Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam Rotterdam 133 The Hague, NL

4 www.citiesofmaking.com Version: 11/05/2018

Section credits:

Writers and contributors: Prof. dr. ir. Han Meyer, DI. Birgit Hausleitner, Dr. Víctor Muñoz Sanz and Ir. Anouk Klapwijk (research assistant) Edited by: Adrian Vickery Hill Maps: Birgit Hausleitner

Local Partners: TU Delft.

Acknowledgements: The authors of this chapter would like to thank our social partners and the following individuals and organizations for their generous sharing of knowledge and information during our interviews and other exchanges: Emiel Arends, Jeroen de Bok, Jim Ekkelenkamp, Edith Jacobs, Maarten Keesman and Walter de Vries, Department of City Development, Municipality of Rotterdam; Isabelle Vries, Programmabureau Stadshavens Rotterdam; Francisco Colombo and Peter Verbon, Province of South Holland; Marina Otero and Marten Kuijpers, Het Nieuwe Instituut, Rotterdam; Jan-Willem Donkers, Inholland Hogeschool, Greenport Westland-Oostland; Paul Stouten and Ulf Hackauf, Department of Urbanism, TU Delft; Loes Verhaart, Municipality of The Hague, and urban designer of the Katendrecht area in Rotterdam; Jose van Campen, Woord en Plaats and Department of Urbanism, TU Delft; Peter Troxler, Hogeschool Rotterdam; and the office of the Rijksadviseur voor de Fysieke Leefomgeving.

Photo, previous page: RDM Innovation Dock, Rotterdam. © Víctor Muñoz Sanz Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 135

« Making paths to the next economy »

This chapter looks at the region comprising Rotterdam and The Hague, a richly productive landscape characterised by a vast port, intensive greenhouse based agriculture and urban areas. The recent economic and urban development of this region has resulted in a spatial configuration with unique characteristics, strongly interwoven with each other. Firstly, demand for space has led to the transformation of the region, which has been sculpted, made fit for specific purpose, with barely inches of unproductive land. Secondly, modernist prin- ciples introduced new functional zones with segregated areas specialising in mechanical manufacturing, chemical processing, logistics, to housing and leisure, resulting in a particular compo- sition of building and urban areas. Thirdly, as a consequence of ongoing planning and adaptation of this productive environment, socio-economic stratification with a strong spatial manifesta- tion continues to be noticed to this day. The region hosts a vast range of manufacturing. Many of these have emerged from the port and access to goods, resources and an international market such as chemical processing and machine production. Newer forms of manu- facturing are spinning out of centres of innovation such as bio-technology and sensors and are showing that the city’s productive base is moving further and further away from the port. As the port itself changes and becomes increasingly auto- mated, it leaves behind vast areas of land. While projected housing demand is putting pressure on the available vacant port areas, there are movements towards districts with new forms of production. Challenged by climate change and international competition, ambitions have been set for a radical transition towards a new economic models such as the Next Economy. The stakes are high for both private and public actors to focus on building out clean energy, resilient high-tech solutions, and radical innova- tion. However a range of visions and the strategic sectors have resulted in confusion about what should be stimulated and what the city’s new economic profile, regardless of what actu- ally lands on the ground. In the absence of clarity and a holistic approach, the pressure mounts. Providing the desirable Next Economy workforce - those with higher incomes, education, and demands - with suitable housing and attractive urban environ- ments puts in question the region’s economic, social and envi- ronmental stability. Cities of Making City Report 136

4.1 History and Present of an Industrialised Territory in Transition Rotterdam’s manufacturing has grown out of its two definable industries: the port and agriculture. As the port grew, so did ship building and process of the resources that arrived at the port. Agriculture on a small but highly productive landscape generated a speciality in food based technology.

TWO LANDSCAPES, TWO ECONOMIES1 century, the port of Rotterdam transitioned from functioning under a staple market Rotterdam and The Hague were born system to being a modern port; it ceased on two waterfronts: Rotterdam has grown to base its activities in the exchange of along the river towards the North Sea and high value commodities and special- The Hague on the old dunes parallel to ized on the throughput of bulk and raw the coast that housed nobility, high bour- materials, and later to additional port-re- geoisie and civil servants. They have been lated industries, such as shipbuilding. connected by parallel forms of infrastruc- Eventually, Rotterdam itself transitioned ture since the fourteenth century, including from a mercantile town (where a handful canals, railways, motorways, and metro. of merchant families were key in orienting If Rotterdam’s economic character has the development of the city and market) to been historically dominated by its port, The an industrial town. It shifted from having a Hague’s has been a center of government mix of industry, trade, and socio-economic of and diplomacy. The combination has functions, to becoming dominated by a resulted in an internationally trade focused strict separation of functions2. region with Europe’s largest port and most The growth of the port that followed intensive agricultural area. in the first half of the 20th century was INDUSTRIAL PAST AND PRESENT dramatic. The reasons for this were threefold. Firstly, the construction of the The recent history of industrial devel- Nieuwe Waterweg in 1872 linked Rotterdam opment in the Rotterdam-The Hague directly with the North Sea and enabled region is inextricably linked to the port access to the port of Rotterdam for larger of Rotterdam. Beginning in the late 19th ships. Secondly, innovations in water and Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 137

A panorama of the Erasmus Bridge and the River Maas in Rotterdam © Massimo Catarinella / Wikimedia Commons

land transportation, were suited to the “First the port, then the city” became city’s geography or resulted in the city the motto behind Rotterdam’s economic adapting itself to the new technology. revival8. Following on the modernist logics, Finally, Rotterdam rose in the wake of what happened in the port had its own Germany’s late 19th and early 20th century logic. Obviously, given the scale of the port, industrial euphoria. The port grew from 200 and the focus on water based traffic, that Hectares in 1880 to 1,880 forty years later.3 had huge effects in the city’s economic In parallel, Rotterdam grew linearly along profile and in its notably less diversified the river, flowing westwards following the industrial development9. Historically, growth of its port4. the port has behaved as a ‘landlord’ port, which leases sections of its prem- ROTTERDAM, FUNCTIONALIST PORTCITY ises and supplies with infrastructure to Second World War and subsequent those companies that align with the Port reconstruction were a turning point in the Authority’s strategy; the emphasis on port and city dynamics. The city saw some throughput of cargo has therefore limited 2.6 km2 of its medieval centre and other the type of industries that could settle by areas levelled by German bombs while the River Maas.10 the port suffered the destruction of seven In the postwar, the port continued kilometers of quay walls and a loss of 40 focusing on being a hub for transit and percent of its warehouse area5. By 1950, distribution. Investments in waterways and the port had receded to 1,400 Hectares6. wharfs made room for larger vessels and Guided by the Basis Plan of 1946, newly invented containers11. Before 1940, reconstruction was based on the modern- 70 to 75 percent of goods were merely in ist principle of functional separation7. transit. The realisation in the 1980s that 138

The embankment, Rotterdam, between ca. 1890 and ca. 1900. © The Library of Congress 139 Cities of Making City Report 140

Rotterdam 20th Century: (1) Strong functional separation; (2) Rotterdam 21st Century: (1) Functional interweaving and strong physical segregation between river landscape and urban flexibility; (2) physical interweaving of river landscape and the fabrics. city. © Cities of Making team TU Delft © Cities of Making team TU Delft

“barely anything was done with the goods Firstly houses were prevented from being [that came in the port] in Rotterdam” led to transformed into office space. Secondly define strategies to diversify its economy retail structure was pushed onto high and focus on developing added value12, streets to avoiding scattered shops in making it less dependent on cargo and residential areas. Finally industrial spaces taking advantage of the port’s location causing nuisance were moved out of the while creating new employment13. Initially neighbourhoods. oil refineries and chemical industries were The consequence was a sharp reduc- built14, followed by an emphasis on supply tion of local jobs and working environ- chain management and intermodal plat- ments: - 11 percent reduction of local forms which regionalised the port’s econ- jobs compared to -0.7 percent in overall omy. Rotterdam. Urban renewal resulted in a surprising paradox in Rotterdam’s business 15 URBAN RENEWAL IN ROTTERDAM landscape: while the supply of business If the dominance of the port in spatial space was twice as the demand, there was politics was hampering the development a shortage of smaller business premises; of a diversified economy in the large, large companies had left, smaller ones regional scale, policies of urban renewal in remained, and new, smaller companies the 1970s and 1980s razed the remaining could not afford the new rents. productive urban ecologies in the inner CHALLENGES AND TRANSITIONS city. Housing shortage in the 1960s and early 1970s was aggravated by businesses The port has continued its voracious competing for central land. In the period growth in the past 40 years: from 7,600 between 1970 and 1974, some 1200 dwell- Hectares in 197916, to 12,600 in 201717. This ings were occupied by businesses due to growth exacerbated the inherent conflict the lack of available space. between the spatial logic of the port The urban renewal projects substan- versus that of the city18. As the port kept tially reduced the available space for its position as global actor and distanced making via regulation and urban design. itself spatially from Rotterdam, the inner Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 141

Rotterdam after bombing of World War 2 in the Netherlands Source unknown.

city was neglected: it was, and remains, oriented towards the city rather than the a relatively poor city, with lower incomes, sea. The port is now seen as a source of higher unemployment, lacking good public innovation, where multinational firms space, containing fractured communities and knowledge and innovation clusters and cultural life19. As the city has extended interact, with a strong accent on maritime along the banks of Rotterdam’s waterways industry25, steered by the Port Authority to the North sea, it has split the whole to transition to sustainable transport, region in two parts20 and has hindered the clean energy, and, most of all, the green- creation of a shared identity21 while creat- ing of its activities26. This strategy is seen ing social divisions. to attract partners, investors, and high In the 1990s, the politics of “if the skill labour27. Furthermore, the strategy port is successful, Rotterdam is success- includes waterfront redevelopment linked ful as well” continued22, the sums didn’t to the economic diversification and mix add up. Indeed, the economy of the city with other uses - particularly development is dominated by the port, and the income of housing and public space28. of the municipality is tightly linked to the The region’s knowledge economy is number of ships docking there and the quite sizeable and therefore an oppor- volume of goods handled. It is the biggest tunity, including two large universities job provider in the city: 85,000 in 2016 with (Erasmus University in Rotterdam and about 250,000 people employed within the TU Delft), three hogescholen (schools of maritime economy.23 In short, the economic applied sciences), and other academies, spillover of the port in the city is in doubt enrolling more than 100,000 students. due to further automation and reduced An array of additional knowledge insti- demand for low skilled jobs. tutions such as the academic hospitals, The most recent strategy focuses on TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied creating a ‘knowledge port’ by foster- Scientific Research) and Deltares (a large ing knowledge and innovation-related technology institute focused on delta industries, attracting well-off creative engineering). Workers in this knowledge and knowledge workers24, while being network live across four cities - Delft, Cities of Making City Report 142

