By the Minister of MIC, Secretary-General of ITU, And

ISSN 0915-3160

平成二十五年一月十日発行（年四回一、四、七、十月の十日発行）通巻九十七号

No. Vol. 25 January 2013 1Winter New Breeze

New Year message By the Minister of MIC, Secretary-General of ITU, and President of ITU-AJ Special Feature Advances in SUPER Hi-VISION in 2012 Public viewings at the London Olympics, and standardization at the ITU-R New Breeze Vol. 25 No. 1 Winter January 2013

Contents New Breeze ISSN 0915-3160 Quarterly of the ITU Association of Japan BN Gyoem Bldg., 1-17-11 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, New Year message Tokyo 160-0022 Japan 1 2013 New Year greeting from the Minister of Internal Affairs and Tel: +81-3-5357-7610 Fax: +81-3-3356-8170 Communications http://www.ituaj.jp/english/ 2 new Year message from the SG 3 starting the New Year

Special Feature 4 Advances in SUPER Hi-VISION in 2012 Public viewings at the London Olympics, and standardization at the Editorial Committee ITU-R Chairman: Yoshiaki Tanaka Members: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Policy Communications, Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, Communication Line Products 10 the status of standardization policy in the field of ICT in Japan Association of Japan, FUJITSU LIMITED, 12 Council recommendations on measures for promoting the production Hitachi, Ltd., JAPAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION, KDDI CORPORATION, and distribution of content, and legal systems for increasing MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION, competitiveness National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, NEC Corporation, NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE Technology Trends CORPORATION, OKI Electric Industry Co., 14 ibeam: A tablet that can be operated by eye tracking Ltd., Panasonic Mobile Communications Co., Ltd., SOFTBANK MOBILE Corp., Sony Corporation, The Japan Commercial Broadcasters Association, Digital Opportunities The Telecommunication Technology Committee, and Toshiba Corporation 16 FY2012 JICA Group Training Course: "Strengthening Regional Information Publishing Capabilities"

Publisher: Yasuo Suzuki Sector Member Editors: Yuzo Mori 18 thorough Pursuit of "Customer Value" Atsuko Ishii Yasuyuki Matsuyama Report 19 Aggregation and Preliminary Calculation of Internet Traffic in Japan Letters to New Breeze 22 on the publication of “Communication usage in Japan from the New Breeze welcomes readers’ opinions. Please send viewpoint of voice traffic— Communication usage in FY 2011 comments with your name, address, and nationality (bulletin)” by e-mail, fax, or post to the editor. 24 Join us in ITU Kaleidoscope conference 2013 E-mail address: [email protected] “Building Sustainable Communities” Subscription forms are available on the Kyoto, Japan, 22-24 April 2013 ITU-AJ website:

http://www.ituaj.jp/english/subscription_form.pdf

Subscription Fee: Single issue: ¥1,500 Annual subscription (4 issues): ¥6,000 About the ITU-AJ

The ITU Association of Japan (ITU-AJ) was founded on September 1, 1971, to coordinate Japanese activities in the telecommunication and broadcasting sectors with international activities. Today, the principle activities of the ITU-AJ are to Disclaimer: Opinions expressed in this cooperate in various activities of international organizations such as the ITU and to publication are those of the authors and do not disseminate information about them. The Association also aims to help developing necessarily represent those of the ITU countries by supporting technical assistance, as well as by taking part in general Association of Japan. international cooperation, mainly through the Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT), so as to contribute to the advance of the telecommunications and broadcasting Copyright: © 2013 The ITU Association of Japan throughout the world. 2013 New Year greeting from the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications

Minister of Internal AffairsYoshitaka and Communications Shindo

appy New Year! standardization and by promoting overseas expansion of technologies, I was recently appointed as the Minister of Internal Affairs such as the Japanese system for terrestrial digital broadcasting (ISDB-T). and Communications. Together with Prime Minister Abe’s The ITU held a number of important meetings last year: Hcabinet, I am working as hard as I can to revitalize the Japanese economy Radiocommunication Assembly (RA-12), World Radiocommunication in order to put an end to the long years of stagnation and get the nation Conference (WRC-12), World Telecommunication Standardization back on its feet. The first thing we need to do is promote regional growth. Assembly (WTSA-12), and World Conference on International The combined strength of Japan’s regions will benefit the country as a Telecommunications (WCIT-12). whole, so we need regional stimulation to rebuild their impoverished At RA-12, the research themes of the ITU Radiocommunication economic situations. To this end, the Ministry has just adopted five Sector for the next four years were chosen, and three nominees from mission-associated goals: Japan were appointed as the chairperson and vice chairpersons of the next 1. Help energize the country research session. At WRC-12, a new agenda was established for dealing 2. Protect the lives of residents with leap seconds and the additional allocation of frequencies to fourth- 3. Create a convenient and livable society generation mobile communication systems. 4. secure a peaceful life for all residents At WTSA-12, research themes of the ITU Telecommunication 5. Develop a national framework Standardization Sector for the next four years were chosen, and all of To achieve these goals, I will be working not only to ensure the the nine nominees from Japan were appointed to positions including the restoration and recovery of regions affected by the Great East Japan chairperson and vice chairpersons. earthquake and tsunami, but also to promote the decentralization of Furthermore, at WCIT-12, the International Telecommunication powers to local governments, support regional revitalization, implement Regulations (ITR) were revised in order to reflect changes in the ICT (information and communications technology) measures, privatize environment surrounding telecommunications, especially new issues our postal services, and re-evaluate our policies. related to the Internet. The ITR is an international agreement on ICT is particularly important since it makes a large contribution to international telecommunications services that was drawn up in 1988 and improving the efficiency of all sorts of everyday activities and making our has not been amended since. From the viewpoint of ensuring freedom lives more convenient. It is also Japan’s largest industry, with a market of expression on the Internet and enabling users to enjoy the benefits scale of approximately ¥85 trillion, or about one-tenth the scale of all of Internet services, Japan has negotiated tenaciously to avoid excessive Japanese industries combined. Despite harsh economic conditions, the burdening of content-related provisions in the ITR in cooperation with telecommunications industry has grown substantially at an average annual like-minded Western countries. Although a global consensus was not rate of over 4% over the last 15 years, which proves that there is a social reached on international rules for cyberspace at WCIT-12, we will strive need for ICT. to foster a common international understanding aimed at preserving the By making full use of ICT together with GPS data, we will work free flow of information by participating in ongoing multilateral and tirelessly on the development of key areas and deploy our successful bilateral discussions at the ITU and other organizations. models abroad, including In May this year, the ITU will hold the Fifth World Telecommunication/ 1. Exploration of mineral resources, such as methane hydrate, ICT Policy Forum (WTPF), where there will be a continuation of 2. Providing advanced disaster prevention systems that can ensure people’s discussions on public policy issues relating to the Internet. safety even when batteries of telecommunication stations for mobile There are also plans to hold several preparatory meetings in phones have run out, ITU and APT (Asia-Pacific Telecommunity) in the lead up to the 3. Supporting new initiatives, such as the Medical Megabank, which World Telecommunication Development Conference (WTDC-14), seeks to make medical records accessible from anywhere at any time, Plenipotentiary Conference (PP-14), and high-level meetings for review 4. Promoting the use of Japanese broadcast content widely in other of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). countries Japan will also host various ITU-related meetings on themes that 5. Pushing ahead with the implementation of Super Hi-Vision (4K and are highly relevant to Japan, including the ITU-D/ITU-T e-Health 8K). workshop and the ITU-T Focus Group on Disaster Relief Systems, In order to achieve our goals, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Network Resilience and Recovery (FG-DR&NRR) in February, the Communications will be holding “Council on ICT Strategy and Policy Fifth ITU Kaleidoscope Conference in April, and Working Party for Growth” where I hope we will be able to cut through barriers between 5D of ITU-R Study Group 5 (including the additional designation of ministries and produce specific and concrete measures. frequencies for IMT) in July. In this way, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Furthermore, I will work on strengthening Japan’s international will play an active role in ITU and APT initiatives. competitiveness by establishing stronger ties with ASEAN (the Wishing you happiness, good health and success over the coming Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and other Asian organizations, year. by participating in the creation of global rules including international

