult Educa- nizationally through the 1956-57 fiscal in other migrant labor camps through- tion Section was established within the year, its functions were then absorbed out the United States in her memo- ALA Public Library Division. In by the ALA Adult Services Section of randum, which was distributed to October 1948, during the Atlantic City the ALA Public Library Division. In library extension agencies. Back in (NJ) ALA conference, the ALA Council retrospect, the Commission on Inter- 1939, the Cleveland Public Library approved that the name of the ALA cultural Action was of dubious value, had been the beneficiary of a grant of CWFB be changed to the ALA Com- proof of which lies in the absence of $5,000 from the AAAE for extension mittee on Intercultural Action. published minutes.28 of library service to labor and foreign It remains an organizational mystery language groups. why the CWFB did not formally merge Carnegie Corporation and In the October 1946 minutes of the at that very moment with the ALA Adult Education ALA CWFB, Phillips stated that her Adult Education Section, rather than In 1948, the third edition of Handbook memorandum had generated interest becoming a new committee with a of Adult Education in the United States, in improving library services for the vague mission that detracted from the an article titled “Education of the Adult Mexican migrants working in the provision of Americanization services. Foreign Born for Citizenship,” by United States. The ending of World Much enthusiasm and energy from Henry B. Hazard of the U.S. Depart- War II seemed to belie the need for many CWFB members and supporters ment of Justice, Immigration and further development of this the project. of immigrants’ rights were quashed as Naturalization Service, was published In the long run, the ALA missed an advocacy for multiculturalism seemed along with an article titled “The Public opportunity to develop a policy on to take second place to the promotion Library and Adult Education,” by providing library service to migrant of internationalism. Mildred V. D. Mathews, Supervisor of

27. ALA, 1945, “ALA CWFB Minutes,” ALA Bulletin 39 (10): 401; ALA, 1947, “ALA CWFB Minutes,” ALA Bulletin 41 (11): 401–2; ALA, 1948a, “ALA CWFB Minutes,” ALA Bulletin 42 (2): 69–70; ALA, 1948b, “ALA CWFB Minutes,” ALA Bulletin 42 (11): 464; Lemay and Elliott, 220-225; Library Program, 1911-1961, 88. 28. ALA, 1947; ALA, 1948a; ALA, 1948b; Chronology, 2002, 3.

10 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Adult Services of New York Public the American Idea (EAI). In the spring theme and implementation. The AHP Library (NYPL). Together these ar- and summer of 1951, the EAI was provided reading materials through its ticles demonstrated the continued transformed from a local program of office along with training and consul- involvement of both the federal gov- the NYPL to a national program of the tation. The EAI and AHP seemed to ernment and the ALA in the education ALA. fulfill the recommendations of the of the foreign born and especially in The EAI attracted the attention of Public Library Inquiry (PLI), published the preparation for naturalization C. Scott Fletcher, head of the new by Columbia Press from 1949 to 1951. leading to citizenship.29 Fund for Adult Education. Created by Finding that only a small fraction of the Ford Foundation in its effort to the public used the public library and Ford Foundation’s Fund for settle its tax status with the IRS. tended to seek popular, ephemeral Adult Education Fletcher informed John Mackenzie material, the PLI challenged the notion When the Carnegie Corporation with- Cory, Carl Milam's replacement as of the library as a bulwark of democ- drew funding for the ALA adult educa- ALA Executive Director, of the FAE racy. The study concluded that librar- tion program in 1951, the Ford Foun- board's approval of a $150,000 grant ies were limited by the self-selected dation's subsidiary Fund for Adult to ALA for the promotion and dem- nature of their audience and the emer- Education (FAE), stepped in to fund onstration of adult community discus- gence of mass media. Libraries should the Adult Education Association of the sions on the American heritage and its concentrate on reaching local com- United States (AEA) from 1951 to contemporary application. ALA was munity elites with serious works of 1961. The Ford Foundation was to coordinate and support local long-lasting interest. The FAE had a founded in 1936 by Edsel and Henry program activities, select six demon- strong interest in film and collabo- Ford, conservative businessmen, who stration areas, and conduct a training rated with Scott Fletcher, former head could hardly have been cast as advo- program.30 of Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, and cates of immigrants' and workers' Grace Stevenson, head of the AHP, a rights. By 1951 this antagonism had The American Heritage pioneer in the use of films at the Seattle been tempered by its new commitment Public Library.31 to funding adult education programs Project was ALA's first for preserving democracy. Immigration and In 1951, an initial FAE grant to the national adult education Nationality Act of 1952 ALA consisted of $150,000 for the program to be centralized Amid the discussions and actions re- implementation of the American garding the adult education role of the Heritage Project, directed by Grace T. in both theme and public library, important immigration Stevenson, Executive Secretary of the was passed by the U. S. Congress. The ALA Adult Education Board. This implementation. immigration legislation of 1952 main- project was carried out by public library tained the national-origins quota discussion groups on American democ- The grant promised, according to system initiated in the National Origins racy. The project was based on the Jean Preer, "a greatly expanded audi- Act of 1924, however, it allowed Great Books reading courses formu- ence for the public library as an inde- limited immigration from the countries lated in the late 1940s by the Great pendent agent of adult education." of the Asia Pacific Triangle, a new geo- Books Foundation in Chicago. This The American Heritage Project (AHP) graphical construct first defined in the project was used by the NYPL to was ALA's first national adult educa- 1952 act. This immigration reform explore a program known as Exploring tion program to be centralized in both opened the possibility for Asian

29. Henry B. Hazard, 1948, “Education of the Adult Foreign Born for Citizenship,” in Handbook of Adult Education in the United States, comp. under the aus- pices of the Institute of Adult Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, with the cooperation of the American Association for Adult Education, Mary L. Ely, ed. (New York, NY: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University); Mildred V. D. Mathews, 1948, “The Public Library and Adult Education,” in Handbook of Adult Education in the United States, comp. under the auspices of the Institute of Adult Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, with the cooperation of the American Association for Adult Education, ed. by Mary L. Ely (New York, NY: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University). 30. Jean L. Preer, 2001, "Exploring the American Idea at the New York Public Library." American Studies 42:3 (Fall): 135-54, in The Library as an Agency of Culture. 2001. Ed. by Thomas Augst and Wayne A. Wiegand (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001, 143-50, 144 (quote). 31. Grace T. Stevenson, 1954, “The ALA Adult Education Board,” ALA Bulletin 48 (4): 226-31; Stevenson, 1960, “Adult Education in Libraries,” in Handbook of Adult Education in the United States, Malcolm S. Knowles, ed. (Chicago, IL: Adult Education Association of the U.S.A.).

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 11 immigration from countries formerly library adult education specialists. positively. This FAE grant provided identified in the National Origins Act Librarians in general gave priority to funds for consultants to help pilot of 1924 as the Asiatic Barred Zone.32 publicity, including exhibits, lectures, libraries undertake community surveys Library services for Asian immigrants and book talks. Library adult educa- of their users. In 1957, the ALA Adult increased due to demands of immigra- tion specialists gave priority to com- Education Section became the ALA tion. munity leadership program planning, Adult Services Division (ASD), which counseling on library resources, the incorporated the ALA Adult Educa- ALA Office of Adult Education use of library materials in library- tion Board, established earlier in In 1952, there was good news on the sponsored programs, and library staff 1926.35 funding front for libraries. Additional training. FAE funding was granted to the ALA The Smith survey documented that Beginning of Federal to create an Office of Adult Education. of the 1,692 public libraries respond- Funding for Libraries FAE grant programs developed in the ing, only 364 conducted studies of In 1956, federal funding for libraries 1950s were more concerned with ma- community needs and resources. Of became a reality, after years of lobby- terials being used in library study and the remaining 1,328 which did no ing the U.S. Congress by the ALA. discussion groups rather than on the community studies to determine local The Library Services Act (LSA) (1956- audiences being served. Although some needs, only 146 expressed any interest. 64) helped many libraries, particu- library leaders questioned the efficacy Of the libraries surveyed, only 9 larly in the South, to develop and of group-oriented adult education, percent offered adult library services implement services with African Stevenson of the ALA Adult Education with the foreign born, the term used Americans, a long-neglected minority Board disagreed. She argued that adult in the report.34 population. The Library Service & education group discussions encour- Construction Act (LSCA and its aged their participants to use library ALA Library- amendments) (1964-95) provided materials more effectively. Stevenson’s Community Project funds for library programs to reach view prevailed. Between 1951 and In 1955, renewed interest in library immigrants from around the world, 1955, the FAE funded twenty ALA adult education was promoted by a particularly Asia, which had been Adult Education Subgrant Projects, FAE grant to the ALA Library-Com- sorely neglected due to former U.S. which provided funding for small munity Project, which continued until immigration policies and legislation. group discussion programs in public 1960 under the direction of Ruth Finally, the Library Services & libraries.33 Warncke. The Library-Community Technology Act (LSTA) (1996- ) The ALA Survey of Adult Education Project was implemented to follow up granted funds to serve two more ne- Activities, funded by a FAE grant, was on the distressing finding in the Smith glected minorities, American Indians conducted in 1952 and 1953 by Helen survey that many libraries had no in- and Native Hawaiians. Federal aid to Lyman Smith, and published in 1954 terest in surveying their communities libraries has become part and parcel as Adult Education Activities in Public to determine what adult services were of government support for public li- Libraries. Her report, which dealt ex- needed. It was assumed that, if these braries, but always with the require- tensively with group library services uninterested libraries were given help ment of Congressional oversight and for adults, demonstrated the differ- from qualified adult education con- the need for reauthorization of the ences in opinion among librarians and sultants, they would respond more enabling laws.36

32. M.A. Jones, American Immigration, 251-55; Mary Elizabeth Brown, “Patrick Anthony McCarran (1876-1954): Cold War Immigration,” in Shapers of the Great Debate on Immigration: A Biographical Dictionary (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 191-204; LeMay and Barkan, U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues, 116-21. 33. Eleanor Phinney, ALA Projects: Supported by the Fund for Adult Education,” ALA Bulletin 50 (9) (1956): 591-96. 34. Helen Lyman Smith, 1954, Adult Education Activities in Public Libraries; A Report of the ALA Survey of Adult Education Activities in Public Libraries and State Library Extension Agencies of the United States (Chicago, IL: ALA), 17, 21, 37; Monroe, 1963, 61-62; Chronology, 2002, 3). 35. Ruth Warncke, 1960, Library-Community Project Report, 1955-1960 (Chicago, IL: ALA, prepared for the Fund for Adult Education); Monroe, 1963, 65-66; Chronology, 2002, 3. One such pilot project was with the Cumberland County Public Library which had reported a large collection of foreign language materials and requested consultants to demonstrate how these materials could be used in Cumberland County, the home of Fort Bragg, and throughout North Carolina The North Carolina Foreign Language Center, with Library Services and Construction Act funds, was founded in 1976 and included an initial donation of 2,000 foreign-language books from the Cumberland County (NC) Library, with its headquarters in Fayetteville. 36. Stevenson, 1960; Angelica W. Cass, 1960, “Fundamental and Literacy Education for Natives and Foreign-Born Adults, in Handbook of Adult Education in the United States, Malcolm S. Knowles, Ed. (Chicago, IL: Adult Education Association of the U.S.A.).

12 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 The 1960 edition of the Handbook of Immigration Act of 1965 Adult Education Act (1966) Adult Education in the United States, In 1965, Congressional reforms of & American Association of published with a FAE grant of $10,484 immigration were enacted to replace School Librarians (1967) included two articles touching upon the existing national origins-based In 1966, Congress passed the Adult library work with immigrants. Grace legislation, begun in 1924 and modi- Education Act, giving adult education Stevenson of the ALA reviewed the fied slightly in 1952, with a system the status of being governmentally state of the art in adult education pro- based on preferences for certain cat- endorsed and funded. In response to grams sponsored by public libraries egories of immigrants, particularly the legislation, the American Associa- throughout the United States. An- those who qualified for admission in tion of School Librarians (AASL) in gelica W. Cass, Associate in American- order to reunite with family members 1967 organized an Ad Hoc Commit- ization and Adult Elementary Educa- already in the United States and those tee on Treatment of Minorities in tion of the New York State Education with occupational skills needed in the Library Materials to advocate for a Department, in her article, "Funda- U.S. economy. more positive portrayal of immigrants mental and Literacy Education for In order to accommodate the in textbooks used by school children Natives and Foreign-Born Adults," demands from factions demanding across the United States. David Cohen demonstrated the continued coopera- tougher security on the border, the served as coordinator of this AASL tion between public schools and the exemptions, formerly allowed for im- committee from 1967 through 1972. federal government through the Im- migrants from within the Western Concurrently, in 1970, the “Library migration and Naturalization Service Hemisphere, were abandoned. A Rights of Adults: A Call for Action” of the U.S. Department of Justice, and fateful consequence of this legislation was adopted and endorsed by the Adult the U.S. Office of Education.37 was that the seasonal agricultural la- Services Division (ASD) and Reference Cass’s article spoke to the fact that borers who had worked in the United Services Division (RSD). In 1972, the Americanization services were nation- States since 1949, when the Mexican ASD and the RSD merged to become ally important and not dependent on Bracero Program was established, were the ALA Reference & Adult Services the ALA alone. The reality was that no longer permitted to resume their Division (RASD). In 1976, the Public Americanization services, no matter employment when the program ended Library Association (PLA) established what they were called, were still needed in 1964. These workers, who returned an Alternative Education Programs and that the federal government and to U.S. farms in the spring of 1965 to Section (AEPS) to promote public public and evening schools were pre- take up their former occupations, were library adult literacy programs, as well pared to take up any perceived gaps viewed under the U.S. immigration as adult basic education (ABE) and left by the ALA. law as undocumented or illegal labor- other continuing education programs.40 ers.39 FAE dissolved The qualifying term “illegal” stuck National Survey of Library In 1961, after the FAE dissolved, though these immigrants had worked Services to non-English further funding would come directly in the U.S. legally without the need Language Speaking from the Ford Foundation. The FAE for documentation up until 1965. Minorities as its last granting round gave what From 1965 onward, Mexican migrant In the fall of 1980, Library Trends pub- was literally called final grants to the laborers were no longer viewed as lished a survey of library services to many national organizations, including helping the U.S. economy, as they had non-English-language ethnic minori- the ALA, which received a grant of been during World War II when they ties in the United States taken by $40,000 for funding local libraries in provided needed services, but as a Natalia B. Bezugloff, Head of the the development of demonstration drain on U.S. resources to which they Foreign Literature Department of the programs in what the FAE referred to were not entitled. Cleveland Public Library. She con- as liberal adult education.38 tacted 127 public libraries offering

37. Hansen, Andrew, 1985. “RASD: A Backward Look into the Future,” RQ 25 (1): 13-18; Hansen, 1995. “RASD: Serving Those Who Serve the Public,” RQ 34 (3): 314-38; Hansen, 2013, RASD: Serving Those Who Serve the Public, accessed Nov. 15, 2013, two-part document, http://www.ala.org/rusa/about/ history; and http://www.ala.org/rusa/about/history/rasdhistory2. 38. A Ten Year Report of the Fund for Adult Education, 1951-1961 [New York, NY: Ford Foundation, 1962]. 39. Francesco Cordasco, “Bracero Program,” in Dictionary of American Immigration History (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1990), 91. 40. Chronology of Milestones for Libraries and Adult Lifelong Learning and Literacy, 2002, prepared for the ALA Committee on Literacy, by Kathleen de la Pena McCook and Peggy Barber, 2-4 (Washington, DC: ERIC).

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 13 multilingual library services in 50 task force in the SRRT, was approved update of Helen Lyman Smith’s 1954 states. Of the 102 responses she re- and supported by the ALA Council survey which had been sponsored by ceived, 72 had foreign-language col- Committee on Minority Concerns.42 the FAE.44 lections of various sizes in more than An analysis of the survey, edited by 70 foreign languages. Immigration Reform and Kathleen M. Heim and Danny P. Of the 45 libraries that reported the Control Act of 1986 Wallace, was published by the ALA in age of their collections, 10 were started Immigration legislation in 1986 at- 1990 as Adult Services: An Enduring before 1900, 13 in the early 1900s tempted to stem the tide of illegal im- Focus for Public Libraries. The results before World War I, and 22 since migration, which had continued to rise of the survey documented increases in World War I. These 45 libraries pro- since 1965, by instituting employer and improvements to services with vided a variety of services to the ethnic sanctions for those employers who immigrants and minorities since the communities they served, including knowingly hired undocumented alien Smith survey. The questionnaire was readers’ advisory service, and visits to workers. An amnesty program was distributed to 1,758 library systems, and materials for English as a Second Language (ESL) and citizenship classes. The most positive outcome reported was a marked The most positive outcome reported was a marked increase in use of foreign- increase in use of foreign-language and language- language and language-learning mate- learning materials by second- and third-generation rials by second- and third-generation descendants of immigrants.41 Bezugl- descendants of immigrants. off’s research demonstrated the con- tinuing need for multicultural adult also implemented to provide perma- representing more than 8,000 single- library services. nent resident-alien status to an esti- unit libraries, central libraries, and mated three million illegals already branches. Responses were received Establishment of ALA Ethnic residing in the U.S. since January 1, from 4,215 individual libraries repre- Materials Information Ex- 1972, including one and one-half senting 1,114 systems. Results showed change Round Table million undocumented aliens and over that public libraries had organized 18 In the summer of 1982, the Ethnic one million special agricultural workers programs based on the needs of ethnic Materials Information Exchange Task already in the country. Both the em- and minority groups, including mul- Force (EMIE) of the Social Responsi- ployee sanctions and the amnesty ticultural understanding, business bilities Round Table (SRRT) was ele- program were equally ineffectual: un- operations, tax help, genealogical re- vated to the administrative status of s documented immigration continued.43 search, and political issues. States that round table at the ALA annual confer- In 1989, the ALA Literacy Assem- offered 10 or more programs either for ence in Philadelphia. The decision was bly was convened for the first time, specific minorities or based on minor- viewed by many EMIERT members and the former PLA Alternative Edu- ity concerns included California, with as tangible recognition of the contin- cation Program Section was renamed 66; New York and Illinois, with 27 ued importance of advocacy for mul- the Adult Lifelong Learning Section. each; Texas, with 26; and Massachu- ticulturalism within the ALA. The In 1990, the ALA RASD Services to setts, with 11. Only 504 libraries out upgrading also gave EMIERT the Adults Committee announced the of the 4,215 responding, a little less gravitas to collaborate with other agen- completion of a survey of adult educa- than 12 percent, reported program- cies interested in library service with tion programs in public libraries. The ming aimed at advocacy for multicul- ethnic and minority groups. The peti- survey, begun earlier in 1983 as the turalism and the human rights of tion, presented by David Cohen, for- Adult Services in the Eighties (ASE) minority clienteles.45 merly with the AASL and the EMIE project, represented an expansive

41. Natalia B. Bezugloff, “Library Services to Non-English-Language Ethnic Minorities in the United States,” Library Trends 29 (Fall 1980): 259-74. 42. J. B. Petty, 2001, “Reflections on the Role of EMIERT in the Past and in the Future: A Message from the Chair,” EMIE Bulletin 18 (3): 1, 3, 13. 43. LeMay & Barkan, xlv, 282-288; P. A. Jones, Jr., Still Struggling for Equality: American Public Library Services with Minorities (Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2004), 123-24; Cordasco, “Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986” in Dictionary of American Immigration History, 391-96. 44. William E. Moen and Kathleen M. Heim, eds., Librarians for the New Millennium (Chicago, IL: ALA, Office for Library Personnel Resources, 1988). 45. Kathleen M. Heim, & Danny P. Wallace, 1990, Adult Services: An Enduring Focus for Public Libraries (Chicago: ALA); Heim, 1991, “Adult Services within the American Library Association: A Historical Examination of the Move to Synthesis.” RQ 30 (3): 386-94.

14 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Immigration Act of 1990 Department of Homeland program became known as Deferred Immigration legislation in1990 estab- Security established after Action for Childhood Arrivals lished a new category of preference 9/11/2001 (DACA). It must not be forgotten that called “diversity immigrants,” who The tragedy of 9/11/2001 dramati- DACA status does not equate to legal came to the United States from tradi- cally changed the debate on immigra- status, while the DREAM act would.50 tional sources of immigration such as tion reform to one on defeating global Ireland, Italy, and Poland. The cate- terrorism. In 2002, the new Depart- Immigration in the Trump Era gory of diversity immigrants included ment of Homeland Security was estab- In 2014, the need for comprehensive an interesting combination of what lished to deal with immigration, ter- immigration, which was passed in the had once been in the 1920s referred rorism, response to natural disasters, Senate but not by the House earlier in to as “old immigrants” (from Ireland, and a host of other responsibilities 2007, was once again brought to debate for example) and what were referred formerly administered by several in the U.S. Congress due to the massive to as “new immigrants” (from Italy and federal agencies. In 2007, amid wars immigration of children, some with Poland, for example).46 in Iraq and Afghanistan, the U.S. their mothers, to flee brutal regimes, In 1991, the creation of the Na- Senate passed a Comprehensive Reform gangs, and drug cartels in the Central tional Institute for Literacy (NIFL) of Immigration bill, which had the American nations of Honduras, Gua- was enabled by a bipartisan Congres- potential of fixing the immigration temala, and El Salvador.51 sional coalition in response to requests process, particularly about the issue of In November 2016, President for a national literacy agency. In 1995, illegal immigration, but it languished Trump banned travel to the United the former ALA Office for Library and died without approval from the States by refugees and immigrants from Outreach Services (OLOS) retained U.S. House.49 some majority-Muslim countries and its acronym, however, it was renamed ordered that sanctuary cities refusing the ALA Office for Literacy and Out- Beginning of the Deferred to cooperate with the federal govern- reach Services (OLOS) to recognize its Action for Childhood Arrivals ment to facilitate deportations would expanded focus on adult literacy and (DACA) (2012) lose their federal funding. He direct- advocacy for multiculturalism.47 During the Obama administration, on ed the Department of Homeland Se- June 15, 2012, then-Secretary of curity to build a wall on the U.S.- Adult Education and Family Homeland Security Janet Napolitano Mexico border, hire 5,000 new Border Literacy Act of 1998 issued a memorandum entitled “Exer- Patrol agents and construct new deten- In 1998, the ALA adopted literacy as cising Prosecutorial Discretion with tion facilities. In August 2017, Trump one of five key action areas. The Adult Respect to Individuals Who Came to wasted no time setting a deadline for Education Act (AEA) of 1966 was the United States as Children.” This the expiration of DACA. He chal- restructured as the new Adult Educa- memorandum created a non-Congres- lenged Congress to come up with a tion and Family Literacy Act (AEFLA) sionally-authorized administrative solution for the already registered to emphasize the continuing need for program that permitted certain indi- Dreamers. adult literacy activities and the fact that viduals who came to the United States On September 5, 2017, then-U.S. adult literacy reinforced by adults as juveniles to request consideration of Attorney General Jeff Sessions an- reading with their children. In 2001, deferred action for a period of two nounced that the government was the ALA Standing Committee on Lit- years, subject to renewal, and eligibil- terminating the DACA program. That eracy was established.48 ity for work authorization. The same day, then-Acting Secretary of

46. M. A. Jones, American Immigration, 289-90; E. Willard Miller and Ruby M. Miller, United States Immigration: A Reference Handbook (Santa Barbara, C A: ABC-CLIO, 1996), 103-7; Thomas J. Archdeacon, “Immigration Law,” in Oxford Companion to United States History, 366. 47. Chronology of Milestones, 2-4. 48. Ibid. 49. Plummer Alston Jones, Jr., “From Marginalized Migrants to Permanent Residents of North Carolina: How Libraries and Latinos Are Collaborating to Build Multicultural Communities in the Tar Heel State,” North Carolina Libraries 77 (1) (Spring/Summer 2019): 5; Hannah Gill, 2018, The Latino Migration Experience in North Carolina: New Roots in the Old North State. 2nd ed., rev. and exp. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 166-170. 50. Chronology, 2-4. 51. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2020, Secretary Napolitano Announces Deferred Action Process for Young People Who Are Low Enforcement Priorities, 1 of 3, available from https://www.dhs.gov/news/2012/06/15-secretary-napolitano-annou

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 15 Homeland Security Elaine Duke issued DACA program itself. On May 2, the immigration reform act to be passed a directive to the U.S. Department of plaintiffs asked the court to issue a by both the U.S. House of Representa- Homeland Security to reject all initial preliminary injunction that would stop tives and the U.S. Senate. DACA applications and associated ap- USCIS from adjudicating applications As advocates of multiculturalism plications for work authorization re- for deferred action under DACA while and immigrants’ rights, public libraries ceived after September 5, 2017. In the the lawsuit was pending. After an throughout the country have voiced days and months following, multiple August 8, 2018 hearing in Houston, their opposition to President Trump’s lawsuits challenging the Trump admin- Texas, on whether to grant a prelimi- policies regarding immigrants and mi- istration’s actions to terminate DACA nary injunction, the court denied the norities. Throughout the country, were filed across the country. Two U.S. plaintiff states’ request, concluding that particularly in so-called Sanctuary district courts halted the government’s such an injunction would not be in Cities, many DACA recipients as well termination of DACA and required the public’s interest. As a result of this as other undocumented immigrants the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration decision, individuals who had or pre- live and contribute to the state and Services (USCIS) to continue accept- viously had DACA status could apply national economies. Public libraries ing renewal DACA applications from to renew it. continue to provide programs and individuals who had previously had The 2018 midterm elections saw resources to help immigrants and mi- DACA. In reaction to the U.S. At- the Democrats win a majority in the norities to make their livelihoods and torney General’s call for the termina- House, but not in the Senate. Nego- homes in the United States and to help tion of the DACA program, North tiations on the DREAM Act and them to become full citizens. Carolina’s Attorney General Josh Stein DACA continued to be blocked by the Library advocacy for multicultural- joined fifteen other states in a lawsuit Republican majority in the Senate. On ism has reached a tipping point. challenging Trump’s plans to cancel June 28, 2019, the SCOTUS an- Without stronger support in terms of the DACA program and declared that nounced that it would hear the case continued funding from local, state, even without formal immigration on DACA to determine the program’s and federal funding sources, advocacy status, DACA recipients were to be future. It was hoped that a decision for immigrants and minorities cannot granted legal presence in North Caro- in the case would come sometime be sustained. As the novel coronavirus lina.52 between January and June 2020. ravages the country and the world, the As of February 2020, the immigra- focus of Congressional efforts and state DACA’s future tion situation became even more legislatures is undeniably on saving remains uncertain brutal. The DACA program remained lives, but it is equally important to On January 22, 2018, the Supreme in effect and recipients continued to maintain a quality of life that libraries Court of the United States (SCOTUS) renew their status, although those im- have provided since 1876. Congres- decided not to take the DACA case migrants who had never had DACA sional support in terms of funds for during the 2017-18 term, but that status still could not apply. Reform is increasing computer access and band DACA renewals would remain open needed to block the Trump administra- width throughout the country is nec- for people eligible to renew. DACA tion’s efforts to deny political asylum essary to keep Americans informed recipients were encouraged to con- to Latinx immigrants. daily about how to combat the virus tinue renewing their status as the At long last, after months of waiting and other survival tips. SCOTUS would hopefully take the for SCOTUS to act, DACA was upheld Many libraries are prepared to help case on in the next available term— on Thursday, June 18, 2020, with a with this challenge and many others which would begin on October 1, band of proud Dreamers carrying a would be if funding were provided 2019.53 banner on the steps of the U.S. directly to them. Advocacy for im- On May 1, 2018, Texas and six Supreme Court that read “Home Is migrant and minority rights depends other states filed a lawsuit in the U.S. Here.”54 President Obama’s executive now more than ever on Congressional District Court for the Southern Dis- order remained in effect while Dream- reform of a broken immigration trict of Texas challenging the 2012 ers awaited the approval of an system.