Leiden, Rotterdam, and The Hague. Greater the political aim of attracting creative or spatial coherence, more interaction and higher income groups, and gentrifying the better conditions for supported facilities, inner city of Rotterdam to make it attrac- could be important ingredients of future tive for investors30 therefore increasing spatial policy in the region.29 prices per square metre and making it less Today, the pressure to build more accessible for small making and manufac- housing, and the focus on very specific turing businesses. industrial sectors in the industrial agendas of both port and governments, limit the THE ADAPTED DELTA FOR THE FUTURE INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE possibility of achieving a diverse economic system, specially urban manufacturing. The rise of an industrial economy in the The port is redeveloping waterside areas Rotterdam-The Hague region is a result of into business sites aligned to its innovation the ability to adapt and exploit the land- agenda, mainly belonging to the maritime scape to the technical demands of the sector and sets out a strict set of require- time - this interdependency is unique and ments for businesses to settle in avail- is vulnerable to the adaptability of the able land. Furthermore, on these portside port to climate change and requires a brief redevelopment areas controlled by the summary to show some of the variables at municipality, the pressure for building new play. housing - the city needs to build 40,000 Rotterdam grew out of its favorable new homes - is putting in risk very young position at the estuary ‘Nieuwe Maas’, productive ecologies that had settled in atf the river-mouths of the Meuse and marginal, underused industrial areas. As Rhine. The landscape was the product of Paul Stouten has noted, urban regenera- the processes of sediment-transport by tion and housing construction is moved by rivers and sea, resulting in an alluvial land- scape of soft clay and peat. Urbanization of these deltaic marshlands was possible by applying a centuries-old land-making technology: draining the highest parts of the alluvial territory, and surrounding the drained territory with dikes for protection against high water events in the river and/ or sea. This combination of drainage and dike-construction resulted in the typically Dutch polder-landscape and polder-cities. Ongoing sediment-transported by rivers and the sea resulted in new land outside the dikes, which could be reclaimed by repeating the same process: draining the new silted-up territory and constructing new dikes around it. This type of coloni- sation of the land took maximum profit of the ‘ecosystem services’31 of the estuary landscape, using the natural processes of currents, transportation of sediment, silt- ation and the role of vegetation. This dynamic process changed radi- cally from the 19th century, as a result of Port of Rotterdam © Jan Voets / the introduction of new technologies of Anefo. Nationaal land-making and river-management and Archief Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 143

the rise of the industrial economy32. The for the established economic interests. Nieuwe Waterweg and, later, the construc- All options will have tremendous conse- tion of the large scale port areas of Botlek, quences, giving either more or less space Europoort and Maasvlakte resulted in to manufacturing in the harbour areas or a radical transformation of the existing changing accessibility to a large part of the polder- and river landscape to a completely port which will relocate the deep sea port new, artificial port-landscape of 12,000 to outside the new sluice. All three options hectares. Villages and farms were evac- should be considered seriously as they will uated and demolished, polders and dikes play an important role in the transforma- were excavated, harbor-basins dug out, tion of the industrial economy to the ‘Next new land constructed artificially, a new Economy’, as will be discussed later in the river mouth (Nieuwe Waterweg) deep- chapter. ened by dredging from 6 meters (1880) to 16 meters currently. Ecosystem services were not used anymore; instead, they were denied and ruined. The making of this new landscape influenced the physical conditions of the city dramatically. Dredging, narrowing and deepening the river mouth resulted in an increased influence of the sea in the urban areas: stronger tidal dynamics, increased impact of storm surges and increased salinisation of river- and groundwater. Consequently Rotterdam had to adapt the flood protection system, including higher dikes and building a series of new storm surge barriers (Maeslant Barrier, Hartel barrier and Hollandse IJssel barrier), and developing special systems for fresh water supply. Now a large part of the landscape sits somewhere below or just above sea-level, rendering a vast area of the productive landscape exposed climate change. How will it face climate change and deal with rising sea levels and increasing peak discharges of rivers? The region needs a radical spatial reorganisation. In the national Delta program, launched in 2015, two main options are presented: 1) raising the current dike system, and changing the fresh water supply system or 2) closing the New Waterway with a new barrier, and directing the river to discharge completely into the Haringvliet (south of Rotterdam). An alternative 3rd option of totally reor- ganising the river-mouth area into a more ‘natural’ tidal river landscape. It has been considered too radical and too damaging Cities of Making City Report 144

MAP 1: INDUSTRIAL ZONES REGIONAL BOUNDARY ZONED INDUSTRIAL LAND GREENHOUSES BUILT AREAS 10km This map shows land zoned for industrial use, compared with the overall built area. It provides an indication of traditional locations of manufacturing. The map does not show the full extent of manufacturing sites as many are embedded within land zoned for mixed or other uses. Source - see Appendix 2. Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 145 Cities of Making City Report 146

4.2 Manufacturing sectors and trends The Rotterdam-The Hague region supports a vast range of manufacturers from very large- scale chemical refinaries, to food producers, machine manufacturers to smaller scale furniture makers and carpentry workshops. A bulk of these manufacturers are dependent on or have spun out of two activities: firstly Europe’s largest port and secondly intensive greenhouse agriculture. Newer manufacturers are emerging through regional knowledge networks.

THE DUTCH ´MAAKINDUSTRIE´ Manufacturing, together with health, and financial service form the top three In the Dutch manufacturing indus- economic sectors in the country. The try, maakindustrie, the actual making or Dutch GDP topped €540 billion in 2012, production of stuff is just a small part of and manufacturing contributed €68 billion the process. In fact, design, development, to the total. Ten percent of the workforce and sales at least of the same impor- – 825,000 people – works in the manufac- tance. Industry is the largest exporter turing industry. The Dutch manufacturing (62 %) and largest buyer (60 million Euro sector enjoys high productivity among EU annually) of all economic sectors in the nations, contributing €51.90 of additional country. Despite uncertainties abroad, value added per additional hour worked. such as Brexit, the exports have contin- Still, the Netherlands ranks in the second ued strong, as has domestic demand. of four tiers in the European Commission After a strong 2017 (production growth + Innovation scoreboard for 2015. Denmark, 3.5%), the sector has expected a further Finland, Germany, and Sweden rank in the 3% increase in 2018. Nonetheless, the rise top tier as “innovation leaders,” while the in industrial productivity may account for Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, France, greater output yet with fewer employees; Ireland, and Luxembourg are listed as as unit labour costs fall, competitive- “innovation followers.” ness improves, but there is a concern A smaller yet significant player is about employment growth lagging behind. the Dutch agriculture and food industry, Irrespective, at a national scale the maak- accounting for approximately 200,000 industrie is proving to be healthy. Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 147

Rotterdam hosts a number of large processing plants, thanks to its connection to the port. © LyondellBasell

employees. There are 70,000 agricultural expected to start again in 2018 (+ 2%). The holdings in the country attending to 1.9 shrinkage in the dairy industry seems to million hectares or 45% of Dutch land.33 end and in 2018 the sector will benefit from The driving force behind the growth rising consumer spending in Europe. of the manufacturing industry is technol- A more detailed account of the most ogy industry and engineering. Its share important industrial manufacturing in industry is about 40 percent and, as a sectors in the Netherlands, as derived result supplying sectors such as metal and from recent reports, and their presence in plastic benefit. Growth expectations for the Rotterdam region, in maps, will follow. the chemical sector (15% of the industry) Opportunities and threats to manufac- remain positive even after 2018 (+ 2%) turing industry add to those that come after a reasonable growth in 2017 (+ 2%). as consequence of the aforementioned Although profitability is slightly under trends, issues external to production itself, pressure due to the oil price that has risen. as well as new customer trends. First, the Another important pillar in industry, the implementation of new technologies is food industry (20% of industry), growth is seen as an opportunity to further increase Cities of Making City Report 148

Box 1: ize include in their plans is seen as an opportunity to taking production abroad, further increase productivity Nationwide Trends, at the expense of jobs in the and cost control, through Threats and Opportunities country. Regarding inno- innovation and automation. for the Dutch vation, emphasis is set in Besides the side effect of a new forms of collaboration decoupling between growth Manufacturing Industry between sectors, both for of productivity and employ- chain optimization (linking ment, there is a persistent As described throughout product development and shortage of skilled workers; this chapter, the Rotterdam production), and connecting despite an increase of grad- The Hague region is highly to existing knowledge clus- uates in technical education, embedded within the larger ters and networks to support concerns about secondary national ecosystem, making R&D (60% of OEMs want to and vocational technical it hard to distinguish local increase their expenses on education (VMBO / MBO). level issues from national this). Besides, smart industry Second, customer-oriented level programmes. Sectors concepts (such as additive development and production described later in the docu- manufacturing and automa- brings new opportunities, ment will therefore point to tion) as well as cleantech but puts more pressure on both regional and national production processes are on production, and specially to statistics. agendas across all sectors smaller and medium busi- Trends defining the of industrial production: 30 ness, as it asks for short manufacturing sector in the percent of companies want delivery times, specialization Netherlands mainly deal to increase their invest- and flexibility. However, the with internationalisation and 34 ment in robots further collaboration with customers, innovation . Whereas Europe highlighting movement as well as with suppliers and remains as main destination away from low-skilled jobs. other sectors offers a chance for exports, companies want Opportunities and threats to increase innovation capac- to expand to new markets to manufacturing industry ity. Finally, an external threat (15% of them), especially in add to those that come as to production is the volatility Asia, Latin America (23%), consequence of the afore- of cost of raw materials and and Africa (22%). Also, mentioned trends, issues energy. All in all, its worth outsourcing of production external to production itself, noting that only 44 percent offshore continues: one as well as new customer of manufacturing companies quarter of the companies trends. First, the implemen- have a strategic plan. willing to international- tation of new technologies

productivity and cost control, through pressure on production, and specially to innovation and automation. smaller and medium business, as it asks Besides the side effect of a decoupling for short delivery times, specialization and growth of productivity and employment, flexibility. However, the collaboration with there is a persistent shortage of skilled customers, as well as with suppliers and workers; despite an increase of gradu- other sectors offers a chance to increase ates in technical education, concerns innovation capacity. Finally, an external about secondary and vocational technical threat to production is the volatility of cost education (VMBO / MBO). Second, custom- of raw materials and energy. All in all, its er-oriented development and production worth noting that only 44 percent of manu- brings new opportunities, but puts more facturing companies have a strategic plan. Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 149

