Aspergillus Provenientes De Ambiente Hospitalar – Identificação Molecular E Determinação Dos Padrões De Susceptibilidade Aos Antifúngicos

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Aspergillus Provenientes De Ambiente Hospitalar – Identificação Molecular E Determinação Dos Padrões De Susceptibilidade Aos Antifúngicos UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL Caracterização de isolados de Aspergillus provenientes de ambiente hospitalar – identificação molecular e determinação dos padrões de susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos Mariana Rato da Conceição Monteiro Francisco Mestrado Biologia Humana e Ambiente Versão Final Dissertação Orientada por: Doutora Raquel Filipa Pinheiro Sabino Professora Doutora Deodália Maria Antunes Dias [2017] Agradecimentos A conclusão deste mestrado significa imenso para mim. Significa a conclusão desta etapa tão importante e a atribuição do grau de mestre, que não teria sido possível de alcançar sem a ajuda, colaboração, dedicação e carinho de inúmeras pessoas. Quero desta forma agradecer a todos os que contribuíram para que esta etapa fosse possível de alcançar e concluir. Foi um privilégio enorme ter realizado a tese de mestrado no Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, no laboratório de Micologia. Quero começar por agradecer à minha orientadora externa, a Doutora Raquel Sabino, por todo o apoio, paciência, dedicação, persistência, amizade, ajuda e confiança que teve para comigo. Muito obrigado por tudo e por todos os ensinamentos, conselhos e aprendizagens transmitidos! Não poderia deixar de agradecer à Doutora Cristina Veríssimo, por toda a simpatia, ajuda, ensinamentos, amizade, conselhos e contributo na elaboração deste trabalho. À Doutora Helena Simões, por toda a ajuda, confiança, simpatia. Ao Doutor João Brandão por toda a simpatia e conhecimentos transmitidos. À Dona São, por toda a simpatia, apoio, gratidão e ajuda prestada. Muito obrigado por tudo o que fez por mim! Quero também agradecer à Doutora Carla Viegas a colaboração, simpatia e ajuda na recolha das amostras ambientais e clinicas, tão essenciais para a elaboração deste trabalho de investigação. Agradeço também à minha orientadora interna a Professora Doutora Deodália Dias, pelas horas despendidas em burocracias, pela simpatia, e por toda a ajuda e empenho no desenvolvimento do trabalho realizado. Não poderia deixar de fazer um agradecimento muito especial a toda a minha família, que tiveram um papel importantíssimo, nomeadamente ao meu pai Armando, à minha mãe Edite, à minha irmã Raquel, ao meu tio António e à minha tia Luísa e ao meu namorado John e ao meu cunhado Rui por toda a paciência, motivação, confiança, carinho, união, ajuda e conselhos. Ao meu sobrinho João Maria por todo o carinho, alegria e distração. Não podia deixar de agradecer a todos os meus amigos e colegas, nomeadamente à minha amiga Constança por todo o carinho e confiança e conselhos. A todos e por tudo, Muito Obrigada! II Índice AGRADECIMENTOS _____________________________________________________________ II LISTA DE TABELAS _____________________________________________________________ VI LISTA DE FIGURAS _____________________________________________________________ VIII LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS _______________________________________________________ IX RESUMO _______________________________________________________________________ X ABSTRAT ______________________________________________________________________ XI 1. INTRODUÇÃO _______________________________________________________________ 1 1. Género Aspergillus __________________________________________________________ 1 1.1. Morfologia ________________________________________________________________ 2 1.2. Identificação de espécie do género Aspergillus ___________________________________ 2 1.3. Secções e espécies crípticas ___________________________________________________ 3 Aspergillus fumigatus ___________________________________________________________ 3 Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto _________________________________________________ 4 Porque é que Aspergillus fumigatus é bem-sucedido? __________________________________ 4 2. Tratamento ________________________________________________________________ 5 2.1. Antifúngicos utilizados _____________________________________________________ 5 2.1.1. Polienos _____________________________________________________________ 5 Anfotericna B (AMB) ______________________________________________________ 5 2.1.2. Azóis/Triazois ________________________________________________________ 6 Itraconazol _______________________________________________________________ 6 Voriconazol ______________________________________________________________ 6 Posaconazol ______________________________________________________________ 6 2.3.1 Equinocandinas _______________________________________________________ 7 2.2. A problemática da resistência aos antifúngico ____________________________________ 7 2.3. Mecanismos de resistência aos azóis em Aspergillus fumigatus ______________________ 7 2.4. Multirresistência ___________________________________________________________ 8 3. Patologias associadas a infeção por Aspergillus spp _______________________________ 8 3.1. Aspergilose bronco pulmonar alérgica (ABPA) __________________________________ 9 3.2. Aspergiloma ______________________________________________________________ 9 3.3. Aspergilose invasiva (AI) ___________________________________________________ 9 4. Infeções nosocomiais ________________________________________________________ 9 5. Objetivos da dissertação _____________________________________________________ 10 2. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ____________________________________________________ 11 1. Amostras biológicas _________________________________________________________ 11 1.1. Colheita __________________________________________________________________ 11 Amostras clínicas ______________________________________________________________ 11 Amostras ambientais ____________________________________________________________ 11 1.2. Processamento cultural ______________________________________________________ 12 1.3. Identificação molecular ______________________________________________________ 13 1.3.1. Procedimento _________________________________________________________ 13 Ø Extração de DNA _________________________________________________________ 13 Ø PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) para identificação das espécies de Aspergillus spp ___ 13 ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) _______________________________________________ 13 Calmodulina ________________________________________________________________ 14 β-tubulina ___________________________________________________________ 14 III Ø Gel de eletroforese ________________________________________________________ 15 Ø Purificação ______________________________________________________________ 15 Ø Sequenciação _____________________________________________________________ 15 ITS _______________________________________________________________________ 15 Calmodulina ________________________________________________________________ 16 β-tubulina ___________________________________________________________ 16 Ø PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) para otimização da amplificação do gene Cyp51A __ 17 Ø Especificidade do primer ___________________________________________________ 17 PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) em tempo real __________________________________ 18 Ø Deteção Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto em amostras ambientais _________________ 18 Ø Deteção de mutações de Aspergillus fumigatus que conferem resistência aos azóis por PCR tempo real _______________________________________________________________ 19 2. Teste de susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos _______________________________________ 20 2.1. Meios de screening _________________________________________________________ 20 2.2. Microdiluições _____________________________________________________________ 20 3. RESULTADOS _______________________________________________________________ 22 Resultados culturais das amostras clínicas ___________________________________________ 22 Resultados culturais das amostras ambientais _________________________________________ 22 Superfície __________________________________________________________________ 22 Ar (líquido) _________________________________________________________________ 23 Terra ______________________________________________________________________ 24 Determinação da susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos ____________________________________ 27 Determinação da suscetibilidade dos isolados provenientes de amostras clínicas _____________ 27 Determinação da suscetibilidade dos isolados provenientes de amostras ambientais ___________ 28 Otimização das condições de PCR do gene Cyp51A para deteção Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto em amostras ambientais ____________________________________________________ 32 Especificidade do primer _________________________________________________________ 33 PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) em tempo real _____________________________________ 34 Deteção Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto em amostras ambientais ___________________ 34 Deteção de mutações de Aspergillus fumigatus que conferem resistência aos azóis por PCR em tempo real __________________________________________________________________ 34 4. DISCUSSÃO _________________________________________________________________ 37 Caraterização de isolados de Aspergillus spp. ________________________________________ 37 Caraterização dos padrões de suscetibilidade aos antifúngicos dos isolados recolhidos ________ 39 Otimização das condições de PCR do gene Cyp51A ___________________________________ 40 Especificidade do primer _________________________________________________________ 40 PCR tempo real ________________________________________________________________ 41 Deteção Aspergillus
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