52. Gill, Latino Migration Experience in North Carolina, 172-73, 175-79. 53. National Immigration Law Center (NILC), 2020, Status of Current DACA Litigation, 1-6 of 15, available from https://www.nilc.org/issues/daca/status- current-daca-litigation/; Immigrants Rising: DACA Updates, 2020, 1-3, available from https://immigrantsrising.org/daca-updates/. 54. Ibid.; MSNBC nightly news programs on June 18, 2020 promulgated the good news for Dreamers and their supporters.

16 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Craig Fansler, Wake Forest University

Book Repair Workshops in North Carolina: This is How We Do it

ften, as preservation or con- in between. This has been rewarding Natural and Cultural Resources spon- servation professionals, we in so many ways, as the individuals sors these workshops and the response tend to fixate on the high- who attend these workshops are thirsty from the attendees has been very Oend work of book conservation. This for tips, clues, suppliers, and tech- positive, based on post-workshop makes sense because this work is often niques. In many public libraries, there surveys. The North Carolina Preserva- amazing and wonderful to see. It is is no conservation person and repair tion Consortium (ncpreservation.org) gratifying to know about the expert work is often assigned to an employee has also long supported workshops to work being done by conservators who expresses an interest. Even then, teach library personnel how to make across North Carolina. However, the local libraries have few resources or basic repairs to their collections. Yes, most basic work in book conservation, money for supplies to make these we live in the digital age, but collec- the simple repairs, I believe, are just repairs. These small organizations with tions contain a lot of print materials! as important. These simple repairs: collections need basic knowledge but Let’s start with some rules: do no tipping-in a loose page, repairing a are often not able to obtain it. Enter harm and make your repair reversible. loose or broken hinge with Japanese the book repair workshop. Afford- Every repair a person performs should tissue, using heat-set tissue to repair ability is vital for smaller institutions. be minimal and hopefully do nothing torn or damaged pages, replacing an Knowing that they can both afford harmful to the item. Also, the use of end sheet and spine replacement are repair supplies and actually do the acid-free materials is a necessity as this worthwhile for any library collection. repairs opens the door to maintaining protects the item from future damage Basic conservation work also is widely their collections. I must emphasize, caused by acidic paper or adhesives. needed across libraries and archives; just as I do in these workshops, that The materials you use in the repair - in North Carolina, basic book repair these repairs are for circulating mate- cloth, paper and adhesives - should is the State Library of North Carolina’s rials, not Special Collections. have neutral pH. most requested training. The basic workshop has been my Workshop tools include a bone For approximately 20 years, I have most commonly taught and useful folder made of bone or Teflon, a knife taught a variety of book repair work- workshop and is offered once or twice (like those made by Olfa or Xacto), a shops across North Carolina. Primar- a year. This workshop covers a variety glue brush, scissors, a metal ruler, a ily, these workshops have been con- of repairs, all of which can be learned micro-spatula, and at least one pencil. ducted in public libraries from easily. The State Library of North I also provide a piece of binder’s board, Asheville to Manteo, and many cities Carolina through the Department of also called Davey board, as a cutting

Book repair workshop set up at the Pack Library, Asheville, NC Workshop at Wake County Public Library, Raleigh, NC

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 17 surface for the workshops, though long-term a cutting mat is best. I begin the instruction process with a simple technique: tipping-in a loose page. This involves placing a thin bead of polyvinyl acetate adhesive (PVA) in the joint where a loose page once resided. PVA can be purchased in a variety of sizes from many library supply companies, such as University Products, Talas, or Gaylord Archival. PVA is a synthetic adhesive which is very flexible, has a pH neutral formu- lation, and dries quickly. For this technique, a Sally’s Beauty Supply Color Applicator bottle or a Micro- mark Bellows Glue Applicator are Workshop at Historic Yates Mill Park, Raleigh, NC, June 2016 great because they have a thin tip that applies only a small amount of PVA, process creates a strong repair, which technique can also be adapted for which is all that is needed. PVA can makes the book usable again immedi- books with paper or board covers. The be applied to the edge or edges of pages ately. This repair can be used to replacement process involves removing many ways. Once the page has PVA strengthen broken joints inside a book, the damaged spine from the book by applied to it, and is inserted into the as well as where the cover is separated. cutting through the book cloth and joint of the book, place a weight on Another simple repair that I teach lifting the book cloth from the cover top of the closed book. For weights, is using a material called “heat-set boards enough to insert a new spine I normally use a brick covered with tissue.” This describes a thin archival piece. This new spine piece is con- book cloth or felt: easy to find or make. tissue with heat-activated adhesive on structed from buckram or book cloth However, almost anything heavy and one side. Heat-set tissue can be used and is glued onto the book board, not too bulky can become a weight: to mend a paper tear very easily or act underneath the lifted book cloth. The small containers filled with ball bear- as backing for fragile items printed on repaired book is then placed into a ings, small and heavy pieces of clean one side such as posters, printed items, press or dried under a weight. If the metal, or baggies filled with sand, for or dust jackets. A thin piece of heat-set old spine piece is still legible, it can be example. After drying for an hour tissue is torn or cut to extend beyond glued onto the new spine piece which under a weight, the repaired book is the tear, covering it fully. After heating preserves the book’s original appear- ready. up the tissue with a conventional iron ance. When the book isn’t covered by After tipping-in loose pages, work- or tack iron, it adheres to the page cloth, the new spine piece can be glued shop attendees move to another simple and, because it is translucent, the text around the book’s spine area, covered technique: repairing a broken interior can still be read easily. with wax paper, and then put in a press book hinge. Often, a crack develops One of the most useful repairs un- or under a weight to dry. between the cover and text block of a dertaken in the workshop is spine Workshops also cover a few other book, and repairing this break calls for replacement. When the spine of a simple repairs that can keep books “on more than a little PVA. I use Sekishu book is damaged severely, you can the road,” such as tightening loose Japanese paper, a hand-made, medium remove the old spine and create a new hinges and repairing damaged corners. weight paper made of kozo fiber, for one that is glued into the book. Of To tighten a loose hinge, where the this repair. The paper should be torn course, this repair is not appropriate text block is pulling away from the into strips, which you then glue and for special collections materials or cover boards, place a small amount of place centrally over the break. Once other rare items. However, for circu- PVA along the boards where the end in place, use your fingers and a bone lating materials, spine replacement is sheet, the paper that holds the text folder to press the strips into place and ideal for cloth-bound books and, done block to the cover, has pulled away. I leave the book open to dry. This well, will last a long time. This often use a small brush to paint PVA

18 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 get the length. The height of the sheet will be the text block’s height. The end sheet is then glued to the inside of the front cover, and one eighth of an inch is glued onto the left edge of the text block. The book is then placed into a press, with wax paper inside to com- plete the repair. This repair is a good and simple method to repair broken joints. A number of preservation and con- servation professionals teach book repair workshops across the country. However, many workshops are not affordable, geographically conve- nient, or offered often enough. In North Carolina, book repair work- shops are offered in a variety of loca- tions across the state at different times Workshop at ZSR Library, Wake Forest University of the year. For those interested in inside this loose hinge, but many other cover both the exterior and interior of these opportunities but with no good methods exist, such as using knitting the book corner. After I trace the tem- local option, national organizations needles, acrylic rods, or dowels painted plate shape, I cut it out and glue the such as The Association for Library with PVA, or the gravity-drip tech- cloth onto the repaired corner with Collections and Technical Services nique. No matter the method, once PVA. Another corner repair technique (ALCTS), Lyrasis, and a variety of the PVA is inside both loose hinges, is to shave hemp twine into a small private organizations offer training. the book is placed to dry under a ball, add PVA, and use this mix to fill If you can find one that suits your weight, with wax paper slipped inside missing corner areas, then press constraints, book repair workshops are the cover if needed. between wax paper and board pieces helpful for library staff with limited Corner repair can be tackled several with a bullnose clamp. It’s twine- budgets who want to extend the life ways. For very damaged corners, the mache! and use of their materials for their rough edge can sometimes be con- End sheets, since they must hold users. Attendees who I meet are always solidated by brushing a little PVA into the book’s text block to two cover excited to learn these techniques and the layers of the board and then press- boards, are usually a heavier weight tricks to take home to their institution. ing it along with wax paper, for protec- paper than the text. They are glued The following are my favorite work- tion. To press the corner, use small just slightly onto the edge of the text shop resources. squares of wax paper and 2-inch block, about an eighth of an inch. The squares of binder’s board, sandwiched portion of the end sheet that is glued Print Resources around the damaged book corner; hold onto the cover is called the pastedown. for Book Repair it all together with a bullnose clamp. There is then the eighth of an inch Kamph, Jamie. Tricks of the Trade: In the case of missing corner pieces, portion that is glued onto the edge of Confessions of a Bookbinder. New trace out the missing area onto bind- the text block. The remainder of the Castle, DE: Oak Knoll, 2015. er’s board, cut that out, and then end sheet is loose and is called the attach to the damaged corner using flyleaf. Specialty end sheet papers may Lavender, Kenneth. Book Repair: A PVA. When dried, cover it all with be purchased from most library sup- How-To Manual. New York: Neil- book cloth to strengthen the repair. pliers. You need to measure and cut Schuman, 2001. To make that covering process easier, the sheet to fit the open book: with I made a template that I use to trace the front cover open, measure from McQueen, Sharon and James Twomey. out the corner repair shape onto book the outer left edge of the cover to the In-House Bookbinding and Repair. New cloth. This template is designed to outer right edge of the text block to York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015.

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 19 Young, Laura S. Bookbinding & Con- PADG (ALCTS Preservation Ad- servation by Hand: a working guide. ministrators Interest Group) - Oak Knoll, 1995. https://lists.ala.org/sympa/arc/padg

Online Book Suppliers Repair Manuals Archival Products Universities with a robust Preservation https://archival.com/products.html staff often publish book repair manuals. These are a few excellent Gaylord Archival examples: https://www.gaylord.com/

Indiana University Preservation Talas Manual - https://libpres.sitehost. talasonline.com iu.edu/manual/ University Products Dartmouth University Simple Book https://www.universityproducts. Repair Manual - https://www. com/ dartmouth.edu/~library/preserva- tion/repair/index.html

Alaska State Library Conservation Book Repair - https://library.alaska. gov/hist/conman.htm

Listservs Book_Arts-L - https://www.philo- biblon.com/book_arts-l.shtml Founded June 23, 1994, Book_Arts-L is a mailing list based at Syracuse Uni- versity, and managed by Peter Ver- heyen. It currently claims almost 3000 subscribers worldwide, among them practicing bookbinders, book-artists, Applying heat-set tissue at East Carolina University, marblers, papermakers, printers, col- Greenville, NC lectors, curators in libraries.

CoOL (Conservation Online) https://cool.culturalheritage.org/ Conservation OnLine (CoOL) is a freely accessible platform to generate and disseminate vital resources for those working to preserve cultural heritage worldwide.

Library of Congress Preservation https://www.loc.gov/preservation/

Northeast Document Conservation Center - https://www.nedcc.org/ Workshop at Shepard-Pruden Library, Edenton, NC

20 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Bridget Bloomer, East Carolina University

Renaissance’s Accelerated Reader: Does It Really Work?

chool libraries have been trying reading ranges for their grades, and at librarians to feel involved in the many different ways to encour- levels that are far below real world program and want to promote it. It is age students to read. Over the materials such as college texts, work- important to allow school librarians Syears, programs like Accelerated force documents, and popular books to be the advocate for the library and Reader, by the company Renaissance, and media.” (p. 15). The data alone is its programs, but once it is denied to have been thought to be the best for not specified as to where it comes the librarian it becomes a messy situ- keeping students engaged in reading from. It is assumed that the data comes ation. While Accelerated Reader is and understanding content. Acceler- from Accelerated Reader, as the rest beneficial for teacher usage it is not ated Reader has been on the market of the data derives from it as well. implemented in the right way due to for over two decades, but there has Their argument throughout the report the exclusion of the school librarian. been very little research showing the is that if students were to read at least The Accelerated Reader program is success of the program. Research that fifteen minutes a night they would see bundled and modified for individual is present about Accelerated Reader their reading levels start to progress. schools based on the size of the student (2019) is exclusively provided by Re- While this is a great goal to have for body. According to Mark T. (personal naissance. It appears that the data is students it is ineffective to base the communication, November 20th, skewed due to the sole producer of the data solely off of their own data. 2019), a sales representative of Ac- statistics and reports. Accelerated Reader’s statement is celerated Reader, the base plan for the Accelerated Reader has a structure “Accelerated Reader is a research-based program is $1,450.00 for the first 100 of students checking out books on the reading practice program that equips students. After that it goes by per reading level range. This range is as- teachers with unparalleled insight into student of $7.00 each. Most elemen- signed to the student after taking the independent reading practice, person- tary schools average about 400 stu- STAR Assessment Test. This test alized goal-setting tools, activities that dents. The basic package becomes evaluates student’s comprehension and span a variety of skills and text types $3,550.00. However, schools also need reading skills to help put students and a worldwide community of to purchase the STAR Assessment within their reading level range. It is support.” (p. 41). The statement shows Tests to place students on their reading beneficial for teachers to help know that it gears its program toward teach- level. The package is $500.00 per 100 what the average reading level the class ers and not the school librarians. While students making it $2,000.00 based is on. The students read their books this is important it is the school librar- on a population of 400 students. The and once they finish, they take a test ians who have to promote the program, total amount for a school size of 400 on the book. The questions are usually order the quizzes, label the books, and students is $5,550.00 for one school about plot points from the book to analyze the data. The promotion and year. The training of staff and stickers help ensure the student has read and rules of the program are not for school that are used to label the book are not understood the book. Depending on librarians to decide. School librarians included in this price. The price is just their score of how they did on the test are not allowed to make decisions for the computerized program itself. they are assigned points, which are based on Accelerated Reader for class- That is why it is important to evaluate preassigned to the book. Schools try rooms, so it causes the teachers to Accelerated Reader to determine if it to incentivize reading to students create the rules that end up becoming is even beneficial for the school and based on how many points they have library rules. The teachers emphasize its students. accrued over the school year. their regulations that school librarians The main issue with the program Accelerated Reader’s What Kids are have to follow. The program excludes is how it has been construed to limit Reading Report (2019) reports that the very individuals who are supposed student’s ability to read what they “Students are reading at levels at the to organize the program within the would like. Some schools have forced very bottom of the recommended school. That is problematic for school students to only check out materials

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 21 that is on their Accelerated Reader is what the test evaluates them to be content, thus creating entire “classes” (A.R.) level. Forcing students to only at. The structure of the program causes of books that readers avoid or that check out certain materials is prob- it to censor books from students. parents or teachers deem to be off- lematic for students, because most Student privacy and confidential- limits to certain groups of students.” schools prevent students to check out ity is violated by the obvious labeling (p. 90). Students can create unhealthy the books that they want if the book of book levels stuck on the individual habits of not reading for learning or is above or below their A.R. level. books. If students are forced to check enjoyment, but to read for point Students can become frustrated with out materials on a certain A.R. level values. Students will pick books based reading when they are presented with so many issues regarding it. The books Students can create unhealthy habits that they want to read are being re- stricted from them. While it could be of not reading for learning or enjoyment, argued that students could get the but to read for point values. books they want from public libraries instead of the school library, this can it will take away their privacy of their solely on their point values making it be difficult for students to find access reading abilities due to other students a race to get more points to attend the to get to the public library in the first or teachers knowing what they are able parties and award ceremonies. Accel- place. Students are reliant on parents to read and understand. The learning erated Reader’s ideology makes stu- taking them to the public library. Lack experience is taken away from the dents read for points to help incentiv- of transportation to the public library student, because they can become self- ize reading to eventually create reading takes away the ease of access that conscious of their level. Teachers want for learning and enjoyment. School school libraries already possess. It to know what students are reading to libraries are the heart of the school. It would be much more efficient to let ensure they are on their level. It is is important to instill a love of reading, the student check out the book that unethical to tell someone else, other researching, and open access that is already on the shelf in the school than the parents, what a student is school libraries provide in order to library. Allowing students to check out reading. It is also unethical to tell stu- keep students coming back and to any book even if it is not on their dent’s reading skills to anyone but the become lifelong readers. reading level, provides open access for parent. It goes against the student’s Some may argue that the school’s the students of which libraries are sup- confidentiality. These violations are a job for students is to protect the stu- posed to be for. Not every book pub- side effect of Accelerated Reader, not dents from content is too mature. The lished is an Accelerated Reader book. a direct cause of it. argument for Accelerated Reader is If Accelerated Reader did not like a The aspect of students reading for that the teachers and parents can assure book based on content or bias, they points instead of enjoyment or learn- that students are reading appropriate do not have to include it making it ing is a direct cause of Accelerated books based on their age level. Rubin unavailable for students to read. Ac- Reader. Points are attributed to the (2016) mentions throughout the chap- celerated Reader allowing their biases books based on their A.R. level after ters about intellectual freedom and to determine which books to exclude students take a test on the book. If censorship of materials for children. can lead school libraries to stray away they do well on the test, they will He explains that “Parents expect from great books on the basis that it receive points based on their compre- schools to protect their children from is not useful without the Accelerated hension of the book. Some schools do harm; indeed, schools are legally ob- Reader quiz. parties or award ceremonies if students ligated to do so.” (p. 515). He also Accelerated Reader tries to assess a have gained enough points by the end brings up patron confidentiality and student’s reading level and keeping of the term. It leads some students to privacy and explains that it is impor- them in their range to help develop read books that are shorter to do more tant to uphold this rights that the their reading skills. Accelerated Reader tests, than if they were to read a book patron has. While the school system assessment of assigning students to of interest that may take longer with is legally obligated to protect students specific reading levels is not explained fewer points. Hunt (2012) states that from subjects that are too mature, that thoroughly. The STAR Assessment “However the same labeling practices does not mean that they should Test is the reasoning for forcing stu- can lead readers to prejudge books by prevent students from reading books dents to stay on their reading level. It their labels rather than by their that are above or below the student’s

22 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 A.R. level. Preventing students from Accelerated Reader’s 2019 report. The Accelerated Reader prevents stu- reading certain books is not protecting lack of consideration of library core dents from discovering other books children from harm, this is censorship. values is how it violates student’s that are considered classics due to it Accelerated Reader’s reading level rights. The teachers do not know these being above or below the students decision making reasons are not ex- values that libraries share, and they reading level. Books that are not as- plicit. The regulations for why a book need to make sure their students are signed quizzes are also dismissed due is on that level seems to be based more developing before the annual standard- to it not being beneficial for the so on the thickness of the book versus ized testing session. Accelerated student to read. It is important to the content. Powers (2013) acknowl- Reader could have been a great remember that authors do not write edges that “Nor are reading levels program that enabled struggling books based on Accelerated Reader intended to coincide with grade level. readers to become lifelong readers. The levels. The authors write books based The Color Purple by Alice Walker, for program unfortunately causes ethical on the age group and interests of the example, includes some explicit sexual dilemmas to occur due to the structure group. It is possible to categorize each content and may be considered ap- of the program. It should be evalu- book into its own specific level, but it propriate only for older readers. The ated whether or not schools actually can cause great books to become over- book, however, is identified by AR as benefit from the program. Through looked due to the leveling. According a “book level” of 4.0, by Reading the research found it is not enough to to Melton et. all (2004) “It should be Counts as a “grade level” of 7.2 and determine that it should be kept in noted that students who did not par- has a Lexile Level of 670.” (p. 18). most school systems due to the un- ticipate in the Accelerated Reader Powers argument shows how Acceler- ethical dilemmas it creates among program showed a significant increase ated Reader does not account for school libraries and its students. in reading achievement growth when content and maturity levels of books The long-term effects of Acceler- compared to students who had par- that schools must uphold. Accelerated ated Reader being implemented in ticipated in the Accelerated Reader Reader does not take this into consid- schools can be detrimental to student’s program for a year.”. Based on their eration when making reading levels. reading skills. It forces students to read study students who did not participate It can lead some students to find a books on their level not allowing them showed more growth than those who book that is on their reading level, but to read books that are considered to were. This shows how when students they are unable to comprehend the be too difficult. Children who always are able to choose the books they want content. According to Pentland (2019) have their books picked out for them to read from authors they enjoy they “It is important to remember that do not develop the skillset of choosing will succeed more. reading levels are to be used to help their own books. According to Miller Public and academic libraries are inform teacher instruction, not to (2009) “Furthermore, shifting the not structured based on reading levels. make personal reading selections.” (p. purpose for reading a book toward the It is important for schools to have real 19). Helping teachers was the intend- memorization of plot details and away world applications throughout to help ed use for reading levels, but schools from an overall appreciation for the students when they one day graduate. unfortunately forced it to influence book changes how students read. Students should learn how to navigate reading selections. It is important for Instead of falling into a book and trav- a library to be able to find their own school librarians to advocate for their eling on a journey with the characters, books. Students should learn how to students right to read. School librar- readers float on the surface of the story comprehend books without having to ians must advocate for their libraries and cherry-pick moments they predict take quizzes to ensure reading. These in order help others understand the they will be tested on later.”. Lacking practices are not done in real world ethical issues that are being created by this skillset does not create lifelong settings which make it important to programs such as these. It is the re- readers, because they don’t know what integrate it to students so they will be sponsibility of the librarian to advocate they want to read. The students were able to gain the knowledge to navigate for their students and the library to never given the opportunity to chal- the world. ensure that it will remain there for lenge themselves to find the books that The American Association of School years to come. appealed to them. The whole goal of Librarians (2011) is firm on their Accelerated Reader’s creation was Accelerated Reader is to help create viewpoint that “School Librarians more so for teacher usage rather than lifelong readers, but it does not satisfy should resist labeling and advocate for school librarians, based on its own goal. development of district policies

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 23 regarding leveled reading programs students read a certain number of whether the student has read the book. that rely on library staff compliance minutes a night by recording it on a One of the jobs a school librarian with library book labeling and non- reading log. Reading logs help keep does is collaborate with teachers. Li- standard shelving requirements.” (p. students on track with reading, but it brarians are specialists in collaborating 1). While the association puts an em- allows them to read what they want to help find new lesson plan ideas, phasis on labeling books based on to read. Reading logs are a great way resources, or ideas to help make things reading levels, they mention in the to help students develop discovering easier. Teachers could collaborate with position that right to access of re- what they want to read versus making school librarians to find a happy sources should be available without reading levels choose for them. medium of how to track reading and restriction is their main goal. These Teachers prefer Accelerated Reader progression in a way that does not goals and viewpoints do not align with because of the ease of knowing makes hinder their reading. According to how Accelerated Reader is being used sure that students read the book from Nicole Guldager (2016) “The goal is in school libraries. The program is a their quizzes. Giorgis (2019) states to collaborate with classroom teachers clear violation of right to access and that “Some teachers and librarians stop and support instruction across the confidentiality. The American Asso- reading children’s and young adult school, yet many aspects of how pro- ciation of School Librarians creates books because the computer will ask grams such as Accelerated Reader and the standards for school librarians the questions instead.”. This makes it Scholastic Reading Counts are imple- across the country making it impor- easier for the teachers to focus on other mented within buildings disrupt the tant to align with their viewpoint. things, but it is important to read the teacher librarian’s attempts at encour- There are many other alternatives books that the students are reading. aging reading autonomy, reading for to engage and track reading from stu- Tracking student’s comprehension can pleasure, and self-guided inquiry.” (p. dents versus using Accelerated Reader. be done by creating an open discussion 18). School librarians have been col- Giorgis (2019) suggests that “Before for the whole class to discuss what laborating with teachers before Ac- committing precious dollars to such books they’ve read and what it was celerated Reader was created. Col- a program, a district should decide its about. It will allow students to explain laboration within the school is purpose: Is the program there to mo- what they liked or disliked about the beneficial for everyone, so ideas can tivate children to read or to create book and what the understood the be utilized for more efficiency. another grading platform?”. It is im- book to be about. Another option is Teachers are the biggest motivators portant for school librarians to col- to have a worksheet that students do for Accelerated Reader, because of how laborate with teachers to help integrate at the end of each book that has open they can keep track of student’s pro- an environment of reading throughout ended questions that could be applied gression and reading. There are many the school. Promotion of reading can to all books so the student can prove ways teachers can implement safer be done with read-a-thons, culture of they have read the book. Students are reading motivators without the usage reading, and reading incentives. Read- given a chance to give their feedback of Accelerated Reader. Through read- a-thons are events that allow children of the book and allow them to form a-thons, open ended worksheets, dis- to just lounge and read all day. Read- their own opinions of the book. cussions, and creating a culture of a-thons could be a special prize for The amount of money that Acceler- reading students can gain progression, students who have behaved and done ated Reader costs can put a dent into comprehension, and create a love of well on assignments to be able to read a school library’s budget. The money reading that Accelerated Reader fails their books all day. Promoting a could go toward buying more up to to do. culture of reading throughout the date books that are relevant to the Accelerated Reader created an op- school by having time set aside for student’s interests and curriculum. portunity for schools to try a new reading can help students gain practice Makerspaces are trending in school program to engage students into and skills. It is important that the libraries to help promote science, tech- reading. The ability to track the points teacher reads during this time too, nology, engineering, and mathematics that students have to award those who because students model after what they (STEM). Makerspaces could be pur- have achieved their reading goal was see adults doing. To emphasize to the chased to use during library lessons to appealing to schools for the acquisition students that reading helps progression help engage students. Purchasing of Accelerated Reader. While the pro- in all subjects not just one. Reading books for the library are what helps gram’s initial idea seems rewarding to promotion can be done by having students read, not tests that evaluate students and the school it has created

24 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 ethical issues of censorship and inva- other students to read what other stu- book discussion, reading logs, and sion of privacy. Teachers have imple- dents reading levels are, invading their open discussion worksheets. These mented rules alongside of Accelerated privacy. School librarians are not in- events will help students choose their Reader that students must stay on their volved in the decision making with own books allowing personal growth. reading level which can prevent stu- Accelerated Reader. A better idea is Accelerated Reader is an outdated dents from checking out materials that for collaborative work between school program that causes ethical dilemmas they desire to. Censorship prevents librarians and teachers is to promote that could be resolved by school librar- students from reading books that are reading events to engage students to ian and teacher collaboration to help deemed too complicated or too easy become lifelong learners. Alternatives promote to students a love of reading. for them. The labeling of reading levels that could be more beneficial instead on the books also makes it easy for of Accelerated Reader are read-a-thons,

Bibliography American Association School Librarians (2011). Position statement on labeling books with reading levels, Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/aasl/advocacy/resources/statements/labeling (Accessed November 19, 2019) Giorgis, C. (2019) Jim Trelease’s read-aloud handbook eighth edition. New York, NY: Penguin Random House. Guldager, N., Kreuger, K., & Taylor, J. (2016). Reading promotion events recommended for elementary students. Teacher Librarian vol. 43. issue 5. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1004&context=ci_facpub Hunt, L. (2012). Does labeling children’s books constitute censorship?. Reference and User Services Quarterly vol. 52 issue 2. Melton, C., Smothers, B., Anderson, E., Fulton, R., Replogle, W., and Thomas, L. (2004). Study of the effects of the Accelerated Reader program on fifth grade students’ reading achievement growth.Read Improv vol. 41 issue 1. Miller, D. (2009). The Book whisperer: Awakening the inner reader in every child. San Francisco, CA: A Wiley Imprint. Pentland, C. (2019). Ensuring equitable access to books in the school library. Teacher Librarian, 46, 18-21. Retrieved from http://nclive.org/cgi-bin/nclsm?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/2288608118?accountid=13565 Powers, R. (2013). Guide to reading levels. American Libraries, 44, 18-19. Retrieved from http://search.proquest. com.jproxy.lib.ecu.edu/docview/1433471287?accountid=10639 Renaissance Learning. (2019). What kids are reading: World’s largest annual study of K–12 reading habits: 2019 edition. Wisconsin Rapids, WI: Renaissance Learning Inc. Rubin, R. (2016). Foundations of library and information science (4th ed). Chicago, IL: American Library Associa- tion.