Map 2 Technology industries

Source: see Appendix 2

Technology Industry35 a number of important sales engineering, the healthcare Technology Industry is markets for the technology sector, the non-residential composed of the follow- industry, especially the auto- building sector, OEM’s that ing subsectors: rubber and motive (fuel engines) and demand smarter machines, plastics, machine-making, energy sectors. Another big and large manufacturers of metal industries, high tech, challenge is finding skilled electronics which outsource and automotive industry. It staff. In order to structurally production of components to accounts for a production of sustain the higher growth, suppliers. approximately € 122 billion and around 120,000 new people In the Netherlands, there a share of around 40%. The will be needed by 2030. are around 1,500 companies sector has a number of major operating in this sector. Mostly they are small companies: 80 challenges. The energy tran- Electrotechnical industry36 sition, for example, affects percent of them have fewer This is a heterogeneous than 10 employees. The annual sector, which integrates sector turnover is 20 million ICT, software, telecom, and Euros. However, its big compa- machine building. It ranges nies that are responsible for a from the production medium great part of the turnover and tech products, such as elec- export - for example, Phillips. tric motors, generators, and Growth is expected due to transformers, to high tech increasing automation and elements, as robots, sensors, sensor technology, but at the artificial vision technologies, same time selling prices are microchips, and advanced under pressure due to compe- electronic components in Lely Astronaut tition. milk robot general. Demand for such Changing customer © Anoek2012 products comes mainly from requirements (demand for / Wikimedia other industrial companies know-how and flexibility) ask Commons in electrical and mechanical for more flexible processes, Cities of Making City Report 150

product development in (fueled by food industry). provide customized solu- networks with knowledge Innovations in production are tions. Evidently, demands for institutions and customers, growing, in particular compos- efficiency and productivity the adoption of smart factory ites and bioplastics (with a require investment in capital concepts (electronics + ICT + growth of 10 percent yearly). machine building). Customers It is an industry to which (AM, automation, sensors, also demand for cleantech customers demand more qual- nanotechnology). and high tech solutions. ity, and faster delivery. The sector amounts for Internationalization is seen as Plastic is becoming to be 2,800 companies, of which the way to grow. seen as an alternative raw 1.800 employ less than ten Remaining competitive material, with an increas- people. In contrast, 175 demands innovation, combin- ing use and reuse of plas- companies have more than ing specializations through tic in Europe. Those reuse 100 employees, and account collaboration, supply chain processes, higher customer integration, linking engineering demands, and the increase use for 50 percent of the total services to sale and the provi- of bioplastics demand complex turnover of the sector. In sion of complete platforms. production processes, requir- total, all companies employ Contract research in collab- ing automation and ICT solu- 80,000 people. oration with customers and tions. Internationalization and Shorter production institutions and focus on tech- scale up are key for compet- cycles (changing needs nologies that ensure shorter itiveness. Innovation is seen by customers) demand an product life cycles (mecha- as source of new product increase focus on R&D and tronics, nanotech, photonics) applications, and for that, are of particular importance. collaboration with innovation strategic parts of produc- Employees with creative, institutions, R&D and sustain- tion, marketing and final communication, and resolu- able products development, assembly, whereas standard tion skills are scarce, and very as well as new manufacturing production is outsourced. much needed in a context of technologies, automation Delivery of customer specific increasing automation. and robotization, are needed. total concepts, or platforms, Threats for this industry are including maintenance and the volatility of prices of raw 37 service, quick response Plastic processing materials and energy and the This sector encompasses dependence on raw mate- manufacturing, clean-tech, a wide variety of production rial suppliers from Asia and and collaboration with part- methods, materials, market Middle East. SMEs tend to ners and intelligent software segments and sale areas, and have a weaker position in the to implement automation are deals with the manufacture chain, between large chemical trends that new customer of semi-finished and finished companies and large compa- needs bring. products result of processing nies. of polymers. It is an industry More integration of with potential, as demand is emerging technologies, 38 high. Machine-making such as modular machine About one third of the This is also a very diverse concepts or intelligent soft- production of plastic products sector, which makes parts ware, industrial IoT, smart goes to the automotive indus- and devices that in a large industry are an opportu- try, machine, and equipment majority serve as supply for nity to address the need construction, and 20 percent other production companies. for flexibility, customiza- goes to the packaging sector There is a strong segmenta- tion, increased speed of tion by products and sales response: end customers markets, and has a in inter- require research and devel- national orientation. Some opment capacity. Increasing of the companies are niche competition and copying producers. Demand for this P151 kind of industries is cycli- Workshop of Quooker, cal and dependent on the Ridderkerk © Quooker demand of other industries; it is a sector that is sensi- tive to shifts in economic cycles. Therefore, it is a sector that has to adapt to Chemical processing rapid changes in demand and © LyondellBasell Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 151

Map 3 - Furniture industries

Source: see Appendix 2

from machine makers in low capacity from customers, wage countries is a threat who also require high quality, to sustained innovation. composite products. Circular economy and reuse Opportunities against the vulnerabilities of this sector of machines is to be taken are the specialization in into account smaller niches, cost reduction and optimization, achieving The Metal Industry39 higher productivity by speed, Again, it is a very diverse flexibility, and automation, sector, in which companies are shifting orientation to exports, suppliers of machine parts and and attracting and retaining Metallic 3D printed other metallic, semi-finished competences. Competition components at RDM from cheaper countries is a © Víctor Muñoz Sanz products. Sub-sectors include: construction and welding, threat. machines supplies, surface treatments, metal ware, sheet than 10 employees. In turn, 120 Furniture-making40 processing, and maintenance companies employing more This sector includes the and service. This industry than 100 people each account sub-sectors of home furni- works mainly as a supplier, for 50% of turnover. ture, office furniture, kitchen and therefore is vulnerable Smaller of order sizes and furniture, and interior design. to trends in other industrial shorter lead times ask for lean It is highly dependant on sectors, and to economic fluc- management, use of innovative consumer spending and likes. tuations. production techniques (addi- It is predominantly a small In the Netherlands, there tive manufacturing specially), salle sector, including crafts: are 10,600 companies. Smaller and smart factory systems. 95 percent of 3,600 companies companies by far dominate the This is linked to an increased employ less than 5 employees. landscape: 9,000 employ less demand for development Dutch furniture making Cities of Making City Report 152

Map 4: Carpentry industries

Source: see Appendix 2

is positioned in the middle to needs. Such customer oriented Carpentry41 high segment of the market, production means small About 1,300 companies and international competition production. operate within the carpentry is high: 70 percent of what is Internet as platform for industry, manufacturing doors, sold is manufactured abroad. sales, circular economy and stairs, timber frames, window The improvement of the hous- reuse of furniture, and the frames, etc. These are small ing market and consumer consolidation of businesses companies, only 15 of them spending is helping this sector. are trends that could counter- employ more than 50 employ- Consumers increasingly balance the import of cheap ees. In turn, 800 of them are ask for value for money, furniture. Innovation in design, craft businesses, with just shorter product life-cycles, manufacturing, sales, and one employee. It is mainly a and have rapidly changing marketing, new materials, supplier of the construction reuse, engaging with well- industry, so it is certainly known designers, automation dependant on its develop- and quick response manufac- ments, and seasonal patterns. turing, and exports to emerg- It is in competition with plastic ing markets are big opportuni- and aluminum products. ties for this sector. Automation to save labor The increasing power of costs and materials, Chain retail platforms at the expense optimization, speed-up deliv- of manufacturer’s position, ery and production, prefabri- price pressure, volatile price cation, new low-maintenance of raw materials, and shortage wood concepts, and giving of qualified personnel in turn added value to products threat its sustainability. (service and maintenance) are ways to adapt the industry V-Table, by Elok to a changing landscape of © Elok customer demands, and to Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 153

Map 5: Food industries

Source: see Appendix 2

sales, and quick response a year earlier. The turnover manufacturing are additional in the beverage industry has ways of finding niches in the remained virtually unchanged. market. The aging of workforce Selling prices have risen asks for new models of train- again after almost three years. ing. An increase in prices had not occurred since the third quar- ter of 2013. Buurman construction Food42 market The Dutch food industry © Buurman Dutch food industry includes 5,275 companies, encompasses many sub- employing 135,000 people. branches, namely:bread The food industry accounts position it through innovation processing industry, meat for 22% of the total industrial against the competition of processing and slaughter- production in the Netherlands. plastic and aluminium. houses, dairy industry, oils Total production value is Dependence on decision and fats, derivatives of fruit approximately 65 billion euros. makers, for example archi- and vegetables, animal food, tects (in choice of material), drinks, cocoa, chocolate and the scarcity of timber due to sugar, tobacco, flour and emerging markets and use for starch products, and fish. The biomass, competition by other turnover in the food industry materials, and the increasing increased by 0.4% in the third demand for high-quality are quarter of 2017 . In this sector threats that well channelled domestic sales decreased by become an opportunity to 3.8%, foreign sales increased differentiate in price and qual- by 4.2%. In the tobacco indus- ity with the competition. The try, sales fell by 19.1% the last Bakkerij Voordijk © Bakkerij Voordijk use of FSC certified timber, quarter of 2017 compared to investment of knowledge in Cities of Making City Report 154