New Breeze Winter 2013 1 New Year message from the SG

Dr. HamadounSecretary-General Touré International Telecommunication Union

et me start by saying what a great pleasure and honour it is for ITU, UNDP, UNESCO and UNCTAD. Over 1,500 participants came me to have the chance to contribute this New Year piece to New together for a week of showcasing and information sharing, and began Breeze. work on defining an effective and meaningful review process for WSIS The ITU Association of Japan (ITU-AJ) is an organization that +10 in 2015. L To further highlight the theme of gender equality and opportunity, is particularly special to me, and all of us at ITU greatly appreciate the participation and invaluable contribution you make to our ongoing work. World Telecommunication and Information Society Day on 17th ITU is committed to connecting all the world’s people – wherever May also focused on the theme of ‘Women and Girls in ICT’. Our they live and whatever their means. Throughout our work, we protect and distinguished laureates last year were Argentinian President H.E. Cristina support everyone’s fundamental right to communicate. Fernandez de Kirchner, Chairman of Huawei Technologies Mme Sun The ITU-AJ has, over the past four decades, continuously provided Yafang, and screen actor and advocate Ms Geena Davis. invaluable input, cooperation and collaboration to help accelerate the A second ITU Connect event was held in Panama, this time focusing realization of this important goal. Indeed, I was delighted last year to have on the Americas region and highlighting the opportunities for broadband been able to personally visit Japan in June, when I had the great pleasure deployment to serve these fast-growing emerging economies. The event of meeting with the ITU A-J, the Japanese ICT industry and of course featured the high-level participation of President H.E. Ricardo Martinelli the Ministry of Internal Affairs & Communications to discuss upcoming Berrocal. events. Other highlights during an extremely busy 2012 included ITU’s With the assistance of our membership and associations such as the participation in the Rio+20 conference on Sustainable Development, as ITU-AJ, ITU is helping to bring the benefits of modern communication well as the co-hosting of the spring meeting of the UN Chief Executives technologies to people everywhere in an efficient, safe and affordable Board (CEB) with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). manner. The CEB appointed ITU as the Chair of the ICT Network within the Looking back over the achievements of the past twelve months, I note UN system. that 2012 has been a very busy year indeed! Towards the end of 2012, ITU was also engaged in the critical One of our biggest and most crucial events took place at discussions and decisions around ICT regulation and standardization. the beginning of the year, with the successful hosting of the World In September, the sixth meeting of the Broadband Commission in Radiocommunication Conference (23 January-17 February). More than New York released the Commission’s first-ever State of Broadband report, 3,000 delegates representing 165 Member-States attended the four- which provides the only comprehensive global snapshot of the state of week conference, along with 100 official observers. Significant decisions broadband development worldwide. Later in the same month, ITU’s concerning the allocation of radio frequency spectrum in areas including annual Global Symposium for Regulators (GSR) was held in Colombo, mobile broadband and the enhancement of the satellite regulatory regime Sri Lanka. Issues relating to cloud computing, net neutrality and data and were tabled and agreed. privacy protection formed part of a busy and very topical agenda. Within the spectrum of telecoms development, the ITU Connect At the time of going to press, the exact outcomes of the GSS-12, Arab Summit – hosted in Doha in March – proved a resounding success, WTSA-12 and WCIT-12 events were still to come. These events are bringing together participants at the very highest level from across the vitally important to ITU and the global ICT community. Standardization region and around the world, under the patronage of the Emir of Qatar and interoperability are at the core of the Internet, and ITU continues Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. to strengthen efforts to bridge the standardization gap and promote the April saw the fifth meeting of the Broadband Commission for Digital inclusion of more developing countries in the global standardization Development, generously hosted at Lake Ohrid by the government of process. Macedonia. The meeting was the opportunity to welcome a number of As regards WCIT-12 – potentially the most important conference for new commissioners, bringing membership to some 60 tech leaders and ITU for many years to come – I am fully confident that our members will eminent persons. The Macedonia meeting was also used to launch The find the common ground they need to create a meaningful and powerful Broadband Bridge report, which focuses on ICTs as a stepping stone to a set of revised International Telecommunication Regulations (ITRs) low carbon economy. that will serve as the foundation for the next wave of ICT development During the same month, ITU also hosted its first ever global Girls worldwide. in ICT Day, held in New York on the 26th of April, to celebrate and To close, may I also take this opportunity to wish all those at the promote the exciting career opportunities for women and girls in the ITU-AJ and their families a peaceful and prosperous 2013, and I look technology field. The event served as the platform to launch ITU’s forward to engaging with many of you at some of our key events next year, three year Tech Needs Girls campaign, which focuses around four ‘E’s’: including the World Telecommunication/ICT Policy Forum (WTPF), Empowerment, Entrepreneurship, Education, and Employment. the Child Online Protection (COP) initiative in Costa Rica as well as the As always, the WSIS Forum was held in May, co-organized by annual ITU events scheduled throughout 2013.

2 New Breeze Winter 2013 Starting the New Year

Yasuo SuzukiPresident The ITU Association of Japan

o one and all, a very happy New Year! I pray that 2013 is Moreover, as an example of ITU-AJ domestic activities, we a very prosperous and rewarding year for everyone. have been holding trial lectures on “English as the International It is said that Japan’s electronics equipment industry Lingua Franca” to foster the development of internationally is in a distressed state, but its information and communications minded personnel and high-level seminars on international T conferences to cultivate experts in various fields. These lectures industry, which accounts for about 10% of the economy, remains an engine of growth contributing about one third of Japan’s gross and seminars have been well received. domestic product (GDP). On the international scene, facility We have also been arranging visits to Japan of leading figures investment in the information and communications industry in to provide our supporting members with opportunities to hear the United States is growing at about 44%, which is said to be one from them about new developments at ITU and what the ITU reason for the disparity in economic growth between Japan and the expects of Japan. In March and June of last year, we welcomed, in United States. At the same time, developing countries are striving particular, Dr. Hamadoun Touré, Secretary General of the ITU, to construct high-speed, large-capacity network infrastructures, and Mr. Brahima Sanou, Director of the Telecommunication and many countries are dealing with the conversion to digital Development Bureau (BDT). In a similar fashion, we have been broadcasting. In Japan, we have already completed the construction arranging various gatherings between the public and private sectors of such networks, and we can expect the sharing of our experiences to facilitate mutual understanding and information exchange. here to have much significance in the years to come. For 2013, we are already off to a running start: In January, Amidst these trends, the ITU Association of Japan we are holding JICA training sessions for trainees from emerging has been engaged in wide-ranging activities together with its nations, and from February, we will be supporting ITU-related supporting members with an eye to raising the international events in Japan centered about such themes as medical care and presence of Japan’s information and communications industry. disaster prevention. Specifically, we have been actively participating in International As this new year dawns, I look forward to the support and Telecommunication Union (ITU) meetings as well as in the Asia- encouragement warmly offered as always from our friends in the Pacific Telecommunity (APT) and other international conferences world, our supporting members, MIC, and all concerned. Again, while interacting with key players in those bodies. Our purpose I wish good health and great success to all of you over the coming here has been to gather and disseminate information on the year. endeavors of international bodies in order to support ITU-AJ members in the development of new business fields. In emerging nations particularly in Asia and Africa, the penetration of information and communication technology (ICT) products that use mobile networks has recently been reaching as Cover Art far as the general public. These devices are coming to be used in those countries as an infrastructure for making finance, education, and other fields more efficient and advanced. The international standardization of ICT products is especially relevant here as a means of introducing facilities with a guaranteed level of quality in a relatively short time period. Vidro o fuku musume (Young lady blowing on a Supporting activities like these is a prime role of ITU-AJ, Poppen) and to this end, we have been interfacing with the Ministry of Kitagawa Utamaro (1753–1806) Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) and other relevant organizations and companies and supporting a variety of exchanges with the ITU, APT, and other international bodies. We also consider that providing training programs and other forms of support for academic societies and emerging nations to be Woodblock print: a vitally important activity as a foundation for the future, and we Courtesy of Sakai Kokodo Gallery have been extremely active in this area too.

New Breeze Winter 2013 3 Advances in SUPER Hi-VISION in 2012 Public viewings at the London Olympics, and standardization at the ITU-R

MasayukiExecutive research Sugawara engineer Advanced Television Systems Research Division, Science and Technology Research Laboratories Nippon Hoso Kyokai

1. Introduction Olympic Broadcasting Service (OBS). Figure 1 illustrates the HDTV has achieved worldwide popularity. In Japan, HDTV system overview. A total of seven events were presented in SHV is already available from sources such as terrestrial broadcasting, during the London 2012 Olympic Games. These were the satellite broadcasting, cable TV, Internet broadcasting and opening and closing ceremonies, swimming, basketball, athletics, package media. The next generation of broadcasting and television cycling, and synchronized swimming. Content created at the technology is now being researched and developed. This is called venues was carried by optical fiber to a temporary production and SUPER Hi-VISION (SHV), and is being promoted by Nippon transmission base that had been established in TC0, a studio at Hoso Kyokai (NHK: Japan Broadcasting Corporation) [1]. SHV the BBC Television Centre in London. Live content was sent consists of ultra-high-definition video (16 times as many pixels "as-is" via the studio in Television Centre while other content was as HDTV) and 22.2 multi-channel audio. Compared with edited and packaged there before delivery. Both live and non-live conventional media, it provides a far higher sense of presence and programs were compressed into transmission streams (TS) at a immersion, and allows audiences to experience high-quality video rate of approximately 280 Mbps before distribution via IP lines and audio. NHK is conducting research and development with to the public viewing venues in the U.K., the USA, and Japan for the aim of starting experimental SHV broadcasts by 2020. Two presentation. In addition, an uncompressed signal was sent from important epoch-making events in the history of SHV took place the BBC Television Centre studio to a public viewing theatre at in 2012. One was the public viewings of the London Olympics, the International Broadcast Centre (IBC) within the Olympic and the other was the standardization of this technology by the Park. This theatre was for members of the international media ITU-R. community so they could experience SHV viewing of the events around the Olympic venues. The opening and closing ceremony 2. Public viewings at the London Olympics and the swimming competitions were presented live in the UK 2.1 Overview and the USA but due to time differences, only the morning (local During the London Olympics, NHK held SHV public time) section of the July 30 swimming competition was shown live viewings at venues in Japan, the UK, and the USA, in cooperation in Japan. with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the 2.2 Venue Production ■ Figure 1: System overview of SUPER Hi-VISION public Two trucks were used at each location: one for video, and viewings of London Olympics the other for audio (Figure 2). They were staffed with a single crew and after each event they had to de-rig the equipment before moving to the next venue The video OB-van was a rental truck that was furnished with empty equipment racks before ■ Figure 2: OB-vans for video and audio (behind)

4 New Breeze Winter 2013 ■ Figure 3: 1.25-inch 4-CMOS camera and 5x lens ■ Figure 5: 22.2ch one-point microphone

■ Figure 6: BBC TCO system configuration

■ Figure 4: Camera positions for athletics and opening/ closing ceremonies

being shipped to London from Japan. Once there, it was rigged & Technology Research Laboratories (NHK STRL) and its with the SHV production equipment. This included an eight- operation optimized for live production and included 3D sound- input switcher system along with two SHV cameras (three at image positioning (3D panning) functions. The 22.2ch-audio one- the opening and closing ceremonies), two SSD live-slow-motion point microphone (Figure 5) was a fixed, monolithic microphone devices, an up-converter (to up convert the host HD signal), and holder consisting of a 45-cm sphere divided into upper, middle graphics equipment. and lower layers. Each layer was partitioned into eight directions Three cameras [2], each with four 1.25-inch CMOS image by sound baffles with a compact microphone installed in each sensors, were used at the opening and closing ceremonies while partition. The microphone was positioned near the base camera. for all other events this was reduced to two. Each camera had two Unfortunately it was not permitted to place the microphones lens options, a 5 × 12 mm to 60 mm lens (Figure 3) and a 10 × 18 freely in the venues, therefore audio was produced with the one- mm to 180 mm lens. The lenses were selected according to the point microphone as a base and mixing in the microphone feeds requirements of each venue. To cover the action it was decided distributed from the international feed. 3D reverb equipment each venue would have a master or base camera in a high position (22.2ch audio reverb) was used to help to reproduce the expansive while the second camera would give a different angle from a sound of the venues. lower position. The second camera position was primarily used for close-ups. Depending on the venue, the low-position camera 2.3 Transmission and Editing gave an image with more depth and which gave a greater sense of Transmissions for both live and edited package program, presence, so it was switched in and out with the base camera shot play-out, video editing, audio post-production, and monitoring during each event. The camera positions for athletics and opening/ operations were carried out in the BBC TC0 studio (Figure 6). closing ceremonies are described in Figure 4. The main and backup feeds were recorded on two SHV P2 An audio OB-van rented in the UK for the Olympic recorders in the TC0 studio for packaged programs. Each SHV period, was fitted with a 22.2ch live mixing board and 22.2ch recorder used 16 x P2 cards with an additional card to record HD speakers. The mixing board was developed at the NHK Science proxy data. After each competition two edited packages were

