<<

Index

Page numbers in italic denote Figures. Page numbers in bold denote Tables.

Abu Durba Formation 18 Tupe Formation 112, 113 acidification, rain and oceans 408 biostratigraphy 113 Steinberg, - Adria Plate 7 stratigraphic analysis boundary section aeolian sediments, Polish Upper methods 114–115 conodont biozones 90, 91, 92, 93 Basin 431, 433 results geochemical analyses Africa palaeoecology methods 99–100 north of glacial front, Late Palaeozoic 122–123, 124 results 100–102 depositional systems 16–18 sedimentology results discussed 102–104 south of equator, Late Palaeozoic 119–122, location 89 depositional systems 7–15 123–124 stratigraphic setting 97–98 Akbra Shale 16 results discussed 131–135 Al Khlata Formation 15,16 Rı´o Blanco Basin back-scattered electron (BSE) image, algae, calcareous, Upper Carboniferous biostratigraphy Austria, Devonian-Carboniferous Carboniferous-Lower of 113–114 boundary samples 94 Spitsbergen 277–279 Carboniferous setting 110, 111, Baja California, environmental Aller Formation 75, 76, 552 112–113, 113 analogue 67–68 Alps, Southern Late Carboniferous bank, defined 273 Late Palaeozoic depositional systems sedimentological study Baoshan Basin 6 19–21, 23 Rı´o del Pen˜on Formation 113, Barabashevka Formation 411, 412, Upper Carboniferous- 113 414, 423 climate profile 24 biostratigraphy 113–114 Barets Sea (Norwegian), alveolar texture, Zongdi section stratigraphic analysis Palaeoaplysina build-ups 274 (Yangtze ) 239, 241, methods 114–115 Basal Anhydrite 458, 477, 478, 525 242, 243 results Basal Beds 335–337 analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) 214, palaeoecology depositional setting 332–333 214, 222, 223 130–131 Darlington Limestone 334–335 Andes see Venezuelan Andes sedimentology Lower Erratic Zone 333–334 Anemonaria pseudohorrida 392 125–130 Upper Erratic Zone 335 Anglo-Dutch Basin 431, 432, 550 results discussed sedimentology 313–314 Antarctica 131–135 Darlington Limestone 323, 325, Late Palaeozoic Ice Age (LPIA) aridity-humidity fluctuation, Late 326, 326, 327, 328, 329 307–309, 308 Permian 431, 433, 469, 469, Lower Erratic Zone 315, 317, 318, -Permian ice-rafted 475–477 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324 deposits 309 aridization, Late Permian 531–532 Upper Erratic Zone 329–330, 330, deglaciation Arqov Formation 19 331, 332 10, 22–23 Asterophyllites equisetiformis 183, 183 stratigraphy 312–313, 314 Apulia Plate 7 Athesia Volcanics 20 Beaufort 10, 11,23 Arabian Peninsula, Late Palaeozoic Australia, Late Palaeozoic Ice Age Belcourt Formation 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, depositional systems 15–16 (LPIA) 308 58,61 Arafura Basin 6 Maria Island facies descriptions 57, 59, 63–65 Archer City Formation 202, 203, 204, (Tasmania) Bellerophon Formation 20, 21 204, 215, 216 Basal Beds Bernburg Formation 552, 552 Ardennian-Gallian massif 550, 551 335–337 bioherm, descriptive terminology Argentina depositional setting 273, 347 Early Permian 22 332–333 biostratigraphy Carboniferous successions 110, 111, Darlington Limestone Argentina 112 334–335 Paganzo Basin 113 Paganzo Basin Lower Erratic Zone 333–334 Rı´o Blanco Basin 113–114 Carboniferous biostratigraphy 113 Upper Erratic Zone 335 East European Platform Permian Carboniferous setting 110, 111, sedimentology reefs 344–345, 345 112, 113 Darlington Limestone 323, North German Basin 555 Late Carboniferous 325, 326, 326, 327, 328, Saale Basin Stephanian red beds sedimentological studies 329 182–183, 183 Guandacol Formation Lower Erratic Zone 315, 317, Yangtze Platform fusulinids 251, 112, 113 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 252, 253, 254, 256 biostratigraphy 113 323, 324 Bohemian Massif 74, 550, 551 stratigraphic analysis Upper Erratic Zone Bonaparte Gulf Basin 6 methods 114–115 329–330, 330, 331, 332 Botswana 12 results stratigraphy 312–313, 314 Boullanger Formation 310, 313 palaeoecology 119 Lower Parmeener Supergroup, Bozen Volcanics 20 sedimentology stratigraphy 310–313, 310 brachiopods 115–119 pre-Parmeener unconformity Carboniferous-Early Permian results discussed 131–135 314–315, 316, 317 South China 41

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 576 INDEX

brachiopods (Continued) d13C 549 Kasimovian- 59 Spitsbergen 282–283 Austria, Devonian-Carboniferous Moscovian 57, 59 Permian climate studies in Northern boundary section 95, 97, 100, facies interpretations 61, 67–68 Europe by isotope analysis 25, 101, 102–104 palaeogeographic setting 47, 49 387–388 brachiopods as climate proxies palaeolatitude 53, 55 introduction 391, 393–396 387–388 shelf cyclicity 55 methods 396–398 methods of analysis 396–398 stratigraphic setting 48, 50, 51, 52 results 398–400 results 398–400 tectonic elements 53 results discussed 400–401 results discussed 400–401 carbonate platform reconstruction, Permian climate studies in Venezuela Croatia, Permian-Triassic boundary Zechstein 477–479, 479 by isotope and geochemical 542–543, 544 Carboniferous analysis East European Platform Permian Pennsylvanian, vegetation patterns in methods 370–371 reefs 344, 361–362 Markley Formation results 371–376 Kamien´ Pomorski depositional setting 202 results discussed 376–381 study facies descriptions 208 significance of results 381–383 methods 480 lithofacies analysis 214–218 British coal measure basins 235 results 480–481, 482, 484, 485 lithology 207 British Columbia, Western Canada results interpreted 495–496 palaeobotanical analysis Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) Kamura event 407–408 method of collection 204, 207, Pennsylvanian-Permian North German Basin 208, 209 facies descriptions 55–57, methods of analysis 556 methods of macrofossil 63–65 results 556–558, 560, 561, 562 quantification 209–210 -Sakmarian 59–61 results discussed 558–560, methods of palynological Kasimovian-Gzhelian 59 563–568 quantification 210–211 Moscovian 57, 59 Poland, Main Dolomite gases methods of statistical analysis facies interpretations 61, 67–68 526–527, 530, 530 211, 214, 214 palaeogeographic setting 47, 49 Primorye rugose corals 415, 417, palaeobotanical results 212, 213 palaeolatitude 53, 55 419, 425 macrofossils 218–222 shelf cyclicity 55 South China Carboniferous-Early palynology 222–224 stratigraphic setting 48, 50, 51, 52 Permian records 43 palaeobotanical results discussed tectonic elements 53 Venezuelan Permian climate proxy autocyclic coexistence models Bro¨ckelschiefer Facies 75 studies 226–227 Bro¨ckelschiefer Unconformity 75 methods 370 autocyclicity v. allocyclicity Bro¨ckelschieferbank see Crumbled results 372–376 227–230 Shale Bed Interval results discussed 377, 379–380 niche-based assembly dynamics bromine as indicator of fluctuating significance of results 382, 383 224–225 environmental conditions Cadellfjellet Member Palaeoaplysina space-time relationships 226 457–458, 460 build-ups 272, 272, 273 vegetation patterns 225–226 experimental procedure in Polish California, Gulf of, environmental sampling pattern 204, 204 Permian Basin analogue 67–68 field sites 205, 206 methods 461 Callipteridium pteridium 182, 183 sedimentology 202–204 results 461 Calvo¨rde Formation 79, 552, 552, 553, stratigraphic context 202, 203 Older Halite unit 463, 464, 465 554, 567–568 Stephanian, Saale Basin red beds Oldest Halite unit 461, 462, 463 Canada biostratigraphy 182–183 Younger Halite 465, 466–467 Exshaw, Devonian-Carboniferous geological setting 178 results discussed 467–470 boundary stratotype 88 history of research 177 bryozoans, Upper Carboniferous-Lower Ungava Bay 334 lithostratigraphy and facies Permian of Spitsbergen 283 Western Canada Sedimentary Basin analysis 179, 180, build-up, descriptive terminology 273, (WCSB) 181–182, 184 347 Pennsylvanian-Permian palaeogeography and climatic Bundella Formation 312, 312 facies descriptions 55–57, environment 178–179 (Early Triassic) 63–65 problems in depositional 73, 393 Asselian-Sakmarian 59–61 environmental analysis 183 Buntsandstein Group Kasimovian-Gzhelian 59 a new approach lithostratigraphy 76–77 Moscovian 57, 59 methods 185–187 Lower facies interpretations 61, 67–68 results 187–189 North German Basin palaeogeographic setting 47, 49 results interpreted lithostratigraphy 552–555 palaeolatitude 53, 55 189–192 magnetostratigraphy and shelf cyclicity 55 Westphalian, South African biostratigraphy 555 stratigraphic setting 48, 50, diamictites 9 see also Permian-Triassic 51, 52 Carboniferous-Permian boundary Boundary tectonic elements 53 glaciation 307 North German Basin Canning Basin 6 Spitsbergen chemostratigraphic studies 555 Cape Fold System 6 geological setting 269–270, 271, methods of analysis 556 extinction event 408 272 results 556–558, 559, 559, 561, carbon dioxide, climatic role of 25 Palaeoaplysina build-ups 562, 563 carbonate associations 272–273 results discussed 558–560, Pennsylvanian-Permian of Western ecology 295–296 563–568 Canada Sedimentary Basin facies descriptions 285–295 facies 550 (WCSB) facies distribution and unconformities 75 facies descriptions 55–57, 63–65 associations 296–299 Burgersdorp Formation 11,12 Asselian-Sakmarian 59–61 field observations 284–285