Map 6: Horticulture

Source: see Appendix 2

Horticulture43 technology: increasing auto- the strong position of retail Between 10,000 and mation and mechanization organizations are a threat 10,500 Hectares of land of operations; semi-closed to the sustainability of the in The Netherlands are cultivation and geothermal Dutch horticultural sector. occupied by glasshouses energy, new long-term pres- Division in sales channels, for horticultural produc- ervation techniques, and restoring exports, digitiza- tion - around 4,000 in the intensification cultivation tion and improving efficiency Westland. While this area through increased use of LED by automation and robot- has remained unchanged, its lighting. Growing sales but isation, clusterations and productivity has increased. increasing consumer demand regional distribution centers, This is a very capital inten- call for more intensive coop- and the use of sustainable sive and innovative industry, eration in the chain of breed- energy sources (including strongly oriented to exports. ers, growers, exporters, and geothermal energy) and Since sales remain constant, customers, and certifica- closed cultivation systems and productivity improve- tion of business processes. are opportunities to remain ments due to automation and Reaching a wide range of competitive. Know-how and digitization, it is expected consumers asks for more product innovation, and that the glasshouse area will diversity in sales methods, collaborations in the chain be reduced. Scaling up is not and a new focus on local-for- could address the demands expected. local production. for added value and exclusiv- The overall trend is Scarcity of qualified ity by customers. that leading to not scaling personnel, emergence of up production, but achiev- foreign production areas, ing higher productivity per the growth of the EU, strong square meter by means of mutual price competition, or Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 155

Westland glasshouse © Goldlocki / Wikimedia Commons Cities of Making City Report 156

PROFILE OF INDUSTRY IN THE Rubber and Plastics Industry, Basic Metal ROTTERDAM THE HAGUE REGION Industry48. There is a strong specialisation The city of Rotterdam has a mixed in transport, storage and wholesale, due to 49 economic profile, with lower GDP per the presence of the port of Rotterdam . capita, growth rates and employment rates The city of Rotterdam set in particular three priority clusters: than the national average. Rotterdam The The energy-intensive chemical and refin- Hague Region has an economic struc- • ing industrial cluster in Rotterdam and ture with a significant share of business Moerdijk is under pressure. On the one services, a harbor activity associated with hand, the competitive position of these it (such as shipping, hoisting-lifting-haul- companies has significantly deteriorated ing, constructions and food and food in relation to the United States due to the stuffs), a capital intensive industry and a development of shale gas in that country. sizeable public service sector. Rotterdam The cluster is challenged by having to is the location of numerous companies, drastically reduce CO2. Without further notably: Unilever, Mittal Steel, Nationale action, the cluster will be faced with Nederlanden, Flora Holland, and Robeco. stagnation and contraction. As a result, The declining economic sectors in the Clean-Tech and Water related industries region – including traditional industry, are emerging. Rotterdam is a city with an efficient and clean port complex, making logistics and public services – are still it the European centre of the biobased dominant44. and circular economy. On a global scale, The main three sectors in the coun- Rotterdam is at the forefront in the field try, manufacturing, health, and finan- of water management and delta technol- cial services, are underrepresented in ogy. This places the economic Clean-Tech Rotterdam due to its specialisation45 cluster in a solid position as one of the Energy, water, and the waste sector pillars of the Rotterdam economy. ; are overrepresented when compared to • The medical and health cluster is rele- the Dutch economy46. ICT and financial vant due to its high-tech and innovative services are also underrepresented. This character, new entrepreneurship, but also affects the diversification of Rotterdam’s its employment potentials in the future. economy47. In contrast, horticultural busi- Rotterdam aims to increase the economic spin-off of the Rotterdam and healthcare ness, export of products, knowledge and institutions in medical research and edu- technology are well represented. cation. 3) The Creative Industry is limited In Rotterdam, jobs in the manufacturing in size but certainly promising for the fu- sector account for 32.3%, versus a 67.7% ture and a key, innovative part to broaden of jobs in the service sector. In contrast, in the Rotterdam economy while the city the larger region of Rotterdam, manufac- aims to expand locations for creative in- turing accounts for 53.8% percent. Within dustries50. the high-tech production sector, metal products and machinery, and equipment industries are the most important manu- facturing areas. Main employment indus- EMPLOYMENT TRENDS AND CHALLENGES tries in Rotterdam, from larger to smaller IN THE METRO REGION ROTTERDAM THE HAGUE are: IT Services, Architects, Engineers and Technical Design Metal Products Industry, The city of Rotterdam contains some Other Machinery and Equipment Industry, 474,000 residents and employs 284.598 Repair / Installation Machinery and people51. The Metropolitan Region Equipment, Electrical Equipment Industry, Rotterdam-The Hague reaches 1.2 million Computer and Semiconductor Industry, (2016)52. The workforce in the Netherlands Research and Development, Automotive increased by 4.5 percent in the period 2006-2016 since the 2008 financial crisis. Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 157

Strategy and vision reports for the Rotterdam-The Hague region

Although the economy is recovering, the - 16 percent as compared to 7 percent in labor market is lagging behind; unemploy- Amsterdam. Secondly, from employed to ment remains relatively high with an 7.8% self-employed; the 2009 to 2012 recession (2016) - as compared to a 6% in overall period scratched 16,000 jobs in Rotterdam, Netherlands, or 6.9% in the Province of while 17,000 self-employed activities Zuid-Holland53. In the agglomeration of began, a growth of self-employment from ‘s-Gravenhage (The Hague) unemployment 8 to 10 percent. To clarify this statistic: was barely below the region’s average self-employment does not necessarily with a 7.7%, while in Rijnmond (Rotterdam mean entrepreneurship but often concerns region), the figure was the highest among precarious forms of work. Third, from full- subregions within the Metropolitan Region time contracts to part time: the share of Rotterdam-The Hague, 8.1%. part-time jobs went from 47 to 49 percent The general employment market in the in the aforementioned period54. metropolitan region is currently under- Fourth, a trend of polarisation and going a series of important transitions displacement of jobs with a decrease in that can offer an insight into conditions 10,000 jobs low skilled jobs (primary and for manufacturing. Firstly, there is the secondary level education) ; vanished trend from industrial to post-industrial during the crisis. It is worth saying that employment. Between 1996 and 2012, the the proportion of people with a higher Netherlands has overall experienced that education in the working population of shift, nonetheless, in Rotterdam there is South Holland / Metropoolregio Rotterdam still a relatively large share of manual labor The Hague (36%) is below the average of Cities of Making City Report 158

Box 1: the internet of things and movement” , as “the new sustainable, distributed economy is, among other What is urban 61 manufacturing in the Next energy . It represents a things, based on small Economy paradigm? shift from “centralized, scale, locally organised vertically organized and networks of manufacturers linear economy towards a and consumers, and offers While the Next Economy distributed, collaborative space for technological appears to be a catch-all and circular economy”62 innovation…. The new term, let’s unpack what it however it is based on the makers are fully at home in means for urban manufac- “The... renewal and devel- the new economy:... based turing. opment of the economic on honest, clean circula- Firstly, it is character- sectors already present in tion”67. ised by blurring boundaries: the region...”63. Urban manufacturing 1) between sectors, clus- Thirdly, it calls for [1] develops radical new ters, and scales of operation inclusive economic growth, technologies, collaborative - local or multinational; 2) promoting social innova- models and skills; [2] brings between production and tions and new organiza- to urban ecosystems “scal- services; 3) between public tional modes that invest in able and open business and private initiative; and 4) people and their skills64. cases”; [3] crossover oppor- between living, working, and Finally, it is “the transition tunities; and [4] bridges leisure (having as downside from mass-production to between “entrepreneurial the rise of the ‘gig-economy’ mass-specialization and region and society”68. and other kinds of flexible from stable to flexible”65 jobs)60. andbased on customisa- Secondly, it is driven tion66 . by technological and “Nothing illustrates social innovations, being the Next Economy more its pillars digitisation, than the so-called makers

metropolitan regions in Europe (2015): largest employer. The Port and Industrial London tops the list with 49% followed Complex of Rotterdam include economic by Brussels with 48%. This rate lags activities which are directly or indirectly below the average of other European city related to the port, and are located in regions (4.4% growth between 2008 and the area managed by the Port Authority. 2015)55. Vacancies for low skilled workers This includes activities such as transport decreased by 23 percent between 2011- and logistics, manufacturing and main- 2014. In turn, vacancies for high skilled tenance and maritime services58. In the staff grew 8% in the same period, and 22% Rotterdam port area the expectations for just in 2014. Between 2008 and 2016, the the labor market for the short and medium labour force with a higher education level term are positive. The higher demand for increased relatively quickly, by 6 percent56. labor resulting from increased spending Unskilled staff remains mostly in the exceeded the loss of jobs is followed by trade, business services, and hospitality trends linked to technological develop- services. In the non-working population, ments and increasing labor productivity the proportion of those aged 55 to 64 (automation and digitisation). However, and belonging to non-Western groups is this raises concern. Firstly, the requested higher.57 level of education in vacancies is increas- Furthermore, companies under the ing, beyond regional supply. Secondly, it is management area of the​​ Rotterdam Port very likely that people who have been been Authority accounted for 26 percent of the in long term unemployment will remain so regional employment in 2016, by far the Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 159