New Breeze Winter 2013 5 ■ Figure 7: Distribution system including IP networks

■ Table 1: List of screening venues 2.4 Distribution and Screening This part includes encoding of the baseband signals from the BBC studio equipment, transmission over IP, the transport system that decodes and restores the baseband signals and the screening system that reproduces the video and audio from the baseband signals. IP networks within the UK were used to transmit signals to the three locations (London, Bradford, and Glasgow) and dark fiber was used to transmit uncompressed signals to the IBC within the Olympic complex. Global IP networks were used to transmit to Washington D.C. in the USA, and to Tokyo in Japan. In the USA, the domestic network was used to transmit the signals from the terminus of the global network to the venue within the USA. In Japan signals were transmitted to NHK STRL by domestic lines from the Tokyo terminus, then distributed by IP multicast over dedicated domestic lines to three locations in Japan (Shibuya, Akihabara, and Fukushima). A schematic diagram of the distribution system [3][4], consisting of encoder, transport equipment and IP network, is shown in produced a World Feed (WF) for the UK and USA, and a Japan Figure 7. The encoder[5] employs AVC/H.264 for video encoding Feed (JF) for Japan using two SHV editors. These were edited and MPEG-2 AAC-LC for audio encoding. In order to transmit simultaneously as ten minute segments with content dependent the 280 Mbps compressed MPEG-2 TS SHV video and on medal standing or popularity of the event. Several segments audio over global IP networks, the required bandwidth had to were then combined into a package of approximately 45 minutes be secured. Fluctuations that occur on the network had to be duration. Editing was carried out overnight from midnight to 10 compensated for and a mechanism for maintaining security was am to be ready for distribution to Japan and to be prepared for needed. Specifically, functions to control jitter for synchronous the presentation in the UK and the USA starting at noon. HD transmission and for real-time encoding and decoding along with material was used as proxy data for an off-line edit that produce function to handle packet loss, and functions for advanced error EDL data. The SHV image was then conformed using the off- correction were needed. All these functions were built into the IP line EDL data. Captions were created as SHV (7680 × 4320) transmission terminal equipment. TIFF files by the graphics overlay equipment and imported to the At the public viewing venues, two types of projector were SHV editor. Finally a 24-channel WAV file of the complete audio used as well as an 85-inch LCD [6], a 145-inch PDP [7], and a 360- master was imported and merged into the SHV editor time line to inch multi-screen LCD. At five of the theatre venues, the SHV complete the content. projectors[8] had 8-megapixel display devices and a pixel-shifting Two simultaneous audio edits were also produced (to match technology called e-shift to increase the resolution. This had the the two video edits) using the HD proxy editing data in two audio advantage of reducing the size and power consumption of the post-production systems. The first consisted of a digital audio projector. The projector in the NHK Minna no Hiroba Fureai workstation (DAW) with a mixing desk that supports 22.2ch Hall had 33 megapixel display devices for RGB [9], making it a so- audio and a backup DAW and was set up in the audio mixing called full-resolution projector. This projector had a high output room. The second audio post-production system was set up in power as it was for use on the venues very large 520-inch screen. the SHV preview room and consisted of a DAW and the preview A new 22.2 multichannel audio system was developed for direct room's 22.2ch sound speaker system. Audio post-production made viewing displays and was combined with the 85-inch LCDs and it possible to control the overall audio balance for multiple events, the 145-inch PDP. In theatres using a projector, the theatre sound improving the quality of the content. system was used. An SHV 8 × 8 routing switcher system (an HD 128 × 128 The display equipment and screen size used at each public router configured to switch 16 channels simultaneously) was used viewing venue is shown in Table 1. to access the various resources in TC0 including the live signals In Japan the public viewings were held from July 28 to August (main and backup) brought in from each venue by optical lines 12 at the NHK Minna no Hiroba Fureai Hall in Shibuya (Figure and the P2 recorders (main and backup) used for playing back the 8), NHK Studio Park, in the Belle Salle Akihabara event space content. An additional and separate monitoring system was built near Akihabara station, and at the NHK Fukushima broadcasting to allow the signals from the relay site to be checked even during a station. In the UK, the BBC took the lead with cooperation public viewing screening. from NHK. Screenings were held from July 23 to August 12 at

6 New Breeze Winter 2013 ■ Figure 8: Public viewing in the Minna no Hiroba ■ Figure 10: Rapporteur group (RG) meeting in Fureai hall (NHK broadcasting centre) February 2012 Demonstration of study results to EBU experts for their opnions From right, Mr. Wood, RG chair, Ms. Choi (Korea), RG co-vice chair, the author

■ Figure 9: Video system classification described in Report ITU-R BT.2246 EHRI: Extremely high resolution imagery LSDI: Large screen digital imagery ■ Figure 11: Demonstration of SUPER Hi-VISION at ITU, Geneva in September 2011

the BBC Broadcasting House in London, the National Media For this sort of TV broadcasting service, the establishment of an Museum in Bradford, and the BBC Scotland building in Glasgow. ITU-R Recommendation for UHDTV which can be thought of At the IBC, the OBS took the lead providing demonstrations as the next generation after HDTV is of great significance. targeted at broadcasting community. In the USA, NBC took the lead with cooperation from NHK, and screenings were held from 3.1 The process leading to Recommendation status July 27 to August 12 in meeting rooms in the Comcast building in UHDTV standardization activities in ITU-R SG6 started Washington D.C. mainly for invited guests from government and with Japan's proposal of a new Question (study agenda) at the first the content, communications and electronics industries. meeting of the 2007–2012 study period in April 2008. Although Many dignitaries and people related to the broadcasting the standardization of UHDTV received some negative opinions, industry attended the screenings, and there were many comments including concerns that the technology was too premature for about how wonderful the images and sounds were as well as standardization, Japan accepted the position of the chairman of inquiries about when the SHV broadcasting would begin. the Rapporteur group and subsequently led the work. Technical contributions were chiefly submitted from Japan and Korea, 3. The establishment of Recommendation and although there were differences of opinion between the two ITU-R BT.2020 countries on some aspects, the activities of the two countries In August 2012, ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020 was showed that there was a need for an international UHDTV established [10]. This Recommendation specifies video formats for standard. During the four-year study period, progress was made the production and international exchange of ultra-high-definition with the aim of creating a video format Recommendation to television (UHDTV). Like other technologies, television has form the foundation of a technical standard needed for UHDTV evolved through different generations. However, one of the broadcasting. The study efforts included the Rapporteur activities characteristics of television is the long duration of each generation. (Figure 10) and a demonstration of UHDTV by NHK (Figure For example, standard definition TV (SDTV; the precursor of 11). As a result, we were almost on target by being able to make an HDTV) was the mainstream technology for some 40–50 years. agreement to proceed to adoption and approval procedure at the

New Breeze Winter 2013 7 ■ Table 2: Major parameters and their values specified in Recommendation ITU-R BT.2020

■ Figure 12: Colorimetry for UHDTVcomparison with April/May meeting in 2012 (about six months later than planned), HDTV in CIE xy chromaticity diagram and the Recommendation was established in August after the approval procedure by the member states by correspondence.

3.2 Technical explanation of the Recommendation Table 2 lists the Recommendation's main parameters and their values, and compares them with the parameters of HDTV. The documents submitted in the investigation of these parameter values have been compiled into the Report ITU-R BT.2246 [11], produced by the activities of the Rapporteur group. This conforms to the Report ITU-R BT.801 "The present state of high-definition television" produced during the research of HDTV. An itemized description follows. First, increasing the number of pixels is, as its name suggests, the essential point of UHDTV. Assuming the picture is viewed at the optimal viewing distance,1 the increased number of pixels increases the viewing angle and enhances the user's visual experience (sense of presence, etc.). Meanwhile, according to Recommendation BT.1201, it is desirable that systems beyond HDTV have an integer multiple of the number of pixels in HDTV [12]. The number of pixels in UHDTV was chosen to be 2 or 4 times that of HDTV. According to Recommendation BT.1845 "Guidelines on metrics to be used when tailoring a wider color gamut than HDTV (Figure 12). In particular, as television programs to broadcasting applications at various image the most important requirement, adjustments were made together quality levels, display sizes and aspect ratios", the horizontal fields with Korea in line with Japan's assertion of using real physical of view at each optimal viewing distance are 58° and 96°. colors for the three primary colors, resulting in the values shown in Up to 60 Hz, the same frame rate values are stated as for Table 2. The nonlinear transfer function (i.e., gamma correction) HDTV. Beyond 60 Hz, the additional value of 120 Hz is also characteristics are the same as for HDTV. included. The need for this was asserted and observed from the The luminance and color signal equations were the most results of an investigation of flicker and motion blur conducted by controversial issue. In the luminance signal equation of HDTV Japan. Progressive scanning is the only scanning method because and earlier standards, the Y signal was not a true representation UHDTV is only likely to be used in digital system. Regarding of luminance (non-constant luminance). Although this only had a the colorimetry, since there is no need to assume the use of CRT small effect on picture quality, the issue was common knowledge displays as was required for HDTV, it is made capable of handling among television engineers, most of whom considered that a