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 INDEX 577

flora and fauna 276–277, conodonts 42 Collio-Etsch-Carnia Basin 6 279–280 fusulinaceans 41–42 conchostracans, Zechstein 73 brachiopods 282–283 rugose corals 39, 41 Congo Basin, Late Palaeozoic bryozoans 283 carbon isotope records 43 depositional systems 6, 14–15, 22 calcareous algae 277–279 climate cycles 42–43 conodonts corals 282 climatic setting 34 Carboniferous-Early Permian of echinoderms 283 sedimentary cycles 36–37, South China 42 foraminifera 280–282 38,39 Devonian-Carboniferous boundary gastropods 282 Pennsylvanian- succession 87–88 trace 283 Zongdi section (Yangtze Platform) Austria 90, 91, 92, 93,98 stratigraphy 272, 389 depositional sequences Moscovian 57, 59, 60 Tempelfjorden Group internal architecture Zechstein 73, 75, 80 389–391 246–247, 247, Contrin Formation 21, 21 Kapp Starostin Formation 388, 250–251 Copper Shale () 389–390, 389, 391 microfabric 248 467, 478 brachiopod study 391–392, recognition 245–246 corals 397 sedimentary structures 249 Carboniferous-Early Permian of Western Canada Sedimentary Basin fusuline biostratigraphy 251, South China 39, 40,41 (WCSB) 252, 253, 254, 256 extinction events 407–409 facies descriptions 55–57, 63–65 modelling depositional cycles Permian of Primorye Asselian-Sakmarian 59–61 253, 255 assemblage descriptions 417, 419 Kasimovian-Gzhelian 59 epeiric tectonic signal 255, I 419–420 Moscovian 57, 59 257–259 II 420–421 facies interpretations 61, 67–68 palaeoclimatic significance III 421, 423 palaeogeographic setting 47, 49 263 IV 423 palaeolatitude 53, 55 thickness variation 259–262 geological setting 409, 411, shelf cyclicity 55 setting 236–237, 237 412, 413 stratigraphic setting 48, 50, 51, 52 stratigraphy 238 Laoelin-Grodekovo tectonic elements 53 subaerial exposure features 411–412, 414 Yangtze Platform sediments 236 237–238, 239, 240 Sergeevka terrane 413, Carnia Basin, Late Palaeozoic alveolar texture 239, 241, 415–416, 415, 416, 417 depositional systems 20,21 242, 243 Voznesenka terrane 416–417, cathodoluminescence, Austria, crystal silts 245 417 Devonian-Carboniferous leaching 245 historical background 409, 410, boundary samples 94 Microcodium 241, 242, 411 cement types, Zongdi section (Yangtze 243, 244 isotopic data 415, 417, 419, 425 Platform) 241, 243, 245 rhizoliths 239, 242, 243 proposed extinction mechanisms Cenozoic Ice Age, similarities with Late Chondrites 390 425–426 Palaeozoic Ice Age (LPIA) 307 Cisuralian palaeogeography 236 Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian Central European Basin (CEB) Cisuralian reefs of East European of Spitsbergen 282 geological setting 74–75, 74 Platform 343–344 Corte´z, Sea of, environmental analogue salt series 457 biostratigraphic framework 67–68 Zechstein-Buntsandstein 344–345, 345 cosmic ray flux 25–26 lithostratigraphy 75–77 carbonate associations 347, 349 Counsel Creek Formation 310, 313 see also Southern Permian Basin also descriptive terminology 347 Croatia European Permian Basin extrinsic controls 360–361 Late Palaeozoic climatic Central Graben 550, 551 facies analyses 356, 357, 358, 359 interpretation Chandalaz Formation 413, 416, 417, heterozoan associations 355, Carboniferous-Permian 542 423, 425 357, 359 Permian-Triassic 543 Changshun shale 37 lithostratigraphy, Timan Pechora 354 Late Palaeozoic isotopic evidence Chanic 112 locations studied 348, 350 544–546 chemostratigraphy of Permo-Triassic palaeogeographic setting 345–347 Late Palaeozoic palaeontology Boundary photozoan associations 351–353, 543–544 Croatia 541, 541, 542 352 Late Palaeozoic stratigraphy methods of analysis 540 sedimentological history 359–360 Carboniferous-Permian 540–542 results 542–545 stable isotope evidence 361–362 Permian-Triassic 542 results interpreted 545–546, 545 temperature significance 349, 351 Crumbled Shale Bed Interval 552 North German Basin 555 climate crystal silts, Zongdi section (Yangtze Chihsia Formation 39 end Permian 74, 467 Platform) 245 China, Devonian-Carboniferous impact on extinction 110 Cuyania Terrane 110 boundary stratotype 88 Late Permian 475–477, 531–532 cyclicity in sedimentation China (South) relation to aeolian deposits Saale Basin Stephanian red beds geological setting 33–34 449–451 study Carboniferous Upper Carboniferous-Triassic methods 185–187 geographical distribution climate profile 21–23, 24 results 187–189 Southeast Province 36 climate change proxies see brachiopod results interpreted 189–192 Yangtze Province 34–36 studies also d13C also d18O also cyclothems Lower 33 reef biota British coal measure basins 235 Upper 33 coal reserves 5 Donets Basin 235, 236 Carboniferous-Early Permian Collingham Formation 10, 11 first described 235 biotic events 40 Collio Basin, Late Palaeozoic Lublin Basin 141, 142–143, 142, brachiopods 41 depositional systems 19–20 144, 145