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North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 25 Master’s Paper Abstracts Summer 2018 - Spring 2019

Summer 2018 barriers to implementation, privacy, financial, data collec- tion, and stakeholder buy-in, were consistent with previous Rosa E. Goetz. A Profile of Scholarly Communications research. Innovations: Looking at the Faculty Profile System and its Role in the Changing World of Scholarly Commu- Jasmine N Plott. Pursuing Pro Se Litigants in North nications. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. Carolina: How They Access Legal Information and How April, 2018. 71 pages. Advisor: Stephanie W. Haas Libraries Can Do More. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. In her 1997 article ‘Scholarly Communication—His- in L.S degree. July, 2018. 68 pages. Advisor: Nick Sexton. torical Developments and New Possibilities’, Nancy Fjäll- Individuals who are representing themselves in a legal brant noted that “we are on the greatest change in schol- matter, known as pro se litigants, are increasingly common. arly communication and knowledge transfer the world has Several of these individuals have no experience with the ever seen”. 20 years later, the world of scholarly commu- legal system, and having easily accessible areas where these nications is still in a period of rapid change. I focused on individuals can conduct this legal research and access the one scholarly communication tool, the scholarly profile resources they need is crucial. However, since the closing system, and examined first the theoretical possibility of this of the county courthouse libraries, North Carolina is unique tool to replace scholarly journals (through the lens of Bijker in that it is a state that has no public law libraries, which and Pinch’s social construction of technology) and then I are designed to solely serve the needs of the public. While interviewed users to examine uses, trends and issues with there are public libraries and academic law libraries that the scholarly profile system. I ultimately concluded that the public can access, neither of these institutions are although the system is functional in the current climate of equipped to help pro se patrons in the way that a public scholarly communications, it will have to answer questions law library would. This study explores how North Caro- about access, use and outcomes in order to continue meeting lina is currently meeting the needs of pro se patrons and the needs of scholars and researchers. identifies gaps in service to these patrons generally and how they can be better met. Melissa K Hofman. Moving Towards a Social-Health Information Exchange: Analyzing the Health IT Systems Caroline E. Wagner. “One record to bind them all”1: A Necessary for Holistic Healthcare. A Master’s Paper for Collection Analysis of the Chapel Hill Public Library’s the M.S. in I.S degree. July, 2018. 62 pages. Advisor: Adult and Young Adult Graphic Novel Collections. A Amelia Gibson Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. August, 2018. Health information technology has the potential to 64 pages. Advisor: Brian Sturm. transform the healthcare industry with a robust health For library professionals, the responsibility to facilitate information exchange. This paper examines what data is access to information resources includes developing catalog- to be recorded and shared, with whom is the data to be ing, labeling, and shelving practices and adapting them to shared, who is to have access to the data, who gets to decide fit new formats added to the collection. As the graphic all of this? Recent studies suggest that the recent deluge of novel format grows in popularity in public library collec- big data require interdisciplinary efforts moving forward. tions, academic and professional conversations have emerged Analysis of semi-structured interviews with a variety of around the issues of how to catalog, label, and shelve these stakeholders throughout the industry revealed frustration works. with the current systems and optimism about the future. The Chapel Hill Public Library is interested in supple- Results revealed that all parties are willing and eager to be menting its adult and young adult graphic novel collections a part of the growing conversation, though the majority and establishing an updated, consistent practice for the do not feel included. All participants favorably discussed cataloging, labeling, and shelf classification of these works. the potential for health IT to positively influence healthcare In order to assess the current state of these collections and if certain considerations are taken into account. Primary practices, a list-checking study and a direct collection

26 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 analysis utilizing shelf lists were conducted. These analyses Molly K. Cieri. Encouraging and Measuring the Success identified collection gaps, inconsistencies in practice, and of Social Media in Archives, Special Collections, and major decision points to be addressed in the next stages of Cultural Institutions. A Master’s paper for the M.S. in the graphic novel project. L.S. degree. November, 2018. 55 pages. Advisor: Denise Anthony Winter 2018 Web 2.0 technology in archive and special collections is more popular than ever. Existing literature on the concept Meredith H. Campbell. Accessibility of Archives’ Digital of social media use in archives and other cultural institu- Resources for Users with Hearing and Visual Impair- tions remains adamant that a good return on investment ments. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. (ROI) is the result of diligent planning and habitual eval- November, 2018. 80 pages. Advisor: Denise Anthony uation of social media platforms. The purpose of this re- Advances in technology and the increasingly widespread search paper is to determine through five interviews around use of the Internet have led archives to publish information the state of North Carolina if there is any room for devia- for researchers and digital collections on their websites. tion from this calculated plan. The results were that while While this increases the number of people who can access there was some divergence in the methods from existing their materials, it does not mean that their online resourc- literature, it was not significant enough to disprove it as es are accessible to those with hearing and visual impair- the only sure method. ments. Many studies have been conducted on the acces- sibility of library websites, but the archival field has been Sangeeta Desai. New Recordkeeping on the Block: An lagging in this area. This paper examines the extent to which Assessment of 2 Blockchain-Based Recordkeeping the digital resources that archives publish online comply Systems. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. with Amended Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of December 2018. 90 pages. Advisor: Helen R. Tibbo 1973 and W3C’s Web Content Accessibility Guidelines This study explores the application of blockchain tech- 2.1. An analysis of archives websites in the United States nology to recordkeeping practices. To that end, two block- using the WAVE tool and survey responses from members chain-based recordkeeping platforms—ARCHANGEL of the Society of American Archivists convey that elec- and RecordsKeeper—were evaluated according to the three tronic resources provided by archives are only partially criteria outlined in T. D. Smith’s evaluation framework for accessible for users with hearing and visual impairments. blockchain-based recordkeeping platforms—dependabilty, security, and trust. Natalie G. Castellano. Usability Heuristic Violations, The results of these two evaluations demonstrate block- Provider Burden, and Performance During Interactions chain technology’s inability to provide viable long-term with Electronic Health Records. A Master’s Paper for solutions for sustainable records management as yet. This the M.S. in I.S degree. November, 2018. 78 pages. study also suggests supplementing Smith’s framework with Advisor: Lukasz Mazur more blockchain-specific questions to ensure a more com- Electronic health records (EHRs) are widely used, but prehensive evaluation of the use of blockchain in such their suboptimal usability can pose risks for patient safety. platforms. Finally, this study recommends adding a fourth This study uses data collected in a simulated environment criteria, sustainability, to the framework. in which providers interacted with ‘current’ and ‘enhanced’ Epic EHR interfaces to manage patients’ test results and Yuhe Ding. Post-click Conversion Rate Predictive Model missed appointments. Interactions were quantified and on E-commerce Recommender System. A Master’s Paper categorized by high or low burden in terms of displayed for the M.S. in I.S. degree. December, 2018. 50 pages. behavioral and physiological data. Using recorded video Advisor: Ryan Shaw data, the interface was inspected for violations of usability This paper discusses about how different features influ- heuristics, and providers’ workflow and performance was ence customers’ decision on their online purchase after recorded. Overall, 22 heuristic violations were identified click behavior. The dataset is gathered from real-world from 19 issues across all screens. Suboptimal performance traffic log of the recommender system in e-commerce. was found to be associated with high burden level as well Logistic Regression and Extreme Gradient Boosting are as the current EHR design. Findings can be incorporated used as main machine learning approaches for predictive into future design of EHRs in order to reduce providers’ analysis and modeling. In this study, features from users’ burden. profile, shops’ profile and context are tested to see to what

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 27 extent they may exert influence on customers’ purchase Kelsey E. Moen. Moving Forward: Shifting Perspectives intention. Based on the experiment results, this paper also on the “Protocols for Native American Archival Materi- proposes some possible improvement for ecommerce plat- als” in the Archives Community. A Master’s Paper for form in personalized recommendation in order to increase the M.S. in I.S degree. August, 2018. 32 pages. Advisor: conversions and discusses about potential approaches to Denise Anthony improve conversion rate prediction performance. In 2007 a group of nineteen tribal leaders, archivists, librarians, and information professionals came together to Haley Ferreira. Their Stories Matter: Examining the create a document of suggested best practices for the care Representation of Black Females in the EL Education of Native American collections held by non-Native institu- Third Grade Curriculum. A Master’s paper for the M.S. tions. Called “The Protocols for Native American Archival in L.S. degree. November, 2018. 46 pages. Advisor: Casey Materials,” the focus of the document was to encourage Rawson institutions to build a collaborative relationship with the This study examines the ways in which black females tribes reflected in their records. In 2008 the Protocols were are under served in United States Public Schools. This study proposed to the Society of American Archivists (SAA) for focuses on the lack of representation of black females in endorsement. SAA declined to endorse the Protocols and children’s literature and school curriculum, as well as why controversy among the archival community ensued; that is problematic. however, a decade later the SAA Council voted to offi- The researcher conducted a content analysis of the re- cially endorse the Protocols as an external standard. By quired and recommended reading listed in the EL Educa- analyzing the relevant published literature and discussion tion third grade curriculum. This curriculum is used in all on public and professional archival forums, this study aims of Wake County Public School System and beyond. The to discover what in the shifting archival zeitgeist over the researcher found that black females were under repre- past ten years has prompted SAA’s reversal on the topic. sented as protagonists and authors. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that all librarians in Wake Dezarae Osborne. Collecting Better: A Case Study of county be active and intentional in providing resources the Collection Development Policies and Collecting that show and celebrate the lives of black females. It is also Habits of Rural Public Libraries in Western North recommended that librarians not only provide these re- Carolina. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. sources in the library, but also support classroom teachers November, 2018. 85 pages. Advisor: Sandra Hughes- by collaborating on instruction to ensure that diverse books Hassell are included in the Curriculum. Diverse literature can have a range of positive impacts for teen readers. As part of their mission, the Young Adult Rae Hoyle. Exploring Punk Rock Archives. A Master’s Library Service Association recommends libraries collect Paper for the M.S. in L.S. degree. August, 2018. 18 materials that represent a vast array of identities and lived pages. Advisor: Denise Anthony experiences. This study examines how five rural public li- This study explores a questionnaire survey of archivists braries in western North Carolina talk about collecting who manage punk rock special collections at institutions diverse materials for youth in their collection development in the United States. This exploratory paper provides an policies using content analysis. The collecting habits of the overview of punk rock music and the subculture it spawned, libraries are also examined using a content analysis. The and how it fits into the cultural studies sphere, as well study found that while the selected libraries are collecting exploring which institutions are currently collecting in this some diverse materials, collection development policies do realm and how this institutional punk rock archival col- not reflect a need for or promotion of diverse or #Own- lections support the organization’s overall mission and Voices materials. Suggestions for creating more inclusive collection development. collection development policies that advocate for diverse Three archivists at three separate institutions were con- collections are included. tacted to participate, but only one survey response was submitted. Examining her response affords an opportu- Jennifer Overstreet. Who Will Teach Their History?: An nity for possible guidelines for other special collections Examination of the Use of Archival Holocaust Material similar in size and scope to utilize when creating their own In College Classrooms Throughout The United States. subcultural studies collections. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in Library Science degree. December, 2018. 87 pages. Advisor: Ronald E. Bergquist

28 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 The archival community stresses the importance of teach- Brian Pugsley. An Open Educational Resources Kit for ing with primary sources as well as engaging with professors the Academic Library: Supporting Student Success and to encourage their use of archival materials, yet little research Scholarship. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S. degree. has been done from the perspective of the educator. Simul- November, 2018. 21 pages. Advisor: Will Cross taneously, Holocaust scholars and educators argue the This paper accompanies a project website, https://oer- importance of utilizing primary source materials when brian.squarespace.com/. The website consists of steps stu- teaching about Holocaust history, though the scope and dents, faculty, administrators, and librarians can take to extent to which professors use these materials is unknown. advocate and support the adoption of open educational This study was conducted to examine the use of archival resources at their institution. It provides information and Holocaust material from the perspective of current Holo- examples specific to each subgroup. The paper provides caust history educators in colleges and universities through- background on the issue and describes the process of de- out the United States. A survey consisting a total of 23 veloping the website and changes made based on feedback questions was sent to 143 candidates; 20 responded as from users. ineligible, and 52 completed the survey. Questions asked the participants what types of archival materials they use, Emma R Scales. “Technologies of Peace:” An Examina- from which Memory Institutions they were acquired, and tion of Digital Sustainability. A Master’s Paper for the how the materials were used by respondents in courses. M.S. in L.S degree. November, 2018. 48 pages. Advisor: Additional questions pertained to archives specifically, Denise Anthony including the use of collections, contact and experiences Increasingly sophisticated digital technology has opened with archivists and librarians, as well as experiences obtain- new ways to interpret and display scholarship. These new ing archival materials and any obstacles faced when at- projects raise questions about their sustainability once the tempting to access these materials. The study found that initial release has passed. This paper examines the work of almost all of the professors use at least two different types Hidenori Watanave, a University of Tokyo professor who of archival material in their courses and most consistently created a series of digital archives, as a case study of the use archival materials that are visually and emotionally long-term sustainability of digital projects. By reviewing engaging, and that experiences with Memory Institutions information gained through an interview with Watanave, as well as archivists are typically positive. The majority of materials he published, and resources available online, it respondents indicated encountering minimal, if any, ob- became clear that Watanave took some digital preservation stacles when attempting to access archival materials. steps and worked to build participation. Watanave can continue to build sustainability by expanding his digital Emma C. Parker. Sourcing Success: Assessment Tech- preservation, better documenting his digital preservation niques of Digital Cultural Heritage Crowdsourcing steps, and working with local archivists or information Projects. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. professionals. Part of this paper focuses on Watanave’s use November, 2018. 52 pages. Advisor: Denise Anthony of the term “digital archive” when naming his projects. In This study focuses on how libraries, archives, museums, researching Watanave’s work it became apparent that the and other cultural heritage institutions define and assess term “digital archive” does not accurately represent the the success of online crowdsourcing projects. The research content and format of his projects. was conducted via a survey of twenty-two digital crowd- sourcing projects ranging from transcription of digitized Nidhi M. Shah. Predictive Modelling to Identify Risk archival materials to wildlife documentation projects. Factors Leading to Opioid Addiction. A Master’s Paper The survey found that institutions had diverse reasons for the M.S. in I.S. degree. November, 2018. 48 pages. for undertaking crowdsourcing projects and monitored Advisor: David Gotz project success through multiple assessment measures de- Prescription Opioid Abuse continues to be a significant pendent on project goals. Survey respondents reported and growing problem in the United States. According to greater satisfaction with their project outcomes when they the National Institute of Drug Abuse, more than 115 had identified at least one measurable goal prior to starting Americans die every day from an opioid overdose. Con- the project. In general, survey respondents reported positive sidering the graveness of the situation, this project aims at feelings about, and an interest in future crowdsourcing briefly studying the current trends and literature pertaining projects as tools for description, community engagement, to the opioid epidemic and coming up with preventive and user Recruitment. measures. This was done by studying prevalent literature

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 29 and data available on this subject to analyze patterns and professional archivists whose duties consist predominant- trends of opioid addiction to help identify risk factors, ly of working with donors of materials in various collecting using predictive modelling. areas of Wilson Library Special Collections at the Univer- sity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Vanessa C. Shortley. ‘But Now I Yearn for a … Story Findings confirm the importance of life transitions and About a Cripple Who Isn’t Cured’: Representations of affective relationships during the donation process, and Disability in Middle Grade and Young Adult Literature. introduces the importance of mentorship from supervisors A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. November and on-the-job training during the early careers of future 2018. 110 pages. Advisor: Sandra Hughes-Hassell. collecting archivists. Disabled youth and teens, like those from other mar- ginalized identities, need authentic and honest representa- Ayla Toussaint. Finding a Way Through the Crowd: How tions of themselves in books, but disability has long been Keyword Choices Affect Discoverability in Crowd- excluded from many calls for more diverse books. This sourced Archival Tagging. A Master’s paper for the M.S. critical analysis examines 10 middle grade and young adult in L.S. degree. November, 2018. 60 pages. Advisor: Ryan books for stereotypical portrayals of disabled people and Shaw how the authors cultivate or subvert those tropes. It also This study explores the challenges archivists face when discusses how disability is viewed in society, the language determining how to structure a crowdsourced tagging of disability, and the necessity of critically engaging with initiative in their collections. Specifically, the study aims literature. to research the differences in controlled vocabulary tagging and folksonomy tagging in volunteer based digital archival Brittany Soder. Youth Should be Seen and Heard: A tagging initiatives. The current literature focuses on the Case Study in Youth Activism in Public Libraries. A merits of crowdsourced metadata in its various forms, but Master’s Paper for the M.S in L.S degree. November, few sources explore which formats lead to better discover- 2018. 57 pages. Advisor: Casey Rawson ability. According to the US Census Bureau (2016), youth make In order to begin to answer this question, five library, up 22% of our population. Despite making up such a large museum, and archives professionals were interviewed and portion of our population, teens are oftentimes expected asked to discuss their institution’s crowdsourcing projects to sit quietly, with no place in society to make a difference. in depth. Their answers were then mined for overarching As a part of the larger community, the public library is an themes and insights into crowdsourcing and vocabulary optimum place for teens to gain important leadership and type. In the end, it was discovered that there is no one advocacy skills. This case study looks at how and why librar- correct vocabulary system for crowdsourcing, but that by ians throughout the United States are incorporating activ- answering key questions about specific institutions, collec- ist-focused programs and events for their youth. Interviews tions, and volunteers, a unique approach can be created were conducted and coded for themes that emerged from for each new project to ensure the best outcome. connected learning theory and critical social youth em- powerment theory. The results suggest that librarians must Natasha Vázquez. Cluster analysis of high-dimensional first understand the whole community they serve, cultivate customer data from a subscription-based business. A relationships with youth, and allow for interest driven Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. November, programming. These suggestions lay the groundwork for 2018. 53 pages. Advisor: Rajasekar Arcot further youth activist work in libraries. Cluster analyses are an established method for identify- ing natural groupings of customers for customer segmen- Merisa E Tomczak. “These Things Come From People:” tation. However, the unsupervised nature of clustering Describing the Affective Relationship Between Archivists algorithms and the high-dimensionality of customer data and Donors of Personal Materials. A Master’s Paper for complicate the analysis at all stages. This project presents the M.S. in L.S degree. December 2018. 56 pages. the results from a cluster analysis of high-dimensional Advisor: Denise Anthony. customer data from a subscription-based software company. This study describes the ways in which archivists provide The analysis tested multiple dimensionality reduction individualized emotional support to donors of personal methods, outlier and noise detection methods, and cluster- materials as a regular part of their professional duties. ing algorithms (including deep neural networks). The results Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four and models from the analysis can be used to inform

30 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 strategy around customer support and feedback, and can This paper investigates how application programming serve as the basis from which additional analyses can be interfaces can be used to improve the interoperability (or conducted. shareability) of health records. Electronic health records store health information that originates from various sources Xiaomeng Wang. Synsets improve short text clustering like prescription order systems, medical devices and even for search support: combining LDA and WordNet. A other EHRs. An API helps these disparate systems exchange Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. November, information with one another. APIs can improve data 2018. 65 pages. Advisor: Stephanie W. Haas sharing by using secure standards like FHIR. Having all In this study, I proposed a short text clustering approach off this integrated and usable data can aid in the clinical with WordNet as the external resources to cluster documents decision process. This would also allow patients to have a from corpus.byu.edu. Experimental results show that our more comprehensive look at their health data in patient approach largely improved the clustering performance. The portals. factors that have an influence on the performance of the topic model are the total number of documents, Synsets Sarah E. Almond. Privacy in the Past: A Study of the distribution among topics and words overlapping between Use of Unrestricted Health Information in Digitized the query’s Synsets. In addition, the performance will also Medical Archival Collections. A Master’s Paper for the be influenced by the missing Synset in WordNet. Finally, M.S. in L.S. degree. April, 2019. 61 pages. Advisor: we provide an idea of using clustering approaches generat- Denise Anthony. ing ranked query suggestion to disambiguate the query. There are significant concerns for those working in Combining with Synsets of the query, text document medical archives, health sciences collections, and history clustering can provide an effective way to disambiguate of medicine collections regarding the provision of online user search query by organizing a large set of searching access to medical records. Archival control is required to results into a small number of groups labeled with Synsets de-identify all records containing protected health informa- from WordNet. tion (PHI) as defined by the Health Information Portabil- ity and Accountability Act (HIPAA), but 2013 alterations Spring 2019 to the privacy rule included a change in the definition of PHI that excludes information about individuals deceased Jesse L. Akman. A Critical Discourse Analysis of the for more than fifty years. This exploratory study investigates Historical Development of the Library Bill of Rights. how archivists in medical and health collections approach A Master’s Paper for the M.S.L.S degree. April, 2019. the use of this newly available unrestricted health informa- 63. Advisor: Casey H. Rawson tion (UHI) in digital environments. Interviewed partici- This study describes a critical discourse analysis of the pants address how they conceptualize UHI, view the prac- officially adopted versions of the American Library Asso- tice of digitization, impose standards on their practice, and ciation’s Library Bill of Rights (LBR). This analysis was manage access to collections online. Findings suggest that performed to examine how –if at all– the LBR has materi- archivists do not perceive significant differences between ally changed since its initial version, and what this might online access to PHI and UHI online, exerting archival say about the document itself, and its relationship to li- control by de-identifying all online data. brarianship. The five official versions of the LBR from 1939-2019 were analyzed using Stuart Hall’s models of Daniel J. Anderson. Knowledge Management (KM) encoding/decoding and hegemony. The language of itera- Requires Records Management: The Role of Retention tion was examined individually as well as relative to previ- Schedules in Businesses with KM Programs. A Master’s ous and subsequent versions of the document. A taxonomy Paper for the M.S. in LS degree. April, 2019. 43 pages. was then developed. The data and their analysis suggest the Advisor: Rebecca Vargha LBR is the discursive practice through which hegemonic Knowledge management (KM) is revolutionizing the consent is created and rearticulated. ways business and public institutions preserve institu- tional memory and knowledge sharing. Companies found Maudrie Alexis. How can Increased Electronic Health KM important for competitive advantage in the market- Record Interoperability be Achieved through the use of place, because it provides a way to reflect on “lessons APIs?. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. April, learned” from previous projects and programs. Information 2019. 42 pages. Advisor: Fei Yu professionals (IPs) provide services to their clients by

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 31 describing and locating needed information. New tech- research study, however, share the opposite of this argu- nologies and institutional needs have created a divide ment, and believe that the best place to store colonial between the traditional IPs (librarians, records managers, records is in an institution that can properly care for the and archivists) and KM positions (knowledge managers material, and share their information with the most amount and information managers). Questions regarding whether of people. librarians have the appropriate knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) to handle the new era in IT presume an Eugene H. Bang. An Analysis of Upwork Profiles: Vi- archaic, information-preserving heritage. The archival ar- sualizing Characteristics of Gig Workers using Digital tifacts are not physical manifestations but continuously Platforms. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. changing collections of bits and formats. It would seem April, 2019. 35 pages. Advisor: Mohammad H. Jarrahi KM and records in knowledge management systems (KMS) In the transitional period of manual and algorithmic hiring, s require an IP with the technical skills and educational there has been an explosion of new employment opportu- background to handle the new demands. nities. As a result of the ubiquity of mobile communication technologies, a gig economy has emerged which champions Madeline Anglin. Reading Riordan & More: An Analy- digital platforms as a solution to meet the burgeoning sis of Interviews Conducted in Chapel Hill Public demand for on-demand workers, frequently called inde- Library to Determine Why Children Are Drawn to pendent contractors or freelancers, by hiring organizations. Mythology Retellings in Fiction. A Master’s paper for Visualizations and linear regression are used to study in- the M.S. in L.S. degree. April, 2019. 36 pages. Advisor: formation-rich Upwork profiles to determine variables that Brian Sturm. could predict how users maneuver in the gig economy. A This study describes an in-person interview of children typology of existing gig workers’ motivations is combined patrons of the Chapel Hill Public Library system who enjoy with visualizations to better understand the situation of reading mythology retellings. The interviews were con- the typical gig economy worker. ducted to determine the reason or reasons why children are drawn to these books. Spencer L. Bevis. Software Emulation and the Video The eight children who participated in the interview Game Community: A Web Content Analysis of User were between ages 8 and 16. The qualitative interview Needs. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S. degree. process ranged from 8 minutes to 20 minutes. Interviews April, 2019. 76 pages. Advisor: Megan Winget. appear to indicate a pull towards mythology retellings due In the past decade, archives have utilized emulation to to several reasons, ranging from plot to genre to the mythol- preserve older pieces of software including video games ogy itself, or a mix of those. The children interviewed and make them accessible to patrons. However, recent displayed a mix of learning objectives as well, where some literature neglects user needs for emulated software in ar- wanted to only read and learn more about mythologies chives. Using web content analysis, this study examines the they already knew, and some wanted to explore new ter- text of nearly 1,200 online comments, threads, and forum ritories. In addition, the popularity of Rick Riordan’s works posts about software emulation from four different websites. played a huge roll in these interviews. The findings suggest that audiences are keenly aware of software emulation but not of emulation as a way to preserve Samantha J Awad. Whose History?: Examining Colonial video games. It also found that user needs are often unique Records and the Archivists’ that Preserve Them. A Mas- or even contradictory, and much user attention is paid to ter’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. April, 2019. 35 the visual quality of emulation systems as well as the quality pages. Advisor: Denise Anthony of the emulated experience. The author suggests a number This study describes interviews and surveys of archivists of policy proposals for libraries and archives that argue and librarians from various institutions nationwide. I greater public input is necessary in the creation and devel- conducted to learn more about who archivists believe opment of systems that preserve software through the should be done about these collections. I interviewed six process of emulation. archivists and librarians for this study. Published literature about colonial records suggests that these documents and Christopher D. Bravo. The Design and Development their information belong in the country of origin for of a New Web Database for Oberlin Cemetery, Raleigh, cultural significance and that repatriation is one of the North Carolina. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S. best courses of action. The archivists interviewed for this degree. April, 2019. 39 pages. Advisor: Fei Yu