8 New Breeze Winter 2013 constant luminance system should be brought in sooner or later. such as interfaces, coding techniques, broadcast specifications and This was proposed by Korea. On the other hand, the hidden quality evaluation methods. benefits of the current non-constant luminance approach — such as the fact that the results of signal processing can be handled 4. Conclusion in the same way as with RGB signals while still encoded — had In this paper, we introduced the ITU-R standardization not been fully recognized, and finally became clear through the of system parameters and the public viewings of the London activities of the Rapporteur group on color signal systems. It thus Olympics, which were important events during 2012 with regard to became possible to understand the benefits and drawbacks of the SHV. There are several events that take place between a television constant luminance and non-constant luminance method, and system's initial development and its practical implementation. as a result the Recommendation was formulated to contain both Of these, standardization and demonstration at major events are methods alongside each other. particularly important. With regard to the transmission signal subsampling ratios, On the subject of public viewings at major events, broadcast the 4:2:0 ratio was added due to its applicability to progressive technology has evolved together with the Olympics. In 1964, the scanning, and with regard to the bit depth, from the viewpoint of Tokyo Olympics saw the introduction of color broadcasting and the contrast sensitivity of the human visual system, the 8-bit depth live broadcasts via communication satellites. At the 1984 Los was dropped and a 12-bit depth was added. Angeles Olympics, video was captured on HDTV for the first time. Then at the 2012 London Olympics, SHV made its first 3.3 The significance of this Recommendation, and the appearance. We were reassured to receive very positive feedback future of television from the people who saw the public viewings. At the ITU, this Recommendation has reached the stage ITU-R standardization is an acknowledgment of the future of the agreement at SG6 to proceed to adoption and approval direction of television broadcasting by experts in this field all procedure by the member states, and a press release to this effect over the world. As stated by Christoph Dosch, the chairman was published on May 24 [13]. This Recommendation demonstrates of ITU-R SG6, it is now safe for organizations around the how advances are still being made in television technology, which world to start working on implementing environments that has improved dramatically between its invention in the 1930s and incorporate UHDTV. Also, having established a video format the advent of modern HDTV systems. Recommendation as a foundation for all related standards, In the words of ITU Secretary-General Dr Hamadoun it should now be possible to develop a full suite of standards Touré, "UHDTV is an earth-shaking development in the world necessary for broadcasting. of television. Watching UHDTV in the near future will be These two achievements show that the world is waiting a breath taking experience, and I look forward to it." WP6C expectantly for the arrival of SHV. From 2013 onwards, NHK chairman David Wood said, "This is the dawn of a new age for hopes to work even faster towards the practical realization of SHV television that will bring unprecedented levels of realism and broadcasting. viewer enjoyment. It's a historic moment. Some years will pass References before we see these systems in our homes, but come they will." [1] http:www.nhk.or.jp/strl/ Christoph Dosch, the chairman of SG6, said "This is clearly [2] K. Arai, S. Mitsuhashi, D. Ito, H. Fujinuma, R. Funatsu and. T. Kikkawa: "Newly Developed UHDTV Camera System," Presented at IBC2010 Conference, Amsterdam, The a major achievement for SG6 of which we can be proud. The Netherlands, September 9-14 (2010). Recommendation means that organizations around the world [3] Y. Nojiri, K. Iguchi, K. Noguchi, T. Fujii, M. Ogawara: "National Super Hi-Vision Transmission Test using IP Networks for Global Research and Education," Broadcast can safely begin work to make UHDTV a reality," and ITU-R Technology (Hoso Gijutsu), Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 135-141 (2011) (Japanese). director François Rancy said, "I've personally seen the pictures [4] S. Sakaida, K. Iguchi, N. Kimura, M. Ogawara, Fujii: "International Super Hi-Vision 2 Transmission Test and Exhibition of Related Equipment at IBC2011," Broadcast with 8K UHDTV system, and it's absolutely stunning — the Technology (Hoso Gijutsu), Vol. 65, No. 1, pp.151-156 (2012) (Japanese). sense of being there is superb. This agreement shows the great and [5] Y. Shishikui, K. Iguchi, S. Sakaida, K. Kazui, A. Nakagawa: "Development of High Performance Video Codec for Super Hi-Vision, "65th NAB Broadcast Engineering continuing strength of the ITU-R and SG6." This press release Conference, pp. 234-239 (2011). [6] T. Kumakura, M. Shiomi, S. Horino, Y. Yoshida, S. Mizushima: "Development of Super shows how important UHDTV is to the ITU, and how it is Hi-Vision 8Kx4K Direct-View LCD for Next Generation TV, " SID 2012 Digest, pp. 780-783 paving the way forward for the success of UHDTV broadcasting (2012). [7] K. Ishii, T. Usui, Y. Murakami, Y. Motoyama, M. Seki, Y. Noguchi, T. Furutani, T. Nakakita, to create this Recommendation. T. Yamashita: "Developments of a 145-inch Diagonal Super Hi-Vision Plasma Display NHK is researching and developing SHV as a next-generation Panel, " SID 2012 Digest, pp.71-74 (2012). [8] F. Okano, M. Kanazawa, Y. Kusakabe, M. Furuya, Y. Uchiyama: "Complementary Field television broadcasting technology. It goes without saying that this Offset Sampled-Scanning for GRB Video Elements, " IEEE Trans. Broadcasting, Vol. 58, international standardization process is essential for the practical No. 2, pp. 291-295 (2012). [9] T. Nagoya, T. Kozakai, T. Suzuki, M. Furuya, and K. Iwase, "The D-ILA device for the application of this technology to television broadcasting. From this world's highest definition (8K4K) projection system, " Proc. Int. Display Workshop (IDW) 2008, vol. 15, pp. 203–206 (2008). point of view, NHK has been deeply involved in the establishment [10] Recommendation ITU-R BT.2020 "Parameter values forultra-high definition television of Recommendation BT.2020, not only through its deliberations systems for production andinternational programme exchange " [11] Report ITU-R BT.2246 "The present state of ultra high definitiontelevision" within Japan but also through its dealings with the ITU-R. This [12] Recommendation ITU-R BT.1201 "Extremely high resolutionimagery" Recommendation can be regarded as the acceptance of SHV as [13] http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2012/31.aspx a global television standard. This Recommendation has finally Notes: started off the process of establishing standards for various criteria 1 The viewing distance for which an angular resolution of 30 cycle per degree is obtained. Expressed as a multiple of the screen height (H), and equal to 3H in the case of HDTV. In so that broadcasting can begin. In the future, it will be necessary Recommendation BT.1127, this is also called the design viewing distance. to create additional standards for audio and video technologies 2 A format stipulated in Recommendation BT.2020, with a pixel size of 7680×4320.

New Breeze Winter 2013 9 The status of standardization policy in the field of ICT in Japan

Standardization Division, Global ICT Strategy Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

1. Introduction In addition, necessary measures must be initiated with the aim In February 2011, the Information and Communications of replacing all existing meters with smart meters equipped with Council was asked to look into the status of standardization policy telemetering technology no later than the mid 2020s. in the field of information and communications technology (ICT) Furthermore, appropriate energy management shall be realized (Inquiry No. 18 of February 2011), and examined the following at the community level no later than 2020, through reduced matters: electricity consumption, electric power interchange and other • Priority areas for standardization based on a medium-to-long- related methods based on the technologies mentioned above. term R&D strategy, the strategies of other countries, and other (ii) Digital signage factors By 2015, it should be possible for digital signage systems • Division of roles between the public and private sectors in that can quickly provide accurate and appropriate information promoting standardization, including forum standards and de at the time of disasters and emergencies as well as at other times jure standards to expand globally, not only in developed countries but also in In July 2012, the council reported its findings on these matters, emerging countries. an outline of which is presented herein. To achieve this, it will be necessary to promote standardization in the ITU and W3C. Japan's digital signage market is one of the 2. Priority areas for standardization world's largest, and due to the active work that has so far been done The council deliberated on the status of priority areas for on developing the technology and the extensive experience gained standardization based on the R&D strategies of Japan and other in putting into operation, Japan can contribute to international countries, the latest trends in standardization strategies, and the standardization by drawing on this accumulated know-how. need to involve the national government. As a result, it selected (iii) Next generation web browsers priority areas for immediate promotion, where it is expected I. Cooperation between the Web and TV that targets will be met by around 2015, and priority areas to A technical platform should be established for smarter be promoted in the medium-to-long term, which are expected integration of Web and TV based on Japan's experience of natural to be addressed after 2015. It also set out milestones for the disasters, and by 2014, it should be possible to use this platform for standardization activities in each area. the global expansion of Japanese-made content and devices. II. Vertical text layout (1) Priority areas for immediate promotion, and their To construct a social infrastructure that can handle traditional objectives vertical writing in an ICT environment and can contribute to the (a) The concept of priority areas retention of Japanese culture by transmitting written documents As priority areas for immediate promotion, the following three to the rest of the world, by 2015 it should be possible to deploy areas were selected after giving due consideration to the needs and content with vertical text on diverse devices equipped with next- concerns of people and businesses that became apparent after the generation web browsers. Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011: smart grid1, digital signage2, and next-generation browsers3. (2) Priority areas and objectives to be promoted in the • Due to the accident at the nuclear power facility in Fukushima, medium-to-long term a variety of power-saving measures are being investigated. It is (a) The concept of priority areas expected that ICT will also make a contribution in this regard. The new generation network (including next-generation • It is expected that ICT will be used as a new means of conveying wireless network)4 was selected as a priority area to be promoted information in the event of emergencies such as natural in the medium-to-long term after giving due consideration to the disasters. following needs and concerns of people and businesses that became • The effects of these disasters are felt not just in the immediate apparent after the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami. disaster area and in the metropolitan areas but across the • First, it has been confirmed once again that it is important to whole of Japan, causing unavoidable stagnation in Japan's have a facility whereby a small amount of communication can be socioeconomic activities. quickly secured in situations where a network is in a congested (b) The goals of each priority area state due to concentrated access. (i) Smart grid • Second, to collect diverse data in harsh environments where Some smart grid related technologies, such as home gateway it is difficult for humans to enter and take measurements configuration technology (which enables residents to control home directly, it has been confirmed once again that there is a appliances including EV storage batteries), shall be ready for full need for technologies that can implement stable and reliable deployment no later than 2014. communication between pieces of equipment that cannot be