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 578 INDEX

cyclothems (Continued) results 100–102 East European Platform reefs 356, methods of analysis 145, results discussed 102–104 357, 358, 359 148–149 global sections 88 Markley Formation (Texas) 208 results Dian-Qian-Gui Basin (China) 35–36, North German Basin 550 cyclothems 35, 236 Saale Basin Stephanian red beds fining-up 157 Dicksonites pluckenetii 183, 183 179, 181 type Ic 149, 154, 155 Donets Basin 235, 236 Spitsbergen Palaeoaplysina type Id 155–156, 156, 156 Doulingao Formation 37 build-ups 285–295 type IIc 152–153, 154 Drawa Formation 431, 433 Falkland Basin 6,22 type IId 156–157, 156 dropstones 309, 312, 332 Falkland Islands Gondwana type IIIc 153, 155, 155 dune cross bedding, Polish Upper glaciation evidence 10 type IIId 156, 157 Rotliegend Basin 433 Faulkner Group 310, 312, 313 well log recognition dune types Fellers Creek section 48, 50, 51, 57, 157–160 Northern Permian Basin 446 59, 60 lithofacies 149, 150, 151, Polish Upper Rotliegend Basin 433 Finnmark Platform, Palaeoaplysina 152, 153 Southern Permian Basin 445 build-ups 274 sequence stratigraphy 146, Duruma Basin 12 Foldvik Creek Group 389 147, 148 Dwyka Group tillite 7, 10 foraminifera, Upper Carboniferous- results interpreted Lower Permian of Spitsbergen depositional environments East Africa, Late Palaeozoic 280–282 161–165 depositional systems 12–14 Fort Brown Formation 10, 11 depositional systems tracts 167 East European Platform (EEP) France, Devonian-Carboniferous sea level and palaeoclimate Permian reef complexes 343–344 boundary stratotype 88 167–171 biostratigraphic framework Friesland Formation 75, 76, 552 sequence stratigraphy 165–167 344–345, 345 Fulda Formation 75, 76, 551, 552 Moscow Syneclise 235, 236 carbonate associations 347, 349 fusulinaceans 60–61, 61, 62 North American Midcontinental descriptive terminology 347 Carboniferous-Early Permian of Basin 235, 236, 253, 255, 257, extrinsic controls 360–361 South China 41–42 258, 259 facies analyses 356, 357, 358, 359 fusuline biostratigraphy, Zongdi section Zongdi section cyclothems heterozoan associations 355, (Yangtze Platform) 251, 252, 253, depositional sequences 357, 359 254, 256 internal architecture 246–247, lithostratigraphy, Timan Pechora fusulinids, extinction event 407, 408 247, 250–251 354 microfabric 248 locations studied 348, 350 Gabon recognition 245–246 palaeogeographic setting 345–347 Late Palaeozoic depositional systems sedimentary structures 249 photozoan associations 351–353, 15, 22 fusuline biostratigraphy 251, 252, 352 galactic cycles 25–26 253, 254, 256 sedimentological history 359–360 gas reserves 5 modelling depositional cycles stable isotope evidence 361–362 gastropods, Upper Carboniferous- 253, 255 temperature significance 349, 351 Lower Permian of Spitsbergen 282 epeiric tectonic signal 255, Ecca Group 10, 11,23 geochemical analyses 257–259 eccentricity, Milankovitch cycle Austria Steinberg section palaeoclimatic significance 263 191, 192 methods 99–100 thickness variation 259–262 echinoderms, Upper Carboniferous- results 100–102 setting 236–237, 237 Lower Permian of Spitsbergen 283 results discussed 102–104 stratigraphy 238 ecological crisis, end Permian 74 Poland, Main Dolomite Kamien´ subaerial exposure features Eichsfeld-Altmark Swell 75, 550, 551 Pomorski core analysis 237–238, 239, 240 Ems Low 74–75 methods 479–480 alveolar texture 239, 241, 242, equilibrium line altitude 335 results 243 Etsch Basin, Late Palaeozoic major elements 485, 486, 487, crystal silts 245 depositional systems 20–21, 20 488, 489, 490–491 leaching 245 European Permian Basin (EPB) minor elements 485, 486, 487, Microcodium 241, 242, 243, 458, 459 488, 489, 490–491 244 see also Central European Basin results interpreted rhizoliths 239, 242, 243 evaporites and evaporite cycles 5, 457 geochemistry 494–498 Czech Republic, Devonian- Zechstein 75–76, 76 results modelled 504–512 Carboniferous boundary Polish Permian Basin 458, 460 significance of modelled results stratotype 88 extinction events 5, 73, 407, 549 512–516 425–426 Venezuela, Permian brachiopods Darlington Limestone 323, 325, 326, Guadalupian- 407, methods of analysis 370–371 326, 327, 328, 329 408–409 results 372, 372 delta systems, Lublin Basin see also d13C also d18O interpretation 161–163, 161, 165 facies analysis Germany desiccation polygons 467 British Columbia Pennsylvanian- Devonian-Carboniferous boundary Dethlingen Formation 446 Permian stratotype 88 Devonian-Carboniferous (D/C) facies descriptions 55–57, North German Basin 550, 551 boundary 37, 87–89 63–65 chemostratigraphy Austria, Steinberg section Asselian-Sakmarian 59–61 methods of analysis 556 conodont biozones 90, 91, 92, Kasimovian-Gzhelian 59 results 556–558, 559, 559, 560, 93,98 Moscovian 57, 59 561, 562 geochemical analyses facies interpretations 61, results discussed 558–560, methods 99–100 67–68 563–568

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 INDEX 579

facies palaeogeographic setting insoluble residue (IR), Kamien´ Lower Buntsandstein Subgroup 345–347 Pomorski core analysis 478, 480, 550 photozoan associations 351–353, 482, 484, 488, 489, 490–491, 491, Zechstein Group 550 352 492, 503, 504 Late Permian wind direction 446 sedimentological history 359–360 interstellar dust 26 Rotliegend stratigraphy 440 stable isotope evidence 361–362 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) North German Rotliegend Basin temperature significance 349, 351 367 431, 432 Guadalupian-Lopingian extinction intraformational hydrocarbons 524 Saale Basin (Germany) event 407, 408–409, 425–426 iridium (Ir) anomalies 93 Stephanian red beds Guandacol Formation 112, 113 Iwaizaki Limestone 407 biostratigraphy 182–183 biostratigraphy 113 geological setting 178 stratigraphic analysis Jawb Formation 22 history of research 177 methods 114–115 Johnston Canyon Formation 50,61 lithostratigraphy and facies results analysis 179, 180, palaeoecology 119 Kajetano´w Limestone, brachiopod 181–182, 184 sedimentology 115–119 study 396–397 palaeogeography and climatic results discussed 131–135 Kalahari Basin 12 environment 178–179 Kalahari-Luangwa Basin 6 problems in depositional Halimeda bioherms 279 Kamien´ Pomorski Main Dolomite environmental analysis Hangenberg event 89 carbonate platform 477, 478, 479, 183 Hangenberg Shale 87 523, 524 a new approach Hannover Formation 446 core analysis methods 185–187 Harpersville Formation 202, 203, 204, methods 479–480 results 187–189 205, 206 results results interpreted Hasselbachtal, Devonian-Carboniferous carbon isotopes 480–481, 482, 189–192 boundary stratotype 88 484, 485 Zechstein-Buntsandstein Haushi Group 22 major elements 485, 486, 487, lithostratigraphy 75–77, 392 Haute Luecki Formation 15 488, 489, 490–491 magnetostratigraphy 77,79 Heinrich events 313 minor elements 485, 486, 487, Gevanim Formation 19 Hessian Depression 75, 550, 551 488, 489, 490–491 Gharif Formation 15,16 Holthusen borehole (North German oxygen isotopes 480–481, 482, glacial events, impact on sediment Basin) 556, 558 484, 485 cycles 37, 38 Honghe Fault 33, 34 results interpreted global warming, impact on ecology 110 Horn Graben 550, 551 geochemistry 494–498 Glu¨ckstadt Graben 550, 551 Horridonia horrida 393, 394, 395 palaeoclimatic proxies Gondwana shell analysis as climate proxy 498–504 early Permian reconstruction 6–8, 6 methods 396–398 sedimentary conditions glaciation and deglaciation 5, 6, results 398–400 491–494 22–23, 307, 393 results discussed 400–401 results modelled 504–512 effect on sea-level change 33, 235 Horridonia timanica 391, 392, 393, significance of modelled results Late Palaeozoic Ice Age (LPIA) 394, 395 512–516 evidence 21–23, 109 shell analysis as climate proxy depositional environments 525, 526, modelling for Paganzo Basin 118, methods 396–398 527 118, 119 results 398–400 intraformational hydrocarbon seaway evidence 367, 368, 368 results discussed 400–401 potential 534–535 Gorenzen Formation 179, 184 Houlongmenshan-Jinpingshan Fault microbialites 528 Gorski Kotar (Croatia) 540 33, 34 as source rocks 533–534 Carboniferous-Permian humidity-aridity fluctuation, Late organic productivity 532–533 climatic interpretation 543 Permian 431, 433, 469, 469, reservoir potential 525 stratigraphy 540–541 475–477 salinity environment 532 Grauer Salzton 75, 76 Hunte Swell 75 total organic carbon and organic greenhouse effect 467 hydrocarbons 5 matter maturity 527, 529, Grey Pelite 478, 525 intraformational 524 530–531, 532 Grey Salt Clay 75, 76 Main Dolomite modelling distribution 535–536 Grey Shale 467 hydrocarbon potential Kamura event 407, 408 Grey-Green Boundary Bed Interval 534–535 d13C anomaly 407–408 552–553, 554 microbialites 528, 533–534 Kanokura Formation 407 Grillenberg Subformation 179, 182, organic productivity 532–533 kaoloinite, significance of 22–23 184, 192 reservoir potential 525 Kapp Starostin Formation 388, Groeden Sandstone 20, 21,23 total organic carbon and organic 389–390, 389, 391 Guadalupian reefs of East European matter maturity 527, 529, brachiopod study 391–392, 397 Platform 343–344 530–531, 532 Karoo Basin 6 biostratigraphic framework modelling distribution glacial deposits 22 344–345, 345 535–536 Late Palaeozoic depositional systems carbonate associations 347, 349 7–12 descriptive terminology 347 ice sheets, Gondwana 5, 6, 22–23, Upper Carboniferous-Triassic extrinsic controls 360–361 307, 393 climate profile 22, 24 facies analyses 356, 357, 358, 359 ichnofossils see trace fossils Karoo glacial maximum 12 heterozoan associations 355, Idusi Formation 12, 13, 14 Katberg Formation 11, 11 357, 359 Ilima Basin 12 Kenya 12 lithostratigraphy, Timan Pechora 354 Illawarra Reversal 80 kerogen analyses, North German Basin locations studied 348, 350 Inglis Formation 312, 312 556, 557, 559