32 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 This study describes the needs of users seeking information Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. April, 2019. about deceased individuals on cemetery websites. What 56 pages. Advisor: Melanie Feinberg should a web database designer keep in mind when creat- This study explores the implications of how a museum ing a new database of burial records for a cemetery website? gallery is organized on visitors’ experience in that gallery. Through the use of usability testing on three different The visitors in this case were art insiders, or Art History cemetery websites, this study reveals behaviors that distin- Masters candidates, and art outsiders, Library and Informa- guish cemetery website usage from that of other websites. tion Science Masters candidates. Interviews were con- Usability tests were performed with nine participants from ducted to understand their experience in the African Art the Friends of Oberlin Village organization. The results Gallery of the Ackland Art Museum and how the arrange- demonstrated that users seeking information about deceased ment of the objects and information provided in the gallery individuals prefer visual and geospatial information in impacted that experience. addition to textual data. Cemeteries are inherently visual Much work has been done about the display of non- and physical places, and search results should reflect this Western objects in the context of Western encyclopedic through the use of photographs, maps, and visual aids. museums. However, few have interviewed visitors to see Moreover, many users value the ability to share knowledge how they feel while in the museum. The Ackland Art with others. The information gathered in this study will Museum installed the African Art Gallery in December as be used in the design of Oberlin Cemetery’s new web da- part of a larger reorganization of the museum’s permanent tabase of burial records. collection galleries. This study assesses this reinstallation and provides information that could be used to improve Miana Breed. Capturing a Moment: The Practices and the African Art Gallery. Ethics of Social Media Archiving. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in LS degree. April, 2019. 73 pages. Advisor: Kirubanand Chandrasekaran. Analyzing the Trends in Denise Anthony Prescription Opioid for the U.S. Civilian Noninstitu- The rise in popularity and ubiquity of social media has tionalized Population. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in led to an increase in archival collection of social media data. I.S degree. April 2019. 49 pages. Advisor: Javed Mostafa Collecting and preserving this data is a relatively new chal- As per the National Institute of Drug Abuse, more lenge and creates technical and staffing barriers for archives. Americans die every day from opioid overdose. The problem In an exploratory study of the practices and ethics of social of obtaining opioids through non-illicit prescriptions (ob- media archiving, thirty-eight archivists responded to a tained through doctor-patient relationship) is rarely dis- Qualtrics survey about their institutional practices, their cussed. This project analyses the increase in opioid recom- opinions of the ethical responsibilities of archives toward mendation in the U.S. population by analyzing the social media users, and the questions they still have about datasets provided by Medical Expenditure Panel Survey social media archiving. The survey revealed that only half (MEPS). The survey data is analyzed for patterns and the participating archival institutions collect social media. documented in the form of workflow. This project also A majority of institutions collect data from blogs, Facebook, aims at creating a predictive model with independent and YouTube, and most report using some form of API variables to identify the likelihood of opioid addiction. collecting tool. After reviewing the results of the survey, some current social media collecting policies, and a na- Nadia M. J. Clifton. Themes in Diversity Statements of tional web archiving survey, findings were framed using Academic Libraries. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in the ethical concerns voiced by the Documenting the Now L.S degree. April, 2019. 31 pages. Advisor: Amelia project. The study suggests that archivists in general have Gibson the desire to use donor agreements and other permission This study examined the themes present in Diversity forms for social media archiving, but the tools to contact Statements of libraries at schools with an ALA Accredited all potential users are not yet available. This study forms program in Library and Information Studies. A quantita- an initial argument for further research into the best prac- tive and qualitative content analysis method was con- tices and ethical responsibilities of social media archiving. ducted using a coding scheme found in the literature which coded for themes in university diversity statements. In Kristina A. M. Bush. The Museum Experience: Compar- addition, strong emergent themes specific to Library Di- ing Art Insiders’ and Art Outsiders’ Experience of the versity Statements were coded for as well. Results indicate African Art Gallery at the Ackland Art Museum. A that very few libraries have Diversity Statements available

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 33 online, and of those that do, many are more focused on This paper introduces the ShelterViz web app, an interac- the Library or the University than they are focused on tive visualization platform developed to make U.S. animal diversity. shelter and rescue data accessible and easy to explore. Using a dataset provided by the nonprofit organization Shelter Hunter J. Corb. Women in the Book Trade in Revolu- Animals Count, the ShelterViz project allows users to tionary England: A Social Network Analysis. A Master’s manipulate more than 100 different intake and outcome Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. April, 2019. 51 pages. statistics collected from over 4,000 shelters and rescues Advisor: David Baker across the United States. The role of women in the early modern book trade is a This research project employed a design-study method- topic of increasing emphasis and discussion among schol- ology as well as approaches grounded in visual analytics ars of the history of the book. Many scholars have compiled and user-centered design. The website was developed using extensive bibliographic entries and conducted in-depth HTML5, CSS, Javascript, and D3.js. The results of the archival research of individual women, yet their sporadic usability testing indicate support for the project and its appearance in the historical record has led to a less-than-full potential to help shelter and rescue organizations to better picture of the realities of the working book trade. The re- understand the impacts of various factors on animal out- searcher has used social network analysis in an attempt to comes, recognize trends in their data over time, and ulti- answer this question by positioning and analyzing the status mately take steps to improve animal welfare. of women within the total book trade network of Revolu- A demo version of the website can be accessed at https:// tionary England. Through statistical tests such as eigenvec- www.shelterviz.com. tor centrality, betweenness centrality, and community detection, the researcher has identified specific communi- Hongyi Dong. A Task-Oriented Usability Study of the ties and important women figures in the network, as well Carolina Digital Repository with Casual Users. A Mas- as hubs and connecting nodes—key figures in the network— ter’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. April, 2019. 64 that warrant further localized attention. pages. Advisor: Bradley M. Hemminger A series of in-person and task-oriented usability tests Christina Cortland. Crowdfunding in Libraries: An were conducted to evaluate the functional interface of the Analysis of Library Crowdfunding Project Data. A Mas- new Carolina Digital Repository system. The participants ter’s paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. April, 2019. 61 were ten students affiliated with the School of Information pages. Advisor: Jaime Arguello and Library Science at the UNC Chapel Hill, who were Crowdfunding is one of the newest strategies libraries also casual users of institutional repository systems. This are using to connect with donors. While the past several research generated a list of usability findings based on a years have produced a consistent trickle of reports about compact task evaluation framework, and the results could libraries using crowdfunding to extend traditional fundrais- serve as guidelines for repository interface designers. ing activities, research thus far has largely been constrained to case studies and surveys. By studying 174 library and Claire J. Du Laney. Lifecycle, Affect, and Healing: Ex- archive projects on Kickstarter and Indiegogo, this research amining Sustainability in Community Archives and determined that library and archive crowdfunding cam- Cultural Heritage Projects. A Master’s Paper for the paigns raise more money on average and are more likely M.S. in L.S degree. April, 2019. 75 pages. Advisor: to successfully meet their funding goals than typical Kick- Denise Anthony starter campaigns. Additional findings regarding types of This research examines the role of sustainability in com- projects crowdfunded, types of libraries crowdfunding, and munity archives, exploring the ways in which practitioners amount of campaigns launched over time are discussed. talk about sustainability in their work, with their com- This study hopes to support library practitioners in judging munities, and with colleagues. Through researching relevant the feasibility of crowdfunding as a practical fundraising literature and conducting interviews with practitioners, it strategy and determining the contexts in which crowdfund- became evident that institutional sustainability is not a ing is most likely to be successful. common or frequently examined idea in community ar- chiving. Rather, when sustainability is discussed it is much Carmen S. Dolling. Visualizing U.S. Animal Shelter more abstract, focusing on relationships within the com- Outcomes. A master’s paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. munity, legacy, and sustaining the spirit of the work rather April, 2019. 74 pages. Advisor: David Gotz. than the individual projects. The most institutional-like

34 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 sustainability talk tends to focus on the digital. For these comparing the analyses of the Dublin Core-based records practitioners, sustaining the spirit and community mo- and the PBCore-based records respectively, it can be de- mentum, focusing on relationship-building, education, termined that both schemas face interoperability issues in trauma healing, and increasing visibility of minority nar- the description of moving image records. Thus, optimal- ratives, allows for project flexibility and acknowledged ity of a particular schema for moving image description lifecycle of individual initiatives. must be discerned within the context of each particular use. Margaret Elizabeth Edwards. “What’s Going on in There?”: How Users Are Using Resources for Collabora- Margaret Foster. “Power to the People!”: Teen Experi- tion in Reservable Group Study Rooms in the Univer- ences at a Chicago Public Library Open Mic Series. A sity Libraries at The University of North Carolina at Master’s paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. April, 2019. Chapel Hill. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. 94 pages. Advisor: Dr. Sandra Hughes-Hassell April, 2019. 57 pages. Advisor: Rebecca Vargha This case study looks at the experiences of young adults In an era where students rely on the academic library and librarians at a collaborative program for teens at the much more often for study space and services than for Chicago Public Library called OpenMike. Held at the locating books, libraries have had to increase focus on what Harold Washington Library Center and hosted by Chance students need to successfully study. With a rise in collab- the Rapper’s non-profit, SocialWorks, OpenMike is a orative assignments, one thing students need is collabora- monthly performing arts showcase event for high school tive group study space, but it is often difficult for library students that provides a teen-only space for creative expres- staff to discern what exactly students need from these sion, networking, and community building. As a highly necessarily private areas. This study sent surveys to group attended event with teens coming from all over the Chi- study room users at The University Libraries at The Uni- cagoland, OpenMike highlights some of the elements versity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and observed needed to create a successful public library program for group study room sessions to learn how students use the diverse youth, including arts and digital media, mentors, resources in these spaces. Findings indicate that convenience peer support, and both a physical space for teens and is an important factor for resource use, remote collaboration metaphorical “safe space.” This case study adds to the and interviews occur in the spaces, and Google Documents growing body of literature regarding the current and future are important parts of the student collaboration process. landscape of teen services in public libraries. Use based on factors such as department affiliation is also discussed. Lauren A Geiger. To Bot or Not To Bot: An Explor- atory Usage Study of Digitized Materials from the North Emma K. Evans. Semantic Interoperability of Moving Carolina Collection. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in Image Records in Aggregating Digital Repositories: A L.S degree. April, 2019. 36 pages. Advisor: Anne T. Comparative Study of Dublin Core and PBCore Descrip- Gilliland tive Metadata Schemas. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. Usage statistics have consistently been an integral part in L.S degree. April, 2019. 44 pages. Advisor: Melanie of collection development for libraries and archives, as they Feinberg allow the staff to understand what kinds and types of This study examines the Dublin Core and PBCore materials their patrons want. As more of these institutions metadata schemas as they are applied to publicly-accessi- turn to digitization to make their materials accessible, usage ble moving image records in four aggregating digital re- statistics become more important as digital materials can positories. This research was conducted to determine which be costly. In this exploratory paper, I tracked the usage of schema is optimal for moving image description based on recently digitized materials from the North Carolina Col- the schemas’ level of semantic interoperability. In the lection at Wilson Library that were uploaded to both the context of this analysis, semantic interoperability is defined Internet Archive and the HathiTrust. As the study lasted as the complete and consistent interpretation of elements for two months and one month, respectively, I can draw across records. no strong conclusions from the data, but rather a baseline Twenty-five records were sourced from each repository. for further studies for this collection. Each record was mapped to the metadata schema employed by its repository. The selected records and their crosswalks Tessa B Gibson. An Evaluation of Young Adult Service were then analyzed for completeness and consistency. Upon and the Use of Policy in Central Appalachian Public

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 35 Libraries. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. speaking, ConnectCollege supports searching places, April, 2019. 31 pages. Advisor: Mary Grace Flaherty viewing place details, finding people also interested in the There is a considerable lack of formal research on youth place, chatting and making appointments. User requirement services in rural public libraries, particularly those libraries analysis and usability study of this application were per- in Appalachian regions. This paper introduces the subject formed with UNC students. of young adult services in rural Appalachia as a significant point of discussion, and aims to evaluate the use of policy Amanda R. Haddock A Bibliometric Analysis of Opioid for young adult services in Central Appalachia, a sub-region Publications at the University of North Carolina – that is understudied and underserved. The websites of Chapel Hill. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. sixteen counties in southeastern Kentucky were explored April, 2019. 52 pages. Advisor: Dr. Fei Yu to determine the presence of policy for youth services, as With the increasing severity of the opioid epidemic in well as dedicated programming and space for teenagers. America, there has been an increase in publications ad- Policies, where they exist, were subject to a conventional dressing this urgent issue. However, no systematic analysis content analysis. The findings of this study revealed that has been performed to identify who the main researchers only one public library of the sixteen sampled utilized a are, where these studies are the published, and what topics policy for young adult services, while a total of two librar- are they publishing on. Objectives: This study conducted ies offered a teen space, and three libraries conducted current a bibliometric analysis on opioid-related research publica- programming for young adults. tions produced at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). Methods: Bibliometric methods were Morgan M Goodman. “What is on this disk?” An Ex- used to reveal the research productivity within opioid re- ploration of Natural Language Processing in Archival search at UNC-CH. Organizational and country collabo- Appraisal. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in IS degree. ration networks were generated to show the collaborated April, 2019. 45 pages. Advisor: Cal Lee working with UNC-CH researchers. The topic analysis This paper explores current processes in archival ap- illustrated the range in topics over the past 20 years. Results: praisal and selection and investigates the potential uses of The results demonstrate that there has been a shift in topics automation in the processes. Through an exploration of over the past 20 years as well as the increase in collaboration the BitCurator NLP topic modeling tool, bitcurator-nlp- with other academic research institutions. gentm, I evaluated reactions by participants who agreed to an interview and exploration of the tool. I conclude that Caroline Hall. An analysis of information social ex- topic modeling can assist archivists through identification change within the solar energy industry in North Car- of like-collections and possible duplication within hybrid olina, USA. A Master’s paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. collections. Outside of appraisal, topic modeling tools may April, 2019. 87 pages. Advisor: Bradley M. Hemminger. have uses for archival description and arrangement. Re- This study describes the information exchanges that searchers and those with subject matter expertise may also occur between six of the key entities in the North Caro- benefit from these tools. This paper points to areas where lina solar energy industry. This study was conducted to topic modeling is effective and offers suggestions for making better understand how policy makers, lobbyists, third- NLP and topic modeling more universally practical in party data organizations, solar developers, utilities, and archival workflows. landowners interact, gather, and share information. This study seeks to analyze the purposes and strengths of rela- Yaxue Guo. ConnectCollege: Build a Web Application tionships between these six entities to better understand Promoting Instant Social Networking Based on Places the type and significance of the information shared within for College Students. A Master’s Project for the M.S. in the solar industry in North Carolina, United States. Data I.S degree. April, 2019. 51 pages. Advisor: Ryan Shaw. used for this study was collected first hand from 15 inter- This paper describes the design, development and testing view subjects with an active role within the industry. Ul- of a web application called ConnectCollege. This applica- timately, the level and means of open communication tion can help college students who are interested in the between these entities varies depending on the intent of same place at the same time to know each other and increase each actor, with open, frequent communication and infor- their possibility to hang out together, which solves a mation distribution praised as the fundamental element of common issue that it is sometimes hard for students to the industry’s success within the state. find company to study or entertain together. Generally

36 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Troy J Heilmann. Effects Field of Study and Level of three aspects and their component factors. This framework Education have on Facebook Privacy Concerns and was applied retrospectively to test if it could assess the said Actions. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. implementation realistically. The results demonstrate the April, 2019. 43 pages. Advisor: Paul Jones feasibility of defining such a framework with which an This paper examines university students and their knowl- implementation may be measured objectively. Addition- edge, concerns and actions in regards to privacy of per- ally, the development of the framework revealed underlying sonal data on Facebook. As Facebook continues to grow, component factors for each aspect which have a contribu- it is important that users are aware of the types of informa- tory effect to the success of EHR implementation. tion Facebook is collecting and how users can protect themselves. This paper uses interviews to determine whether Yiwen Jiang. Implementation of a High Recall Interac- or not focus of study and level of education contribute to tive Literature Retrieval System. A Master’s Paper for a Facebook users’ level of knowledge on the data Facebook the M.S. in IS degree. April, 2019. 43 pages. Advisor: collects, their privacy concerns and their likelihood to act Yue Wang to protect their personal data. The interviews provided This project-based study implements a high recall and results showing that graduate students studying Information high precision interactive literature retrieval system based Science are more knowledgeable and act to protect per- on the ReQuery-ReClassify (ReQ-ReC) framework pro- sonal information more than undergraduates from various posed by Wang et al. in 2014. The study summarizes the majors. This arises the suggestion that undergraduate studies challenges and difficulties of current methods of literature should require online personal privacy courses. retrieval and review in achieving high recall in addition to high precision. Following the double-loop mechanism of Kathryn R. Herring. How We Read the Soldier’s Words: the ReQ-ReC framework, the project applies the method- Subjectivity in Finding Aids Using Civil War Diaries ology of system design, database design and user interface From Academic Special Collections in the Mid-Atlantic design to turn the framework into a real-world web ap- Region. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. plication. Heuristic evaluation for the user interface design January 2019. 46 pages. Advisor: Casey Rawson. indicates that the system is user-friendly and can be inte- This paper presents the results of a tiered study that grated with literature retrieval systems like PubMed. investigated the presence of subjectivity in Civil War diary finding aids. This study focused on two things: usage sta- Richa Kanwar. Identifying Facilitators and Barriers in tistics of the diaries and an analysis of the diary finding the Application of Contextual Inquiry to Understand aids. The analysis of the finding aids consisted of both a Provider Burnout. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S content and observational analysis. Findings suggest that degree. May, 2019. 70 pages. Advisor: Dr. Lukasz Mazur there were more similarities than differences between the The purpose of this study was to identify the factors and different finding aids, and that, though minor, subjectiv- decisions that affect the implementation of Contextual ity is present in academic special collection finding aids. Inquiry, and explain which factors act as facilitators con- tributing towards the success of the project and which Saumya Jain. Developing an Objective Framework for factors act as barriers hindering the success of the project. Measuring and Assessing the Implementation of Infor- To determine these factors this study observed the applica- mation Systems in a Healthcare Setting. A Master’s Paper tion of Contextual Inquiry in a real-world project where for the M.S. in I.S degree. May, 2019. 87 pages. Advisor: it was applied to understand the reasons behind healthcare Dr. Lukasz Mazur provider burnout. Using methods such as interviews, surveys This study aimed to examine the feasibility of develop- and group discussions with the implementation team of ing an objective framework to evaluate and measure various the real-world project, this study was able to identify 18 aspects of the implementation of an Electronic Health Facilitators, 9 Barriers, and 3 Critical Decisions that impact Records (EHR) system. To measure the performance of the outcome of a Contextual Inquiry implementation in the implementation in a holistic manner, three aspects were a healthcare setting. chosen - project management practices, readiness of users and the outcomes of the implementation. Documentation Caitlin K. Kennedy. Evaluating and Addressing the from a real-world EHR implementation project was ana- Special Collections Needs of Rhetoric and Composition lyzed to understand the landscape of implementation, and Instructors in University First-Year Writing Programs. thereafter, a framework was proposed comprising these A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. April, 2019.

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 37 140 pages. Advisor: Mary Grace Flaherty University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill to understand This research considers the role of collaboration in library their information seeking behavior when choosing a career instruction and archival pedagogy for first-year under- path. A detailed investigation of their information needs, graduate students. To move beyond the archival orientation information resources, and information barriers is done to and one-shot instruction session, special collections librar- understand international graduate students’ academic in- ians must work proactively with instructors to develop formation use. The result of this study shows that the use assignments, plan and deliver lessons, and measure student of information resources by international graduate students learning outcomes. They must also consider and counter- varied between master students and doctoral students. In act significant barriers to archival research, such as lack of situations where they had difficulties in defining a career representation and accessibility in the archives. Based on path from their chosen resources, many of them reported seven interviews with faculty and graduate student instruc- their expectation for the campus career consulting services. tors in UNC’s First-Year Writing Program, this research considers the possibilities and challenges of curriculum Veronica D. McGurrin. A Content Analysis of Digital co-development and other instructional collaborations Art History Publishing Platforms. A Master’s Paper for between special collections librarians and rhetoric and the M.S. in L.S degree. May, 2019. 49 pages. Advisor: composition instructors. It also analyzes instructors’ re- JJ Bauer sponses to a set of digital learning modules that were created The landscape of art history publishing has vastly shifted specifically to facilitate archival pedagogy within the cur- in the past decade as it transitions to a digital world. While riculum and learning context of the First-Year Writing various constraints have hindered the growth of digital art Program. history publishing, cultural institutions have now started to create comprehensive publications. This paper presents Tianlin Lan. Does the Customer Review of Airbnb a content analysis of three different art history publishing Homes Correspond to their Aspect Scores? Sentiment platforms: the Getty Institute’s Online Scholarly Catalogue Analysis using a Proposed Sentence-to-aspect Relevance Initiative, Canadian Online Art Book Project, and Artifex Model. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. April, Press. The results of the study show that the majority of 2019. 64 pages. Advisor: Stephanie W. Haas the publications focus on white, male, Western artists re- Most Airbnb homes have high ratings with a large pro- inforcing canonical ideas of art history. Important struc- portion of positive reviews from users. However, the Airbnb tural trends are apparent from the analysis that can be website only releases the rating score of each aspect for each utilized to examine future publications. The conclusion of home. The aspect scores given by each reviewer are not the paper highlights the various new publications that have available on the website. It is possible that the overall aspect emerged since the start of the project, further reinforcing score does not really reflect users’ sentiment as represented the idea that art history publishing is truly at a tipping in their comments about that aspect. point in regard to the proliferation of digital formats. This paper proposes a methodology for finding the correspondence between aspect scores of Airbnb homes Amelia Midgett-Nicholson. Engagement across the and the sentiments of their reviews. I set the sentiment Globe: Academic Library Support of Study Abroad analysis at the sentence level and proposed a sentence-to- Students. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. aspect relevance detection approach for subjectivity clas- April 2019. 54 pages. Advisor: Casey Rawson. sification step. The distributions of the sentiment polarities Study abroad is playing an increasingly important role found in aspect-relevant for both the cleanliness and the in the academic mission of higher education institutions location aspect show an apparent correspondence between in the United States. According to the Institute of Higher review text and the aspect score. Education, more than 325,000 students studied abroad in the 2015-2016 academic year. Academic libraries have Zimu Li. An Exploration of Career-related Information started to create programs and services to support the in- Seeking Behavior on International Graduate Students formation needs of this growing population. In this study, at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. A Master’s five academic librarians were interviewed to find out if Paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. April, 2019. 45 pages. academic libraries support study abroad students, how they Advisor: Bradley Hemminger make decisions about that support, and what best prac- In this study, the researcher conducts semi-structured tices exist for this type of library service. Suggestions for interviews with sixteen international graduate students at best practices and further research are included.

38 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Rachel A. Morris. Liminal Space: Identifying Bisexual to be more likely to be excluded from library collections Materials in Public Library Catalogs. A Master’s Paper than included, with levels of exclusion in library catalogs for the M.S. in L.S degree. April 2019. 60 pages. Advisor: increasing for women of color who have written or are Casey Rawson. currently writing in the horror genre. Recommendations This study aggregates and analyzes the bisexuality-re- for how libraries can represent female authors in their col- lated subject headings used by three database types: folk- lections are provided. sonomies, public library catalogs, and a private subscrip- tion database. One folksonomy, one subscription database, Katie M. M. Odhner. Subject Trends in Chinese Studies and five public libraries (one from each region in the Academic Monographs and Library Collections: A Case United States) were sampled to triangulate existing subject Study. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. April, headings and how discoverable they are by database users. 2019. 79 pages. Advisor: Mary Grace Flaherty The folksonomy, which described only bisexual materials, This paper explores how growth in the field of Chinese was used to create a recommended reading list. These Studies has affected subject trends in academic publications, books were then searched for in the public library catalogs library holdings, and usage of Chinese Studies materials and the subscription database for sexuality-related subject from 1992 to 2017. Using data on academic monographs headings and other descriptive metadata. Though each published from EBSCO’s GOBI (Global Online Biblio- database contained at least some of the suggested materi- graphic Information), comparisons were made with subject als, none correctly described each item; some were not trends found in the Chinese Studies print collection at the described with bisexuality-related terminology at all, while University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Contrary to some were misidentified as solely heterosexual or homo- expectation, there was no discernible increase in social sexual. science literature relative to other subjects. Meaningful findings included an increased diversity in topics covered Rebecca J Mullins. Three-Dimensional Modeling Usage and the continuity in traditional areas of strength for in Higher Institution Classrooms. A Master’s Paper for Chinese-language resources. This paper also describes the the M.S. in L.S degree. April, 2019. 44 pages. Advisor: methodology for using library metadata to measure subject Ryan Shaw trends, and discusses potential explanations for specific This study examines a series of interviews concerning findings. the creation and utilization of three-dimensional objects in higher institutional learning. It examines how threedi- William G. Osborne. Collection Analysis of Sex Educa- mensional models are created, how objects are made avail- tion Print Materials in North Carolina Public Libraries. able through copyright standards and future implications A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. April, 2019. for three-dimensional technology. 55 pages. Advisor: Mary Grace Flaherty Sex education print materials serve an important func- Brittany Norwood. Haunted Collections: The Repre- tion in public libraries, as they provide youth with a safe, sentation of Female Horror Authors in Public Library confidential way to obtain information regarding sexual Collections. A Master’s paper for the M.S. in L.S. degree. health and behavior. However, public libraries have faced April 2019. 84 pages. Advisor: Brian Sturm challenges developing these collections. This study compiles While several women are writing or have written in the a checklist of sex education titles recommended by profes- horror genre, the stereotype that women do not write horror sional sources. Public library collections in North Caro- remains prevalent. This perception can lead to these female lina are selected through purposive sampling to account horror authors being overlooked in library collections. As for library size and geographic region; titles from the underrepresenting female horror authors can negatively checklist are searched for in these collections via elec- impact their addition to the horror canon as well as strength- tronic catalog. Results reveal that little uniformity exists en the stereotype that women do not write horror, it is between sex education collections in North Carolina public important to examine library catalogs to see if they are libraries, with no apparent correlation between collected representing female horror authors in their collections. This recommended titles and collection size or regional location. study performed a modified list-checking format of collec- tion assessment to analyze the representation of female Paige E Ottmar. Overloaded in the ICU: Measuring horror authors in the collections of five public libraries in Information Overload in Critical Care Physicians at North Carolina. Overall, female horror authors appeared UNC Hospital. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 39 degree. April, 2019. 108 pages. Advisor: Saif Khairat, groups. Their academic needs, social life and knowledge of PhD, FAMIA technology have granted them different worldviews and This study describes a questionnaire and simulation information seeking habits. This study investigates the study of physicians working in the Intensive Care Unit at information seeking behaviors of first-year undergraduate University of North Carolina Health Care. The question- students at UNC in terms of finding orienting information naires were employed to determine physicians’ overall to better adjust to college life. perceived feelings of information overload, satisfaction, 13 undergraduate students currently enrolled at UNC were and usability of Electronic Health Records, as well as to interviewed in the study. The participants were asked a determine if differences exist between groups. The simula- series of questions about their first-year experiences at UNC. tion study was conducted to determine physiological signs Results indicate some common patterns among freshmen of information overload and its effect on task performance. information seeking behaviors, which may then inform Twenty-five physicians completed the questionnaires and the university to provide better information access for future the simulation study. Overall, physicians reported high students. levels of perceived information overload, with males report- ing significantly higher overload than females. Addition- Jiaming Qu. A Medical Literature Search System for ally, pupillometry data suggested that almost all physicians Identifying Effective Treatments in Precision Medicine. experienced information overload at least once during the A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. April, 2019. simulation study. Though information overload did not 58 pages. Advisor: Yue Wang affect accuracy, results suggest that it made physicians The Precision Medicine Initiative states that treatments significantly less efficient. Future studies are needed on the for a patient should take into account not only the patient’s gap between subjective and objective measures of informa- disease, but his/her specific genetic variation as well. The tion overload. vast biomedical literature holds the potential for physicians to identify effective treatment options for a cancer patient. Kun Qian. Data Visualization in the Web-based Plat- However, the complexity and ambiguity of medical terms form: Comparisons of Different Techniques / Data can result in vocabulary mismatch between the physician’s formats that Suit Web Information Design and Their query and the literature. The physician’s search intent Development. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. (finding treatments instead of other types of studies) is April, 2019. 44 pages. Advisor: Ryan Shaw difficult to explicitly formulate in a query. Therefore, simple Data Visualization has become an important way of ad hoc retrieval approach will suffer from low recall and visual communication today with the assistance of different precision. media. The computer, because of its interactive features, In this paper, we propose a new retrieval system that has become a useful tool to help people analyze data, design helps physicians identify effective treatments in precision visualized and interactive graphs and publish data visualiza- medicine. Given a cancer patient with a specific disease, tion work for the public to view. The main goal of this genetic variation, and demographic information, the system research is to provide an overview of the development of aims to identify biomedical publications that report effec- data visualization techniques especially in the web platform. tive treatments. We approach this goal from two directions. An analysis result was generated to give future technique First, we expand the original disease and gene terms using development suggestions for both web-based data visualiza- biomedical knowledge bases to improve recall of the initial tion producers and web developers. retrieval. We then improve precision by promoting treat- ment-related publications to the top using a machine Yuwei Qian. How do freshmen find information orient- learning reranker trained on 2017 Text Retrieval Conference ing themselves in their first year of college? An investi- Precision Medicine (PM) track corpus. Batch evaluation gation of the information seeking behaviors of first-year results on 2018 PM track corpus show that the proposed undergraduate students. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. approach effectively improves both recall and precision, in I.S degree. April, 2019. 57 pages. Advisor: Ronald achieving performance comparable to the top entries on Bergquist the leaderboard of 2018 PM track. Information seeking behavior (ISB) has been a popular topic to study for researchers in the information field over Leah E Ramsier. Evaluating the Usability and User the years. College students, who are often referred to as Experience of a Virtual Reality Painting Application. A millennials, are one of the most studied information user Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. April, 2019.