10 New Breeze Winter 2013 directly controlled by humans. of standardization activities (b) Goals of the priority areas On concepts relating to the support of public-sector Standardization of the new generation network must be standardization activities by the government, the requirements promoted with the aim of achieving a practical implementation that have been set forth include the following. by 2020. Specifically, while cooperating with related (a) In efforts at standardization activities by the public and private overseas organizations, contributions should be made to the sectors based on the division of roles set forth in a previous commercialization and internationalization of this network by report, it is essential to clarify the role of evaluation and to ensuring that technologies in which Japan has stronger capabilities closely scrutinize the object and contents of what is supported are reflected in the drafting of standards at the level of each of the when government provides support for parts that are not core technologies that constitute this network. necessarily suitable for leaving to the private sector alone. The functions that are targeted for implementation in new (b) When choosing what to support, it is necessary to clarify the generation network are as follows: relevant criteria from the viewpoint of public utility such as • Ensuring that communications are not cut off at all during a resolving Japan's national issues and increasing her international disaster, or can be quickly restored if they become cut off during competitiveness. a disaster. (c) studies should also be made of measures for understanding and • Providing an open and secure network environment that can be supporting the standardization needs of organizations such as used safely and securely by the general public. small and medium enterprises in the ICT field, which are not • Constructing an advanced platform that can adapt freely to new necessarily familiar with standardization activities, such as the social systems and applications. selection of support targets by public offering. (d) The content of support should be what is truly necessary based 3. Division of roles between the public and on a thorough consideration of the real circumstances where private sectors in standardization activities support is given. Regarding the division of roles between the public and private sectors in relation to standardization, trends relating to 4. Conclusion the division of roles various other countries should be taken At the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, we into account. Moreover, if the government supports the private aim to continue implementing ICT standardization policies based sector, it should be also taken into account that the need for on the results of these studies. accountability and responsibility is now greater than ever due to Specifically, to promote business in the selected priority the harsh circumstances of the government's financial situation in areas, or to contribute to the resolution of national issues, we the current economic climate. Based on these points, the division will continue with R&D and verification trials with a view to of roles between the public and private sectors in standardization achieving standardization and practical implementation. activities was examined, and the proper division of roles was set We will also continue to ascertain the standardization trends forth as follows: in the selected key areas, and promote standardization activities in public-private partnerships. (1) Effective efforts in standardization activities 1 Smart grid: A next-generation electricity supply network that uses ICT to optimize the It is effective to construct an internationally open test balance of supply and demand for electricity. The prompt introduction of this network bed environment to link from the R&D stage to cooperative is needed to respond to the unstable power supply caused by the Fukushima nuclear accident as a result of the Great East Japan Earthquake[0] and tsunami. standardization, and to cooperate with other countries including 2 Digital signage: A system that uses electronic display devices connected to a network to the strengthening of ties with other countries in the Asia-Pacific transmit information in various places such as the outside of buildings, shop fronts, public spaces and public transport. Digital signage can be used not only as a means of displaying region. advertising, but also as an infrastructure for the provision of diverse information of use to the general public. For example, digital signage was able to deliver disaster-related information in the immediate (2) The concept of risk management in standardization aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake[0] and tsunami disaster where it was difficult to obtain information by other means, thereby proving itself to be a valuable information activities supply tool. It is necessary to specifically identify the risks that are assumed 3 At present, the content available on devices such as PCs, smart phones and televisions has had to be described using different markup languages for each type of device, requiring to affect standardization activities, and the countermeasures to the use of differently specified browsers for each of these languages. Current browsers these risks, and to provide a framework for evaluation relating to and markup languages also require the use of separate applications in order to handle content such video and audio. To resolve issues such as these, the W3C (World Wide Web the management of these risks. Consortium) is creating specifications for next-generation browsers (HTML5) — new web technologies that allow diverse types of content including video and audio to be handled by a wide variety of devices. (3) Securing human resources for standardization In the study of specifications for next-generation browsers, efforts are being focused on particular areas such as smarter integration of Web and TV, and vertical text layouts. It is necessary to continue with activities to mix people 4 New generation network: A generic term for new network technology anticipated for the experienced in standardization activities with younger people next generation of the Internet. It uses new technologies to improve the quality and quantity of communications and can adapt flexibly to various issues. who will take over as the next generation, investigate how to offer Using this technology, it is possible to utilize diverse terminals of completely different suitable career paths to people working in standardization, the use types and adapt to diverse user needs, for example, by constructing multiple individually programmable virtual networks on the same physical network. of foreign standardization consultants, and how to support people Also, by implementing M2M communication that is autonomously stabilized without human in important positions at international conferences. intervention, it will become possible for all sorts of communication equipment and other electronic devices such as sensors to connect with one another. This is expected to lead to the creation of new services including stable remote monitoring and control of public (4) The role of public-private partnerships in the promotion infrastructure, and the utilization of big data.

New Breeze Winter 2013 11 Council recommendations on measures for promoting the production and distribution of content, and legal systems for

increasing competitiveness Promotion for Content Distribution Division Information and Communications Bureau Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

1. Introduction (iii) proper allocation of profits, and (iv) effective anti-piracy In September 2006, the Information and Communications measures. Policy Bureau of the Information and Communications Council 2.1.3. Current status and issues of expanding content overseas (a consultative body to the Minister of Internal Affairs and The overseas expansion of broadcast content is something Communications) set up a Committee for the Promotion of that broadcasters have been involved in since the 1980s, but Digital Content Distribution, chaired by professor Jun Murai in recent years they have also focused on selling rights such of Keio University. This committee examined various issues as remake rights and format rights in addition to broadcasting relating to the promotion of digital content distribution that had rights. Program production companies promote international been raised in the study "The role of government in the present co-productions by holding pitching sessions (business proposal state and future prospects of the utilization of terrestrial digital meetings). The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications broadcasting (Inquiry No. 8)" assigned to the Information and also supports the overseas promotion of regional content, and the Communications Council on January 28, 2004. use of international broadcasting networks and the promotion of In June 2007, it was also assigned to the study of "The present international co-productions to dispel rumors about the Great East state of the legal system for strengthening the competitiveness of Japan earthquake disaster and nuclear accidents. The challenges content (Inquiry No. 12)". to be overcome in this regard include smoothing out the way in This committee studied these inquiries for approximately six which content rights are managed, taking measures to prevent years, compiled a report, and its findings were received by the piracy, and easing the regulations concerning the use of foreign- Information and Communications Council on July 25, 2012. made content. This paper provides an overview of this examination process 2.1.4. Current status and issues of efforts to smooth out the and its findings. management of content rights When content is broadcast in Japan, the contract for its multi- 2. Measures for strengthening the production use is not always defined and so becomes an obstacle to secondary and distribution of content: Previous uses of the content. Consequently, in June 2009, the Audiovisual initiatives and current state Rights Management Association (aRma) was established to make 2.1. Previous initiatives and current state the processing of rights faster and more efficient, including the 2.1.1. Overview of content production and distribution provision of a single point of contact for licensing applications. In recent years, Japan's content market has reached a scale In the future, further efforts will be needed to streamline the of about ¥11 trillion. On the other hand, due to rapid growth in processing of performer's rights by the aRma, simplify and unify the emerging economies of Asia and Latin America, the global the processing of music copyrights, and smooth out the rights content market is expected to grow by 5.7% on average by 2015. processing of master licenses for recordings. In Japan, a wide variety of video delivery services have 2.1.5. Current status and issues of measures to combat illegal sprung up due to the completion of the switch-over to terrestrial content distribution digital television, the spread of broadband infrastructure and the The misuse of UGC (user-generated content) websites and increasing speed and diversity of receivers resulting from the rapid P2P (peer to peer) file-sharing software for copyright infringement spread of smart phones and tablets. is rampant, both here and abroad. Broadcasters have been working 2.1.2. Current status and issues of the delivery of broadcast both independently and in cooperation with major UGC websites content over the Internet to implement measures such as automatic deletion of illegal Internet delivery services for broadcast content and radio are content, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications now well established, and measures have been taken to strengthen has also conducted experiments in collaboration with related the compatibility of these services with library program delivery, organizations. This is an area in which there is a need for ongoing smart phones and the like. Overseas delivery of content is also measures to deal with illegal content distribution and promote the being studied. Against this background, initiatives aimed at legal delivery of content. delivering broadcast content via the distribution platforms of 2.1.6. Current status and issues of content distribution platforms Internet video delivery service providers have also been started. With the appearance of new network-based content delivery In particular, besides the resolution of reception issues, radio services such as cloud music services, it is important to study ways has played an important role in the delivery of disaster-related of meeting the expectations of users while simplifying the proper information in the aftermath of the 2011Great East Japan and efficient compensation of copyright holders. Earthquake. Active efforts are also being made to develop Smart TV There are various challenges to be addressed, including the services both here and overseas, and in June 2012 the Ministry of establishment and enforcement of rules for (i) ensuring that Internal Affairs and Communications published its basic strategy broadcast content can be used smoothly, (ii) copyright protection, for the promotion of Smart TV. Smart TV is a new service that