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 580 INDEX

Khenifra Basin 17 Lukasashi-Luangwa Basin 12 Maria Island (Tasmania) Khuff Formation 15, 16, 23 Lukuga Formation 15 Basal Beds 335–337 Kiaman Reversed Polarity Superchron Lyadyanza Formation 413, 415, 416, depositional setting 332–333 80 417 Darlington Limestone 334–335 Kochiproductus porrectus 392 Lower Erratic Zone 333–334 Ksituan Formation 59 Mackellar Formation 22 Upper Erratic Zone 335 Kupferschiefer 75, 76, 80, 525, 551 Madagascar sedimentology Late Palaeozoic depositional systems Darlington Limestone 323, 325, Lagorai Volcanics 20 12, 14, 22, 23 326, 326, 327, 328, 329 Laingsburg Formation 10, 11 Upper Carboniferous-Triassic Lower Erratic Zone 315, 317, Lake Menz Formation 7, 11 climate profile 24 318, 319, 320, 321, Late Palaeozoic Ice Age (LPIA) 33, magnetostratigraphy 322, 323, 324 109–110, 235, 307, 308, 335, global Permian record 79–82, 80 Upper Erratic Zone 329–330, 475, 523 importance of 74 330, 331, 332 Late Permian North German Basin, Zechstein stratigraphy 312–313, 314 climate cycles 475–477 Group 555 Lower Parmeener Supergroup, precipitation 523 Pennsylvanian apparent polar wander stratigraphy 310–313, 310 temperatures 523 path 112 pre-Parmeener unconformity wind directions 443–448 Zechstein 77–79 314–315, 316, 317 see also Zechstein Main Anhydrite 458, 478, 525 Markley Formation latitudinal comparisons see Main Dolomite 477, 478, 523, 524 depositional setting 202 palaeolatitude depositional environments 525, 526, facies descriptions 208 leaching, Zongdi section 527 lithofacies analysis 214–218 (Yangtze Platform) 245 intraformational hydrocarbon lithology 207 Leine Formation 75, 76, 552 potential 534–535 palaeobotanical analysis Leman Formation 431 Kamien´ Pomorski core analysis method of collection 204, 207, Levante, Late Palaeozoic depositional methods 479–480 208, 209 systems 18–19 results methods of macrofossil Levante Basin 6 carbon isotopes 480–481, 482, quantification 209–210 Levipustula faunal assemblage 113 484, 485 methods of palynological Lhasa-Baoshan-Shan (LBS) Block 6,7 major elements 485, 486, 487, quantification 210–211 Libya, Late Palaeozoic depositional 488, 489, 490–491 methods of statistical analysis 211, systems 18 minor elements 485, 486, 487, 214, 214 Liffey Group 310, 312, 313 488, 489, 490–491 palaeobotanical results 212, 213 Linoproductus dorotheevi 392 oxygen isotopes 480–481, 482, macrofossils 218–222 London-Brabant Massif 74, 550, 551 484, 485 palynology 222–224 lonestones 309, 310, 312, 313, 332 results interpreted palaeobotanical results discussed Longmenshan (China), distribution of geochemistry 494–498 autocyclic coexistence models Carboniferous 34–35 palaeoclimatic proxies 226–227 Loppa High, Palaeoaplysina build-ups 498–504 autocyclicity v. allocyclicity 274 sedimentary conditions 227–230 Lower Anhydrite 478, 525 491–494 niche-based assembly dynamics Lower Buntsandstein Formation 75, 76 results modelled 504–512 224–225 Lower Erratic Zone (Maria Island) 315, significance of modelled results space-time relationships 226 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 323, 324 512–516 vegetation patterns 225–226 Lublin Basin (Poland) microbialites 528 sampling pattern 204, 204 Carboniferous stratigraphy 142–143, as source rocks 533–534 field sites 205, 206 144, 145 organic productivity 532–533 sedimentology 202–204 methods of analysis 145, 148–149 reservoir potential 525 stratigraphic context 202, 203 results salinity environment 532 Marra Formation 310, 313 cyclothems total organic carbon and organic mass extinction 26 fining-up 157 matter maturity 527, 529, Devonian (Famennian) 87, 89 type Ic 149, 154, 155 530–531, 532 Permo-Triassic 73, 467, 549 type Id 155–156, 156, 156 modelling distribution 535–536 Mathinna Beds 314, 316, 317 type IIc 152–153, 154 Majiaoba Formation 37 Mbuyura Formation 12, 13, 14 type IId 156–157, 156 major element analyses Mchuchuma Formation 12, 13, 14 type IIIc 153, 155, 155 Austria, Devonian-Carboniferous Mechra Ben Abbou Basin 18 type IIId 156, 157 boundary section 96, 101, Median Thermal Swell 9 well log recognition 102–104 Mendel Dolomite 21, 21 157–160 Kamien´ Pomorski Main Dolomite Merrillina divergens 75, 80 lithofacies 149, 150, 151, 152, methods 479–480 Mesogondolella britannica 153 results 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 75, 80 sequence stratigraphy 146, 490–491 Metangula Basin 12 147, 148 results interpreted Mhukuru Formation 13, 14 results interpreted 497–498 Microcodium depositional environments Majunga Basin 12, 14 in Palaeoaplysina build-ups 161–165 Malagasy Trough 7, 8,12 298–299 depositional systems tracts 167 Manda Beds 13, 14, 15 Zongdi section (Yangtze Platform) sea level and palaeoclimate Mandera-Lugh Basin 12 241, 242, 243, 244 167–171 Mansfield Subgroup 180, 184, Mid North Sea High 74, 524, sequence stratigraphy 165–167 185, 192 550, 551 setting 141, 142 Maokou Formation 408 Mid-Polish Trough 550, 551