40 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 84 pages. Advisor: Bradley Hemminger pulled from the reviews for 10 books identified as Christian The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that on the social media book site Goodreads were analyzed by contribute to and detract from the usability and experience qualitative coding. This content analysis identified themes of Tilt Brush. It compares usability issues between users relating to reader awareness of worldview, evaluative mea- with formal training in art, and users with no formal train- sures used to assess resources, and cognitive authorities ing. Twenty participants were observed creating artwork referenced. in Tilt Brush and interviewed about their experience. They Evaluation of Christian books largely aligns with exist- also answered a questionnaire based on the System Us- ing understanding of the general process of information ability Scale. assessment, with a few exceptions. The spiritual nature of The data collected identified that conventions from 2D the text, for many reviewers, led them to consider the in- apps and a sense of presence in the 3D virtual environment formation in light of personal spiritual experience and lent positively impacted usability. A lack of control, issues spiritual overtones to their evaluation of the author’s char- navigating virtual reality, and a lack of familiarity with Tilt acter and expertise. Reviews also demonstrate the way in Brush negatively impacted usability. The group with formal which individuals can weigh cognitive authorities differ- training overall wanted more tools that increased control ently within a shared worldview, resulting in differing in- over the artwork than the group without formal training. formation assessments. Finally, the user experience of Tilt Brush was positively impacted by immersion, novelty, tools, possibilities, and Caitlin Rivas. Understanding the Archivist’s Role in the potential as a creative outlet. Contextualization, Removal, and Relocation of Con- federate Monuments at Cultural Heritage Institutions. Alexander Reher. Reorienting the VR Studio Orienta- A Master’s paper for the M.S. in L.S. degree. April, 2019. tion: A Contextual Design Study of a Virtual Reality 53 pages. Advisor: Denise Anthony. Orientation Program in an Academic Library. A Master’s This paper presents a study that explored five archivists’ paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. April 2019. 77 pages. experiences with Confederate monument contextualization, Advisor: Andreas Orphanides removal and/or relocation at the cultural heritage institu- This case study describes an analysis and proposed re- tions where they work. The findings reveal key themes and design of the of the orientation process for the VR Studio shared experiences among the five archivists, while high- in the D. H. Hill Jr. Library at North Carolina State Uni- lighting individual experiences arising from each institution’s versity, using the contextual design methodology as de- unique circumstances. For example, although each institu- scribed in Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered tion considered the archives as a serious relocation site for Systems (Beyer & Holtzblatt, 1998). Semi-structured in- the Confederate monuments in question, the archivists terviews and contextual inquiry were used to study the themselves had varying levels of involvement in the removal orientation its surrounding operations. The author identi- process despite their firm understanding of the history and fies several opportunities to improve workflows and enhance conflict surrounding the monument. The archivists believed participant experiences and education. Key findings include their unique insight into the monument at their place of the effects of variations caused by changes in presentation work derived from their access to and knowledge of es- setting, the effect of audience size on learning opportunities, sential records and contextualizing artifacts as well as ob- the instructional efficacy of the orientation structure and servation of public interest through research requests in format, and the challenges in managing data collected over their reading rooms. These archivists were also aware of the course of orientations. The paper concludes with a series safety and security concerns, the emotional impact Con- of recommendations for improving the orientation and its federate monuments might have on their patrons, and the associated processes. reality of whiteness in archives. Consequently, all of the archivists expressed strong beliefs that decision makers Kimberly J. Reisler. Cognitive Authority and the Chris- should consult archivists before, during, and after the tian Worldview: An Examination of Goodreads Reviews monument removal or relocation process. of Christian Books. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. March, 2019. 81 pages. Advisor: Ryan Shaw. Diane Judith Rodden. What Presentation of Search This study examines how individuals engage with and Engine Results Do Health Information Searchers Prefer? evaluate Christian books and the cognitive authorities A Master’s paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. January, referred to when assessing these resources. 816 book reviews 2019. 258 pages. Advisor: Dr. Robert Losee

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 41 A study of a sample of online health information searchers of women written for children. This paper provides a re- was conducted to see what their preferences are with respect search base for and rationale of an online resource that to four different display styles for search engine results on librarians may use to support children in their research of health topics. Screen shots of search result display screens women throughout history. The tool may also be used to were presented to the participants via a Qualtrics (www. support collection development. The website invites librar- qualtrics.com) online survey. The other display types were ians to submit completed schema for collective biographies Display 1: Google standard display, Display 2: Google outside the scope of this project. Included within this paper enhanced with faceted browsable categories, Display 3: are the elements of this master’s project: the descriptive Google enhanced with a word cloud for each search result, schema, directions for its use, the coding scheme used and Display 4: Google enhanced with an overview word within the schema, and guidelines for evaluating text for cloud for collection of search results. For each search task, problematic representation. participants were asked to rate the search engine results displays for quality indicators, using Likert-type item rating Sarah Sculnick. “I don’t want us to be ashamed anymore”: scales. At the end, in three concluding questions, the par- Representations of Latinx Teenage Girls in Young Adult ticipants were asked to choose the display(s) that were best Literature. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S. degree. at meeting three specific criteria, based on overall impres- April, 2019. 92 pages. Advisor: Sandra Hughes-Hassell. sions. The evaluations by the participants suggest that the Latinx individuals are part of the youngest and largest standard Google search results display and the Google minority group in the United States. Despite comprising screen enhanced with faceted browsable categories were a large part of the population, Latinx adolescents are largely favored over the other two display types. underrepresented in literature. This content analysis exam- ined twenty young adult books published between 2014, Elizabeth L Roknich. Visual Techniques for Stormwater the year that the organization “We Need Diverse Books” Management: Creation and Usability Study of a Storm- was created, and 2017, all of which featured Latinx female water Fee Dashboard. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in protagonists. The study analyzes overarching themes present I.S degree. April, 2019. 37 pages. Advisor: David Gotz across the texts, and discusses how representations of Latina This study details the creation and subsequent usability teenagers relied upon, or refuted, common stereotypes study of a Stormwater Fee dashboard created for the En- surrounding that community. It also discusses how repre- vironmental Finance Center (EFC) at UNC Chapel Hill. sentation differed depending on whether or not the authors The dashboard was created to assist leaders at stormwater were members of the Latinx community. utilities in North Carolina in assessing their financial health and setting their fees. The EFC has created several other Rachel~Anne Spencer. Creating Friendly Packets: dashboards over the years, but has never conducted any Towards More Accessible Materials in Digital Literacy usability testing with their primary user groups. In order Instruction. A Master’s Project for the M.S. in I.S. degree. to elicit relevant feedback for improving the Stormwater April, 2019. 273 pages. Advisor: Paul Jones Fee dashboard, I recruited three staff members at nearby This Master’s Project was centered around a redesign stormwater utilities to complete a task-based think-aloud and usability test of instructional packets for the Com- usability study. After collecting data, I synthesized it to munity Workshop Series. The Community Workshop Series identify actionable next-steps for improving the design and is a partnership between the School of Information and functionality of the stormwater dashboard. This study Library Science and three local public libraries, that allows provides not only a user-tested tested design for the storm- students to teach digital literacy classes to community water dashboard, but serves at a starting point for similar members. Packets that were created over the past 12 years user research efforts for other EFC tools. were dense with text and around 20 pages long each. Six of the packets were redesigned to incorporate more visual Mara R. Rosenberg. Collective Biographies of Women elements, whitespace, and larger font, to make them easier Written for Children: A Project to Create a Selection for older adult learners to interact with. Tool and Annotated Bibliography. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. March, 2019. 46 pages. Advisor: Elizabeth A. Stillwell. Digital Collection Evaluation: A Casey Rawson Rubric for Holistic Evaluation. A Master’s Paper for the The purpose of this project was to develop a selection M.S. in L.S. degree. May 2019. 50 pages. Advisor: Ryan tool and annotated bibliography of collective biographies Shaw

42 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Digital collections have been a rising trend in library sci- offer a preliminary step towards understanding how mis- ences for over a decade. However, analysis of these collec- information persists in the public sphere and affords insights tions has still largely been limited to the digital specialists into how public health can evolve to better encourage and the digital humanists. This paper summarizes the exist- autonomous health decision-making, minimizing the influ- ing evaluation literature to propose a tool for librarians to ence misinformation holds over its audience. use for their own individual collections’ evaluations. It also examines the difficulties of evaluation and emphasizes the Faith D Wahlers. Availability and Range of Large Print need for further research into librarian conducted analyses, Books for Children and Teens in North Carolina Public as their evaluations differ from the evaluations of an expert. Libraries. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. It also explains the development of digitization, digital April, 2019. 52 pages. Advisor: Mary Grace Flaherty collections and digital evaluation until this point. Several studies have shown that large swaths of our younger patrons suffer from vision issues, and especially Edward H Stocking Rarity Assessment in Law Libraries: undiagnosed vision issues. Additionally, research has shown A Survey of Criteria, Procedure and Qualifications. A that large print books can help children with vision issues, Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. April, 2019. like low vision and dyslexia. This study examined the 26 pages. Advisor: Denise Anthony catalogs of five of the best funded public libraries in North Researchers aimed to establish current criteria, procedure Carolina, searching for books labeled both as large print and qualifications for rarity assessment in law libraries and for children and teens. The available items meeting through a survey of law school library staff. Seventeen li- this criteria did not meet the collection development brarians from relevant departments responded to the survey. policies set out by the libraries. Of the five total libraries While only about half of respondent institutions conduct surveyed, there were only 52 books that appeared when rarity assessment, there is a degree of commonality to the searching for large print and children or teens. Furthermore, criteria used in these assessments. Responses indicate that adults make up 55-80% of the readership for YA books. age and item status at sister institutions are the most For these reasons, large print versions of children and teen common criteria in determining rarity. Survey responses books should be collected. also indicate that while rarity assessment is a task con- ducted by multiple staff members, little time is actually Mengnan Wang. Design and Implement a New Remote spent conducting assessments. Moreover, while respondents Web-Based Visualization System for the Clinical Ex- hold relevant, full-time staff positions and, in some cases, amination and Treatment of Skin Lesions. Evaluate the upper and middle management roles, very few have any System Based on Interview Feedback. A Master’s Paper formal education in rarity assessment. for the M.S. in I.S degree. April, 2019. 47 pages. Advisor: David Gotz Katie Tirtanadi. Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered: In the field of dermatology research, researchers com- The Allure of Misinformation in a Postmodern Health- monly take pictures of the skin lesion area with tradi- care Age. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S. degree. tional cameras and measure its size over time to determine April, 2019. 52 pages. Advisor: Brian Sturm the effectiveness of the treatment process. To revolutionize Misinformation is publicized as the next big public this current practice, along with the help of an application health crisis. Its exploitative nature allows it to both embed that takes 3D captures and AR measurements, the proposed in seemingly legitimate facets of public discourse and disrupt web-based visualization system follows user-centric design public health initiatives. It collectively influences indi- principles to clean, re-structure, process, and present the vidual health decisions through a strategy of personal, collected raw data in an intuitive, interactive, simplistic, message-oriented and emotional narrative. Utilizing the and responsive manner. The system couples state-of-the-art lens of vaccines, specifically the controversy surrounding modern web development with a secure and robust logical the HPV vaccine in North Carolina, this study illuminates server through application programming interfaces (API) on health misinformation as an instigator of public con- designed following best practices in the industry. An eval- versation, vaccine hesitancy, and its subversion of evidence- uation study with five participants was conducted to assess based authority. This study provides a comparative analy- certain design choices of the system. Subjective feedbacks sis of both public and legislative perspectives, revealing a on the system were positive overall, with suggestions toward mismatch between the information needs of the public and certain detailed aspects of the system that can be imple- the information written into state vaccine law. The findings mented in future development.

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 43 Devon Waugh. Site Unseen: Website Accessibility Testing of librarians and library staff on readers’ advisory, with for Academic Libraries with Visually-Impaired Users. special attention to the promotion of diverse literature. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. April, 2019. Interview data and document analysis showed that librar- 67 pages. Advisor: Sarah Arnold ians are performing readers’ advisory often, and teens are Research was conducted to evaluate the accessibility at taking advantages of the different advisory opportunities the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill by having provided by the libraries. The librarians view diverse lit- users with visual impairments answer questions about the erature as valuable and do promote it, though none cited use of the library website and use of assistive technologies promoting diverse literature as a guiding principle in readers’ in a questionnaire and following-up with a usability test. advisory. The usability test involved having participants complete tasks that were guided by a sample research question. Caitlin White. The Perception and Purpose of Archival Throughout the test, they navigated a database access page, Power as Viewed by State Records Appraisers in Com- a subject guide, and two databases to find research articles parison to Theoretical Literature. A Master’s paper for that related to the question. The resulting data indicated the M.S. in L.S. degree. April, 2019. 49 pages. Advisor: users preferred the organized layout of the database access Helen R. Tibbo. page, but overall participants were frustrated with navigat- This paper describes how archival power has been un- ing the interfaces of databases, which varied in their design derstood in terms of archival appraisal from the creation and delivery of accessible PDFs. Making changes to the of the proto-archive to modern institutions. Archival database access page’s code and structure also ensured that theorists have emphasized the importance of archival power the page was accessible prior to confirming with participants and the recognition of it by practicing archivists. A short in the testing environment. series of interviews with practicing archival appraisers in southeastern state government records archives was con- Courtney L Werner. The Role of Graduate-Level Archi- ducted to understand the practical perspective of archival val Education in Preparing Archivists. A Master’s Paper power. for the M.S. in L.S degree. April, 2019. 36 pages. Advisor: The three appraisal archivists did agree that they had power, Denise Anthony although they agreed that there were limits to it. This is in This study describes a questionnaire survey of archivists contradiction with the archival theorists who seem to suggest currently working in their first professional position after that the archivists have not realized the power that they graduating from an archival master’s program. The survey possess. The archivists believed that their power should be was conducted to determine how prepared the archivists used for the public good, a sentiment echoed by the theo- felt starting their current roles, the types of institutions rists. archivists are working in, and what factors contributed to feelings of preparedness. The survey responses demon- Steven S. Wilcer. Preserving Performance and Purpose: strated the range of opinions and experiences of archivists An Audio and Audiovisual Digitization Cross-Analysis who have graduated from programs throughout the country. within the Performing Arts. A Master’s Paper for the The levels of preparedness felt by archivists vary, but gener- M.S. in L.S degree. April, 2019. 52 pages. Advisor: ally show that most feel prepared enough to transition from Denise Anthony student to professional archivist after graduating from an This study explores the topic of audio and audiovisual archival master’s program. digitization as it pertains to the performing arts. Three fields in the performing arts—music, dance, and theater— Gina Wessinger. Readers’ Advisory in the Public Library: were selected to examine the digitization challenges from A Look at the Promotion of Diverse Literature to Teens. a more interdisciplinary perspective. Specialists involved A Master’s paper for M.S. in L.S. degree. April, 2019. with organizations active in performing arts digitization 35 pages. Advisor: Sandra Hughes-Hassell were consulted regarding their experiences and workflows Teens are reading, and libraries are helping teens read. using questionnaires and interview sessions. One way that libraries are helping teens read is through The subject sessions revealed similar concerns and hurdles readers’ advisory, the recommendation of books to readers existing between each of them while being influenced by for the purpose of pleasure reading. In the library field, different organizational and personal priorities. The subjects there is a recognition of the need for diverse literature and emphasized a strong need for coordination and networking its positive impacts. This study investigates the perspectives between specialists to ensure effective digitization and

44 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 preservation. They also recognized similar areas of concern, avoiding medical errors, aiding decision-making, and im- such as copyright and ownership of materials and degrada- proving the quality of medical care. As the vital evidence tion of magnetic tape media formats. of decision-making process, Patient-level information plays an important part in this system. However, due to exten- Hayley Wilson. March for Archives: An Examination of siveness and complexity of patient data, how to intelli- Five Different Institutions and Their Collecting Efforts gently and automatically summarize patient-level informa- of Material from the March for Our Lives protests. A tion remains one of the top-ranked challenges. One Master’s Paper for the M.S. in Library Science degree. solution is using data visualization to provide effective March, 2019. 52 pages. Advisor: Denise Anthony summarized report of patient-level information. This paper This study describes the collecting efforts by five differ- analyzes why this is a top-ranked challenge, how data vi- ent institutions across the United States of material from sualization help solve the issue, and provides a design of the March for Our Lives protests that took place in March interactive data visualization for patient-level information. of 2018. Interviews were conducted with staff at each of Many features and components in this visualization are the following institutions: The North Carolina Collection explored and evaluated. Photographic Archives at the University of North Caro- lina at Chapel Hill, Nashville Public Library’s Special Col- Harish Yadav. Development of a Course Recommender lections, University of Southern California’s Special Col- System for Students. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in lections, Parkland Historical Society in Parkland, Florida I.S degree. May, 2019. 69 pages. Advisor: Dr. Stephanie and a government archive in Florida. The interviews high- W. Haas lighted how limited resources such as lack of funding and Students at the university have an information need to staff effect the ways in which institutions are collecting find the courses of their interest. The current university material from protests and current events across the country, registration portals do not fulfill this information need the different types of material that is being collected, the completely. We have proposed the development of a recom- manner in which these items are accessioned as well as the mender system which can take a course name and based appraisal criteria. These findings can help archivists, histo- on the description of that course recommend other courses rians, librarians and other information professionals better to students. The recommended course list could help save understand the variety of issues that exist regarding col- time and effort for students registering for courses. The lecting from protest movements. proposed system was trained with sample data collected from the course catalog of the University of North Caro- Lu Xu. A Visual Analysis of EHR Flowsheet to Assist lina at Chapel Hill. We tested the recommender system Clinicians’ Interpretation of Health-related Data. A with different courses as input and evaluated the resulting Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. April, 2019. recommended courses. 32 pages. Advisor: David Gotz This project designed and implemented visualization Yu Yuan. An Exploration of User Engagement With a interface of EHR Systems based on the requirements of Search Assistance Tool in Different Positions on a SERP. the doctors. The visualizations combined both clinic-re- A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. April, 2019. ported data and patient self-reported data to provide a 60 pages. Advisor: Robert Capra better representation of patient health related information This study aimed to explore the difference in user en- for the doctor to make decisions. The visualizations high- gagement with a search assistance tool in different positions lighted the trend of values, the outliers and make it pos- on a SERP. A usability study with eye-tracker was con- sible to compare across time and measures. The user study ducted in a lab environment. Overall, there were 12 subjects of ten participants suggests that the visualization interface participated in this study, each of them was asked to perform helped them find the information in an efficient way. two tasks on a search system with a search assistance tool placed in two positions. Qualitative data collected from Zhen Xu. Visualizing Patient’s Health Records in Clin- retrospective interview and quantitative data gathered from ical Decision Support System. A Master’s Paper for the questionnaires, eye-tracking system and custom log system M.S. in I.S degree. May, 2019. 43 pages. Advisor: Robert were analyzed to investigate the position effect. The results Capra in this study showed that the search assistance tool placed Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) is a system in the middle is easier to get noticed while people are more that can provide positive support for clinicians, including likely to pay attention to it and use it when the search

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 45 assistance tool is placed on the right side of the page. Also, the source authority and the information foraging theories Yiling Zheng. How Medical Students Perceive Learning like Camouflage Links, Banner Blindness have impacts on Anatomy with a Virtual Reality Program: Virtual Med- the use of the search assistance tool. icine, Compared to Traditional Learning Approaches. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. April, 2019. Mackenzie S. Zalin. Measuring the Applications of the 47 pages. Advisor: Bradley M. Hemminger Subject Doctorate to Academic Librarianship in North As a fundamental subject, anatomy has been an essential America. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. and must course for students in health science fields. VR March, 2019. 54 pages. Advisor: Mary Grace Flaherty emerges as a powerful technique for experiencing a virtual This work records and discusses the results of an anon- world. Nowadays, there are attempts trying to combine ymous web-based survey administered in January and virtual reality with anatomy education, to have a thorough February of 2019 to academic librarians with subject doc- understanding of anatomy and to take advantage of this torates (i.e. PhDs in disciplines outside of library and in- technology, this research was conducted to examine the formation science) employed in North America. Respon- perceptions of medical students about learning anatomy dents answered a mixture of quantitative and qualitative with Virtual Reality (VR), which could provide students questions about the fields of their PhDs, their MLSs or with an immersive environment, compared to the methods equivalent degrees, their current positions in academic li- they have previously used. braries, and the relevancy of their doctoral training to their By inviting participants to come to the VR room and current positions. According to the principal finding of use the program themselves, this study used a mix-methods this study, a majority of those librarians surveyed apply design, with a focus on the qualitative side in order to learn their doctoral training directly to their current positions more about subjects’ thoughts and thus provide an angle in academic libraries, albeit at lower rates than those ob- for the potential improvement of VR technology applied served in the preceding decade. Statistically significant to education in the future. Three sets of data were col- correlations were found between the relevancy of respon- lected from the beginning to the end of each 35-minute dents’ doctoral training to their current positions, the ac- test sessions, including observed behaviors, test score and creditation status of their MLS or equivalent, and the year individual test. Results of the study shows the general they began their current positions. opinions of students and implies that VR technology applied to anatomy could be very promising and positive. Zhepu Zhao. A comparison study: Comparison Between Different Classifiers for Emotion Classification Using Zheyong Zhou. Predicting Online Customer Reviews Real Human-to-Human Chat Log Dataset. A Master’s Helpfulness Using Readability, Review Rating, and Paper for the M.S. in I.S degree. April, 2019. 41 pages. Reviewer Features. A Master’s Paper for the M.S. in I.S Advisor: Jaime Arguello degree. May, 2019. 33 pages. Advisor: Stephanie W. In the field of emotion classification in natural language Haas processing, researches usually concentrate on the datasets Online review is widely used in online markets to helps which are more academic and formal like Stack Overflow customers make their purchase decisions. The rapidly and general reviews on products or ideas like Tweeter and growing volume of reviews brought a challenge for busi- Amazon, but lack analysis in datasets which come from nesses to analyze their content and provide the most helpful real, private, human-to-human chat logs or oral conversa- reviews to their customers. Using data from online book tion. For this study, we implemented four types of com- reviews at Amazon.com, I build predictive models using monly used classifier with a dataset which consists of both readability, review rating and reviewer features. I find that text from chat logs and oral conversations that are trans- rating and readability do not have a direct significant impact formed into script. Meanwhile, we analyzed the performance on review helpfulness. However, reviewer information does of different classifiers across these two types of datasets. have direct impact on review helpfulness. This suggests that Specifically, we used BOW (Bag of words) and its ex- reviews from reviewers who wrote helpful reviews in the tended version considering TF-IDF for future analysis. We past are more likely to be helpful to other customers. Based found that the performance of the logistic regression does on these findings, online marketers could predict review not depend too much on the dictionary size of BOW and helpfulness and rank reviews, which could benefit both all four types of classifiers perform better in text from user’s vendors and consumers. typing than in text transformed from oral conversations.

46 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Stefanie DuBose and David Durant, East Carolina University Research and Practice in Academic Libraries: A Case Study

From the pages of North Carolina Libraries Volume 59, No. 1 (Spring 2001): 4-9

n recent decades, as academic li- Research Libraries, Dale S. Montanelli time and effort, a distraction from their brarians have achieved tenure-track and Patricia F. Stenstrom refer to three normal duty of serving their users, a or even special faculty status, a benefits that librarians derive from distasteful necessity imposed by the Igrowing professional consensus has engaging in scholarship. The first of demands of tenure. Yet research can emerged that they should uphold this these is that research promotes ad- be much more than a way to satisfy status by actively engaging in research vancement. As they put it, “study after tenure requirements or an esoteric and publication. Beginning in 1971, study indicates that successful librar- pursuit apart from professional prac- with the enactment of ACRL’s faculty ians, as measured by professional ad- tice. It can also be an excellent way to status standards for research librarians, vancement, publish more than their gain understanding of issues and prob- scholarship has been officially recog- less successful counterparts.” The lems that confront us on a daily basis nized as an important duty for aca- second benefit cited by Montanelli and and to further our growth and develop- demic librarians. The 1992 revised Stenstrom is that researh “provides ment as librarians. version of the standards confirmed this recognition when advancement is not For academic librarians, research view by stating that “librarians add to possible.” Research provides both an should be regarded not as something the sum of knowledge through their alternative means of gaining recogni- separate from our normal public or research into the information process tion, and a way for librarians to exercise technical service tasks, but rather as an and other areas of study.”1 ACRL con- autonomy and creativity, pursue chal- integral part of those duties. In the tinues to emphasize the importance of lenge, and engage in professional learn- words of William K. Black and Joan this issue to the present day. In its most ing. Finally, research enables librarians M. Leysen, “there should be a real recent Statement on Professional De- to develop the skills and analytical continuity between professional prac- velopment, approved on July 8, 2000, abilities necessary to cope in an envi- tice, research, and service, and we need ACRL expresses the opinion that: ronment of constant change.3 to appreciate the benefits inherent in Academic and research librarians Yet, in spite of these potential ben- this relationsbip.”4 Through engaging have a responsibility to share what efits, many academic librarians con- in the research process and accompany- they have learned through writing, tinue to regard research as a necessary ing literature search, academic librar- speaking, mentoring and modeling, evil at best. For a large number of li- ians can gain a deeper understanding in order to facilitate the learning of brarians, the prospect of engaging in their colleagues and the advancement research is daunting. It requires a major ...research enables of the profession.2 commitment of time, effort, and thought, one that many librarians are librarians to develop In addition to the official position of reluctant to make. Possibly the biggest the skills and analytical organizations such as ACRL, a growing obstacle to persuading academic librar- body of literature discusses the direct ians of the importance of pursuing abilities necessary to cope and indirect benefit to librarians of research is the way in which they per- in an environment of research and writing. In an article in ceive research relative to their other the September 1986 issue of College & duties. It is regarded as a burden of constant change. 1. Association of College and Research Libraries, “Standards for Faculty Status for College and University Librarians,” January 1992. (November 29, 2000). 2. Association of College and Research Libraries, “ACRL Statement on Professional Development,” July 8, 2000. (November 29, 2000). 3. Dale S. Montanelli and Patricia F. Stenstrom, “The Benefits of Research for Academic Librarians and the Institutions They Serve,” College & Research Libraries 47 (September 1986): 282-85. 4. William K. Black and Joan M. Leysen “Scholarship and the Academic Librarian,” College & Research Libraries 55 (May 1994): 232.