12 New Breeze Winter 2013 combines three functions: (i) cooperation between broadcasting using current B-CAS (BS Conditional Access Systems) cards. For and Web content, (ii) provision of diverse applications and content, future improvements, in line with the sixth interim report of 2009, and (iii) interaction between terminal devices. We are promoting studies were undertaken with a view to introducing a so-called the service with an emphasis on the implementation of trials in the "New System" that implements protection (enforcement) measures private sector, and on measures for international expansion. for copy control rules in digital broadcasts that do not restrict the Current issues are the development, implementation and disclosure of technical standards. This "New System" is being international standardization of technologies such as TV- advanced according to the following schedule, and legislative compatible browsers based on HTML5 (HyperText Markup changes are also being made (revisions to the copyright law, unfair Language 5), and the promotion of international expansion. competition prevention law and customs law). • Formulation of Standard and Technical Report by the 2.2. Recommendations Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) (March 2.2.1. Direction of future initiatives 2011, December 2011) To strengthen the production and distribution of content, it • Establishment of the RMP Administration Center for is necessary to set up a mechanism where legitimate business can Terrestrial Broadcasting Content (TRMP) (June 2011) and grow and where creators can be properly compensated more easily, sequential reinforcement of its governance and to facilitate not only the sustained development of content in • With the aim of starting operations in Tokyo, Nagoya and term of both quantity and quality, but also the expanded re-use of Osaka from mid-August 2012 and nationwide from April this content. 2013, progress will be made in the preparation of TRMP key With regard to the social and cultural significance of content management systems and transmission facilities for broadcast production and distribution, it will be necessary for government stations to play a complementary role and provide indirect support for initiatives led by the private sector. 3.2. Recommendations 2.2.2. Issues requiring immediate attention 3.2.1. Copy control schemes The issues that require immediate attention are: For the production and distribution of broadcast content to be (1) Managing rights faster and more efficiently continuously reproduced on an enlarged scale, rules for content (2) Overseas expansion of content protection are needed. However, with regard to copy control (3) Promotion of Smart TV schemes as methods for protecting content in free broadcasts, it is With regard to (1), it is necessary to provide opportunities for considered appropriate to conduct studies of future service trends investigations by broadcasters, rights-holder organizations, related and technological developments while also considering the role of administrative organizations and the like, and to deal with the enforcement. practical and administrative aspects of digital rights management. 3.2.2. Returning compensation to content creators For (2), it is necessary to relax the restrictions on foreign-made In order to implement continuous reproduction of high-quality content, set up an environment for dealing with pirated content, content, measures are needed for ensuring that the content creators and investigate support measures for the cost of securing broadcast are properly compensated. In addition to copy control and other quotas for continuous foreign broadcasts and the like. For (3), it is content protection measures, it is also necessary to explore how necessary to implement verification trails by the private sector in service providers can recognize each other and to expand the scope cooperation with public authorities, and to focus on the promotion of studies to include the promotion of content circulation and the of international expansion efforts and the like. expansion of content markets due to strengthened production. 2.2.3. Issues to be addressed in the medium to long term 3.2.3. Enforcement of copy control schemes To respond appropriately to rapid changes in the future, it is The New System is essential for the implementation of full- necessary to set up new opportunities for investigations by related segments reception of terrestrial digital broadcasting on mobile members, and to discuss the rules for protection of content, how terminals and the like, and implements a choice of enforcement to manage content rights faster and more efficiently, and measures means comparable with the current B-CAS system. While for promoting the production and circulation of content including streamlining the introduction and operation of this system, returning compensation to content creators. private sector organizations should also consider the possibility of expanding its applications beyond terrestrial broadcasting. As 3. The current state of content protection in regards the current state of enforcement of copy control systems, it digital broadcasting is necessary to conduct studies based on the state of acceptance of 3.1. Previous efforts and current status the New System and its institutional complementarity. 3.1.1. Copy control rules in digital broadcasting 3.2.4. Follow-up Based on the recommendations of the fourth interim report With regard to the current status of content protection in in 2007 and the fifth interim report in 2008, the "Dubbing 10" digital broadcasting, it would be appropriate for a study to be system was started in July 2008 as a tentative rule to control conducted in the new investigation opportunities of section 2.2.3 copying based on the need to promote the switchover to digital while ascertaining the state of illegal content distribution and broadcasting. trends in user authentication technologies and services for copy Since then, almost all of the digital video recorders shipped in control. Japan have been compatible with Dubbing 10, and as of March 2012 a total of approximately 20 million Dubbing 10 video 4. Summary recorders have been shipped in Japan. In the future, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and 3.1.2. The current state of enforcement of copy control systems Communications will continue with initiatives aimed at promoting Various issues have been pointed out with regard to systems the distribution of digital content based on these findings.

New Breeze Winter 2013 13 ibeam: A tablet that can be operated by eye tracking

HitoshiNTT DOCOMO, Yamazaki INC. Product Department

■ Illustration 3: Until now, operating a tablet has situations where one hand is occupied. To required the use of both hands — one to achieve this, the ibeam uses eye tracking hold it, and the other to interact with the technology. The use of eye tracking to screen. However, the situations in which supplement finger operations means that people have both hands free are limited. the tablet can be used in a much broader For example, it is not possible to use a tablet range of situations. (Illustration 1, with both hands when holding onto a Illustration 2) strap handle in a commuter train, or when carrying luggage in one hand. The ibeam is Detecting gaze movements a tablet that resolves this issue. with eye tracking technology This tablet can be operated by eye movements without having to touch Eye tracking generally refers to a tecEye it, and can therefore be used even in tracking generally refers to a technique for figuring out where someone is looking. ■ Illustration 1: This is done by shining near-infrared light into the user’s eyes and using a camera to detect the reflection of this from the pupils. This technique can be used without having to wear any special devices, and will work even if the user is wearing glasses or contact lenses. However, to accommodate individual differences in pupil size and

■ Illustration 4: Analysis of gaze direction by eye tracking (when looking at the top of the screen)

■ Illustration 2:

14 New Breeze Winter 2013 ■ Illustration 5: Book reader ■ Illustration 8: Web browser

■ Illustration 6: Gallery ■ Illustration 7: Shooter game

gaze movement, the device has to be • Gallery and scrolling maps, and browsing email. calibrated before use by recording the You can see an enlarged view of a photo If tablet devices are to become more positional relationships between a number by looking at its thumbnail. (Illustration 6) widespread, there are a number of issues of reference points and the users’ gaze that need to be resolved. Besides making direction. (Illustration 3, Illustration 4) • Shooter game them thinner and lighter so they can be Pop a series of balloons by looking at carried more easily, the fact that they can Support for a wide range of them. Different points are awarded for only be used in limited situations due to operations different types of balloon. (Illustration 7) the need to operate them using both hands is also a matter that needs to be addressed. The ibeam is equipped with original • Web browser If they can be operated with one hand like applications — a book reader, photo gallery, scroll the screen by looking at arrows smart phones, then people will be able to shooter game and web browser — that situated around the edges. A “confirm” freely access information even when they are particularly suited to gaze operation. operation for links (or images) is added only have one hand free. Applications that involve text input seem to to provide a simple way of preventing The current prototype uses eye tracking be less suited to gaze operation, and were links from being inadvertently followed as a substitute for finger operations, therefore excluded from this study. These while reading a page. To follow a link, allowing the tablet to be operated with applications are as follows: perform a “confirm” operation by using just one hand. This eye tracking technique the thumb of the hand holding the tablet should also be useful in interfaces for • Book reader to touch the screen (anywhere will do) users with a physical handicap. Next, we turn the page by looking at a page- while looking at the link you want to plan to work on the development of new turning spot at the bottom left of the follow. The display can be zoomed in user interfaces including combinations screen (or to go back a page by looking at or out by sliding the same thumb up or with other techniques such as speech a spot at the bottom right of the screen). down while looking at the middle of the recognition. You can also display the meaning of place you want to zoom. (Illustration 8) individual words by looking at them. * Note: ibeam is a prototype that was showcased at (Illustration 5) Other applications that should work CEATEC2012, and we do not yet have plans to well with eye tracking include zooming develop it into a practical product.

New Breeze Winter 2013 15 FY2012 JICA Group Training Course: "Strengthening Regional Information Publishing Capabilities"

International Cooperation Department The ITU Association of Japan

1. Introduction The course discussed here continues "Radio Access Network Design W- Over six weeks from July 30 to Sep- this series with Phase IV and has been CDMA & LTE." To illustrate upgrading tember 7, 2012, the ITU Association of offered over the three-year period starting of rural communications networks, a Japan held a group training course under in FY2010. Six people from four countries course entitled "Actively Promote Use of contract with the Japan International Co- (Brazil, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand) ICT Utilization in Rural Areas" was also operation Agency (JICA). The objective of participated. prepared, covering ICT technologies and the course was to nurture human resources construction of structures needed to com- able to create plans to correct information 2. Course Content puterize rural areas. Starting directly after disparity in rural areas of their own coun- The course curriculum began with the Great East Japan Earthquake, we also tries. The course involved theoretical and a course entitled "Outline of Telecom- presented lectures on the state of recovery practical training in building effective and munications in Japan," which explained of mobile communications services during efficient rural communications networks current communications policy in Japan. the course. and in publishing regional information. It was followed by an overview of ICT Courses on network analysis were also On the basis of contracts from JICA, development theory, with courses spe- held, including "Study Items and Process of the ITU-AJ ran the "Rural Telecom En- cialized for rural areas including "ICT Feasibility Study" and "Outline of Project gineering Course" (Phase I) from FY1990 Development Strategy: Global Challenge Cycle Management Techniques." to FY1999, the "Rural Telecommunication for Rural Communities," "Development Courses on building IP networks Planning Course" (Phase II) from FY2000 of Rural Telecommunications," "Fun- used to publish regional information to FY2004, and the "Networking of Rural damentals of Rural Telecommunication included "Building an IP Network," "Fiber- Community Information Infrastructure Networks," and "Considerations when To-The-Home Systems," "Residential Course" (Phase III) from FY2005 to Implementing Universal Service Obliga- ICT," "Introduction to the Set-Top Box," FY2009. These three courses provided tion System." Courses covering the major and "Internet Servers." training that reached 226 people (including technologies need to design and develop In a course entitled "Drill in Network those participating individually) over a 20- networks were also given, including "Fun- Planning," case studies on six model rural year period. damentals of Optical Networks" and areas were conducted on the basis of the

■ Figure 1: Class in progress ■ Figure 2: Internet equipment installation in the town of Susami

16 New Breeze Winter 2013 ■ Figure 3: Lectures held at Sanyo Electric Energy Ltd. operations and maintenance, and future planning. Their presentations on the final day by the participants resulted in lively question and an- swer periods. The final versions of these reports were submitted to JICA within two months of the end of the course. Upon their return home, the participants presented them to their superiors, and then their organization submitted them to JICA. These reports were studied within JICA, and for those that are likely to be implemented, follow-up and other activities supporting the implementation will be undertaken through JICA offices in those regions. The participants were provided with a PC for use during the course and given study materials on a technologies studied. An optimized rural ence the course content themselves but also CDROM that they were allowed to take communications network was designed exposed them to the latest communications home with them. and drafted for each area. The results technologies. The course received generally good were reported on the final day, with the evaluations from the participants. Af- instructors of each course examining 3. Conclusion terwards, the ITU-AJ interviewed the and discussing them. These case studies During the last stage of the course, participants and solicited their comments, formed a compilation of the technologies interim reports were created and presented. opinions and desires regarding the course studied in the course and were very popular They described not only the network plan- content, texts, facility visits and field trips. with the students. The practice in system ning but also summarized the networks This feedback will be analyzed and studied planning they received enabled them to designed using program development ma- to identify any problems in execution of use the knowledge and technology they trices (PDMs). They covered aspects such the course, and solutions will be reflected had studied to design systems in their own as financing (including profitability), hu- in new course content for the next and countries. man resources, procurement, environment, following years. Participants observed the town of Susami in Wakayama Prefecture as an ■ Figure 4: Course closing ceremony operating example of an actual network built in a rural area. The town introduced an indefeasible right of user (IRU) system in computerizing the rural area. Under the IRU system, the local government built the network, which was then operated by a telecommunications operator, making it publically built and privately operated. Participants also visited the Sanyo Electric Energy Co. Ltd. Nishikinohama Factory to see a solar energy system, which is at- tracting attention as an energy source that can be used in rural areas. They also attended an open-room at the NTT Kansai R&D Center to see the latest information and communications technology. These tours were very popular because they not only enabled the participants to experi-