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 INDEX 581

Milankovitch cycles 25, 469 North Sumatra Block 7 Carboniferous setting 110, 111, identification by time-series analysis Northern Permian Basin 393, 524 112, 113 methods 185–187 aeolian deposits 431 Late Carboniferous sedimentological results 187–189 connection to Boreal Realm 388 studies results interpreted 189–192 Late Permian wind 444 Guandacol Formation 112, 113 minor element analyses Northern Permo-Triassic Basin 550 biostratigraphy 113 Austria, Devonian-Carboniferous Norwegian stratigraphic analysis boundary section 96, 99, 101, Carboniferous-Permian stratigraphy methods 114–115 102–104 388, 389 results Kamien´ Pomorski Main Dolomite Palaeoaplysina build-ups 274 palaeoecology 119 methods 479–480 Norwegian-Greenland seaway sedimentology 115–119 results 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 388, 393 results discussed 131–135 490–491 Notec´ Formation 431, 433 Tupe Formation 112, 113 results interpreted 496–497 biostratigraphy 113 Mirow Formation 446 d18O stratigraphic analysis Mohilla Formation 19 Austria, Devonian-Carboniferous methods 114–115 Monte Mignolo Sandstone 20 boundary section 95, 97, 100, results Moravia, Devonian-Carboniferous 101, 102–104 palaeoecology 122–123, boundary stratotype 88 brachiopods as climate proxies 124 Moray Firth, Late Permian wind 444 387–388 sedimentology 119–122, Morocco, Late Palaeozoic depositional methods of analysis 396–398 123–124 systems 17–18 results 398–400 results discussed 131–135 Morocco Basin 6 results discussed 400–401 Paganzo Group 112, 113 Morondava Basin 6, 12, 14 Croatia, Permian-Triassic boundary biostratigraphy 113 Moscow Syneclise 235, 236 544–546 Palaeo-Tethys 7, 367, 368, 382, 542, mound, descriptive terminology Kamien´ Pomorski Main Dolomite 543 273, 347 study Palaeoaplysina build-ups Mount Cornock section 48, 50 methods 480 descriptive terminology 273 Mountain Creek section 48, 50, 56, results 480–481, 482, 484, 485 extent of 269, 270 57, 59 results interpreted 496–497 Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian Mucuchachı´ Basin 368 Permian brachiopods 25 of Spitsbergen 272–273 Mucuchachı´ Formation 368 Permian reefs of East European ecology 295–296 Platform 344, 361–362 facies descriptions 285–295 d15N, Main Dolomite gases 525, 529 Venezuelan Permian as climate facies distribution and associations Namibia 12 proxy 296–299 deglaciation sequences 10 methods 370 field observations 284–285 Nanbiancun, Devonian-Carboniferous results 374–375, 376 flora and fauna 276–277, boundary stratotype 88–89 results discussed 380–381 279–280 Naqing section (China) 382, 383 significance of results 381–383 brachiopods 282–283 Negev Oehlertella sp. 119 bryozoans 283 Late Palaeozoic depositional systems Ogaden 12 calcareous algae 277–279 18–19 Ohre Formation 75, 76, 552 corals 282 Upper Carboniferous-Triassic oil reserves 5 echinoderms 283 climate profile 24 Older Halite 458, 463, 464, 465, 478, foraminifera 280–282 Netherlands, Zechstein-Lower 525, 525 gastropods 282 Buntsandstein Older Potash 458, 465, 478, 525 trace fossils 283 lithostratigraphy 76 Oldest Halite 458, 461, 462, 463, 478, palaeobotany of Markley Formation magnetostratigraphy 77, 77 525, 525 depositional setting 202 Niger Oman facies descriptions 208 Late Palaeozoic depositional systems Late Palaeozoic depositional systems lithofacies analysis 214–218 17, 22 15–16 lithology 207 Ninglang-Dali (China), distribution of Upper Carboniferous-Triassic palaeobotanical analysis Carboniferous 35, 35 climate profile 22, 24 method of collection 204, 207, non-metric multidimensional scaling Orbiculoidea so. 119 208, 209 (NMDS) 211, 214, 219–222 orbital forcing see Milankovitch cycles methods of macrofossil North American Midcontinental Basin ordination analysis 224, 224 quantification 209–210 235, 236, 253, 255 organic carbon analysis methods of palynological North Atlantic seaway, role in evaporite Austria, Devonian-Carboniferous quantification 210–211 cycles 468, 470 boundary section 95, 98, 100, methods of statistical analysis 211, North German Basin 431, 432, 550, 551 101, 102–104 214, 214 chemostratigraphy Kamien´ Pomorski core 478, 480, palaeobotanical results 212, 213 methods of analysis 556 482, 484, 488, 489, 490–491, macrofossils 218–222 results 556–558, 559, 559, 560, 504 palynology 222–224 561, 562 results interpreted 493–494 palaeobotanical results discussed results discussed 558–560, North German Basin 556, 558, autocyclic coexistence models 563–568 559, 563 226–227 facies Poland, Main Dolomite 527, 529, autocyclicity v. allocyclicity Lower Buntsandstein Subgroup 530, 531 227–230 550 Ørret Formation 388, 389 niche-based assembly dynamics Zechstein Group 550 224–225 Late Permian wind direction 446 Paganzo Basin (Argentina) space-time relationships 226 Rotliegend stratigraphy 440 Carboniferous biostratigraphy 113 vegetation patterns 225–226

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 582 INDEX

palaeobotany of Markley lithology 207 niche-based assembly dynamics Formation (Continued) palaeobotanical analysis 224–225 sampling pattern 204, 204 method of collection 204, 207, space-time relationships 226 field sites 205, 206 208, 209 vegetation patterns 225–226 sedimentology 202–204 methods of macrofossil sampling pattern 204, 204 stratigraphic context 202, 203 quantification 209–210 field sites 205, 206 palaeogeography methods of palynological sedimentology 202–204 Early Permian 34, 368 quantification 210–211 stratigraphic context 202, 203 Famennian 88 methods of statistical analysis Pennsylvanian-Permian Guadalupian 388 211, 214, 214 carbonate associations of Western Late Permian 391, 459, 475–477, 524 palaeobotanical results 212, 213 Canada Sedimentary Basin Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian of South macrofossils 218–222 facies descriptions 55–57, 63–65 China 236 palynology 222–224 Asselian-Sakmarian 59–61 Pennsylvanian-Permian 49 palaeobotanical results discussed Kasimovian-Gzhelian 59 Stephanian 178–179, 178 autocyclic coexistence models Moscovian 57, 59 palaeolatitude and effect on climate 226–227 facies interpretations 61, 67–68 Permian climate studies in Northern autocyclicity v. allocyclicity palaeogeographic setting 47, 49 Europe by isotope analysis 25, 227–230 palaeolatitude 53, 55 387–388 niche-based assembly dynamics shelf cyclicity 55 introduction 391, 393–396 224–225 stratigraphic setting 48, 50, 51, 52 methods 396–398 space-time relationships 226 tectonic elements 53 results 398–400 vegetation patterns 225–226 Gondwana glaciation 307 results discussed 400–401 sampling pattern 204, 204 Permian, Early 73 Permian climate studies in Venezuela field sites 205, 206 Permian, Late by isotope and geochemical sedimentology 202–204 climate cycles 475–477 analysis stratigraphic context 202, 203 precipitation 523 methods 370–371 Pennsylvanian-Permian climate 61 temperatures 523 results 371–376 Pangea Megasequence (PMS) 5, 6 wind directions 443–448 results discussed 376–381 Panthalassa Ocean (Superocean) 367, see also Zechstein significance of results 381–383 368, 459, 467, 542, 543 Permian, Lower see Carboniferous- palaeomagnetic studies projected circulation 382 Permian boundary global Permian record 79–82, 80 Parchim Formation 446 Permian reefs of East European importance of 74 Parmeener Supergroup 309, 310 Platform 343–344 North German Basin, Zechstein Basal Beds 335–337 biostratigraphic framework Group 555 depositional setting 332–333 344–345, 345 Pennsylvanian apparent polar wander Darlington Limestone carbonate associations 347, 349 path 112 334–335 descriptive terminology 347 Zechstein 77–79 Lower Erratic Zone 333–334 extrinsic controls 360–361 Palmar River section 370 Upper Erratic Zone 335 facies analyses 356, 357, 358, 359 Palmarito Formation 368, 369 sedimentology 313–314 heterozoan associations 355, geological setting 368–369 Darlington Limestone 323, 325, 357, 359 studied sections 369–370 326, 326, 327, 328, 329 lithostratigraphy, Timan Pechora 354 methods of analysis 370–371 Lower Erratic Zone 315, 317, locations studied 348, 350 results 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, palaeogeographic setting 345–347 d13C 372–373, 374–375, 376 323, 324 photozoan associations 351–353, d18O 374–375, 376 Upper Erratic Zone 329–330, 352 Sr isotopes 372 330, 331, 332 sedimentological history 359–360 thin sections 371–372 stratigraphy 312–313, 314 stable isotope evidence 361–362 trace elements 372 pendant (gravitational) cement 241 temperature significance 349, 351 results discussed Pennsylvanian, vegetation patterns of Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) d13C 377, 379–380, 379 Markley Formation 73, 393 d18O 380–381, 380 depositional setting 202 accelerated climate warming 467 Sr isotopes 376, 378, 378 facies descriptions 208 mass extinctions 73, 407, 549 significance of results lithofacies analysis 214–218 studies using chemostratigraphy marine circulation 382–383 lithology 207 Croatia 541, 541, 542 palaeoclimate 381–382 palaeobotanical analysis methods of analysis 540 palynology method of collection 204, 207, results 542–545 North German Basin, Zechstein 208, 209 results interpreted 545–546, 73, 555 methods of macrofossil 545 Texas, Pennsylvanian 210–211, quantification 209–210 North German Basin 555 222–224 methods of palynological methods of analysis 556 Pangea 475–476 quantification 210–211 results 556–558, 559, 559, 561, end Permian extent 467, 523 methods of statistical analysis 211, 562, 563 Guadalupian palaeogeography 388 214, 214 results discussed 558–560, Late Permian climate 431 palaeobotanical results 212, 213 563–568 Late Permian location 75, 458, 459, macrofossils 218–222 petroleum sources and reservoirs, Main 542, 543 palynology 222–224 Dolomite 523 Pennsylvanian vegetation history palaeobotanical results discussed Piedra Azul Formation 10, 22 from Markley Formation autocyclic coexistence models Pietermaritzburg Formation 10, 11 depositional setting 202 226–227 plant fossils of Pennsylvanian, facies descriptions 208 autocyclicity v. allocyclicity Markley Formation lithofacies analysis 214–218 227–230 depositional setting 202