as they cannot catch up with new employ- Key Sectors of the Next Economy ment opportunities. Therefore, programs The Next Economy entails “the renewal linked to the acquisition of technical skills and development of the economic sectors and support for those long away from the already present in the region”69 . Which 59 labor market are needed . are the key sectors that the policies are actually addressing? As it becomes appar- ent, “the generic themes that character- THE NEXT ECONOMY ize the Next Economy (communication, The ‘Next Economy’ is the paradigm energy, and mobility internet, circularity dominating the urban and economic devel- and education and labor market) are opment in the Rotterdam since 2014. confronted with the sectors established in Founded by economist and social theorist the region”70 Three key sectors emerge as Jeremy Rifkin, ‘Next Economy’ is the broad the ones dominating the future economy of umbrella under which new forms of urban Rotterdam: economy can be explained including the 1) Agro-Food: The presence of the framework for a new ’third’ industrial revo- port of Rotterdam makes the city a hub lution, refer to Box below. for the transhipment of fruit, vegetables, The Next Economy founded on connec- juices, soya beans, maize, edible oils, tivity, open source and high-tech, which grains and seeds. Rotterdam boasts cold does not sit neatly into the adaptation of storage facilities with 1.8million m3 for more traditional industries. In contrast climatised storage and 750,000m3 for cold to the idea of a technologically-driven storage, and 580 horticulture companies productive future, more traditional ways of receive CO2 from the industries in the making, such as craft, are present in the port complex Rotterdam. The Netherlands mind the City Development Department of accounts for 7% of worldwide agricultural Rotterdam when defining manufacturing exports, mostly moving via the port: agro- resulting in different visions for the future. food accounts for 10% of Dutch GDP and Friction is emerging between the camp 20% of industrial export. The Greenport focused on a high-tech future and the Westland-Oostland, in the vicinity of camp that sees manufacturing as a socially Rotterdam is the largest agro-industrial oriented profession oriented towards complex in the country. development of jobs and skills. The city is also close to Greenport of Barendrecht. Food production and Conflict in future land use logistics processes are concentrated With the large portions of the older in the Rotterdam, Westland, Oostland, portland closer to the city, opening up to Ridderkerk and the Barendrecht region. new development, the question is now Key players in the Agro-Food business what will replace it? The main obstacle include: producers such as Refresco, in the development of a strong urban Verstegen and Provimi; logistic services manufacturing sector is the availability companies as Eurofrigo and Fyffes; traders of space, which could be an ideal candi- such as Verstegen and Nidera; suppliers date. However there is another agenda. such as Akzo Nobel, Emerald, Kalama and The primary conflict comes from 1) the DSM; and R&D companies such as Unilever demand for developing more housing and Rijk Zwaan. targeted at middle to high income groups, Related knowledge institutes such as 2) the environmental regulations that Erasmus Medical Centre, NIZO food, TNO, limit the possibilities of mixed-use hous- WUR, Top institute Food & Nutrition (TIFN) ing-manufacturing, 3) the dominance in the are all in close proximity of Rotterdam.71 economic agenda and sectors of the port, 2) Life Sciences and Health: with the and, in general, 4) the lack of a vision or Erasmus MC as the spearhead for technol- policy for urban manufacturing. Cities of Making City Report 160

ogy and health research and development, includes the following subsectors: innovation in medical world, domotics, Sustainable building, sustainable mobil- robotics, medical instrument, and phar- ity, sustainable energy, maritime and maceutical industry. Also in connection to delta technology. These businesses could Agro-Food, the Erasmus Medical Centre is potentially benefit from flows of waste, for leading in research on the role of food in example: plastic wastes (~30 kton p.a. from the prevention and treatment of disease. households), green waste from trimmings Near the M4H area, the Rotterdam Science & pruning etc (~20 - 40 kton p.a.), E-waste Tower aims to become the location where from households (~1 kton) and SME’s. spin-offs from Erasmus MC can thrive, with Waste water (~58 Mton p.a.). Companies a mix of laboratory and office space and that are in the cleantech business are: facilities for medical education Umincorp, Sita, VGG, Circularity centre, 3) Cleantech: Circular business prin- Wecycle, Topsurf, Evides, Marconia, Akzo/ ciples are foundational for Rotterdam’s Enerkem. These three sectors account Cleantech/Maritime sector. The sector already for 146.000 jobs in Rotterdam.

Researchers, students and designers partnered up with business to develop one of the most efficient petrol vehicles at RDM Rotterdam. © Adrian Hill Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 161

ROTTERDAM THE HAGUE AS TESTBED OF shipbuilding and offshore industry is gain- TRENDS TOWARDS THE NEXT ECONOMY ing momentum with 3D printing and robo- tisation76. This is the best example of the Technology aim of renewing existing industrial sectors Visions and strategies of urban under the umbrella of the Next Economy. economic development in Rotterdam are Energy founded on the adoption of new technol- ogies in services and production72 . These Rotterdam, the region and country are mainly digitisation, robotisation, circu- at large, have the target of transitioning larity. Most certainly, these will guide the to sustainable energies in the coming way urban manufacturing will unfold in decades, leaving fossil fuel economies the Rotterdam region in the coming years. behind. The deployment of smart grids in Rotterdam aims to be at the forefront of a the region to be more energy efficient and long list of innovative technologies starting self-sufficient has its prime example in from smart applications of ICT technology, the Westland, the agro-food cluster, where artificial intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality plans for a smart grid of geothermal energy 77 (VR), Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and reuse of CO2 are underway . robotics, automation, sensors (all these applied to the logistics or medical sectors, Labour e.g.), to those directly linked to the mate- The Next Economy is that of the rial world, such as additive manufacturing, ‘prosumers’: customers become part of the 3D printing, and the development and use production process or provide services, of new materials. with the potential emergence of cooper- 3D printing is hailed for its potential ative models, or ideas of a self-sufficient 78 as a driver for an urban making economy: city . It is also related to the sharing it is suits low-volume production, allows economy, which entails the risk of bring- for mass-customisation, and it frees ing gig-economy and unstable, temporary 79 production from the spatial and economic jobs . requirements of traditional factories: “just Digital manufacturing will decrease as digitization has freed some people from costs and make it less labor intensive, working in an office, the same will happen making it possible to reshore industries in manufacturing.”73 . It is also expected from developing countries with the possi- to simplify the process of making and bility of non-human factories and displace- 80 enable attracting the power of the crowd ment of labor . However, “In some cases to production. Both 3D printing and robot- a “manufacture locally” revival could take ics have the potential of making factories root, as companies cluster their design, smarter and flexible: “The days of huge production and customer service unites factories full of lots of people are not there regionally to enable faster responses to anymore. Advanced robotisation also new trends, demands and preferences of means factories can run 24 hours a day, end-users. 7 days a week without heating or lighting, As production and design become saving costs to the point of making manu- increasingly integrated, it is foreseen that facturing cost effective in higher-wage off-shoring of the production process will countries” 74 . become more difficult and lose its advan- The sector in which this shift towards tage of cost per unit for those products smart industry will be more visible in that rely on high customisation and new 81 Rotterdam is that of the maritime indus- technologies” . try, as seen in the projects, existing and planned, for the Stadshavens75, or in the maritime delta of the Drechtsteden, where Cities of Making City Report 162

4.3 Governance and Decision Making in Rotterdam-The Hague Holland has grown out of rigid territorial planning that clearly described what was to occur where. This generated almost a century of top-down segregation of manufacturing from other land uses such as housing and leisure. However with a radical change in planning policy based on performance criteria, the manufacturing landscape may undergo radical change.

SPACE: PLANNING CONDITIONS tion. The spatial visions of the government, provinces and municipalities describe Dutch Planning System in a Nutshell82 the spatial developments they expect as well as how these developments will be In the Netherlands the Spatial Planning directed or implemented. Spatial visions Act (WRO), national level, defines how the are policy papers that have replaced the spatial plans of the state, provinces and key planning decisions (of the national municipalities are to be put into effect. government), the regional plans (of the A municipal land-use plan (bestemming- provinces) and the structure plans (of the splan) is an example of a spatial plan. This municipalities). section will summarise the main instru- Spatial planning policy and its imple- ments in Dutch planning, but one must mentation are, in so far as possible, be aware that all this will change with the shaped at the municipal level; munici- passing of the new Environmental Law palities hold the most important powers (Omgevingswet), which will profoundly in planning. The municipalities are able change how planning is made in the to set appropriate regulations based on Netherlands: for example Zoning Plans their knowledge of the local situation. and other plans will be replaced by one The state focuses on subjects that are of single plan, called Environmental plan importance to the entire country, such as (Omgevingsplan). improving accessibility; these national Spatial planning decisions are made interests are set down in the Spatial Vision at the national, regional and local levels, therefore is characterized by decentraliza- Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 163

on Infrastructure & Spatial Planning (SVIR). as reference by the External Appearance In turn, the provinces focus on provincial Committee in its decisions. interests, for example, landscape manage- ment, urbanisation and the preservation of Rotterdam: Compatibility with urban green spaces; provincial interests are set form and systems out in the provincial spatial visions. In the economic and urban planning and policy discourse in Rotterdam, there is Land-use Plans a case made for urban manufacturing and Land-use plans, or bestemmingsplan- mixed uses as the most clear manifesta- nen, are the most important tool in Dutch tion of the Next Economy in the city. “As spatial planning, defining thelegally bind- young makers prefer to live and work in the ing form of spatial designs. Such plans city, the makers movement brings back set down where construction may take production to the city. They tend to locate place, what may be built, the size of the in underutilised areas, given the availabil- structure and what it may be used for. ity of space and the ‘raw’ atmosphere that The fixed components of a land-use plan they seek-after. are: the rules and regulations for the area As the Next Economy is about human concerned; an illustration (planning map / interaction, creation of denser urban bestemmingen) that indicates and explains spaces and enabling social interaction”83 . the various zones, land-use objectives Because it is often about clean and often (residential area, industrial area, agricul- small-scale industry (3D printing), the new tural use). The plan contains rules about manufacturing industry can also settle building lines (rooijlijnen), vistas (zichtas- in the urban areas near their employees, sen), as well as development regulations clients and other partners84 holding the (bebouwingsvoorschriften) on, e.g, building potential of “moving small scale industry height or mass. back into city centers, using the city as an incubator by taking over disused office Building Permits and retail space and breathing new life into 85 The key governmental power in plan- the city centre” . In short, urban making ning law is that of requiring permits to a is desirable and compatible, at least in project initiator. These affect planning of theory, with the city of the Next Economy, building work, for execution of the work, but urban making requires mixed, vibrant and for use of the work. It has to comply to urbanities to thrive. different levels of regulation, and can be Such realisation is present in the rejected if it is in conflict with, a.o: Building municipal visions: “Strengthening interac- decree (Bouwbesluit), Municipal building tion-friendly is one of the most important ordinance (bouwverordening), Municipal tasks in the Next Economy. It’s not just a Land-use Plan (Bestemmingsplan), nice appearance of public space, work- Requirements of external appearance places and buildings, but also to create (Redelijke eisen van welstand); Rules of the right mix of features….[however] in provincial order or national order. These Rotterdam, [despite] all ingredients are orders must be incorporated in the present for a successful mix,... there is affected Bestemmingsplannen by munici- still lack of cohesion, cooperation, spatial 86 palities. connections, meeting places, etc.” . The Another plan at municipal level is the plan for an ‘Makers District’ at the former Visual Quality Plan (Beeldkwaliteitplan) city harbours, Stadshavens, is the project which offers notions on the desired form with which the city wants to push forward and structure of an urban area. It is not this idea of a mixed urban district that has ground for refusal of a building permit, but space for both production and living. in fact, it is used for that, as it can be used Cities of Making City Report 164