New Breeze Winter 2013 17 Thorough Pursuit of "Customer Value"

KazuhiroPresident Tsuga Panasonic Corporation

1. Introduction the range of our business activities. For example, I see the Since its foundation in 1918, Panasonic’s management company providing the most benefit in four spaces: residential; philosophy has been to improve the lives of people around non-residential including offices, factories, stores and hospitals; the world and to contribute to the further progress of society. mobility encompassing automobiles and aircraft; and personal. In Panasonic has evolved in tandem with its customers by always this regard, we will make people, that is, our customers, central to making “people” central, that is, by focusing on how people live. all of our activities (Figure 2). Now, looking ahead to 2018, the 100th anniversary of our In each space we will emphasize Eco & Smart solutions: we founding, we are working toward a grand vision of becoming will work to find solutions to our customers' Business to Business a Green Innovation Company that integrates environmental (B2B) problems and provide a sense of security, comfort and contribution and business growth. excitement in our Business to Customer (B2C) solutions. Since enormous environmental challenges are shared worldwide, Panasonic's management philosophy couldn't be more 4. Conclusion relevant to initiating a green revolution, starting with people’s lives By continuously striving to create customer value, we will be and aiming at a more affluent, sustainable society. able to find a path to becoming a Green Innovation Company. Having such a commitment, we will continue to take on new 2. In Pursuit of Customer Value challenges going forward. To achieve this vision, we must return to the basics and work We promise our customers great things in the future. directly with our customers. This involves committing ourselves to doing everything in our power to create customer value. The key ■ Figure 1: Pursuit of customer value to generating profits is to "eliminate anything that does not create customer value." Our thorough pursuit of customer value will focus our attention on the customer and channel our energy into improving our managerial and business practices. By visualizing our global customer base and rejuvenating our business practices with our focus on the customer, we can achieve great things (Figure 1).

3. Direction of Business ■ Figure 2: Toward making proposals for customer value Development We would like to pursue a dream with our customers. We will therefore concentrate on providing products and services that are useful to our customers and that promote mutual growth. By serving and helping our customers, we will become a highly profitable company. Panasonic handles a wide range of products. Rather than follow a product-based focus, I am confident that we will be better served by adopting a customer-based focus under which we clarify who our customers are and what usefulness we can bring to them by narrowing

18 New Breeze Winter 2013 REPORT

Aggregation and Preliminary Calculation of Internet Traffic in Japan Computer Communications Division Telecommunications Business Department Telecommunications Bureau Ministry of Internal affairs and Communications

Introduction was used. Twice a year (May and November), the Ministry of Internal A: Traffic between subscribers and ISPs. Affairs and Communications (MIC), with cooperation from A1: Traffic between broadband service subscribers (DSL, the six major Internet Service Providers (ISP)1, the five Internet FTTH) and the six major ISPs. Exchange (IX) organizations2, and researchers3, aggregates traffic A2: Traffic between other subscribers (dial-up, dedicated lines, and makes preliminary calculations, in order to ascertain the data centers) and the six major ISPs. actual state of Internet traffic (communications traffic) in Japan, B: Traffic between domestic and foreign ISPs. and we publish these results4. In this article, we report on the B1: Traffic between the six major ISPs and the five IX results of the aggregated traffic and the preliminary calculations, organizations. as of May 2012. B2: Traffic between the six major ISPs and other domestic ISPs. 1 Traffic to be Aggregated B3: Traffic between the six major ISPs and other foreign ISPs. In preliminary calculations of the traffic, the following traffic C: Traffic through the five IX organizations. data, aggregated by the six major ISPs and five IX organizations,

■ Figure 1: Traffic to be aggregated

(*1) A1: Includes the following traffic: · Home wireless LAN traffic · Part of the traffic on some ISP public wireless LAN services · Part of the traffic on some mobile providers' femtocell services · Part of the mobile communications traffic on some ISP mobile phone networks (May, 2011 and earlier). (*2) A2: Aggregated from 3 ISPs.

New Breeze Winter 2013 19 REPORT

■ Figure 2: Changes in total traffic of broadband subscribers in Japan

(*1) A portion of the mobile communications traffic that was included in traffic data until May 2011 has been excluded from the traffic of May 2012. (*2) Result of recalculating using the estimation method in (*1). (*3) Calculated using the growth rates from six-months previous, based on values recalculated based on the estimation method in (*1).

■ Figure 3: Changes in traffic between the six major ISPs and foreign ISPs (B3)

2 Preliminary Calculation Methods and As of May 2012, the overall download traffic to broadband Changes in Overall Traffic for Broadband service subscribers in Japan was estimated to be approximately Service Subscribers 1.7 Tbps6 and increased by a factor of 1.1 (8.1% increase)7 during We made preliminary calculations of the overall traffic from the past six-month period, and traffic has continued to increase. broadband service subscribers5 in Japan from the traffic data The overall upload traffic from broadband service subscribers was aggregated by the six major ISPs and the five IX organizations. estimated to be approximately 658 Gbps (Figure 2). This was calculated from the traffic between the DSL and FTTH 3 Changes in Other Traffic broadband service subscribers and the six major ISPs (A1) and the share held by them in Japan, using the following formula: (1) Changes in traffic between the six major ISPs and foreign ISPs Traffic of broadband service subscribers Traffic from foreign ISPs to the six major ISPs (B3, In) is at six major ISPs [A1] Overall traffic = increasing, and as of May 2012, during the past one-year period, Share of broadband service subscribers it increased by a factor of approximately 1.3 (a 25.6% increase) held by the six major ISPs [X] (Figure 3). This is approximately 3.0 times the traffic from the six ([X] = 43.74% (as of May 2012)) major ISPs to foreign ISPs (B3, Out) (approx. 2.6 times in May,

20 New Breeze Winter 2013 REPORT

■ Figure 4: Download traffic by time period

(*1) A portion of the mobile communications traffic with the mobile phone network, that was included in traffic data until May 2011, has been excluded from the traffic of May 2012.

■ Figure 5: Changes in traffic from the five IX organizations

(*1) Before November 2010, this was the three IX organizations.

2011), so the proportion of inbound traffic is increasing. There is also an increasing trend in traffic through the five IX organizations (C). This could be due to the popularity of data (2) Download traffic from the six major ISPs to broadband transmission provided by the IXs, between domestic ISPs other service subscribers by time period than the six major ISPs. Looking at the download traffic at the six major ISPs by time period, we see year-to-year increases for all days of the week, traffic peaks between 7 pm and 11 pm, and greater daytime use on 1 The six ISPs include "Internet Initiative Japan," "NTT Communications," "K-Opticom," Saturdays and Sundays (Figure 4). "KDDI," "Softbank Telecom," and "Softbank BB." 2 The five IX organizations include "Internet Multifeed," "Equinix Japan," "Japan Internet Exchange," "BBIX," and "WIDE Project." (3) Changes in traffic through the five IX organizations 3 Prof. Hiroshi Esaki, University of Tokyo; Prof. Akira Kato, Keio University; Kenjiro Cho, There has been a leveling-out trend in traffic between the Researcher, Internet Initiative Japan; Assoc. Prof. Kensuke Fukuda, National Institute of Informatics; and Assoc. Prof. Yuji Sekiya, University of Tokyo. six major ISPs and the five IX organizations (B1) (Figure 5). 4 http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_sosiki/joho_tsusin/eng/Releases/ Considering the trend toward increased overall traffic, this could Telecommunications/120928_01.html 5 FTTH, DSL, CATV, and FWA be due to a shift in how to connect with the six major ISPs, from 6 1T (tera)(1012) = 1000 G (giga) conventional public peering by IXs to direct peering with other ISPs. 7 Annual rate of approx. 1.2x (16.2% increase)

New Breeze Winter 2013 21 REPORT

On the publication of “Communication usage in Japan from the viewpoint of voice traffic— Communication usage in FY 2011 (bulletin)” Tariff and Telecommunications Access Policy Division, Telecommunications Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

On 30 October 2012, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Details of the usage of communications in FY 2011 are Communications released the publication “Communication usage presented below. in Japan from the viewpoint of voice traffic — Communication usage in FY 2011 (bulletin)”. 1. Trends in domestic voice traffic (Graph 1) This survey has published aggregate reports of traffic data The total number of calls made in FY 2011 was 108.39 billion, relating to voice services from telecommunications carriers since which is 2.0% lower than in the previous year. 1988, with the aim of clarifying usage trends for such purposes as The aggregate call time in FY 2011 was 3,984 million hours, deciding on governmental telecommunications policies. which is 3.4% lower than in the previous year. The total number The key points in voice traffic levels in 2011 are as follows. of calls and the aggregate call time have continued to decline (1) Domestic traffic levels are continuing to decline both as a gradually since FY 2001. fraction of the total number of calls and as a fraction of the aggregate call time. 2. Number of calls in domestic voice traffic (Graph 2) (2) the number of calls and call time originating from IP phone If the number of calls in domestic voice traffic is broken down calls are continuing to rise. by the type of equipment used to place each call, we find that there (3) the number of calls and call time originating from mobile were 35.09 billion calls from fixed-line systems (down 8.9% from phone calls have started to decline, but still account for over the previous year), 12.18 billion calls from IP phones (up 8.4%), 50% of all calls. 59.17 billion calls from mobile phones (down 0.7%), and 1.95 (4) the number of calls and call time originating from PHS calls billion calls from PHS phones (up 55.5%). have both started to increase. The proportion of the number of calls from each type of The overall amount of voice traffic has been decreasing equipment was 32.4% for fixed-line systems, 56.4% for mobile over the last few years, and although the proportion of mobile systems, and 11.2% for IP phones. The proportion of calls from phone calls in the total amount of voice traffic is on an upward fixed-line systems is decreasing, while the proportion from IP trend(NOTE), its absolute amount decreased for the first time in FY phones and mobile systems is increasing. 2011. This can be attributed to factors such as an increase in the The proportion of calls from fixed-line systems first dropped amount of data communication. (NOTE) Over half of the voice traffic in FY 2011 originated from mobile phones (54.6% of calls, 57.0% of time). Most of these calls were made to other mobile phones, and calls ■ Graph 2: Number of calls in domestic voice traffic between mobile phones accounted for almost half of the total amount of voice traffic (43.3% of calls, 48.5% of time).