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 47 of an issue or problem related to their our research. By collecting a much For this project, it was decided to work routines. As Black and Leysen larger sample of free scholarly e-jour- include those publications that provide put it, “scholarly projects should nals and doing a detailed analysis of free, full-text access to most or all of come…from the daily work of the li- them, addressing questions such as who their content, going back at least one brarian who is involved in planning publishes these journals, what subject year. For example, a user looking for and developing services and programs areas are most represented, and how Time in the E-Journal Locator would and in making decisions related to many are still being actively updated, find links both to full text aggregators them.”5 For example, a reference librar- we hope to gain some understanding such as ProQuest that include Time, ian doing a research study on the refer- of the viability and duration of these and to time.com, which has complete ence interview can use that research as journals. In particular, we wish to see full text coverage of the magazine from a means to improve his or her ability if free e-journals are indeed emerging January 1994 to the present, except to work with patrons at the reference as a legitimate, alternative form of for the current issue. We decided to desk. By having this research published scholarly communication. Once our include free electronic journals in this as a journal article or in some other research is completed, therefore, we project for several reasons. For publica- format, he or she then allows other will both have collected additional free tions such as Time, available both for librarians to benefit from it. As Rebecca e-journals that we can make accessible free and through subscription data- Watson-Boone describes it, this is the to our users, and have a more thorough bases, linking to the free Web site gives model of the academic librarian as understanding of the above issues. users an alternate means of access. This “practitioner-researcher,” who is able Having arisen from our professional is especially important for those users not only to use research as a means of practice, this research project will hope- having problems with remote authen- improving professional practice, but fully enable us to improve that practice. tication through our proxy server. This also to incorporate research methods In this way, research and professional is the only way to make our users aware into their daily work habits and prob- practice are not opposites, but rather of free electronic journals, unavailable lem-solving skills.6 mutually reinforcing elements of a through any other means, and provide Currently, the authors, who work single process. them with access. at Joyner Library, East Carolina Uni- In June, one of the authors began versity, are engaged in a research project Origins of the Project compiling a list of electronic magazines analyzing free scholarly electronic Like most academic libraries, Joyner and journals meeting these criteria. He journals. We feel that this project pro- Library has been deeply impacted by collected seventy-six titles, which were vides a case study as lo how academic the exponential growth of electronic then added to our overall e-journal librarians can integrate research into journals. Currently, Joyner Library database. Of these seventy-six elec- their overall professional duties, and provides full text, electronic access to tronic publications, fifty could be clas- in particular use research as a tool for well over 8,000 magazines, journals, sified as scholarly e-journals. We gaining insights into issues of major and newspapers. Providing access to defined free scholarly e-journals as importance for the library profession. these titles has been a problem, as until “English language scholarly journals This study arose directly from a project now there has been no single place that make most or all of their content to create a searchable database of all where a user can search to see if we freely available via the World Wide e-journals available lo Joyner Library’s have full text, electronic access to a Web, without requiring registration or user community. As part of this project, particular journal, and if so, where it imposing other barriers to access.” we compiled a list of free e-journals can be found. Therefore, in June 2000, These items varied greatly in terms of and e-zines. During this fairly straight- the authors were among a project team currency, publication schedule, format- forward collection evaluation and that began work on an E-Journal ting of articles (HTML or PDF), fre- development task, a number of inter- Locator , which would provide users factors. Thus, even a seemingly routine, became apparent, issues of direct rel- with “one stop shopping” in terms of mundane, task was able to spark some evance to academic libraries. This re- finding e-journals available through interesting research questions. alization proved the starting point for Joyner Library.

5. Ibid., 231. 6. Rebecca Watson-Boone, “Academic Librarians as Practitioner-Researchers,” Journal of Academic Librarianship 26 (March 2000): 85-93. (December 2, 2000).

48 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Background Issues Department, is an example of such a commercial publishers or other for- Simply analyzing a relatively small “migratory” journal.9 profit organizations. sample of scholarly e-joumals raised a Another issue that arose while gath- The issue of the authorship of free number of interesting issues, and the ering free e-journals for the locator e-journals led us to arguably the most authors felt that attempting a more database is the question of the differ- important issue that arose during this thorough study of these publications ences between Web-based and print process: the current crisis in scholarly promised to yield some useful insights. content. As we all know, one of the communication and the possible role Among the issues raised were the great advantages of Web pages is that of free e-journals in helping provide a nature of publishing in the Web envi- they are active documents that can be solution. Scholarly communication ronment, the stability of that environ- easily altered when necessary. Unfor- refers to the process by which research- ment, the economic viability of free tunately, this can also be a disadvantage ers and scholars share ideas and re- e-joumals, the publisher, the potential in terms of the consistency and reli- search findings with each other. The for using links and multimedia content, ability of the information offered. traditional scholarly journal has been and finally, the question of whether Some of the e-joumals we found at- the primary vehicle for communicating free e-joumals can provide an allerna- tempted to address this problem by such information in many academic tive to the current commercially-driv- presenting articles in Portable Docu- fields, and is therefore an integral part en scholarly publishing system. ment Format (PDF). In addition, Web- of academic and research library col- Most of the e-journals we found, based publishing allows the use of a lections. In the last several decades, even newer electronic-only ones, variety of audio, visual, and other in- however, two major developments have conform to the traditional model of teractive and multimedia content not brought this system into crisis. the scholarly journal. Thal is to say, available to print journals. Most of the The first of these developments is collections of articles were published journals we found included only text the rapid growth in the number of periodically as separate issues and/or articles. Some, however, did offer links scholarly journals. Since the mid- volumes. There were several, however, to related resources, and several even 1980s, the number of journals pub- that published articles as they came in, featured multimedia content. This lished worldwide has approximately and did not organize their articles into raised the issue of how widespread the doubled. A major part of this prolif- issues or volumes. Even among those use of non-text content is among free eration of academic journals has been journals that did use the traditional e-joumals. the entry of commercial publishers model, many published new issues on The issue of archiving Web-only such as Elsevier into the realm of schol- an infrequent basis. This raised the publications is also a concern. What if arly publishing, often creating “niche” question of whether, in an electronic the e-journal should cease publication and “rapid communications” journals, environment, the traditional model of and stop maintaining its Web site? especially in the sciences, with high journal publishing is still necessary. History Reviews Online is an example impact factors and, not surprisingly, Closely related to this issue is that of a free e-joumal that literally disap- high prices. Ironically enough, the goal of new versus preexisting journals. peared from the Web overnight. A of the rapid communications titles is Many of the e-joumals we found are related issue is whether free ejournals to make research findings more readily new, Web-only publications, such as can be economically viable. As will be available to researchers worldwide. The the Journal of Mundane Behavior.7 discussed below, these are questions financial burden of maintaining these Others, however, like the British we sought to pursue in our literature subscriptions, however, weighs heavily Medical Jornal, are both published in search on this topic. on academic libraries, as these publish- print and made available for free via Another interesting question that ers have found scholarly communica- the Web.8 Finally, a third category of arose is who is producing free schol- tion to be extremely profitable, earning journals, those that have migrated from arly e-journals. Not surprisingly, schol- profit margins of up to 40%.10 print to free electronic-only access, was arly societies or academic institutions This situation has led to the second also discovered. Essays in History, from created almost all of the ones we found. major element of the scholarly com- the University of Virginia’s History Only two or three were maintained by munication crisis: the dramatic increase

7. Joumal o[Mrmdmre Behavior. (December 3, 2000). 8. British Medical Journal. (December 3, 2000). 9. Essays in History. (December 3, 2000). 10. “Scholars Under Siege.” (September 18, 2000).

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 49 are indeed emerging as a possible al- Unfortunately, the hope of many that ternative means of disseminating electronic journals would provide a solution to scholarly research, or if they are merely a brief experiment destined for failure. the scholarly communication crisis has proven to In ligbt of the issues discussed be forlorn...[and] has stretched academic library above, free e-journals were clearly a research topic worthy of further ex- acquisition budgets to the breaking point. ploration. We decided, therefore, not only to continue collecting addition- in serials subscription costs. During This has definitely been the case at al journals, but to expand the process the period 1986-1999, serial costs in- Joyner Library. New print journal from a practical, collection develop- creased by an annual average of 9%, subscriptions have been frozen for ment project to one also incorporating well beyond the rate of inflation. This several years now, with departments a research component. Thus, we were has resulted in a situation where ARL forced to exchange current titles for able to successfully integrate research libraries are spending 2.7 times more new ones on a one-to-one dollar basis. with practice. The next step was to on serials than in 1985-86, while actu- As with many other libraries, Joyner decide on our research methodology ally subscribing to 6% fewer titles. is beginning to examine critically its and begin the actual research process. Thus the cruel paradox at the heart of serials and electronic resources budget the serials crisis: while more journals while simultaneously engaging in Methodology are available than ever before, libraries serious evaluation of print journal Our first task was to define the phrase are subscribing to fewer and fewer.11 holdings and electronic databases “free e-journal.” At the University of Unfortunately, the hope of many using various quantitative method- Houston’s Web site, we found a very that electronic journals would provide ologies. At Joyner, as at most aca- detailed set of selection criteria that a solution to the scholarly communi- demic libraries, the fiscal effects of the described our phrase.13 We further cation crisis has proven to be forlorn. scholarly communication crisis are felt refined our definition after examining Academic libraries are spending just on an almost daily basis. the Sociocite/ICAAP Journals Data- as much money, if not more, maintain- As we gathered free e-journals for base and Distribution Centre crileria.14 ing subscriptions to both print and our locator project, the issue of such Our final definition encompassed the electronic journals. In most cases, journals providing an alternate form following criteria: Most of the title in electronic access to a fee-based title is of schoJarly communication, free from question must be offered on the Web; contingent upon maintaining the print the control of commercial giants such the journal must be peer-reviewed; the subscription; predominantly among as Elsevier, arose almost immediately. majority of the articles must be in the sciences, obtaining electronic- Several free scholarly e-journals, such English; the title must be published only access is, in fact, more expensive as the Electronic Journal of Sociology, regularly rather than existing as a than maintaining the print subscrip- have as their explicit objective taking solitary publishing exploit; and finally, tion alone. Finally, acquiring access to back control of the scholarly com- no fees or registration are required to full text article aggregators such as munication process from the com- access the articles published within. ProQuest or EBSCOhost has merely mercial publishing houses.12 By analyz- This formed the basis of our definition; added to the budgetary burden. In ing a larger sample of free e-journals however, we were to find that some of short, the crisis in scholarly commu- to see how many have been actively these criteria lent themselves to further nication has stretched academic library maintained, and how many new ones investigation. We also discovered other acquisition budgets to the breaking have been started, we can hope to criteria to include for further research, point. determine whether these publications as discussed below.

11. “Journal Costs: Current Trends &Future Scenarios for 2020,” ARL: A Bi-monthly Report on Research Library Issues and Actions from ARL, CNI, and SPARC 210 June 2000): 10. 12. Sosteric, Mike. “Electronic Journals: The Grand Information Future?” E/ectronic Journal of Sociology 2 (November 1996). (December 3, 2000). 13. “Detailed Journal Selection Criteria,” in Scholarly Journals Distributed Via the WWW: Detailed Journal Selection Criteria. (September 12, 2000). 14. Intemational Consortium for Alternative Academic Publication, “The Sociocite/ICAAP Journals Database and Distribution Centre.” http://www.icaap.org/database/journals.html (September 19, 2000).

50 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Previously, one of the article authors discussion of the topic with some toward formally selecting free materi- had compiled a list of free e-journals residents and physicians affiliated with als for our user communities. falling into various subject categories the nearby teaching hospital. While We also searched for articles discuss- for the ECU E-Journal Locator project. these titles will most likely be added ing the research process itself and the In order to gather a more substantial to the locator database, it remains un- necessity of publishing as a form of amount of data for this project, we decided whether to include these titles scholarly communication among aca- investigated various Web sites that in our formal study. demic librarians. Our search comprised proved invaluable for extending our Due to the increasing number of database searching (Library Literature initial set of titles. Among these sites titles to investigate, it was necessary to and EBSCOhost’s MasterFILE are the University of Houston’s Schol- divide the research process between the Premier), as well as browsing various arly Journals Distributed Via the WWW,15 authors. The logical division was by Internet sites. Using the latter ap- the lnternational Consortium for Al- broad subject categories since our titles proach, we found a great deal of infor- ternative Academic Publication fell within the social sciences and sci- mation at the Harrassowitz Web site, (ICAAP),16 the Directory of Electronic ences. The subject librarian with re- Electronic Joumals: A Selected Resource Health Sciences Journals at Monash sponsibilities in the social sciences Guide.20 This site included valuable University of Australia,17 AcqWeb’s evaluated the social science and hu- information regarding locating elec- Directory of Journals, Newsletters and manities titles, while the librarian with tronic journals, lists and directories, Electronic Discussion Archives,18 Internet science responsibilities assessed those electronic journal providers, definitions Free-Press Journals,19 and finally, titles titles. and a history of electronic journals, discovered through other resources or At this time, we engaged in a lit- usage studies of electronic journals, via serendipitous Web browsing. Of erature review to investigate various standards, legal and academic issues, these titles, we eliminated all that were facets of our topic, including the evolv- archiving, reference linking and pre- described as offering free full-text access ing nature of scholarly communication print servers, and current awareness for a limited time, the logical conclu- in an increasingly digital academic information on the issues surrounding sion being that the titles would then society and the eventual economic electronic journals. transition to a fee-based format. impact of free e-joumals upon the Another key source was the Joumal Another issue of some concern was publishing industry. Another issue we of Electronic Publishing,21 itself a Web- that of registration. Many medical titles investigated was the stability of Web- based publication, and the University are currently offered via Medscape, an based serial publications, one related of Houston’s Scholarly Electronic Pub- online medical community that re- to the concern of archival access. This lishing Bibliography,22 as well as various quires user registration for access to issue is of utmost concern to the aca- discussion threads on the Serialst list- the free content within. While this does demic community at large, for if a title serv. The discussions from the listserv pose a barrier to access, the material offers unique and valuable informa- mostly focused on the economic within remains peer-reviewed as well tion, yet provides no archival assurance impact of e-journals on the publishing as timely. It was felt that for under- and ultimately disappears, so, obvi- industry, although a few were directed graduates this would indeed become ously, does the content. This issue at the use of multimedia within the an obstacle, but the targeted commu- underscores the oftentimes ephemeral e-journals. All of these sources inspired nity would simply take the registration nature of Web publishing, a subject a number of thought-provoking brain- in stride. This belief was confirmed that causes information professionals storming sessions that gave our project through anecdotal evidence in our to proceed with caution as we move impetus for future directions.

15. “Scholarly Journals Distributed Via the WWW.’’ (September 12, 2000). 16. International Consortium for Alternative Academic Publication, “The Sociocite/ICAAP Journals Database and Distribution Centre.” (September 19, 2000). 17. “Directory of Electronic Health Sciences Journals.” (December 2, 2000). 18. “AcqWeb’s Directory of Journals, Newsletters and Electronic Discussion Archives.” (December 2, 2000). 19. Internet Free-Press, “Journals.” (December 2, 2000). 20. Harrassowitz, Booksellers and Subscription Agents, “Electronic Journals: A Selected Resource Guide,” May 4, 2000. (December 2, 2000). 21. “JEP, The Journal of Electronic Publishing.” (December 2, 2000). 22. Bailey, Charles W., Jr., “Scholarly Electronic Publishing Directory.” Version 34 (12/1/2000). (December 2, 2000).

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 51 For the purposes of the initial phenomenon and improved access to issues particular to providing access to project, however we decided to focus these titles. the materials and their resulting impact on basic quantifiable data, and thus Interestingly enough, each author on the rest of the collection. For gathered the following: number of had a different approach in collecting example, if it were decided to include journals by discipline; number and the data, based upon his or her daily these titles in the online catalog, the percentage of Web-only journals versus experiences in public and technical catalogers would profit greatly from electronic versions of print publica- services. One made general notes in- the availability of MARC records. If tions; number and percentage of jour- cluding the title, URL, ISSN, pub- MARC records were not available, then nals offering multimedia content lisher, frequency, archive dates, whether a decision would need to be made re- (streaming audio and video); number the title was electronic only or had a garding original cataloging. This and percentage of journals offering pre-existing print version, extra soft- would, in turn, be based on the amount interactive access (allowing readers to ware requirements, and any special of time the original catalogers would comment on articles either as a separate utilization of its Web format (links, have available to dedicate to this component or via an interactive searching, etc.). As a reference librar- project, the cost of uploading the message board); statistical breakdown ian with a humanities/social science records to OCLC, and the potential by type of publisher (university, profes- background, his primary concern was impact such OCLC inclusion would sional society or for-profit); and a with end-user access. His approach to have on the interlibrary loan workload. statistical breakdown by frequency and the research and evaluation process was Another example is analyzing the regularity of publication. more intuitive and less quantitative effect of free titles on the remainder of With respect to our actual research than that of his colleague. the serials collection. Again, if it were processes, the description by Rebecca The other librarian noted the same determined that stable, free e-journal Watson-Boone of “practitioner-re- information and developed an Excel titles should be considered valid ma- searchers” is especially apt as “they file in order to track the above data terials and formally added to the col- approach projects and problems in and manipulate extra data. Because the lection, we must incorporate these new ways that yield (1) solutions, (2) an second author was (1) responsible for tools into our methodologies for col- enlarged understanding of their actual examining the science and medical lection evaluation. This brings up the field of work-their practice-and (3) titles and (2) a technical services librar- question of the impact of free schol- improvements in that practice.”23 The ian, different issues came to the fore- arly e-journals on the use of our fee- research in which we are currently front of her research. These inducted based serials collection, especially if engaged is action research; as Watson- the presence of a distinct ISSN for the these journals begin to have an impact Boone points out, this type of research electronic title; whether the title was on scholarly communication and “presupposes that something will be indexed and where; the availability of hence, an economic impact on the changed as a result of applying this TOC notification; the need for regis- publishing industry. A number of method to a problem and that those tration; the amount and type of adver- methods, in combination, could give affected by the problem must be in- tisement (i.e., Java or Shockwave librarians an idea of this impact, in- volved in the research effort.”24 Our banners) within the journal; the avail- cluding tracking hits through the local project is dynamic when viewed in ability of continuing medical education OPAC and via any Web-based mode these terms insofar that we are examin- credits; and the availability of MARC of access; examining the impact of the ing an issue increasingly integral to our records for the titles for future inclu- titles on scholarly publication through daily professional activities as a refer- sion in the online catalog. citation analysis; and evaluating the ence librarian and a serials collection Our differing methodologies are a relevance of the titles to the institution’s development librarian. This research reflection of our vantage points (public educational goals by assigning LC will modify our understanding of free services and technical services) within subject headings. e-journals and the concomitant issues the library profession. This project is The public services librarian, on the of selection, access, and impact on our an excellent example of the value of other hand, approached this project fee-based serials collection. Accompa- collaboration between librarians in two from the perspective of the end-user, nying these changes will be an en- very distinct areas of the field. The a view shaped by working directly with hanced knowledge of the free e-journal technical services librarian focused on students and faculty at the reference 23. Watson-Boone, 85. 24. Ibid., 87.

52 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 desk, in library instruction sessions, of selection and selection guidelines, e-journals being indexed in major A+I and as a subject specialist. He empha- however, as well as inventory control, resources, and linking to one another sized, for example, the issue of whether as the URLs must be checked at all as well, taking greater advantage of the articles were provided in HTML or points of access on a regular basis to Web’s unique nature and thus improv- PDF and the impact this would have ensure stability of access. ing the possibility for “virtual” schol- on end-users in terms of required hard- The final stage of the research arly communication. Among the ware and software. Also, the question process will involve interpreting the primary influences on this potential of barriers to user access was one he data we have gathered and publishing scenario will be the researchers them- approached from a different perspec- our conclusions in an article. As we selves as they choose where to publish tive than his colleague. Required reg- move toward the final process of ana- their academic contributions. If such istration, for example, is much more lyzing our results, several trends are a model of academic communication likely to deter undergraduates or becoming apparent. We expect to find prevails, the future ramifications will general users from a Web site than the that the sciences are more inclined to be in the scientific rapid communica- medical specialists with whom his col- use the Web as a method for scholarly tions journals and will subsequently league is more familiar. communication. It appears that the have a financial impact upon com- This divergence of background and medical sciences are particularly mercial publishers. Unfortunately, outlook between the two authors has engaged in using the Web for com- according to Fosmire and Young’s not been a problem or obstacle to prog- munication. While medical journals recent findings, libraries are not provid- ress. On the contrary, it has proven to are not the most expensive, with the ing access to free e-journals commen- be a tremendous advantage in terms average 2000 cost at $663.21 (in com- surate with the notification provided of broadening the scope and under- parison with chemistry and physics by indexing serviccs.27 In order to effect standing of the issues associated with titles at $1,302.79),26 it will be interest- any change in the prevailing scheme this project. Both librarians have been ing to see what their impact will be on of academic communication, libraries exposed to a much wider understand- serial costs and, hence, library acquisi- will need to reexamine their selection ing of the free e-journal question and tion budgets. criteria to indude these free titles. its implications than had they pursued Many medical journals, such as the this research on their own or with a British Medical Journal, American Conclusion colleague of similar background. Family Physician, Canadian Joumal of Research can become a natural exten- In spite of their different service Rural Medicine, and Annals of Medicine, sion of daily professional activities; perspectives, both librarians share an offer free access to their electronic seemingly mundane subjects can lead overriding concern with access. Michael content while maintaining the alterna- to informative research topics through Fosmire and ElizabethYoung’s essay in tive of a fee-based print subscription. the research process itself. Librarians the most recent issue of College & Re- Furthermore, 99% of the titles checked especially can take advantage of being search Libmries25 analyzed the amount are indexed in Medline or EMBASE, practitioners as the burgeoning nature of access ARL libraries provide to free thus increasing the potential for free of information technology affects both scholarly e-journals and brings to the scholarly and professional communica- public and technical services. Whether forefront of our professional discourse tion. In conjunction with the recent teaching clients to locate and evaluate the overriding issue of access. Each NLM venture into free scholarly com- information from numerous diverse library must struggle with the question munication via PubMed, we begin to resources successfully, realigning of how best to support the needs of its see a change looming on the publish- budget expenditures, or selecting and user community by providing them ing horizon. With the advent of the providing controlled, standardized the means of finding information. Cross-Ref endeavor, fairly diverse types access to discrete bits of information Many libraries use multiple methods of journals will become more inte- in the catalog or at the Web site, all to provide this information by using grated with one another. librarians must work at an almost both the local online catalog and the The evolving picture reveals the frantic pace to maintain a working library’s Web site. This raises the issue potential for both fee-based and free knowledge of resources, modes of

25. Michael Fosmire and Elizabeth Young “Free Scholarly Electronic Journals: Whal Access do College and University Libraries Provide?” College and Research Libraries 61 (November 2000): 500-508. 26. Barbara Albee and Brenda Dingley, “U.S. Periodical Prices‒2000.” American Libraries 31, 5 (May 2000): 78. 27. Fosmire and Young, 507.