URBAN PLANNING CONDITIONS tions in mixed use housing-manufacturing imposed by environmental laws, the emer- There are numerous national and gence of interactive spaces for living, inno- local planning conditions embracing and vation, working and making seems unlikely, restricting urban manufacturing and new unless more flexible frameworks were urban economies, ranging from very prac- put in place. The first structural vision tical ‘work at home’ regulations to a devel- of the Stadshavens88 already discussed opment prejudice towards housing. the possibility of adapting environmental Environmental Categories contours, using all legal possibilities, to combine companies with housing. The Association of Dutch Municipalities (Vereniging van Nederlandse Gemeenten; 30% rule for work at home VNG) provides a guideline advising munic- A rule, ‘Werken aan Huis’ (working ipalities on zoning locations of different at home) or ‘Aan huis gebonden beroep/ types of businesses in relation to dwell- bedrijf’ (home based business), present ings and vice versa, in terms of possible in most of the current zoning plans in nuisance such as smells, dust, and poten- Rotterdam allows to use up to 30% of living tial danger (of explosion or fire e.g.). The space for work purposes; depending on the guideline classifies activities in 6 envi- specific zoning category of the location, ronmental categories, and establishes a different types of businesses are allowed. recommended distance between those These are usually those of category 1 economic activities and dwellings.87 according to the VNG, except retail activi- Housing shortage ties and car repair. The city of Rotterdam has set a target Restructuring of Horticultural Cluster in to build 50.000 new homes by 2040. City Westland expansion is not desirable to satisfy the In the case of the Westland, the situ- demand for housing. Instead, the use of ation is the opposite to Rotterdam. The old port areas in now central locations, priority is to serve primarily the needs and the densification of the city center is of the greenhouse horticultural indus- the preferred option. Added to the restric- try. Other uses are subordinate to this

Implications of the New organ to decide whether the The Environment Act Environmental Act use is appropriate or not requires the government, for a given area. Flexibility provinces and municipalities means that, if well argued, a to make an environmental This new Environmental clean, high tech, nuisance- vision (this replaces spatial Act is a real shift in Dutch less manufacturing business visions). In the environmen- spatial planning policy that could settle in an urban tal vision they have to take was renown for rigorous environment, in spite of into account the different detail, is now focusing on belonging to one of the envi- interests in an area. Then performance based crite- ronmental categories that environment plans are done ria. Zoning as it’s now were not supposed to mix for specific areas substi- known will disappear, and with housing before. It also tuting the current bestem- land use could become, in means that, in the absence of mingsplannen. In practice, general, more flexible--in the a mediating figure or a strong applicants require 1 license so-called areas in transition urban manufacturing lobby, (digitally) at either the munic- for example. When it comes decisions will be made in a ipality or province (either of to manufacturing uses, It business as usual mode91. them) makes a decision. would be up to a municipal Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 165

An abandonned former wharf offers obvious potential for public space and housing. © Adrian Hill

industry89. The solution proposed by the general. The “attitude in assessing plans is Province of Zuid Holland and Westland ‘yes if’ instead of ‘no unless’”90. municipality is to restructure the glass- Over the last decade, a number of houses, being more efficient in the use of examples of urban manufacturing and space in order to free up land for uses that Next Economy have emerged across the would increase the liveability of the area. region. Interestingly voices in the munic- ipality claim that “the necessary ‘next New Environmental Act city’ is already in progress in the existing To be in effect in 2021, the new and concentrated physical and functional Environment Act, the Omgevingswet, the structure of the city. This applies espe- Dutch government wants to simplify and cially to the northern Maas river, the city merge the rules for spatial development. center and surrounding areas such as Making it easier, for example, to start Kralingen, Delfshaven, the Old West, the construction projects. This law brings Middle and the South of the South. The together 26 existing laws, dealing with, attractive housing market, together with among other construction, the environ- the presence of strong companies and ment, water, spatial planning and nature. facilities for the next economy of consum- The goals of the government with the ers and producers, lends itself to capital- new Environment Act are threefold: to izing on innovative economic dynamics”92 better coordinate and integrate the various . However, some areas in transition, being plans for spatial planning, the environment transformed from their mono-functional and nature, encouraging sustainable proj- use to interactive environments are of ects (such as wind farms); further decen- particular importance in the region. tralize decision-making, so that munici- palities, provinces and water boards can adapt their environmental policy to their own needs and objectives. The law wants to encourage the private sector. Permits are simplified and rules will be more Cities of Making City Report 166

4.4 Ongoing projects and Activity Rotterdam’s pioneering DNA is projecting ambitious moves in development projects within abandoned inner-city port sites - however under the surface both vision and compatibility with house are in question. Within the inner-city, grass roots projects are emerging based on more ‘informal’ spaces for making. While in the greenhouse district, a mechanised agricultural future looms awaits.

STADSHAVENS: M4H AREA + RDM, “THE and brings together port-related manu- MAKERS DISTRICT” facturing industry and related education Early on 2018, the city of Rotterdam and and R&D. The 23,000m2 site is located in the Port of Rotterdam Authority decided Heijplaat (Rotterdam Zuid), in a former to rebrand the RDM and M4H areas as the submarine and shipbuilding facility, a 20 “Rotterdam Makers District”, “the place in minute ferry ride away from the city centre. the region for the innovative manufacturing The area is the lighthouse of the port’s industry.”93 For these authorities, innovative transition towards innovation. There are manufacturing industries (focused on new technologies such as additive manufactur- three educational institutions with 1200 ing, robotics, and material science) requires students, the Hogeschool Rotterdam small and medium-sized spaces, labs, clean- (HBO), the Albeda College (MBO) and the rooms, data centers, and flexible, open envi- Zadkine College (MBO). Start-ups, SMEs ronments. With these facilities co-developers and big names in the maritime sector and co-producers can quickly react to the can take advantage of the space, the changing nature of technology and econom- technology and also the knowledge and ics. skills attached to the education facilities. Vacancies at the RDM are limited and RDM Rotterdam demand continues to increase despite RDM is a collaboration between voices claiming it to play a minor role in “ the Port of Rotterdam Authority and innovative business dynamics”, isolated Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences nature, and lack of amenities”94. Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 167

Merwe Vierhavens area © Stadshavens Rotterdam

M4H Rotterdam premises and infrastructure and leas- Located opposite to the RDM, M4H was ing properties to companies exclusively. in use for fruit transfer for many years. Businesses willing to settle in the port’s The juice cluster in Vierhavens is still land have their candidacy assessed by a functioning, but fruit transshipment has board on the basis of the adherence with largely disappeared from the Merwehaven the following values95: as a result of containerization, leaving behind many vacant buildings. Pioneering • Social value: if entrepreneurs can offer work experience places to people from and craft manufacturing companies have surrounding neighbourhoods or if they are found space on their own in the Keilewerf going to make use of the student popula- or use the facilities at Fair Design Square. tion of RDM and its faculty. Creative entrepreneurs such as Studio • Economic value: Innovative, technolog- Roosegaarde and Atelier Van Lieshout were ical companies that add to Rotterdam’s offered a space there. Other companies in manufacturing economy especially in the the circular manufacturing industry such maritime sector. as Rainmaker Holland, and Buurman are • Physical value: Businesses wanting to in- located there. vest in the area or that have a background The area is divided in two parts, a in sustainability. central one, on land of the Port Authority, and the peripheral, belonging to the City The larger the contribution to the three of Rotterdam. The port is renovating the forms of value creation, the more possibili- Cities of Making City Report 168

Bird’s eye view of Rotterdam centre © Debot / Wikimedia Commons

ties there are for attractive contract condi- CITY CENTER (BINNENSTAD) tions and duration. The city centre of Rotterdam has The site under control of the City of seen interesting manufacturing locations Rotterdam falls under a very different popping up in the recent years, providing paradigm. Plans are to develop a mix of workspaces for collaborative, high tech living and working environments and a and creative businesses, including making clear system of public spaces. Here the activities. There are two types of urban city will offer the land to residents and location that enable these activities: first, companies with an erfpacht (long-term the area or urban block and second, the lease), but without any other contractual high streets. Examples for area or urban requirement with regard to the way land block developments are hubs such as will be used. In principle, there will not be the Schieblock97, ZoHo Rotterdam98, or land zoned as ‘industrial’ or ‘manufactur- BlueCity99, and social enterprises as Het ing’ but as ‘flexible use’ (which includes Lab, among others.100 Examples for the high retail and hospitality uses). Some of the streets, called stadstraten in Rotterdam current industrial or retail uses present on that are part of the old structures of municipal land, for example Continental the city are the Beukelsdijk, Kruiskade, Chocolade, a chocolate factory, are consid- Oude and Nieuwe Binnenweg, Meent, and ered undesirable for the new character of Hoogstraat among others. Whereas the area and negotiations are being made for first category takes advantage of vacant their relocation. In cases where redevel- areas in the city centre and focuses more opment is affecting and effectively push- on collaborative innovation environments, ing out companies that the city wants to the second category provides more spaces keep on site, like Buurman (a woodworking for individual smaller companies, which company), relocation within the area will be find their place in smaller buildings, being the desirable outcome.96 part of the high street. The location of the high street allows businesses to produce and sell to the end user at the same place. Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 169