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 INDEX 583

facies descriptions 208 major elements 485, 486, Sergeevka terrane 413, 415–416, lithofacies analysis 214–218 487, 488, 489, 490–491 415, 416, 417 lithology 207 minor elements 485, 486, Voznesenka terrane 416–417, 417 palaeobotanical analysis 487, 488, 489, 490–491 historical background 409, 410, 411 method of collection 204, 207, oxygen isotopes 480–481, isotopic data 415, 417, 419, 425 208, 209 482, 484, 485 proposed extinction mechanisms methods of macrofossil results interpreted 425–426 quantification 209–210 geochemistry 494–498 Prince Albert Formation 10, 11 methods of palynological palaeoclimatic proxies Protognathodus, role at quantification 210–211 498–504 Devonian-Carboniferous methods of statistical analysis 211, sedimentary conditions boundary 89–91 214, 214 491–494 Puech de la Suque, palaeobotanical results 212, 213 results modelled 504–512 Devonian-Carboniferous macrofossils 218–222 significance of modelled results boundary stratotype 88 palynology 222–224 512–516 pyrite, significance of 22–23 palaeobotanical results discussed microbialites 528 autocyclic coexistence models as source rocks 533–534 Qinling-Dabie Orogen 33, 34 226–227 organic productivity 532–533 Qinzhou (China) distribution of autocyclicity v. allocyclicity reservoir potential 525 Carboniferous 35,36 227–230 salinity environment 532 Qiseb Formation 18 niche-based assembly dynamics total organic carbon and organic Quamby Mudstone 312, 312 224–225 matter maturity 527, 529, Quebrada de Portachuelo sections 370 space-time relationships 226 530–531, 532 vegetation patterns 225–226 modelling distribution Ra’af Formation 19 sampling pattern 204, 204 535–536 Raibl Formation 21 field sites 205, 206 Zechstein-Lower Buntsandstein rare earth element analyses, Austria, sedimentology 202–204 lithostratigraphy 76, 392 Devonian-Carboniferous stratigraphic context 202, 203 magnetostratigraphy 77,79 boundary section 97, 100, 101, Platy Dolomite 478, 525, 532 Polish Permian Basin (PPB) 458, 459 102–104 Poland brachiopods geochemistry and Ravnefjeld Formation 388 Devonian-Carboniferous boundary palaeoclimate from Lower Re-Os age, Kupferschiefer 75, 551 stratotype 88 Zechstein Red Salt Clay 75, 76 Lublin Basin 141, 142 methods of analysis 396–398 reef, defined 273 Carboniferous stratigraphy results 398–400 reef biota, Permian of East European 142–143, 144, 145 results discussed 400–401 Platform 343–344 methods of analysis 145, bromine as indicator of fluctuating biostratigraphic framework 148–149 environmental conditions 344–345, 345 results 457–458, 460 carbonate associations 347, 349 cyclothems methods 461 descriptive terminology 347 fining-up 157 results 461 extrinsic controls 360–361 type Ic 149, 154, 155 Older Halite unit 463, 464, 465 facies analyses 356, 357, 358, 359 type Id 155–156, 156, 156 Oldest Halite unit 461, 462, 463 heterozoan associations 355, 357, type IIc 152–153, 154 Younger Halite 465, 466–467 359 type IId 156–157, 156 results discussed 467–470 lithostratigraphy, Timan Pechora 354 type IIIc 153, 155, 155 Zechstein cycles 475–477 locations studied 348, 350 type IIId 156, 157 Polish Upper Rotliegend Basin (PURB) palaeogeographic setting 345–347 well log recognition 431, 432 photozoan associations 351–353, 157–160 aeolian sand sea study 352 lithofacies 149, 150, 151, aeolian characteristics 433–434 sedimentological history 359–360 152, 153 climate related to deposits stable isotope evidence 361–362 sequence stratigraphy 146, 449–451 temperature significance 349, 351 147, 148 deposit correlation 434–435, 438 reef structures, descriptive terminology results interpreted deposit description 435, 438–441, 347 depositional environments 443 reservoir rocks, Main Dolomite 523, 161–165 deposit evolution and distribution 533 depositional systems tracts 436, 437 Rewal Formation 75–76, 79 167 palaeogeographic significance Rhabab Shale 15,16 sea level and palaeoclimate 448–449 Rhenish Massif 74, 550 167–171 setting 432 rhizoliths, Zongdi section (Yangtze sequence stratigraphy wind direction analyses 434, 439 Platform) 239, 242, 243 165–167 Port Sussex Formation 10, 22 Ringkøbing-Fyn High 74, 524, 550, 551 Main Dolomite 477, 478, precipitation, Late Permian 431, 523 Rı´o Blanco Basin (Argentina) 523, 524 Primorye, Permian rugose corals Carboniferous biostratigraphy depositional environments 525, assemblage descriptions 417, 419 113–114 526, 527 I 419–420 Carboniferous setting 110, 111, intraformational hydrocarbon II 420–421 112–113, 113 potential 534–535 III 421, 423 Late Carboniferous sedimentological Kamien´ Pomorski core analysis IV 423 study methods 479–480 geological setting 409, 411, Rı´o del Pen˜on Formation 113, 113 results 412, 413 biostratigraphy 113–114 carbon isotopes 480–481, Laoelin-Grodekovo terrane stratigraphic analysis 482, 484, 485 411–412, 414 methods 114–115