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 53 access, publishing trends, and evalua- As a result of this experience, here research and practical benefits, you tion methods. It is possible, however, are some lessons learned that may be can successfully integrate both to realign our professional workflow applicable to other librarians wishing elements into a single worknow to engage in scholarly communication to engage in research, and to integrate process. through the research process. research into their overall professional • Remember that research is a dynamic The current project, which origi- practice: process. During the course of the nated from selecting free e-joumals for • Pick a topic arising from daily research project, some issues will fade Joyner’s E-Joumal Locator database, professional practice. For example, if in importance while newer ones will contained a number of these diverse you are having difficulty finding a become apparent. issues of interest to the library com- suitable research topic, you can munity: the economic impact of free possibly find a topic in a practical Above all, as noted at the beginning of e-joumals on library budgets, the project or study currently underway this article, the best way to integrate mechanisms providing access to infor- or already completed. The most research into one’s overall duties is mation, the constantly evolving nature effective and interesting research is conceptually. Academic librarians must of scholarly communication, and col- often that which is tied directly to think of research and publishing as an lection evaluation methodologies. daily practice. integral part of their duties. Research Ultimately, as Watson-Boone notes • Collaborate with colleagues possess- and practice are best seen as two es- "continuous learning is seen as a par- ing a different background and/or sential, synergistic elements of an ticularly attractive part of being service perspective. This will yield overall work process, and not as polar members of a chosen profession."28 both a broader perspective on the opposites. By adopting such a view, Librarians constantly engage in con- topic at hand, and give insight librarians will find that their profes- tinuing education by virtue of the regarding how librarians in other sional practice benefits, not suffers. inherently mutable nature of informa- fields approach their work. tion structure and access. Such a pro- • Find ways to integrate research into fession lends itself effortlessly to the your daily workflow. For example, by integration of research and practice. pursuing projects offering both

28. Watson-Boone, 86.

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54 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Biennium Reports

College & Librarians Build attendees together to pack 400 cases University Section Communities of food into 3,200 backpacks; unique- Over the 63rd Biennium, the College Over the past biennium, Librarians ly, we also included uplifting messages & University Section (CUS) has been Build Communities has worked to handwritten by hundreds of other active in launching a free biennial fully transform how we fulfill our mission conference attendees (including online conference focusing on a range to support service and generosity across vendors) who stopped by the LBC of areas of innovation in academic li- North Carolina. For example, in the table in the Conference registration braries. CUS hosted its first biennial fall of 2018, we helped organize a re- area. Our food-filled backpacks were NCLA Sections Virtual Conference in source drive with Samaritan Ministries, then distributed by FBP to hungry 2017. The second NCLA Sections a shelter and soup kitchen that each children over the next two months, Virtual Conference occurred in 2019 day serves hundreds of people experi- including the Thanksgiving holiday. in partnership with the NC Library encing homelessness. Though this was To purchase the food for our Paraprofessional Association, Com- LBC’s first non-Conference year fun- packing event, LBC raised money in munity & Junior College Libraries, draising activity, NCLA members two ways. First, as in previous Confer- Distance Learning Sections, and Ap- exceeded our expectations by helping ence years, we made a donation box palachian State University’s Center for to purchase nearly $1,000 of clothing, available on-site for conference attend- Academic Excellence and drew par- warm outer wear, and toiletries that ees to give directly to FBP, which (com- ticipants nationally and internation- were given at Christmas to the guests bined with matching funds from an ally. CUS also made significant prog- at Samaritan Ministries. anonymous donor) raised $3,890; new ress revising its bylaws with work on In 2019, LBC expanded on our this year, all donations of $10 or more this initiative continuing into the 64th fundraising work by also hosting a also qualified for an entry into a raffle. biennium. Most recently, CUS spon- service activity during the NCLA Bien- Second, LBC developed a Spare sored three sessions as well as a Wine nial Conference. In partnership with Change Drive in partnership with the & Cheese Reception at 63rd NCLA Forsyth Backpack Program—an all- media coordinators working in Forsyth Biennial Conference. volunteer non-profit that provides County Schools; throughout Septem- nutritious food to Forsyth County ber, twenty-one elementary, middle, Dawn Behrend school children who face food insecu- and high schools participated in the rity—LBC hosted a “packing event” drive, raising $2920.76 for FBP. In that brought over 150 Conference recognition of their success, media

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 55 coordinators at the two schools that • Julianne Dunn, Scholarships Chair • Jessica Reid, Director at Large raised the most money per student • Janet West, North Carolina • Julianne Dunn, Scholarships Chair were awarded Visa Check Cards of Children’s Book Award • Janet West, NC Book Award Rep $500 and $150, which were funded Representative • Jasmine Rockwell, State Youth by donations from the following • Jen Dickenson, Director of Consultant NCLA sections: BLiNC, LiRT, Membership and Communication • Joan Sherif, PLS Liaison NCLPA, PLS, REMCo, SCRT, TNT, • Jasmine Rockwell, State Youth and WILR. Consultant Lisa Donaldson Finally, LBC also opened an online • Joan Sherif, PLS Liason print-on-demand store at http://bit. ly/NCLA-LBC-Shop to sell LBC- The Youth Services Retreat was held Scholarships Committee branded apparel and home accessories. October 18-19, 2018 at the YMCA The 2019 Scholarships Committee The store generated $186 in profits Blue Ridge Assembly in Black Moun- members were: that will be used to purchase a new tain. The theme was Youth Centered, • Amy Funderburk, Wake County hand truck for FBP. Although the store Library Focused. 88 Youth Services Public Libraries (Chair) was intentionally only available during staff from across the state were in at- • Katy Henderson, Chatham the summer, it will open again season- tendance. Recipients of the 2017 YSS Community Library ally in 2020 with new products. Maker Kit Grants shared how they • Virginia Martin, Duke University As of December, 2019, LBC has used the Maker Kits in their libraries. Libraries four members: Rase McCray, High Other presentations covered Autism • Rachel Olsen, UNC Greensboro Point Public Library (Chair); Jessica in the Library, Community Partner- • Jennifer Winford, Charlotte Schaefer, Forsyth County Public ships, Youth Activism, and Bilingual Mecklenburg Libraries Library; Jenneffer Sixkiller, Mooresville Storytimes. There were also opportuni- • Monica Young, Guilford Technical Public Library; and Stephanie Turner, ties for sharing program ideas and best Community College Jefferson Middle School in Forsyth practices. County. YSS worked with the State Library After learning from Finance that the to offer another grant opportunity in McLendon Fund needs more time to Rase McCray 2019 to North Carolina Youth Ser- mature before being used to fund vices staff. Five Diverse Books grants scholarships, the Committee decided were awarded to libraries across the on three scholarships of $1000 each. Youth Services Section state. The recipients of these grants The Finance Committee approved our 2017-2019 were announced at the 2019 NCLA request for $3,000, so on approval by The Youth Services Section supports Conference. the Board, we began promoting the library professionals, at all levels, YSS sponsored five sessions at the scholarships and accepting applications dedicated to providing quality ser- 2019 NCLA Conference, and also co- in early February. By the May 31st vices to children, young adults, and sponsored a Wine and Cheese recep- deadline, the committee received 19 families across North Carolina. We tion with PLS and REMCo. YSS complete applications. These applica- provide opportunities for our members staffed a table at conference to promote tions were reviewed and evaluated, and to increase their knowledge and un- the section, conference sessions, and winners chosen by mid-July. They were: derstanding of library related issues, held a raffle to give away sets of North • NCLA Memorial Scholarship, materials, services, and trends related Carolina Children’s Book Award books. $1000–Patricia Shimano Lyons to youth and families. The incoming board members were • Query-Long Scholarship, $1000– • The YSS Executive Board for 2017- announced at the Wine and Cheese Adrian Zeck 2019: reception and are as follows: • Appalachian Scholarship, $1000– • Meg Smith, Chair • Lisa Donaldson, Chair Alison P. Norris • Lisa Donaldson, Vice Chair/Chair • Matt Mano, Vice Chair/Chair Elect Elect • Jewel Davis, Secretary Once the winners were notified and • Tanika Martin, Past Chair • Helen Yamamoto, Treasurer provided the requisite proof of library • Helen Yamamoto, Secretary/ • Jen Pace Dickenson, Director of school attendance, the checks were sent Treasurer Membership and Communications out. Winners were announced and

56 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 presented with certificates at the annual 2017 received a summary of the Video conference in October. In Dec. 2017 the Executive Commit- Streaming webinar series that we spon- All the applications and recommen- tee met and discussed the Biennial sored with RTSS. We discussed setting dations for 2019 were submitted Conference activities and discussed up a social media task-sharing plan so through forms on the old website, webinar topics for the year, based on that the posting responsibilities were which were exact replicas of the origi- member survey results. The Board fairly distributed among the Exec. nal pre-internet paper scholarships made the decision to invest in a TNT Cmte. Also, we began making plans applications. With the move to a new webpage: https://nclatnt.org. This to bring Library Technology expert website, a new application was needed. webpage would include our blog, David Lee King to NC for a series of In creating this application, the com- webinar archive (You Tube channel), workshops in spring 2019. The State mittee was able to review and remove and have the ability to communicate Library had offered to co-sponsor these superfluous questions, and also to with TNT members. We also decided workshops and would cover handling clarify and highlight the more impor- to continue our bi-weekly Tech Event the arrangements with David and tant sections of the application. The Tuesday email messages to help sustain taking care of registration. These events goal is to make the application more member engagement. would be FREE of charge through a efficient and effective for both appli- Federal IMLS grant. Finally, we began cants and the committee, so we look 2018 making our initial plans for the 2019 forward to seeing how these changes In early 2018 the group discussed ex- NCLA Conference and we asked Noah impact the quality and numbers of ploring options for adding a social Lenstra to make a presentation similar applications received in 2021. media presence. We will poll our to his Jan. 2018 webinar. We also At the end of 2019, two committee members about their platform of planned to offer a “Top Tech Tools of members reached the end of their 6 choice. We also discussed ideas for in- 2018” webinar in December, but year term, but both opted to renew person training sessions to offer during delayed it to January due to weather. their involvement for a second term. the off-conference year. Finally, we We thank both Jennifer Winford and began consideration of starting a 2019 Monica Young for all their years of mentoring-type program for librarians In early 2019, the group decided on service, and for choosing to continue new to tech roles in their libraries. presentation proposals for the upcom- their work with the Scholarships Com- In summer 2018 the group met to ing 2019 NCLA Conference. We mittee! de-brief the webinars offered in spring planned to present a preconference 2018 and to discuss upcoming webinar session on web accessibility, Noah Amy Funderburk topic ideas. We also started making Lenstra agreed to revisit his webinar plans for the presentations we had been from 2018 and is coordinating a panel asked to make for the Fabulous Fridays discussion for us. We will also be pre- Technology & Trends 2017- events in fall 2018. In addition, TNT senting a Lightning Round session and 2019 had a presentation proposal accepted a Conversation Starter session in con- The members of the 2017-2019 Tech- for the upcoming NCSLMA Confer- junction with the Library Tech Re- nology & Trends (TNT) Executive ence in Oct. 2018. As a result of our source List, an effort to recruit librar- Board were as follows: member poll, we decided to add a ians in tech roles who would be willing • Chair: Julie Raynor, High Point Facebook page as our social media pres- to advise and “mentor” early career Public Library ence to launch on Sept. 4th, 2018. We librarians in technology positions, • Vice Chair/Chair-Elect: Chad will also post abbreviated versions of library students, and any other librar- Haefele, UNC Chapel Hill our Tech Event Tuesday messages on ians having questions about technol- • Secretary/Treasurer: Kate Hill, UNC our Facebook page (bi-weekly). Finally, ogy issues. Greensboro we voted to participate as a sponsor We were approached about offering • Director: Sarah Arnold, UNC for the upcoming Leadership Institute two conference related webinars, one Chapel Hill in November and contribute funding on poster session best practices and • Director: Amanda Glenn-Bradley, for BINGO prizes. one on the new Conference app, Sched. UNC Asheville In fall 2018 the group met to de- Finally, the Chair of the Conference • Immediate Past Chair: Jenny Dale, brief the Fabulous Friday event and Programs Cmte. asked us to co-spon- UNC Greensboro the NCSLMA presentations. We also sor a “Re-Charge” Space at the

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 57 Conference with NMRT. This space round tables and chairs, extra outlets, • May 22, 2018: “Streaming Video: So would be a comfortable, informal space and two charging towers to help you Many Options, How Do I Choose?” for people to gather, relax and re-charge stay connected with the world presented by Angela Dresselhaus, their devices. We committed to pur- outside the conference. East Carolina University, Dianne chasing two charging towers for this Ford, Elon University, and Julie space. Conference attendees would also TNT Business Meeting Raynor, High Point Public Library be able to use this space for networking In this meeting we will: (Part I in a Streaming Video webinar and impromptu meetings. TNT and • Elect four Executive Committee series, co-sponsored with RTSS) NMRT would have a presence in this Officers for the 2019-21 Biennium: • August 8, 2018: “Streaming Video space for interacting with their Vice Chair/Chair-Elect, Secretary/ 101 for Academic Libraries: Choos- members. Finally, we committee to Treasurer and two Directors ing, Paying, Delivering” presented by participate as a sponsor for the Librar- • Hear from the Outgoing and Winifred Metz, UNC-CH and ians Build Communities prize for their Incoming Chairs about the TNT’s Danette R. Pachtner, Duke Univer- spare change drive to benefit Forsyth accomplishments and goals going sity (Part II in a Streaming Video County schools. forward webinar series, co-sponsored with • Answer any questions from TNT RTSS) 2019 NCLA Conference activities members and potential members • August 15, 2018: “Getting Started Technology and Trends had an Infor- • Solicit feedback about new events/ with a 360 Degree Camera” pre- mation table where we used our iPad programs, etc. for the next Biennium sented by Ian Boucher, Dickinson spinning wheel app to give away TNT College “swag”. We plan to staff it in between This meeting is open to all current and • October 3, 2018: “Streaming Video sessions and during the lunch time past members and any potential 101 for Academic Libraries: Life hours with TNT member volunteers members. after Purchasing (Or We Have and Exec. Cmte. members. We will The Chair of the TNT Executive Streaming Media, Now What?)” also have a presence in the TNT/ Board for the 2019-2021 Biennium presented by Kate Hill, UNC NMRT Re-Charge Space and will hold will be: Chad Haefele from UNC Greensboro and Elizabeth Cramer, our Business Meeting in that space. Chapel Hill and the Immediate Past Appalachian State University (Part Chair will be: Julie Raynor, High Point III in a Streaming Video webinar Conference programs: Public Library series, co-sponsored with RTSS) • Pre-Conference, “Libraries: Spaces • Jan. 19, 2019: “Top Tech Tools of for Everyone – Web Accessibility Webinars 2018” presented by Chad Haefele, Basics and Beyond” • Jan. 17, 2018: “Reconceptualizing UNC-CH, Sarah Arnold, UNC-CH, • “Libraries: Spaces to Teach and Reference as Tech Support” pre- Jenny Dale, UNCG, and Julie Troubleshoot Technology” sented by Noah Lenstra from Raynor, High Point Public Library • “TNT’s Library Tech Resource UNCG • Aug. 14, 2019: Conference Prep, Networking Meetup” • Mar. 19, 2018: “More Fun with Part 1: “Level Up Your NCLA Cred • “Tech Tools Lightning Talks from Summon! Going Beyond the With Sched!” presented by Julie TNT” Trainings” presented by Kate Hill Raynor, High Point Public Library • Re-Charge Space (Co-sponsored from UNCG and Jake Vaccaro from • Sept. 19, 2019: Conference Prep, with New Members Roundtable)‒ Meredith College (to be presented Part 2: “Poster Presentations & Are you looking for a quiet space to again at the NC Live Annual Design” presented by Amanda catch up on emails, re-connect with Conference on May 14, 2018) Glenn-Bradley, UNC Asheville former co-workers and library school • May 16, 2018: “Bootstrap Basics for friends? Then the NCLA Re-Charge LibGuides 2.0: Accessibility and In-person Workshops and Space is for you! This space will be Dynamic Design for Libraries” Presentations open to you for the majority of the presented by Amanda Glenn-Brad- • May 14, 2018, NC Live Annual conference and will be setup for ley, UNC Asheville, and John Conference: “More Fun with informal conversations and time to Michael Bradley, Asheville-Bun- Summon! Going Beyond the “get away” from the conference combe Technical Community Trainings” presented by Kate Hill hubbub. There will be plenty of College from UNCG and Jake Vaccaro from

58 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Meredith College (a “command ű “You Can Believe It If It's Online Public Library (TNT-sponsored performance” of the webinar from (And Other Lies We Tell Our- presentation) March, based on interest) selves): Information Literacy, • May 21-23, 2019, three half-day • Fabulous Friday 2018 event (Oct. Social Media, and the Modern in-person workshops: “Emerging 5th & Oct. 12th) presentations Internet” presented by a member Technology Trends in Libraries”, ű Tools of the Trade: Technology of the TNT Exec. Committee presented by David Lee King Tools and Training YOU can • Oct. 5, 2018, NCSLMA Confer- (partnering with the State Library’s access from YOUR Library!” ence: “Amazing Things start with... Library Development Department). presented by Jeffrey Hamilton, Wikipedia?!” presented by Aislynn State Library of NC and a member Denny, Western Guilford Middle Julie Raynor of the TNT Exec. Committee School and Julie Raynor, High Point

“Emerging Technology Trends in Libraries”, “Emerging Technology Trends in Libraries”, Cumberland County May 2019 High Point May 2019

“Emerging Technology Trends in Libraries”, Asheville May 2019

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 59 North Carolina Books Compiled by Al Jones

or seizure of equipment. Tar Heel Lightnin’: The author is a professor of history at UNC Asheville, How Secret Stills and Fast Cars focused, not surprisingly, on the South Appalachian Region, Made North Carolina the both its history and the environmental issues in the area. Moonshine Capital of the World. He has published books on the Great Smoky Mountains and NASCAR racing, as well as articles on these topics. Daniel S. Pierce Chapel Hill: University of North Readers interested in the various aspects of North Caro- Carolina Press, 2019. 303 pp. lina history will find this book a fascinating look at a $30.00. ISBN 978-1-4696-5355-6. subculture that has existed for almost 200 years.

Mark Schumacher University North Carolina Greensboro his volume tells the story of two centuries of moonshine Tproduction in North Carolina, presented in a gener- ally chronological format, from the arrival of British im- Eloquence Embodied: Nonverbal migrants in the 1700s to the bootleggers of the 1960s. In Communication Among French and addition to the 15 chapters, there are 27 “sidebars.” Most Indigenous Peoples in the Americas of the latter are brief biographies of moonshiners, includ- Celine Carayon ing some who have been named to a hypothetical Moon- Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute of Early shine Hall of Fame by the author! One sidebar, however, American History and Culture and the discusses the numerous terms that have been used to de- University of North Carolina Press, 201. 472 pp., 22 illus., 2 maps. scribe the alcoholic beverages, some of which are 160 years $49.95 IBSN: 9781469652627. old, while others are as recent as the 1950s. One impressive element of the book is the excellent use of newspaper articles to recount numerous events through- ommunication between the New World inhabitants out the state over more than a century. The articles capture Cand those of the Old European World was difficult the range of bootleg liquor activities, from obtaining sup- due to linguistic differences. Using tools of paralinguistics, plies to make moonshine to different modes of distribution Celine Carayon relays a story of mutual bonding via methods in different regions of North Carolina. In addition, nonverbal communication among the French settlers in numerous photographs show sites where moonshine was the New World. Contemporary French written accounts produced, famous moonshiners, scenes from movies such and copper plate illustrations in the book show that as “Thunder Road” with Robert Mitchum, and other items, nonverbal communications prevented misunderstandings such as souvenirs and posters connected with the industry. and enabled the French to gain a toe hold on the Amer- This book provides a rich, detailed portrait of the moonshine icas in a way other European colonists were unable to world in North Carolina, explaining why some Tar Heel surmount. Some of this success can be credited to the citizens took up making alcoholic beverages, because of type of French settler who tended to be independent back economic necessity. After World War II, North Carolina’s woodsmen who had of necessity to communicate with moonshine industry was among the largest in the country. First Nations Peoples. The struggle between moonshiners and the law is a major Spanish and English settlers tended to be more orga- theme throughout the book, with constantly evolving nized and regimented in their dealings with New World situations depending on changing laws and contemporary peoples. While the French were moving ever westward in attitudes. At times bootleggers got away unscathed, but Canada with their First World allies, the Spanish and often frequent, well-organized raids led to the destruction English engaged in looting what the natives had. The

60 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 noted 19th century historian Francis Parkman noted that running down to the river to catch crab with a string to “Spanish civilization crushed the Indian; English civiliza- entering the Culinary Institute of America is rather awe- tion scorned and neglected him; French civilization em- inspiring. The knowledge he acquired along the way ex- braced and cherished him.” Part of the success of the panded his horizons, yet he always found a connection French in the New World, Carayon argues, can be traced to North Carolina and the native foods he loved as a to their use of nonverbal communication. young boy. These connections were leading him back Accounts of French colonists in Canada and in Brazil home to teach and to feed the people of his home. The relate how the two groups communicated through rudi- history he preaches talks of simple times and his recipes mentary signs. Anyone traveling along I-40 and gets cut follow suit. off in heavy traffic, will recall the power of paralingustic Moore says he asks himself, “What can I do better signs given and received (think birds here). Carayon cites every day?” While he does this by improving his recipes many books and charts that catalog and illustrate the and his menus, he also gives back, not because he’s required nonverbal signs used by the French. These communica- to, but because he feels intertwined with the community tions created unique personal bonds between the two of Durham. From helping out the school district with groups that facilitated expansion of the French culture dinner fundraisers to hosting The Green Book Supper into the New World. At times Carayon relates this ability Club to showcase African American chefs in North Car- to communicate that enabled the groups to demonstrate olina, Moore continues to educate and feed his com- their hostility toward each other in ways the English and munity. His cookbook continues his need to teach, start- Spanish could not do. ing with the basic types of fish/shellfish out there; lessons At the end of her work the author encourages paralin- on knife handling; and even how to store your used fish guists to explore nonverbal communication among the “grease.” He’s covered every aspect of working with seafood Spanish and English settlers. Historians of First World with very entertaining sidebars on his life growing up in Peoples in North Carolina would do well to explore the North Carolina, his time served in the military and his nonverbal interaction between the English and First World time as a top French chef. In fact one of the lessons he Peoples in our state. learned in culinary school is to keep order, or “mise en place,” which means “everything in its place and a place Ralph Scott for everything.” He was taught this too by the women East Carolina University Libraries who cared for him as he grew up, but when he learned this official phrase he saw all aspects of his life connect. In essence this “aha” moment opened his eyes to where Saltbox Seafood Joint his own “right place” should be--back in North Carolina. Ricky Moore And yes, it is not forgotten that there are also sixty Chapel Hill: University of North recipes in the cookbook too! From frying fish to chowders Carolina Press, 2019. 160 pp. to all the side dishes Southerners eat with seafood—the $25.00. ISBN 978-1-4696-5353-2. recipes are well-organized in a logical progression. His simple recipes by no means lessen the complexity of his icky Moore calls himself an great impact on the culture of North Carolina. He says Revangelist for local North in the book, “Change seems to happen if you put good Carolina seafood and his church food in front of people.” Reading Moore’s cookbook shows is the Saltbox Seafood Joint, the restaurant he’s owned in us a slice of what is good about growing up in North Durham for the last 7 years. With his first cookbook, The Carolina intertwined with some good home cooking. It Saltbox Seafood Joint Cookbook, Moore has gone ahead connects all of us to that same sense of place, which can and created a bible for down east seafood cooking with bring about only positive change for sure. an added historical perspective that only makes one crave This book would be a delicious and meaningful addi- salvation in some fried bone-in-fish and hushpuppies, or tion to any public or academic library with a North rather, Hush-Honeys, as Moore calls his version of the Carolina history collection. classic side dish. This cookbook is more than a list of recipes, but a Maria C. Ramusevic well-told history of his life intertwined with the history East Carolina University of southern seafood. His evolution from a young boy

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 61 Road Through Midnight: A Civil historical marker. Many visual moments like these are Rights Memorial present in Road Through Midnight — seemingly mundane or innocuous places hold histories that are seldom discussed Jessica Ingram or easily overlooked. The photos that Ingram selects are Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina made powerful when paired with the accompanying nar- Press, 2020. 240 pp. $35.00. ISBN 978- 1-4696-5423-2 rative. Due to the nature of the topic, Road Through Midnight is suited for older audiences. As a documentary styled work about violence that accompanied the Civil Rights move- ment, this title would be ideal for public, academic, or s the subtitle states, Road Through Midnight: A Civil special libraries that collect works about the South, the ARights Memorial is a somber collection of photos and Civil Rights era and movement. stories collected by the author that serves to memorialize many lesser known victims of Ku Klux Klan (KKK) violence Tiffany Henry in the South during the Civil Rights era. The author, Jessica University of North Carolina Greensboro Ingram, is an assistant professor of art at Florida State University. With her specialization in photography, her expertise shows with the thoughtful blending of image and “When I Go Back to My Home text throughout the book. Although Ingram is an accom- Country”: A Remembrance of plished visual artist and scholar, Road Through Midnightis Archie Ammons her first published book. Emily Herring Wilson Road Through Midnightpairs images and text narrative Fountain, NC: R.A. Fountain, 2019. to gather an assembly of stories about murder victims of 160 pp. $20.00. the KKK. Many of the victims were targeted because of ISBN 978-0-9842-1023-7 their activism during the Civil Rights movement and a vast majority of the victims were black. The pictures in the book are a mixture of contemporary photographs of key places s it possible for an American poet to be influenced heavily taken by the author or archival images dating back to either Iby an encounter with another poet/painter? Throughout the 1950s or 1960s. Each story focuses on a different case, the pages of the book, “When I Go Back to My Home many of which have either gone cold over the years or Country”: A Remembrance of Archie Ammons, author Emily remain officially unsolved. The book includes a brief preface Herring Wilson recounts the highlights of her 30-year in the beginning to highlight the purpose of the title as an friendship and association with Archie Ammons. Specifi- interpretive work and it concludes with an afterword that cally, the friendship began in 1974 when Archie Ammons delves into how Ingram began the project that evolved into was on sabbatical from Cornell University and “came home” the book. The afterword delves into how the research took to North Carolina to teach some classes at Wake Forest shape over time and the author’s purpose behind telling University. After the friendship was solidified at Wake the stories selected. Interspersed between the image-narra- Forest, Emily Herring Wilson was later invited by Archie tive pairings are excerpts of oral histories from surviving Ammons to Cornell University so that she could listen to family members of the memorialized victims and a few lectures given by Archie Ammons and teach some one- from the journalists who worked and reported on many of semester classes herself. the cases. The use of the oral histories enhances the stories The book is interspersed with author commentary as told by allowing for voices that are not usually a part of well as specific poems by Archie Ammons, including the many mainstream Civil Rights narratives. following: “Still,” “Ten Years Ago I Was,” “For Emily What makes Ingram’s visuals so striking in Road Through Wilson, from a Newcomer,” “I Went Back,” “Chiseled Midnight is the connection the reader makes between the Clouds,” and “My Father, I Hollow for You.” On several photographs and each narrative told in the book. In the occasions in the book, the author includes her own literary afterword, Ingram describes coming across a former slave works to illustrate the enormous impact that her friendship auction site while traveling in Alabama. The author notes with poet/painter Archie Ammons had on her own literary how they could have easily not known the historical impact development. Specifically, she includes several of her own and significance of the spot if it was not for the newly added poems, such as “Hairpin” and “The Bread and Butter of

62 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Life.” The book also includes 65 photographs and 3 color (1885-1888). By his graduation date, Aaron Moore had reproductions of Archie Ammons’s watercolor paintings. to pay a $20 graduation fee, defend a medical thesis, dissect Emily Herring Wilson still resides with her husband a cadaver, and pass all exams with a 75% average or higher. near the Wake Forest University campus in Winston-Salem, Dr. Moore transported a dedicated work ethic from medical North Carolina. Besides “When I Go Back to My Home school with him directly into his medical practice. As Dr. Country: A Remembrance of Archie Ammons,” author Emily Moore progressed in the medical field, he kept a “physician’s Herring Wilson has written several other works, including visiting book” in which he documented visits with patients the following: Arise Up and Call Her Blessed (1982), Hope and recorded his medical expenses. Dr. Moore only charged and Dignity: Older Black Women of the South (1983), For patients $2.00/visit, but also accepted reluctantly a bag of the People of North Carolina: The Z Smith Reynolds Founda- grain or loaf of bread if patients couldn’t pay. Besides being tion at Half-Century, 1936-1986 (1988), Get a Good Life a doctor for the African American community, Dr. Moore (1997), North Carolina Women: Making History (with Mar- served as a Sunday School teacher at White Rock Baptist garet Supplee Smith) (1999), Two Gardeners: Katharine S. Church. Dr. Moore’s wife, Mrs. Sara McCotta (Cottie) White and Elizabeth Lawrence: A Friendship in Letters (2002); Dancy Moore also performed extraordinary tasks for the No One Gardens Alone: A Life of Elizabeth Lawrence (2004), times helping her husband sterilize instruments, sanitize and The Three Graces of Val-Kill: Eleanor Roosevelt, Marion linens, and make soap or disinfectant. Dickerman, and Nancy Cook in the Place They Made Their In this book, the author details specific accomplishments Own (2017). of Dr. Aaron McDuffie Moore during his lifetime, namely This book is intended to showcase the successful 30-year the following: Dr. Moore’s enrollment (in 1885) at Shaw friendship between the author and poet/artist Archie University’s Leonard Medical School (the first Black medical Ammons. The interwoven poems, personal reminiscences school in North Carolina and the first four-year medical of the author’s interactions with Archie Ammons, and the school in the United States); Dr. Moore’s collaboration recollections of Shelby Stephenson, former North Caro- with John Merrick and C.C. Spaulding to form the Old lina Poet Laureate, draw the reader’s attention to the content North State Medical Society (1887); the formation of the matter of the book. Because of its specific scope and subject North Carolina Mutual and Provident Association in 1899; matter, “When I Go Back to My Home Country”: A Remem- the founding of the Durham Drug Company (1895); es- brance of Archie Ammons would be suitable for inclusion tablishing the Durham Colored Library (1913); working in any academic library with a focus on North Carolina with John Merrick and C.C. Spaulding to form Durham’s literature or poets/artists who have made a contribution to Black Wall Street; and writing a speech in 1915 which was the state’s literary history. called “Negro School Problem Condition-Remedy: Let Us Reason” where he called for change in African American David W. Young school conditions and funding. University of North Carolina at Pembroke Besides the rich narrative outlined in the pages of the book, the author includes a Dr. Moore family tree, several photographs/maps, a chronology of notable events in Dr. Aaron McDuffie Moore: An African- Moore’s life, and an extensive bibliography of both primary American Physician, Educator, and and secondary sources. Where possible, Blake Hill-Saya Founder of Durham’s Black Wall has included quotations from Dr. Moore as well as remi- Street niscences from his two daughters, Lyda Vivian Moore Merrick & Mattie Louise Moore McDougald. Blake Hill-Saya Blake Hill-Saya is a classical musician, opera singer, and Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. 258 pp. $26.95. creative writer who resides in Los Angles, California. Because ISBN 978-1-4696-5585-7 of its specific scope and subject matter, Aaron McDuffie Moore: An African American Physician, Educator, and Founder of Durham’s Black Wall Street would be suitable for inclusion aron McDuffie Moore, a notable contributor to African in any academic or special library with a focus on the AAmerican medical history in North Carolina, intend- contributions of African Americans to the field of medicine. ed to advance the condition of African Americans living in the area of Durham, North Carolina. Eventually, Dr. David W. Young Moore attended Shaw University’s Leonard Medical School University of North Carolina at Pembroke

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 63 UNC A to Z: What Every Tar Heel South: The Carolina Playmakers and the Quest for American Needs to Know about the First Drama. State University This book is recommended for all libraries. Graduates of UNC will read it to discover new facts about their Nicholas Graham and Cecelia Moore university. Other readers will discover that the entries Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. 296 pp. $24.00. provide an insight into academic, social, and cultural history ISBN 978146955833 of North Carolina that have shaped numerous leaders of the state.