Buildings in this environment become grown and sold104, and Rotterdamsche more and more interesting as locations Confituur, a social enterprise manufactur- for small scale manufacturing, since many ing fruit preserves.105 For the city, these cities experience a decline in retail busi- are noteworthy initiatives because they not nesses that have been dominating high only provide excellent urban manufacturing streets in the last decades. Most of these products, but also create community and activities play a pioneering role in urban bring people together in deprived areas, 106 regeneration; high streets are, for exam- addressing high unemployment in neigh- ple, the first space where (small scale) bourhoods in the south of Rotterdam. manufacturing usually comes back (due to real estate prices). Nonetheless, as real WESTLAND estate pressure increases, small manu- The regions of Westland-Oostland are facturing activities in these locations are home of the largest horticultural produc- at risk of being pushed out. According to tion glasshouse area in the world. The Emiel Arendts101, spatial advisor at the Westland alone contains more than 700 Department of City Development, regen- companies, involving 2,400 hectares of eration and densification would be desir- production and accounts for about 60,000 able in central locations, as it is more direct and indirect jobs. This cluster is sustainable and would create synergies102. in constant transition in order to retain This would mean, however, the addition its strategic importance, renovating its of more public infrastructure, schools, production systems and spaces to become doctors, green spaces, and an increased more economic, resilient, efficient, and competition for commercial space. Due to smart. However, increasingly the green- this, it is very relevant to develop planning houses are involving high-tech solutions and design rules that enable integration resulting in automation of labor, production of manufacturing as a central function in and logistics, which holds the potential urban life. of rethinking productive spaces, urban typologies, and its entire territory. In this ROTTERDAM ZUID sense, mechanisation and automation of While modest in productive scale, the sector is turning it increasingly more several initiatives focused on crafts and industrial in nature, pushing the limits manual labour are emerging in Rotterdam between agriculture and manufacturing. south, creating synergies between creative industries in the north of the city with a mainly immigrant population that has Texile making workshop at Wijkatelier traditional making skills. These activities op Zuid mainly take two forms: home-based crafts © Wijkatelier op Zuid (see 30% for work at home, section 4.3), and collaborative workspaces and enter- prises specialized in high-quality, local food products. An example of the first is the initiative Wijkatelier op Zuid (neigh- bourhood Atelier), which connects among others Dutch fashion designers and related industries with residents who have access to knowledge of craftsmanship in textile making103in the Afrikaanderwijk. Examples of the second are ‘The Rotterdam Mint’, a herb garden where fresh herbs for Rotterdam-based catering companies are Cities of Making City Report 170 Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 171

Westland (‘s-Gravenzande) © Quistnix / Wikimedia Commons Cities of Making City Report 172

4.5 Driving Rotterdam’s next economy While no shortage of ambitions, finance and ideas, Rotterdam’s ’New Economy’ oriented future is not so clear. Jobs are shifting away from low skilled-manual labour which is available in abundance to high-skilled knowledge workers which is in shortage. Development pressure on available former port land is favouring housing over more strategic land uses for jobs or climate resilience.

1. CHANNELING THE NEXT ECONOMY as Rotterdam Zuid or being restructured including Westland) and several large The transition to the so-called Next waste streams mean there are conditions Economy attracts great confusion regard- for a diverse and sustainable manufactur- ing which sectors to stimulate, the prior- ing landscape to emerge. How can the Next ities, the new economic profile of the city Economy and its resources be channelled and region and its basic industry in the into constructive urban manufacturing? future. Nonetheless, some sectors are named as strategic - and therefore absorb Manufacturing Smart Technologies all the focus by institutions (particularly the port with regard to maritime manufac- The Next Economy will force manu- turing) and investors including: clean tech, facturing to adapt. Clients will demand maritime industry, health and agro-food. manufacturers to provide more flexibil- The opportunity lies in understanding the ity, greater customization, smaller batch meaning of the Next Economy, in terms orders, quicker responses, more exten- of the renewal of all productive cycles, sive level of service, possibility for R&D, innovation in manufacturing processes, require internal marketing, while scaling products, logistics and knowledge trans- up demands internationalisation. All of fer. The strong institutional support to that requires a new whole set of skills and for the Next Economy agenda, knowledge higher capital investments. Dutch manu- institutions and the availability of space in facturing companies, mostly small and areas on transition (post industrial settings medium companies across all sub sectors such as the port), in regeneration such suffer from increased pressure to adapt to Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 173

these conditions. The consequence is likely 2. ENGAGING WITH THE PORT OF to require higher collaboration between ROTTERDAM parts of the chain, which could lead to The Port of Rotterdam has historically, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions, and to this date, defined the economic ironically making the manufacturing ecol- profile of the city and region and its narrow ogy less diverse and resilient. focus on a few industries such as logis- Another answer to the new demands tics and fossil fuels. Beside employment, is investment in Smart Factory concepts there is limited local added value actu- involving automation, additive manufactur- ally from all the materials and goods that ing, sensors, digital platforms. This poten- flow through the region. Furthermore in tially will result in a shift in the character the context of economic transitions and a of manufacturing employment. Industrial European move away from fossil fuels, the platforms might also increase the depen- region’s dependence on employment from dence of companies in larger, multinational this large single actor remains a serious actors developing technology or software. weakness. The question remains: how can a strong The Port Authority certainly is adapting local network of knowledge institutions its profile and developing former port areas and entrepreneurs collaborate to develop to introduce new, innovative manufac- innovative smart industrial concepts? turing opportunities that support directly Could sensors, robots, and other systems and indirectly its business towards the be designed, developed, and manufac- transition to the Next Economy. However, tured locally, creating in turn new jobs that the focus on certain, specialised kinds of replace those that will be lost by digitisa- making, namely those linked to maritime tion? industry, may limit the growth of a diverse manufacturing scene. Manufacturing as Potential Source of New urban manufacturing economies Local Livelihoods in the Next Economy could benefit from being situated by the Recovery since the 2008 financial crisis most important port in Europe, building on has manifested in higher productivity, but available resources and skills while turn- employment growth is lagging behind, and ing its focus to Europe’s most important it is generally in form of precarious condi- agricultural cluster. World class logistics tions as self- or part-time employment. infrastructure and expertise, in addition Jobs for those which didn’t pursue higher to a growing network to capture wasted education, or have not updated their skills, resources from port activities (such as a profile that defines a large pool of the CO2 or heat) could hold a huge potential. region’s population, have fewer options. In Furthermore, as the port modernises and turn, vacancies for those highly educated moves westwards, it is leaving vacant, or with skills linked to the Next Economy now more central areas that could become are in high demand. How to keep the large interactive spaces for a highly competitive lower skilled segment of the workforce ecosystem of urban manufacturing ecol- active and valuable in the Next Economy? ogy. How could urban manufacturing become The port authority is a strong actor, a source of both traditional and ground- able to ‘make things happen’ when it breaking modes of labor intensive, local comes to stirring urban and industrial jobs based on local knowledge and skills? development in the region. A fundamen- tal question remains, how can the port be engaged in a conversation dealing with a broader understanding of urban manufac- turing? Cities of Making City Report 174

RDM Rotterdam - a place for R&D and startups © Adrian Hill Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 175

3. NEW URBAN DESIGN PARADIGMS FOR A Mediating for Urban Manufacturing in RESILIENT URBAN ECONOMY Future Environmental Plans If something defines Rotterdam’s With the new Environmental Act, tradi- approach to planning it is “Rotterdam tional zoning will change. It will allow for Make it Happen.” This is evident in the even more flexibility to introduce new city’s ambitious plans of becoming circular, uses - in so-called zones in transition for resilient and in offering more attractive example. Regulation will be looser, and housing, urban spaces and conditions for the municipalities will have more power investment. in deciding what and how things could While this makes planning flexible happen. It would be up to a municipal and dynamic, it also means that planning commission to decide whether a clean, officials can easily change priorities to high tech, nuisance-less manufacturing meet certain urgencies. Some plans with business could settle in an urban environ- great long-term potential, such as urban ment, despite belonging to an environmen- manufacturing, can benefit from this flex- tal category which did not allow for mix ible planning environment. However, with with housing until now. It could also mean medium to higher income housing consid- that without the proper expertise in munic- ered the most urgent priority, this way of ipalities, decisions will fall into a focus on flexibility instead of rethinking the space low risk and predictable solutions address- and technologies for urban productive ing tangible issues such as housing. activities and their combination with living Is a bridging actor necessary to and territorial strategies against climate mediate between decision makers, local change could mean a missed opportunity. residents and manufacturers in order to The foreseen land price rise due to facilitate informed decisions at municipal housing projects affects urban manufac- levels on where and how industry can be turing as other higher paying commercial integrated in an urban setting? functions (such as logistics and large retail) push out the productive activities. In short, despite the plentiful amount avail- able space in the city for making, it may be curtailed by short-term development opportunities. In the absence of medium to long term certainty in zoning, or subsidies to improve insulation and technology to make it possible to mix making with residential, new initiatives and investments could be discouraged in favour of generic gentrified neighbourhoods. With the region in very much in need of climate adaptation solutions and strate- gies to support the Next Economy, how can a case be made for environmental compat- ibility of urban manufacturing with other functions, including residential within the context of serious climate change chal- lenges? Cities of Making City Report 176

APPENDIX 1: KEY ACTORS vision department was created Space and Mobility do not offer in 2015 from the merger of the a well-defined spatial final Permits and Supervision Build- picture, but a perspective for the Gemeente Rotterdam. Depart- ings departments. It focuses on desired development of South ment of Urban Development of building regulations and related Holland as a whole. the City of Rotterdam procedures. This department starts and In order to implement the provin- supervises spatial and economic Port Authority of Rotterdam cial spatial policy, the province investments in the city, and As explained in the introduc- has various instruments, of its initiatives are driven by tory text in this report, the Port which the Regulation for Space the motto ‘Make it Happen’. It Authority holds enormous influ- 2014 (Verordening ruimte 2014) is divided in four main areas: ence on urban and economic is the most important. This regu- Spatial and Economic Develop- planning and development in lation is developed in collabo- ment (Ruimtelijke Economische the city and region. As a ‘land- ration with the different local Ontwikkeling, REO), Urban lord port’, that leases areas to governments. It sets rules for Design (Stedelijke Inrichting, SI), companies and provides them municipal zoning plans; zoning Engineering Office (Ingenieurs- with infrastructure, it has great plans have to comply these bureau, IB), and Project manage- power in deciding what happens rules, or alternatively, make ment office (Projectmanage- where and how, according to a case for exceptions. Not all mentbureau, PMB).107 its long term strategy (Port subjects are suitable for inclu- Compass) towards becoming a sion in a regulation. The province Spatial and Economic Develop- greener and more efficient port. can use several instruments if ment (REO)108 The Port Authority partnered there is a provincial interest, and REO’s goal is to stimulate spatial with the municipality in the impose changes on zoning plans developments and invest- Stadshavens organization. to municipalities.111 ments in the city, together with other governments and market Stadshavens Rotterdam110 Metropolitan Region Rotter- parties. It aims to make the In 2007, the Port of Rotterdam dam-The Hague city more attractive for private Authority and the Municipality This is the result of a joint investors by working on the of Rotterdam entered into a initiative by 23 local authori- residential, living and business special partnership for the ties. The local authorities work climate, with an special focus in redevelopment of the port areas together to improve acces- the city center of Rotterdam. located adjacent to urban areas sibility and strengthen the in Rotterdam. The Stadshavens economic business climate; Urban Design (SI)109 Rotterdam program office has as such, it has been formed to SI is the area in charge of done work to connect the city counterbalance the role of the defining the use and layout of and port in the Rhine-Maas- province in regional decision the urban and regional space. haven, Waal-Eemhaven, making in those issues, and It elaborates one of the main Merwe-Vierhavens (M4H) and give more power to the large urban strategy documents, RDM Heijplaat districts. cities of Rotterdam and The the ‘Kaart van de Stad’. The Hague. Municipalities part of Urban Planning department Province of Zuid-Holland this metropolitan region are: comprises the departments The provincial government Albrandswaard, Barendrecht, Space & Housing, Traffic and is an intermediate entity in Bernisse, Brielle, Capelle aan Transport, and Building and Dutch governance and policy; den IJssel, Delft, The Hague, Housing Supervision. The Space is is an important link in the Hellevoetsluis, Krimpen aan & Housing department works government chain, between the den IJssel, Lansingerland, on the spatial planning of the national government and local Leidschendam-Voorburg, city, and it elaborates both the authorities. The province has Maassluis, Midden-Delfland, bestemmingsplannen (zoning the position and the network to Pijnacker-Nootdorp, Ridderkerk, plans) as specific, project-based translate European and national Rotterdam, Rijswijk, Schiedam, interventions. Its core compe- policy into the region. The prov- Spijkenisse, Vlaardingen, tencies are: urban development, ince is responsible of developing Wassenaar, Westland, West- planning, landscape, zoning and implementing the Visie voorne and Zoetermeer. plans, and the environment. Ruimte en Mobiliteit (Vision for The Building and house super- Space and Mobility). The Vision Cities of Making 04 Rotterdam 177