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 584 INDEX

Rı´o Blanco Basin (Continued) Younger Halite 465, 466–467 facies descriptions 285–295 results results discussed 467–470 facies distribution and associations palaeoecology 130–131 Zechstein Sea 532 296–299 sedimentology 125–130 Samfrau Geosyncline 5, 6 field observations 284–285 results discussed 131–135 Santa Cruz de Palmarito section flora and fauna 276–277, Ripon Formation 10 369–370 279–280 Rod el Hamal Formation 18 Sanzenkogel Formation 98 brachiopods 282–283 Roet Formation 550 Sarl Dolomite 21, 21 bryozoans 283 Roter Salzton 75, 76 Saudi Arabia calcareous algae 277–279 Rothenburg Formation 179, 180, Late Palaeozoic depositional systems corals 282 182, 184 16, 22 echinoderms 283 Rotliegend 73, 393 Upper Carboniferous-Triassic foraminifera 280–282 Røye Formation 388, 389 climate profile 24 gastropods 282 Ru¨gen Swell 550, 551 Saudi Arabia Basin 6 trace fossils 283 rugose corals studies Schneverdingen Graben 446 stratigraphy 272, 389 Carboniferous-Early Permian of Screening Anhydrite 458, 478, 525 Tempelfjorden Group 389–391 South China 39, 40,41 Screening Older Halite 465, 478, 525 Kapp Starostin Formation 388, Permian of Primorye sea-level fluctuation 389–390, 389, 391 assemblage descriptions 417, 419 Late Carboniferous-Early Permian brachiopod study 391–392, 397 I 419–420 33, 37, 39, 235 87Sr/86Sr isotope analysis in II 420–421 Late Permian 469–470, 469 brachiopods 387–388 III 421, 423 Selous Basin 12 Palmarito Formation (Venezuela) IV 423 sequence stratigraphy, Lublin Basin methods 370–371 geological setting 409, 411, 146, 147, 148, 164, 165–167 results 372, 372, 373 412, 413 Shannon Index 132 results discussed 376, 378, 378 Laoelin-Grodekovo terrane shoal, descriptive terminology 347 significance of results 383 411–412, 414 Siberian lava traps 467 stable isotope analyses see d13C; d18O- Sergeevka terrane 413, Sibumasu 7 18; d34S 415–416, 415, 416, 417 Siebigerode Formation 180, 181, 182, Stassfurt Formation 75, 76, 552 Voznesenka terrane 416–417, 184 Steinberg Formation 98 417 Sinai Peninsula, Late Palaeozoic Stephanian historical background 409, depositional systems 18 Saale Basin (Germany) red beds 410, 411 Siphonodella sulcata 87–88 biostratigraphy 182–183 isotopic data 415, 417, 419, 425 Skipping Ridge Formation 310, 313 geological setting 178 proposed extinction mechanisms Slagelse Trough 550, 551 history of research 177 425–426 Slochteren Formation 431 lithostratigraphy and facies Ruhuhu Basin 6, 12, 13 solar luminosity changes 469 analysis 179, 180, Ruhuhu Formation 13, 14 Songea Group 14 181–182, 184 source rocks, Main Dolomite 523, 532, palaeogeography and climatic d34S, Austria, Devonian-Carboniferous 533 environment 178–179 boundary section 95, 98, 100, 101, South Africa problems in depositional 102–104 deglaciation sequences 10 environmental analysis 183 Sa’ad Formation 19 Late Palaeozoic depositional systems a new approach Saale Basin (Germany) 7–12 methods 185–187 Stephanian red beds Late Palaeozoic Ice Age (LPIA) 308 results 187–189 biostratigraphy 182–183 Upper Carboniferous-Triassic results interpreted 189–192 geological setting 178 climate profile 24 South Africa glacial deposits 9 history of research 177 South Alpine Terrane 6,7 Stephano-Asselian Glacial Maximum lithostratigraphy and facies see also Alps, Southern (SAGM) 12 analysis 179, 180, South America, Gondwana glaciation Stevens High 550, 551 181–182, 184 evidence 10 Stockers Formation 309, 311, 312 palaeogeography and climatic see also Argentina also Venezuelan strontium isotopes see 87Sr/86Sr environment 178–179 Andes subaerial weathering features, Zongdi problems in depositional South Oman Basin 6 section (Yangtze Platform) environmental analysis 183 Southern Permian Basin (SPB) 432, 237–238, 239 a new approach 475, 476, 523, 524, 525 Sudan 15 methods 185–187 aeolian deposits 431, 432, 433 Suez, Gulf of, Late Palaeozoic results 187–189 connection to Boreal Realm 388 depositional systems 18 results interpreted 189–192 Late Permian wind direction sulphate interbeds, significance of 459 Sabaneta Formation 368, 369 443–444, 445, 447–448 Svalbard 271 sabkha deposits, Zechstein Sea 523 palaeogeography 391 see Spitsbergen Sahorim Formation 19 stratigraphy 392, 393, 394, 395 Svalbardoproductus arctius 392 Saiwan Formation 15,16 Upper Rotliegend climate 431 Sverdrup Basin 47, 61 Sakmarian deglaciation 10, 22 Upper Rotliegend wind direction 442 Salagou Formation 447 see also Central European Basin also Tanga Basin 12 salinity history reconstruction 460 European Permian Basin Tangbagou Formation 37 bromine as indicator in Polish Southern Permo-Triassic Basin 550 Tanlu Fault 33, 34 Permian Basin 457–458, 460 Spitsbergen, Carboniferous-Permian Tanzania 12, 14 methods 461 studies Upper Carboniferous-Triassic results 461 geological setting 269–270, 271, 272 climate profile 24 Older Halite unit 463, 464, 465 Palaeoaplysina build-ups 272–273 Tarvis Breccia 21 Oldest Halite unit 461, 462, 463 ecology 295–296 Tasmania, Maria Island

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 INDEX 585

Basal Beds 335–337 Tivertonia-Streptorhynchus faunal lithofacies analysis 214–218 depositional setting 332–333 assemblage, 113–114, 122, 124, lithology 207 Darlington Limestone 334–335 128, 131, 132, 134 palaeobotanical analysis Lower Erratic Zone 333–334 Toarra Formation 310, 312, 313 method of collection 204, 207, Upper Erratic Zone 335 total organic carbon (TOC) see organic 208, 209 sedimentology carbon methods of macrofossil Darlington Limestone 323, trace elements quantification 209–210 325, 326, 326, 327, Permian brachiopod shells as climate methods of palynological 328, 329 proxies quantification 210–211 Lower Erratic Zone 315, 317, methods of analysis 370 methods of statistical analysis 211, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, results 372, 372 214, 214 323, 324 Kamien´ Pomorski Main Dolomite palaeobotanical results 212, 213 Upper Erratic Zone 329–330, methods of analysis 479–480 macrofossils 218–222 330, 331, 332 results 482–483, 484, 485, 488, palynology 222–224 stratigraphy 312–313, 314 489, 490 palaeobotanical results discussed Lower Parmeener Supergroup, results interpreted 497–498 autocyclic coexistence models stratigraphy 310–313, 310 trace fossils 226–227 pre-Parmeener unconformity Kapp Starostin Formation autocyclicity v. allocyclicity 314–315, 316, 317 (Spitsbergen) 390 227–230 Tasmanian Basin Tupe Formation (Argentina) 124 niche-based assembly dynamics Pennsylvanian, geological setting Wordiekammen Formation 224–225 309 (Spitsbergen) 283 space-time relationships 226 Permian, Basal Beds 310, 310 Triassic 23, 73 vegetation patterns 225–226 Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (TTZ) see also Permian-Triassic boundary sampling pattern 204, 204 432, 432 (PTB) field sites 205, 206 Tempelfjorden Group 388, 389 Trogkofel Limestone 21 sedimentology 202–204 see also Kapp Starostin Formation Truro Formation 309, 310, 311, 312 stratigraphic context 202, 203 temperatures, Late Permian 523 Tubiphytes Upper Carboniferous-Lower Velebit Mt (Croatia) 540 Tengchong-Malay-Sumatra (TMS) Permian of Spitsbergen 278 Permian-Triassic block 6,7 Tunisia, Late Palaeozoic depositional isotopic analysis 544–545 Tethys Ocean see Palaeo-Tethys systems 18 palaeontology 543–544 Texas (USA), Markley Formation Tupe Formation 112, 113 stratigraphy 542 vegetation patterns biostratigraphy 113 Venezuelan Andes depositional setting 202 stratigraphic analysis Early Permian facies descriptions 208 methods 114–115 geological setting 368–369 lithofacies analysis 214–218 results studied sections 369–370 lithology 207 palaeoecology 122–123, 124 methods of analysis 370–371 palaeobotanical analysis sedimentology 119–122, results method of collection 204, 207, 123–124 d13C 372–373, 208, 209 results discussed 131–135 374–375, 376 methods of macrofossil Tyrrellfjellet Member Palaeoaplysina d18O 374–375, 376 quantification 209–210 build-ups 272, 273, 274, 275, 284, Sr isotopes 372 methods of palynological 286, 288 thin sections 371–372 quantification 210–211 ecology 295–296 trace elements 372 methods of statistical analysis 211, facies descriptions 285–295 results discussed 214, 214 facies distribution and associations d13C 377, 379–380, 379 palaeobotanical results 212, 213 296–299 d18O 380–381, 380 macrofossils 218–222 field observations 284–285 Sr isotopes 376, 378, 378 palynology 222–224 flora and fauna 276–279 significance of results palaeobotanical results discussed marine circulation 382–383 autocyclic coexistence models Unayzah Formation 16 palaeoclimate 381–382 226–227 Ungava Bay (Canada) 334 Verrucano Lombardo Formation 20 autocyclicity v. allocyclicity United Kingdom, Zechstein- Viala-Rabejac Formation 447 227–230 Buntsandstein lithostratigraphy Viking Graben 75 niche-based assembly dynamics 392 Vindelician massif 550, 551 224–225 Upper Anhydrite 458 vitrinite reflectance (VR), Poland, Main space-time relationships 226 Upper Claystone Formation 76 Dolomite 530–531 vegetation patterns 225–226 Upper Erratic Zone (Maria Island) Volkrust Formation 10, 11 sampling pattern 204, 204 329–330, 330, 331, 332 Volpriehausen Unconformity 75 field sites 205, 206 USA Vreyheid Formation 10, 11 sedimentology 202–204 Oklahoma, Devonian-Carboniferous stratigraphic context 202, 203 boundary stratotype 88 Waagenoconcha irginae 392 Thurigian-West-Brandenburg Trough see also Texas Walkenried Formation 447 550, 551 Usili Formation 13, 14 Waterford Formation 10, 11 Tier Embayment 550 wavelet time-series analysis, Timan-Pechora Basin, Permian reef Variscan Mountains, effect of Carboniferous of Saale Basin lithostratigraphy 354 431, 523 177–178 time-series analysis Variscan orogenesis 467 wavelet transform of time series application to Stephanian red beds vegetation analysis, Pennsylvanian of application to Stephanian red beds methods 185–187 Texas methods 186–187 results 187–189 depositional setting 202 results 187–189 results interpreted 189–192 facies descriptions 208 results interpreted 189–192