Robert Arndt t does not matter what shade of blue (or even red) you University of North Carolina at Pembroke Ifavor in North Carolina, UNC A to Z: What Every Tar Heel Needs to Know about the First State University is an interesting and fascinating read. Its short entries make the Great Day Hikes on North Carolina’s book very browsable and enjoyable. You never know when Mountains-to-Sea Trail you will come across some interesting tidbit such as first users of email on the campus received a 38-page manual Jim Grode, ed. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina explaining how to use the service or that a creek (Meeting Press, 2020. 256 pp. $24.00. of the Waters Creek) runs under the campus. ISBN 978-1-4696-5485-0 UNC A to Z, as the title implies, is arranged alphabeti- cally, but does not have to be read in order. Readers can orth Carolina’s Mountains-to-Sea use the index to locate a specific entry or thumb through NTrail (MST) stretches from west the book and pick an entry to read. The book provides to east across the state beginning at history on the major buildings, events, traditions, and Clingmans Dome in the Great Smoky Mountains near the leaders. It is not exhaustive in its coverage of sports or Tennessee border and ending at Jockey’s Ridge State Park athletes as these are available in other sources. Neither are on the Outer Banks. Its 1,175 miles of trails highlight the all of the academic departments and their accomplishments state’s rich geographic, cultural, and natural history as it listed. The authors felt it would “oversimplify their work meanders through mountain vistas, piedmont farmlands, and leave out too many important people and accomplish- and coastal swamps while showcasing small towns, urban ments.” greenways, and cultural sites of interest along the way. No recent book on UNC would be complete without Imagine the reviewer’s surprise to find her own small home- mention of “Silent Sam” and the controversy surrounding town of Roseboro included as one of the day hikes in the the statue. The book handles the question of race and race Coastal Plain and Outer Banks region! relations very subtly. There is an entry on “Silent Sam,” This well-organized guidebook begins with a history of Confederate Monument controversy. There is an entry for the MST from its early beginnings in 1973, including the slavery that provides a brief overview of slaves and slavery 1997 formation of the non-profit organization, Friends of on the campus. Other entries mention whether slaves were the Mountains-to-Sea Trail. The Friends group builds, used in construction of buildings or the proceeds from maintains, and improves the MST while promoting its use slavery were used to fund a builder. Entries on university among North Carolinians. The book’s editor, Jim Grode, leaders and major donors identify who served in the Con- is the trail resource manager for Friends of the Mountains- federacy. The entry on “Integration” is one of the longer to-Sea Trail and all the hike descriptions were written by entries in the book. This entry provides an overview but Friends members. The Friends previously published three individual entries mention leaders, events, and buildings regional guides to the MST in 2017 and maintain a robust in the battle for integration and equal rights. Entries do website for persons interested in completing a thru-hike not deify or demonize, simply present the information. of the trail. UNC A to Z was written by Nicholas Graham, univer- The forty hikes included in the guidebook can be easily sity archivist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel completed in a day and are arranged by region: Mountain Hill, and Cecelia D. Moore, former university historian at region, Piedmont region, and Coastal Plain and Outer the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Cecelia Banks region. Each entry begins with a hike summary is also the author of Federal Theatre Project in the American containing the following elements: distance, difficulty (from

64 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 easy to strenuous), type of trail, trailheads with GPS coor- young athletes become discouraged enough to walk away dinates, elevation changes, MST segment, trail highlights, from sports entirely. Dr. Jennifer Etnier envisions a better and whether man’s faithful companion is allowed. The hike world for youth sports and sees that change beginning overview allows the reader to visualize the hike through its with good coaching. Etnier’s Coaching for the Love of the descriptive narrative. Each entry also includes driving and Game: A Practical Guide for Working with Young Athletes parking instructions, special considerations (weather, wild- is a handbook to her system of positive coaching appli- life, bugs, closeness to private property or hunting areas), cable to young athletes from beginners to high schoolers. and links to additional information about that hike. Two Coaching for the Love of the Game reads like a how-to especially valuable items in the guidebook are the hike table guide, emphasizing practical tips, techniques, and ac- with distance and difficulty available at a glance and the tivities while providing just enough theoretical grounding hike finder that organizes the hikes by points of interest: that a parent without formal training in teaching or birding, history, unique ecology or geology, waterfalls, coaching can situate herself in that context. In 12 brisk wildflowers, small towns, water lovers, summer cooldown, chapters, Etnier covers critical concepts in youth coaching and universal accessibility. Each hike includes a beautiful that often go unexamined, including the stages of physi- full-color picture and a clearly drawn topographical map cal and mental development across childhood; gender featuring the route, its landmarks, and access points. The biases in sports; developing a pedagogy of coaching; and guidebook is supplemented by additional, up-to-date in- the relationships between coaches and parents of athletes. formation for the entire MST at https://mountainstoseat- Each chapter effectively coaches the reader through its rail.org/the-trail/. topic, asking questions and encouraging the reader to ask This guidebook would be a welcome addition to librar- more in return; highlighting key points and offering ies of all types across North Carolina, especially those that example scenarios; and concluding with “Why This support active hiking communities. It would make a great Matters” wrap ups and an activity to help the reader gift for North Carolinians who want to explore the “real” synthesize each lesson. Moreover, the organization of the North Carolina away from its busy interstate highways. book mirrors tenants of Etnier’s system, such as its pro- Readers can choose to explore local trails through section gression from simple, discrete lessons in early chapters to hiking or, for the more ambitious, a thru-hike of the entire complex, interconnected issues in its latter chapters. The Mountains-to-Sea Trail utilizing the Friends website. Happy result is a framework capable of empowering inexperienced trails! coaches without overwhelming them with minutiae. Etnier is a sports psychologist and professor of kinesi- Teresa LePors ology at UNC-Greensboro. She is also a former athlete Elon University and coach, and now the parent of young athletes. This is her second book about youth sports, following 2009’s Bring Your “A” Game: A Young Athlete’s Guide to Mental Coaching for the Love of the Game: Toughness. Her prose is straightforward and approachable. A Practical Guide for Working with She explicitly repeats significant points and breaks-down Young Athletes abstract concepts without trivializing their formal defini- tions. These efforts, combined with her frequent use of Jennifer L. Etnier pop-cultural analogies, keep the book’s reading level ac- Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. 192 pp. $16.00. cessible for a general adult audience. This book is recom- ISBN 978-1-4696-5483-6 mended for adults interested in increasing their involve- ment in youth sports, as well as students in numerous degree programs such as exercise science, physical educa- tion, or sports psychology. Coaching for the Love of the ontemporary youth sports are a multibillion-dollar Game would be a welcome addition in most academic Cbusiness with over 45 million children participating and public libraries. in them. However, the parents and volunteers coaching these children receive little or no training and often over- Jesse Akman emphasize winning, causing stress and burnout for kids Elon University and parents alike. As youth sports are professionalized and their fun and rewards are subordinated to winning,

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 65 Fire and Stone: The Making of the University of North Carolina under in just over 15 years and against the backdrop of world Presidents Edward Kidder Graham war, disease, post-war social and civic upheaval, rapid and Harry Woodburn Chase technological advancements, battles over academic freedom, and pendulum political swings makes the history captivat- Howard E. Covington, Jr. ing, colorful, and appreciably relevant to issues in higher Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina at education today. Chapel Hill Library, 2018. 528 pp. $35.00. A North Carolina native, Covington is an award-winning ISBN 978-1-4696-5182-8 journalist, historian, and biographer of the state, its people, and institutions. He has written or co-written more than ire and Stone explores a remarkable era of challenge fifteen works of North Carolina history and biography, F and growth in the history of the University of North each tapping richer veins of context, connection, and Carolina under the leadership of two presidents with very memory that make history come alive. Fire and Stone is different styles and strengths, who nonetheless shared a the second volume in the UNC’s Coates University Lead- fierce devotion to the university and bold visions for its ership Series and is meticulously researched and a pleasure future. Edward Kidder Graham and then Harry Woodburn to read, featuring black and white photographs, appendi- Chase led the school from 1915-1931. Graham was an ces, detailed notes, and a rich bibliography of primary and alumnus, beloved UNC faculty member, and compelling secondary sources. orator, felled by the deadly influenza of 1918. Chase was A treasure trove of vivid facts and details (e.g., UNC’s a more reticent leader and a Yankee from Massachusetts of compulsory status as a training facility under complete all things, but he wielded the written word on the Univer- military control in 1918), the book enriches context by sity’s behalf with consummate eloquence and skill. What weaving the story of UNC’s advancement with North Graham began, Chase continued and grew with consistent Carolina’s own growing pains in shedding an unfortunate success, guiding the provincial Chapel Hill campus, founded reputation for backwardness by modernizing infrastructure, in the 18th century “in a sylvan grove off the beaten path grudgingly accepting the encroachment of secularism, and to keep it free from undesirable outside influences” into a increasing public and private support and goodwill for true and top flight university, erecting new buildings, es- higher education. The book is the story of two men and tablishing new academic departments and professional the extraordinary good works they did to ensure that the schools, and increasing annual state support. Other key University of North Carolina positioned itself as a cham- advancements included expanding the student body to pion of continued advancement, internationally recognized represent all corners of the state and rungs of the social standards of excellence, and indefatigable Tar Heel pride. ladder, and hiring and retaining high quality faculty (Chase Recommended for academic and public libraries. noting proudly in 1919 that “the University of North Carolina is no longer a training school of professors for the Susannah Benedetti University of Virginia”). University of North Carolina Wilmington This progress positioned UNC to take its place as a leading research and teaching institution in the state, the south, and the nation. That this transformation occurred

Looking for help with collection development?

If you want to expand your library’s collection of novels set in North Carolina, you should visit the Read North Carolina Novels blog hosted by the North Carolina Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (http://blogs.lib.unc.edu/ncnovels/).

If your interest in North Caroliniana is more general, the North Carolina Collection at UNC-Chapel Hill regularly posts lists of new additions to their collection at this address: http://blogs.lib.unc.edu/ncm/index. php/whats-new-in-the-north-carolina-collection/.

66 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 Wired to the World

Ralph Scott Twitch and Discord

uring building shutdowns due to Most of this software runs on Windows machines, COVID 19, several different online but is possible to use Macs running WireCast platforms are being used by library staff software to run Twitch. Dto connect with patrons. Face to face replicators Discord, (www.discord.com) is like Twitch but such as Zoom and WebEx are among the most is a more personal discussion group type of common internet tools used to meet with indi- package. Discord runs on your computer and you viduals. Some libraries however have experiment- control who can join in on the conversation. ed with using gaming platforms such as Twitch Discord was initially set up for gamers to use to to reach out to groups of readers. Twitch enables discuss the operation of their games. Simple the user to live stream or pre-record gaming ses- replace the games with books and libraries can sions with viewers. You can also run a chat box use Discord as a book discussion platform. You on the side while the game is running. To use can set up Discord groups dealing with cooking, Twitch you need an internet enable device and a COVID 19, bird watching, home schooling, etc. connection to www.twitch.tv. If you want to create Discord was developed to help groups get to- your own library content on Twitch you need to gether and not have VoIP charges for their group sign up for an account at www.twitch.com activities. Most VoIP services require a fee, but Examples of librarians running book clubs on Discord is free since it is hosted on your own Twitch include: ZoZee_Librarian, MysticsLibrary computer. Discord does have a premium service: (with 21k followers), Pulp Comic book club. Discord Nitro that offers some enhancements to Twitch has a navigation bar to the left and a chat the basic service. Discord replicates the chat func- window on the right. This enable the readers to tions in games, but provides a better quality audio navigate through the game and chat while watch- service. Discord enable you to get a group of ing. You can broadcast via Twitch using a com- people together say for a book talk, and arrange puter or a late model gaming console. So for a time for them to all meet at one time to talk example you could broadcast a children’s book about the book. session where you read to your audience and they Both of these platforms will enable librarians can interact/replay the session as they wish. You to arrange groups for discussions on the web. will need an open source broadcast software for They are ideal ways to connect with your patrons your device or you can purchase a commercial during the COVID crises. Even beyond the package such as Xsplit Gamecaster. Twitch has a current circumstances, these platforms and others software support page that provides help with will provide libraries with another method of setting up your system with different software services and outreach to both current users and packages. In many cases you will need to install other users who have no interest in entering brick other software such as Direct X, and QuickTime. and mortar buildings.

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 67 * Lagniappe *Lagniappe (lan-yap, lan yap ) n. An extra or unexpected gift or benefit. [Louisiana French] William Joseph Thomas, Assistant Director for Collections and Scholarly Communications, Joyner Library, East Carolina University Highlighting NC LIVE’s Home Grown eBooks

ave you read Kaye Gibbons’ Ellen Foster? Philip Gerard’s Hatteras Light? How about HJill McCorkle’s Life After Life? What do these three have in common (apart from their NC authors)? They’re all available in NC LIVE’s HomeGrown eBooks collection, along with more than 4,500 other titles. Rob Ross, ex- ecutive director of NC LIVE, says that the HomeGrown eBooks collection began in 2014 in order to collect and Fantasy. Avid readers can dive into collections. Heart-pounding adven- offer North Carolina-published novels by Julia Alvarez, romance from tures like Charles Grant’s He Told Me popular and scholarly titles. He par- Patricia Lee Macomber, or short stories To can be found there, or the light- ticularly highlighted their benefits by Curtis Smith or Michael Parker. hearted Anton and Cecil: Cats at Sea. across all NC LIVE communities of Nonfiction’s twenty-one collections YA Nonfiction includes literary criti- interest: perpetual ownership with ramble across performing arts, North cism, science, a series on joining the unlimited simultaneous uses with no Carolina history, biographies and US military, and more. digital rights management means every memoirs, folklore, and education. An NC LIVE created HomeGrown book is always available, even popular avid cook, NC LIVE director Rob Ross eBooks after spending six months and current titles that could be adopted mentioned a predilection for the Food studying various consortial models, by local book clubs or university class- & Wine collection, although addi- and piloting a small collection from es.1 tional notable collections include Cul- North Carolina publisher John F. HomeGrown titles are broadly tural Heritage, Poetry, Religion, and Blair.3 Staff determined that they would divided among three “curations” or Travel. From last year’s additions, Elvis proceed with a plan to purchase per- anthologies: Fiction, Nonfiction, and Speaks from Beyond the Grave caught petual ownership to the titles with Young Adult and Juvenile Fiction and the eye of our colleague at Durham unlimited simultaneous users, ensure Nonfiction. Each anthology is further Tech; this title, along with Aliens in the MARC records were provided to aid subdivided into collections, and all are Backyard, is featured in the “Folklore discovery, on a platform that would browseable or searchable. The Fiction & Supernatural” Collection.2 permit authenticated users to search, anthology contains more than 600 The over 200 titles within the Young browse, view and download content works in the following collections: Adult and Juvenile Fiction and Nonfic- to their computers or mobile devices. Popular Fiction, Romance, Short tion anthology are grouped into the From that small pilot and determina- Stories, Mysteries & Thrillers, West- Children’s Fiction, YA General Fiction, tion of the way forward, NC LIVE erns, Horror, War & Military Fiction, YA Mystery, Thriller, &Horror, YA with an initial group of about 1200 Historical Fiction, and Sci-Fi & Sci-Fi & Fantasy, and YA Nonfiction titles, from a group of publishers that

1. Rob Ross, email message to author, June 29, 2020. 2. Brooks, Stephen, “NC LIVE’s HomeGrown Collection Adds 495 Titles,” Durham Tech Library Blog, May 30, 2019, https://libraryblog.durhamtech.edu/?p=5038. 3. Morris, Jill. 2015. “Home Grown Ebooks: North Carolina’s Collaborative Ebook Pilot Project.” Collaborative Librarianship 7 (1): 16–21.

68 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 included not only John F. Blair but that NC LIVE appreciates. Usage of also Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, the HomeGrown collection has been Crossroad Press, Gryphon House, excellent—nearly 19,000 fulltext views Ingalls Publishing Group, McFarland, last year, and NC LIVE staff have Press 53, and UNC Press.4 Duke Uni- found that usage at an individual versity Press also began providing library expands dramatically when HomeGrown ebooks in recent years, records are loaded to the catalog. NC and NC LIVE staff continue to seek LIVE staff also ensure that Serials So- out other publishers for content. lutions and Summon are up to date The Executive Director of NC LIVE on coverage. leads negotiations with the publishers, The publishing platform, Bib- and members of the Resource Advi- lioBoard, was selected because it offered sory Committee select the individual the most flexibility (especially with titles to be purchased. On an ongoing respect to DRM-free titles) and best basis, NC LIVE’s objective is to add value, according to Ross. NC LIVE between 1,000 and 2,000 titles per has periodically assessed other plat- year to HomeGrown, funding them forms since 2014 but, he states, they from pledges by libraries from across have not found another that better the communities of interest. NC LIVE meets their needs.6 BiblioBoard pro- is occasionally able to apply unused vides an easy-to-use experience, grant funds or reserves funds to supple- framing the text in a central area on ment the member library donations, screen, with advance and return icons according to Ross.5 in a navigation ribbon on the side. NC LIVE welcomes suggestions for Users can also zoom into text or images, publishers to work with, or specific or share via Facebook, Twitter, or Pin- titles to consider. Another way librar- terest. Creating and signing into a free ies can help is by supporting Home- BiblioBoard account permits users to Grown during the annual pledge drive save favorites, create bookmarks, add that occurs. The base contribution notes, and sync their preferences to the request is only $300 per year, a won- account. derful value of about $15 per title for In addition to the HomeGrown existing ebooks. More importantly, eBook collection, NC LIVE users can those funds are used to add new titles access BiblioBoard core collections each year. During the 2018-2019 year, open access collections. BiblioBoard’s 1,206 new ebooks were acquired with Core is described as its “chief historical those pledge funds, and for 2019- database,” containing 400 anthologies 2020, another 495 were added. Librar- with more than 14,000 ebooks and ies can set up recurring pledges and 24,000 other primary source docu- can select which quarter they give. For ments. These anthologies cover a wide more information on supporting variety of subjects, from Abolitionism HomeGrown, see https://www.nclive. in the United States and American org/support_homegrown. Slave Narratives to collections focused Catalogers at UNC-CH, NCSU, on Yosemite and the Zodiac. There is and Duke University create and a substantial anthology on Cherokees. enhance MARC records so that NC There are also many historical anthol- LIVE constituents can download them ogies focused on specific time periods to their catalogs—gifts of their time and places, literary collections focused

4. Ibid. 5. Rob Ross, in discussion with the author, June 30, 2020. 6. Rob Ross, email message to author, June 29, 2020.

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 69 on individual authors, religious studies Day Speech. Many of the other audio course the titles in the HomeGrown collections, and collections on many files are concerts or readings of litera- Collection are immediately available more subjects, including art, entertain- ture. Additional content types are ar- and accessible to any NC resident with ment, and music. ticles and documents (documents a library card. It is a valuable collection Open access collections in Bib- include maps, scores, and other prints). to highlight, especially with so many lioBoard include Open Educational titles from North Carolina publishers Collections, Public Library of Science like UNC Press and Duke University Research, exhibits from libraries and Press. The titles were selected by ex- archives, community history projects, ploring the HomeGrown Collection and classic literature, including “Reads by subject and also searching for key for Kids” (featuring a lovely edition of terms. The focus of the list is African The Velveteen Rabbit!). Also of note are American history, social studies, lit- an African American history collection, erature, biographies, memoirs, and art. collection of scholarly content on Race, Many titles are specific to our state, Gender & Sexuality Studies, and which makes it of particular interest COVID-19 community projects. to NC LIVE members. Ross hopes that In addition to traditional text-based libraries share the list with their books, BiblioBoard contains other patrons. Librarians are encouraged to formats. One potentially overlooked copy the list and modify it to meet the format is video, with nearly 400 selec- specific needs of their communi- tions ranging from a “History of Toys” ties. Public libraries could select titles to “The Chemistry of Beer” by way of from the list for book clubs. Aca- Frank Capra’s “Why We Fight” series demic libraries could promote titles to and dramatic productions of literary Another important use of Home- faculty to use in coursework. Each classics. Many of the latter are films in Grown ebooks came recently. In re- entry in the List links to that work the public domain. There are also more sponse to Black Lives Matter protests within HomeGrown.7 than 5,000 image files and 260 audio after the death of George Floyd, many Future developments that NC LIVE recordings. Among the image files are libraries and institutions were publish- is exploring are North Carolina-relat- a photograph from the Selma to Mont- ing responses. NC LIVE wanted to ed titles published by other university gomery March for the Right to Vote, show support by sharing useful re- presses, or titles written by UNC well-known paintings by Maxfield sources, so staff created and shared an system faculty by published outside Parrish, and lithographs, postcards, Anti-Racism Reading List of more than the state. Another exciting possibility and maps. Among the notable audio 100 titles from HomeGrown books. is NC-related video content. Remem- recordings is an interview about Rosa There was and is a huge demand for ber to help provide these titles during Parks, “60 Years On” by her niece, popular anti-racist titles. Many of these the next pledge period, and in the Sheila McCauley Keys, and another is titles are checked out, unavailable, or meantime, explore HomeGrown! Eleanor Roosevelt’s World Children’s delayed due to high demand, but of

7. Ibid.

70 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 North Carolina Libraries Editorial Board

EDITOR Ralph Lee Scott Joyner Library, ECU [email protected]

ASSOCIATE Terry W. Brandsma Harvey Long W. Joseph Thomas EDITORS Jackson Library, UNC-Greensboro Student Success Librarian, NC A&T Joyner Library, ECU [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Anne Coleman John Raynor Catherine Tingelstad Asst. Dean for Research Services, High Point Public Library Public Services, UNC Charlotte UNC Pembroke [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Allan Scherlen Jamane Yeager Denelle Eads Social Sciences Librarian, ASU Reference / Electronic Resources Atkins Library, [email protected] Librarian, Elon University UNC Charlotte [email protected] [email protected] Elizabeth H. Smith Professor Emerita, ECU Al Jones [email protected] Professor of Library Science, ECU [email protected] Jennifer Smith Belk Library, Elon University Diane Kester [email protected] Associate Professor Emerita, ECU [email protected] LAYOUT Michael Reece Joyner Library, ECU [email protected]

North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 71 North Carolina Library Association Executive Board, 2020

Officers Section Chairs STEM Librarianship in NC Finance Sarah Jeong Paul Birkhead President Business Librarianship [email protected] paul.birkhead@rowancoun- Lorrie Russell Summer Krstevska tync.gov [email protected] [email protected] Technology and Trends Intellectual Freedom Vice President/President- College and University Cahd Haefele April Dawkins Elect Dawn Behrend [email protected] [email protected] Libby Stone [email protected] Women in Libraries Leadership Institute [email protected] Community and Junior Michelle Hildreth Juli Moore Secretary College Libraries michelle.hildreth@wakegov. [email protected]. Julie Raynor Jennifer Seagraves com nc.us [email protected] [email protected] Youth Services Legislative and Advocacy Treasurer Distance Learning Lisa Donaldson Anthony Chow Amy Harris Houk Nora Burmeister [email protected]. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] nc.us LaJuan Pringle (co-chair) Treasurer-Elect Ethnic & Minority Concerns [email protected] Lara Luck Marcellaus Joiner Round Table Chairs Marketing treasurer.elect@nclaonline. marcellaus.joiner@high- Literacy Rachel Olsen org pointnc.gov Decca Slaughter [email protected] Regional Director (Eastern) Government Resources [email protected] Librarians Build Jeanne Hoover Rebecca Freeman New Members Communities [email protected] [email protected] Amanda Glenn-Bradley Nora Bird Regional Director Leadership, Administration [email protected] [email protected] (Central/Triangle) and Management NC Library Paraprofessional Scholarships Catherine Tingelstad Brandy Hamilton Association Amy Funderburk [email protected] brandy.hamilton@wakegov. La-Nita Williams amy.funderburk@wakegov. com Regional Director [email protected] com (Piedmont) Literacy Ethnic Minority Concerns Web & Technologies Support Juli Moore Breanne Crumpton Jewel Davis Erin Holmes [email protected]. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] nc.us NC Library Paraprofessional Special Collections NC Public Library Directors Regional Director (Western) Association Sarah Carrier Association Liaison Alan Unsworth La'Nita Williams [email protected] Donna Phillips [email protected] [email protected] Women Issues in Libraries donna.phillips@waynegov. ALA Council New Members Jenny Barrett Boneno com Siobhan Loendorf Amanda Glenn-Bradley [email protected] NC School Library Media sloendorf@catawbacountync. [email protected] Technology and Trends Association Liason gov Public Library Julie Raynor Sedley Abercrombie SELA Representative Sandra Lovely julie.raynor@highpointnc. sedley.abercrombie@david- Gerald Holmes [email protected] gov soncountync.gov [email protected] Reference and Adult Services STEM Librarianship in NC Editor, NC Libraries Susana Goldman (officers pending) Ralph Scott sgoldman@alamancelibrar- Karen Grigg [email protected] ies.org [email protected] Past President Resources and Technical Mike Crumpton Services pastpresident@nclaonline. Kristin Calvert Committee Chairs org [email protected] Constitution, Codes and State Librarian (Ex Officio) Special Collections Handbook Revision Timothy Owens Jennifer Daugherty Laura B. Davidson [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

72 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 East Carolina University

Tomorrow starts here.

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https://education.ecu.edu/idp/idp-library-science/http://www.ecu.edu/educ/libs/ 252-328-4373

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North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020 73 Candidate DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION STUDIES

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The MLIS program prepares people for professional employment in public, academic, and special libraries as well as other careers in information work. The program also offers preparation leading to licensure as a School Library Media Coordinator (076), and Instructional Technology Specialist-Computers (077) through the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction.

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74 North Carolina Libraries Volume 78 Issue 1 Spring/Summer 2020