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The Metropoolregio Rotterdam Economic Council), which APPENDIX 2: The Hague has an approved contribute to economic policy, MAPPING DATA policy framework for European in alignment with the Board of Separate Industry Maps cooperation, and is working on Mayor and Aldermen and the Each dot represents an indi- a Roadmap for the implementa- management of the municipality. vidual business registered with tion of the set-up goals. Metro- R’damse Nieuwe is a network of the NACE code related to the poolregio Rotterdam The Hague young professionals has been described industry has internal working group for set up to stimulate the active Source: ORBIS database [web] preparing policy documents and involvement of young people

screening opportunities, and a in the development of the Manufacturing Maps Urban regional knowledge exchange Rotterdam economy. Regions platform with the 23 munici- The maps give an overview over palities. Its main document Gemeente Westland / HOT industrial land use in each urban so far is the Roadmap to the Coalition region. Next Economy, which presents In close collaboration with the Source: Land use data BBG2012; a vision for a transition of the Province of Zuid Holland, the accessed via “Data Archiving region to the so-called Third municipality of Westland is and Networked Services – Industrial Revolution. developing visions and strate- DANS” in April 2018. [web] gies to improve the liveability Rotterdam Partners112 of the glasshouse area while Rotterdam Partners is an entity maintaining its large, productive that emerged from a merger of horticultural cluster. Here an Rotterdam organizations linked important actor is the HOT Coali- with city marketing, investing, tion. This organization includes and urban economic develop- The Federation of Fruit and ment. Its main activities are Vegetable Organizations (FVO), the programs on: Networks, Royal Flora Holland, the Prov- Marketing & Communication; inces of Noord and Zuid Holland, International Trade & Invest- the Gemeente Westland, the ment, offering information Ministry of Economic Affairs, and services for international and Rabobank. This coalition entrepreneurs and employees emphasizes: a revolving fund for (expats) on choice of location, energy transition, adjustments fact finding missions, intro- to space-for-space regulation, ductions to relevant networks design (and adjustments) of and assistance in areas such possible transport subsidies, a as taxes, healthcare, permits cluster-friendly way of economic and laws and regulations; expropriation, improvement Convention Bureau & Tourism of enforcement policy for the and hospitality. It is a network purposes of restructuring glass- organization of which several houses, forms of equalization, initiatives stem, being the most development rights and possibly relevant: tax measures, a new way of The International Advisory Board dealing with planning rights, and (IAB) is formed of international raising capital from EU Green leaders from science, industry Funds or other unlikely sources and the public sector. of financing.113 Rotterdam Economic Part- ners (formerly the Rotterdam Cities of Making City Report 180

17-21 July 2016, V.05 p.095, Delft: Industrial City: Rotterdam, 1880-1970”. ENDNOTES TUDelft Open. In C. Zimmermann (Eds.), Industrial 9. P.T. van de Laar, 2002. “Port Traffic Cities: History and Future (pp. 307- 1. Meyer, Han, John Westrik, MaartenJan in Rotterdam: the competitive edge 324) (18 p.). Frankfurt/New York: Hoekstra, 2014. Het Programma En of a Rhine-port (1880-1914)”. In E. Campus Verlag. Ruimtegebruik Van De Stad. De Kern Buyst & R. Loyen (Eds.), Struggling for 1 7. Port of Rotterdam, 2018. “The Port Van De Stedebouw in Het Perspectief leadership: Antwerp-Rotterdam. Port that will take you ahead”. [web] Van De Eenentwintigste Eeuw, Dl. 4. competition between 1870-2000 (pp. 18. Meyer, Han, John Westrik, MaartenJan Amsterdam: SUN. 63-86). New York: Heidelberg.r Hoekstra, 2014. Het Programma En 2. Thissen, J., 2013. “Representing the 10. F.M.M. de Goey, 2003. “Port of Ruimtegebruik Van De Stad. De Kern Industrial City: Rotterdam, 1880- Rotterdam: land-use policy during Van De Stedebouw in Het Perspectief 1970”. In C. Zimmermann (Eds.), the twentieth century”. In R. Loyen, E. Van De Eenentwintigste Eeuw, Dl. 4. Industrial Cities: History and Future Buyst & G. Devos (Eds.), Struggling for Amsterdam: SUN. (pp. 307-324) (18 p.). Frankfurt/New leadership: Antwerp-Rotterdam port 19. Aarts, M., T.A Daamen, M. Huijs, W. De York: Campus Verlag; P.T. van de Laar, competition between 1870-and 2000 Vries, 2013. “Port City development 2002. “Port Traffic in Rotterdam: the (pp. 221-235). Heidelberg: Physica- in Rotterdam: A true love story.” In competitive edge of a Rhine-port Verlag. Urban-e, 004 2012. At: http://urban-e. (1880-1914)”. In E. Buyst & R. Loyen 11. Thissen, J., 2013. “Representing the aq.upm.es/articulos/ver/puerto-y- (Eds.), Struggling for leadership: Industrial City: Rotterdam, 1880-1970”. desarrollo-urbano-en-rotterdam-una- Antwerp-Rotterdam. Port competition In C. Zimmermann (Eds.), Industrial verdadera-historia-de-amor; Aarts, M, between 1870-2000 (pp. 63-86). New Cities: History and Future (pp. 307- 2016. “Unlocking the Past to re‑enact York: Heidelberg. 324) (18 p.). Frankfurt/New York: Rotterdam’s future: a professional’s 3. Thissen, J., 2013. “Representing the Campus Verlag. view on planning history”. In Carola Industrial City: Rotterdam, 1880-1970”. 12. F.M.M. de Goey, 2003. “Port of Hein (ed.) International Planning In C. Zimmermann (Eds.), Industrial Rotterdam: land-use policy during History Society Proceedings, 17th Cities: History and Future (pp. 307- the twentieth century”. In R. Loyen, IPHS Conference, History-Urbanism- 324) (18 p.). Frankfurt/New York: E. Buyst & G. Devos (Eds.), Struggling Resilience, TUDelft 17-21 July 2016, Campus Verlag. for leadership: Antwerp-Rotterdam V.05 p.095, Delft: TUDelft Open; Meyer, 4. Meyer, H., J. Westrik, M. Hoekstra, port competition between 1870- Han, John Westrik, MaartenJan 2014. Het Programma En and 2000 (pp. 221-235). Heidelberg: Hoekstra, 2014. Het Programma En Ruimtegebruik Van De Stad. De Kern Physica-Verlag; Thissen, J. (2013). Ruimtegebruik Van De Stad. De Kern Van De Stedebouw in Het Perspectief Representing the Industrial City: Van De Stedebouw in Het Perspectief Van De Eenentwintigste Eeuw, Dl. 4. Rotterdam, 1880-1970. In C. Van De Eenentwintigste Eeuw, Dl. 4. Amsterdam: SUN. Zimmermann (Eds.), Industrial Cities: Amsterdam: SUN. 5. Aarts, M., T.A Daamen, M. Huijs, W. De History and Future (pp. 307-324) (18 20. Meyer, Han, John Westrik, MaartenJan Vries, 2013. “Port City development p.). Frankfurt/New York: Campus Hoekstra, 2014. Het Programma En in Rotterdam: A true love story.” In Verlag. Ruimtegebruik Van De Stad. De Kern Urban-e, 004 2012. [web] 13. Aarts, M., T.A Daamen, M. Huijs, W. De Van De Stedebouw in Het Perspectief 6. Thissen, J., 2013. “Representing the Vries, 2013. “Port City development Van De Eenentwintigste Eeuw, Dl. 4. Industrial City: Rotterdam, 1880-1970”. in Rotterdam: A true love story.” In Amsterdam: SUN. In C. Zimmermann (Eds.), Industrial Urban-e, 004 2012. At: http://urban-e. 21. Aarts, M., T.A Daamen, M. Huijs, W. De Cities: History and Future (pp. 307- aq.upm.es/articulos/ver/puerto-y- Vries, 2013. “Port City development 324) (18 p.). Frankfurt/New York: desarrollo-urbano-en-rotterdam-una- in Rotterdam: A true love story.” In Campus Verlag. verdadera-historia-de-amor; Thissen, Urban-e, 004 2012. [web] 7. Thissen, J., 2013. “Representing the J. (2013). Representing the Industrial 22. Aarts, M, 2016. “Unlocking the Past Industrial City: Rotterdam, 1880- City: Rotterdam, 1880-1970. In C. to re‑enact Rotterdam’s future: a 1970”. In C. Zimmermann (Eds.), Zimmermann (Eds.), Industrial Cities: professional’s view on planning Industrial Cities: History and Future History and Future (pp. 307-324) (18 history”. In Carola Hein (ed.) (pp. 307-324) (18 p.). Frankfurt/New p.). 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