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 586 INDEX

Weisslegend 433 microfabric 248 North German Basin Werfen Formation 20, 21 recognition 245–246 chemostratigraphy 565–567 Werra Anhydrite 477, 525 sedimentary structures 249 facies 550 Werra Formation 75, 76, 552 fusuline biostratigraphy 251, 252, lithostratigraphy 551–552 West Australian Trough 7 253, 254, 256 magnetostratigraphy 555 Western Canada Sedimentary Basin modelling depositional cycles palynostratigraphy 555 (WCSB) 253, 255 Polish Permian Basin, evaporite Pennsylvanian-Permian epeiric tectonic signal 255, cycles 458, 460 facies descriptions 55–57, 63–65 257–259 stratigraphy 392, 393, 394, 395 Asselian-Sakmarian 59–61 palaeoclimatic significance 263 Zechstein Limestone 391, 478, 523, Kasimovian-Gzhelian 59 thickness variation 259–262 525, 532 Moscovian 57, 59 setting 236–237, 237 Zechstein Sea 467 facies interpretations 61, 67–68 stratigraphy 238 environments 523 palaeogeographic setting 47, 49 subaerial exposure features evaporation rate 532 palaeolatitude 53, 55 237–238, 239, 240 Zechstein-Buntsandstein boundary 73, shelf cyclicity 55 alveolar texture 239, 241, 242, 79, 393 stratigraphic setting 48, 50, 51, 52 243 Zhe-Min-Yue (China), distribution of tectonic elements 53 crystal silts 245 Carboniferous 35,36 Westphalian, leaching 245 Zongdi Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian South African diamictites 9 Microcodium 241, 242, cyclothemic section Wettin Subformation 181, 182, 184, 192 243, 244 (Yangtze Platform) White Hill Formation 10, 11 rhizoliths 239, 242, 243 depositional sequences wind direction analyses 434, 443–448, Yangtze Province, distribution of internal architecture 246–247, 532 Carboniferous 34–36 247, 250–251 Woody Island Siltstone 312, 312 Yellow Sands 446 microfabric 248 , climate 23 Yemen 16 recognition 245–246 Wordiekammen Formation Yemen Basin 6 sedimentary structures 249 Palaeoaplysina build-ups 272, Yoredale cyclothems 141–142 fusuline biostratigraphy 251, 252, 273, 274 see also cyclothems of Lublin Basin 253, 254, 256 age, Kupferschifer 75 Younger Halite 458, 465, modelling depositional cycles Wulften borehole 466–467, 478 253, 255 (North German Basin) desiccation polygons 467 epeiric tectonic signal 255, methods of analysis 555–556 Younger Potash 466 257–259 results 556–558, 559, 559, 560, 561, palaeoclimatic significance 263 562, 563 Zafir Formation 19 thickness variation results discussed 558–560, 563–568 Zambia 12 259–262 Wynyard Formation 309, 310, Zechstein 73, 393 setting 236–237, 237 311, 312, 336 evaporite cycles 76–77 stratigraphy 238 magnetostratigraphy 77–79 subaerial exposure features Xiang-Gui, (China) distribution of global correlation 79–82 237–238, 239, 240 Carboniferous 35,36 unconformities 75 alveolar texture 239, 241, see also Late Permian also 242, 243 Yangtze Platform 236 Permian-Triassic Boundary crystal silts 245 Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian Zechstein Basin 475 leaching 245 cyclothemic section Zechstein cycles 475–477 Microcodium 241, 242, depositional sequences lithofacies 477–479 243, 244 internal architecture 246–247, see also Main Dolomite rhizoliths 239, 242, 243 247, 250–251 Zechstein Group 524–525, 525 zuber units 458

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 Spine = 31mm SP376 cover artwork 14-10-13_Layout 1 14/10/2013 16:57 Page 1 P T h a e l i r a

E e v o o l z u t o i o i n c a

r C y l

a i m n d

a Palaeozoic Climate Cycles S Palaeozoic Climate Cycles e t d e i m

C

Their Evolutionary and Sedimentological Impact e y n t

c Their Evolutionary and Sedimentological Impact o l l o Edited by e g s i c

a l

A. Gąsiewicz and M. Słowakiewicz

I Edited by m p a c This volume presents results of a variety of case studies documenting the Late Palaeozoic t A. Gąsiewicz and M. Słowakiewicz climate changes and cyclicity of deposition. The collected papers cover many aspects related to palaeoenvironmental analysis with sedimentological, stratigraphic, palaeobiological, geochemical, and palaeomagnetic studies of the record around the Late Geological Society Geological Society Palaeozoic Ice Age and soon after. They span a stratigraphic Special interval from Carboniferous to Permian–Triassic transition Publication Special Publication 376 around the world. 376

This book comprising results for a range of disciplines, is a valuable source for not only researchers who are actively A E

working on specific aspects of the Late Palaeozoic and looking d . i G t

for an up-to-date reference on this inhospitable time in the Earth’s history. It is also of e ą d s

b interest to climate modellers and the wider scientific community with an interest in the i e y w latest research on the decline of the Palaeozoic World. i c z

a n

Visit our online bookshop: http ://www.geolsoc.org.uk/bookshop d

M

Geological Society web site: http ://www.geolsoc.org.uk . S ł o w a k i e w i c z

Cover illustration: Heavily eroded surface of fossilized cross-bedded sand dunes of the Navajo Sandstone recording the greatest aeolian event in Earth’s history at the Triassic– boundary (Antelope Canyon; Page, Arizona, USA).

Photo: Ma rtyna M. Gąsiewicz.

The Geological Society

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3915152/9781862396449_backmatter.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021