■ Graph 1

22 New Breeze Winter 2013 REPORT

below 50% in FY 2006, and since then the number of calls has mobile systems account for 45.2%, and calls from IP phones to IP been decreasing by approximately 6–12% per year. The proportion phones account for 0.9%. of calls from mobile phones first exceeded 50% in FY 2009, Looking at the state of reciprocal calls in domestic voice traffic making it the dominant means of voice communication. But on in terms of call times, calls from fixed-line systems to fixed-line the other hand, the absolute number of calls in FY 2011 decreased systems account for 23.8%, calls from mobile systems to mobile for the first time since mobile phone calls were first surveyed in systems account for 51.8%, and calls from IP phones to IP phones FY 1992. account for 1.3%. In terms of both the numbers of calls and the call times, calls 3. Call times in domestic voice traffic (Graph 3) from mobile systems to mobile systems account for approximately If the call time in domestic voice traffic is broken down by half of the total amount of voice traffic. the type of equipment used, we find that there were 1,092 million hours of calls from fixed-line systems (down 11.3% from the ■ Graph 4: Reciprocal calls (based on number of calls) previous year), 490 million hours from IP phones (up 3.4%), 2,272 million hours from mobile phones (down 1.8%), and 129 million hours from PHS phones (up 25.6%). The proportion of the call time originating from each type of equipment was 27.4% for fixed-line systems, 60.3% for mobile systems, and 12.3% for IP phones. Like the number of calls, the proportion of the aggregate call time is decreasing for fixed-line systems and increasing for IP phones and mobile systems For fixed-line systems, the proportion of calls first dropped below 50% in 2006, and since then the call time has been decreasing by approximately 9–14% per year. For mobile phones, the proportion of calls first exceeded 50% in FY 2009, making it the dominant means of voice communication. But on the other hand, the absolute call time in FY 2011 decreased for the first time since mobile phone calls were [Notes] first surveyed in FY 1992. 1. In the “Receiving” column, “Fixed-line terminals” includes subscriber phones, ISDN and radio pagers. Looking at the state of reciprocal calls in domestic voice traffic 2. In the “Receiving” column, for “IP phones”, “Mobile phones” and “PHS”, it is impossible to in terms of the number of calls, calls from fixed-line systems to distinguish between calls originating from subscriber phones, public phones or ISDN. 3. The upper figures are the numbers of calls, and the lower bracketed figures are the shares fixed-line systems account for 27.7%, calls from mobile systems to of the mutual communication aggregate values.

■ Graph 3: Aggregate call times in domestic voice traffic ■ Graph 5: Reciprocal calls (based on call times)

[Notes] 1. In the “Receiving” column, “Fixed-line terminals” includes subscriber phones, ISDN and radio pagers. 2. In the “Receiving” column, for “IP phones”, “Mobile phones” and “PHS”, it is impossible to distinguish between calls originating from subscriber phones, public phones or ISDN. 3. The upper figures are the numbers of calls, and the lower bracketed figures are the shares of the mutual communication aggregate values.

New Breeze Winter 2013 23 REPORT

Join us in ITU Kaleidoscope conference 2013 “Building Sustainable Communities” Kyoto, Japan, 22-24 April 2013

As you may be well aware, the ITU Kaleidoscope events Conference (PP-94) was aim to increase the dialogue between experts working on the placed there in 1994. standardization of Information and Communication Technologies So, why don’t you join and academia. Its fifth conference is just around the corner to start us! If you need further on 22nd April in Kyoto, focusing on intensive discussions in various information, please visit aspects under the important theme as “Building Sustainable ITU web site: Communities”. Kyoto is well-known as a historic city and worth http://www.itu.int/ visiting in spring when the whole city is covered with lovely flowers en/ITU-T/academia/kaleidoscope/2013/Pages/default.aspx or and fresh green verdure. Some may recall that Plenipotentiary contact: [email protected].

Programmes: Day 1 – Monday 22 April 2013 09:30 - 10:30 Opening Plenary • Welcome Host: Hiroshi Matsumoto (President, Kyoto University, Japan; Kaleidoscope 2013 General Chairman) • Opening address: Malcolm Johnson (Director, Telecommunication Standardization Bureau, ITU) • Inaugural Speech: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan 10:30 - 11:00 Keynote speech: Digital Library for Creative and Sustainable Society - Makoto Nagao (Kyoto University, Japan) 11:00 - 11:30 Coffee break 11:30 - 13:00 Session 1 – Infrastructures and platforms to support communities (Track 3) Session Chair: Muthoni Masinde (University of Cape Town, South Africa) • S1.1 Sustaining life during the early stages of disaster relief with a Frugal Information System: Learning from the Great East Japan Earthquake.* S1.2 A Model for Creating and Sustaining Information Services Platform Communities: Lessons learnt from Open Source Software. S1.3 Security technologies for the protection of critical infrastructures - ethical risks and solution offered by standardization. 13:00 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 16:00 Session 2 – Future communication services to sustain communities (Track 1) Session Chair: Ved P. Kafle (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, NICT, Japan) • S2.1 Invited Paper: Visible Light Communication Using Sustainable Led Lights. S2.2 Selecting the Best Communication Service in Future Network Architectures. S2.3 Using the RFID Technology to Create a Low-Cost Communication Channel for Data Exchange. S2.4 Non-Directed Indoor Optical Wireless Network with a Grid of Direct Fiber Coupled Ceiling Transceivers for Wireless EPON Connectivity. 16:00 - 16:30 Coffee Break 16:30 - 18:00 Session 3 – Supporting remote communities (Track 2) Session Chair: Eva Ibarrola (University of the Basque Country, Spain) • S3.1 Implementation Roadmap for Downscaling Drought Forecasts in Mbeere Using ITIKI.* S3.2 Using Task-based QR-codes for Assuring Safe and Sustainable Packaged Water Supply in Indian Cities. S3.3 A Sustainable Integrated-Services Community Learning Center. An * denotes paper nominated for best paper award.

Day 2 – Tuesday 23 April 2013 09:30 - 10:00 Keynote speech: María Del Rosario Guerra (Former Minister for ICT; Leico Consultores, Colombia) 10:00 - 11:30 Session 4 – Resource discovery and management (Track 1) Session Chair: Mitsuji Matsumoto (Waseda University, Japan; Kaleidoscope 2013 Steering Committee member) • S4.1 System design and numerical analysis of adaptive resource discovery in wireless application networks.* S4.2 Design and Implementation of virtualized ICT resource management system for carrier network services toward Cloud computing era.* S4.3 Harmonized Q-Learning For Radio Resource Management In LTE Based Networks. 11:30 - 12:00 Coffee break 12:00 - 12:40 Fast-Forward Poster Preview Session Chair: Martin Adolph (ITU-T, Switzerland) 12:40 - 13:00 Show case

24 New Breeze Winter 2013 REPORT

13:00 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 16:00 Session 5 – Supporting future applications (Track 2) Session Chair: Mostafa Hashem Sherif (AT&T, USA; Kaleidoscope 2013 Steering Committee member) • S5.1 Invited Paper: Hybridcast: a new media experience by integration of broadcasting and broadband. S5.2 Standard-based Publish-Subscribe Service Enabler for Social Applications and Augmented Reality Services.* S5.3 QoXphere: A New QoS Framework for Future Networks.* S5.4 Telebiometric Information Security and Safety Management.* 16:00 - 16:30 Coffee Break 16:30 - 18:00 Poster Session Session Chair: Martin Adolph (ITU-T, Switzerland) (Track 1) • P.1 A Proposal of a New Packet Scheduling Algorithm and Its Evaluation. P.2 Digital Space Transmission of An Interference Fringe-Type Computer-Generated Hologram Using IrSimple. P.3 Integrated Telecommunication Technology for the Next Generation Networks. P.4 Research on ICT service energy impact assessment method: How much energy to manufacture a chip. P.5 Robust Audio Watermarking Based on Dynamic DWT with Error Correction. (Track 2) • P.6 Self-Verified DNS Reverse Resolution. P.7 A Periodic Combined-Content Distribution Mechanism in Peer-Assisted Content Delivery Networks. P.8 Medication Error Protection System with a Body Area Communication Tag. P.9 Advanced approach to future service development. P.10 Intra-City Digital Divide Measurements Through Clustering. (Track 3) • P.11 ICT Innovation In South Africa: Lessons Learnt From Mxit. P.12 Review of challenges in national ICT policy process for African countries. P.13 The role of intelligent transportation systems in developing countries and importance of standardization. An * denotes paper nominated for best paper award.

Day 3 – Wednesday 24 April 2013 09:30 - 10:00 Keynote speech 10:00 - 11:30 Session 6 – Standardisation Issues (Track 3) Session Chair: Kai Jakobs (RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Kaleidoscope 2013 Technical Programme Committee Chair) • S6.1 Invited Paper: Open Standards: a Shrinking Public Space in the Future Network Economy? S6.2 Innovation Management of Electrical Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Standards in the Sino-European Context. * 11:30 - 12:00 Coffee break 12:00 - 13:00 Jules Verne’s corner 13:00 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 15:30 Lecture Session 7 – Energy Issues (Track 1) Session Chair: • S7.1 An Analytical Evaluation of Energy Consumption in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks. S7.2 Solar-Powered Cell Phone Access Point for Cell Phone Users in Emerging Regions. • S7.3 Proposal of a Sub-Lambda Switching Network and its Time-Slot Assignment Algorithm for Network with Asynchronous Time-Slot Phase. 15:30 - 16:00 Coffee Break 16:00 - 16:30 Wrap Up Session 16:30 - 17:00 Best Paper Awards and Young Author Recognition Ceremony 17:00 Closing An * denotes paper nominated for best paper award.

ITU-AJ New Office As from November 2012, we ITU-AJ moved to a new location in Shinjuku, Tokyo. We welcome you to visit us at any time! For fun, let’s look in the office! Meeting Room

Lobby Area Office Entrance Office Space Library (ITU Books)

New Breeze Winter 2013 25 年間購読料六、三〇〇円定価一冊一、五七五円七五円）（本体価格六、〇〇〇円、消費税三〇〇円） New Breeze （本体価格一、五〇〇円、消費税

平成二十五年一月十日発行（年四回一、四、七、十月の十日発行）第二十五巻第一号（通巻九十七号）