Rock Around the Clock. Hanging Rock State Park: an Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grade 5

Home , Geological formation, Hanging Rock State Park, Sauratown Mountains

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 376 027 SE 054 369

AUTHOR Dow, Jaye TITLE Rock Around the Clock. Hanging Rock State Park: An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grade 5. INSTITUTION North Carolina State Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh. Div. of Parks and Recreation. PUB DATE Oct 93 NOTE ',Lip.; For other Environmental Education Learning Experiences, see SE 054 364-371. AVAILABLE FROMNorth Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, NC 27611-7687. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Environmental Education; Experiential Learning; Field Trips; *Geology; Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; Middle Schools; *Outdoor Activities; *Outdoor Education; *Petrology IDENTIFIERS Hiking; *North Carolina; State Parks

ABSTRACT This learning packet, one in a series of eight, was developed by the Hanging Roek State Park in North Carolina for grade 5 to teach about the geology of the park. Loose-leaf pages are presented in nine sections that contain:(1) introductions to the North Carolina State Park System, the Hanging Rock State Park, the park's activity packet, and to the geology of the park;(2) a summary of the activities that includes major concepts and objectives covered;(3) pre-visit activities to provide students with a foundation in rock types and how they change over time due to weathering and erosion;(4) an on-site geo-hike to observe the parks geological formations;(5) a post-visit activity to reinforce the vocabulary words and concepts learned in the previous activities; (6) a list of 22' related vocabulary words;(7) necessary park and parental permission forms for the visit; and (8) blank pages for taking notes. Contains 12 references. (MDH)

*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) James I"A 'spy EXthis document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization origrnalmg tt Cl MInor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of new or opinions staled ,n this docu ment do not necessarily represent official INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." OE RI positton or policy Hanging Rock State Park An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grade 5

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 400 million years

l 275 million years

Hanging Rock State Park An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grade 5 "Today's understanding of the earth's history bears little resemblance to earlier ideas. Many old theories have been revised and new theories developed. Asresearch continues, the story of the earth's history as we presently understand itwill continue to change. Every day discoveries raise new questions and result inthe elimination or revision of old ideas. Muchof the earth's history has yet to be deciphered and the farther back one goes in time, the less clear the evidence becomes."

Fred Beyer. North Cardin' The Years Before Man

4 flanging Rock State Park, NC October 1993 Funding for this publication was generously provided by CP &L 11111111111111111111

!hinging Rock State Park, NC ii October 1993 This Environmental Education Learning Experience was developed by

Jaye Dow Park Ranger II Hanging Rock State Park

N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources A199FA FI NI FR. James B. Hunt Jr. Johnathan B. Howes Governor Secretary

Hanging Rock State Park, NC iii October 1993 Other Contributors... 1111 Park volunteers;

David Howells, former Ranger, Hanging Rock State Park;

Luann Bridle, Hanging Rock State Park Advisory Committee;

Fred Beyer, Science Educator, Fayetteville, NC;

The N.C. Department of Public Instruction;

The N.C. Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources;

and the many individuals and agencies who assisted in the review of this publication.

5(X) cpies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1.750 $3.50 per copy

Printed on recycled paper. 10-93

Hanging Rock State Park, NC iv 7 October 1993 Table 'of6ntentas. a, 4 a.

1. Introduction Introduction to the North Carolina State Parks System 1.1 Introduction to Hanging Rock State Park 1.2 Introduction to the Activity Packet for Hanging Rock State Park 1.5 Introduction to the Geology of Hanging Rock State Park 1.6

2. Activity Summary 2.1

3. Pre-Visit Activity: A Rock Solid Foundation 3.1 Part A: Let's Get the Basics Part B: Time After Time

4. On-Site Activity: A Geo-Hike 4.1

5. Post-Visit Activity: A Sauratown Mountain Bulletin Board 5.1

6. Vocabulary 6.1

7. References 7.1

8. Forms 8.1

9. Notes 9.1

Hanging Rock State Park, NC: October 1993 Introduction to the North Carolina StateParks System

n reserving and protecting That was in 1915. The As one of North Carolina's r North Carolina's natural North Carolina State Parks principal conservation agen- resources is actually a rela- System has now been estab- cies, the Division of Parks and tively new idea. The seeds of lished for more than three- Recreation is responsible for the conservation movement quarters of a century. What the more than 125,000 acres were planted early in the 20th started out as one small plot that make up our state parks century when citizens were of public land has grown into system; The Division man- alerted to the devastation of 59 properties across the state, ages these resources for the Mount Mitchell. Logging including parks, recreation safe enjoyment of the public was destroying a well-known and protects and preserves landmark - the highest peak them as a part of the heritage east of the Mississippi. As we will pass on to generations the magnificent forests of to come. this mile-high peak fell to the An important component lumbermen's axe, alarmed of our stewardship of these citizens began to voice lands is education. Through their opinions. Gover- our interpretation and environ- nor Locke Craig joined mental education services, them in their efforts to the Division of Parks and save Mount Mitchell. Recreation strives to offer Together they convinced enlightening programs which the legislature to pass a bill lead to an understanding and establishing Mount Mitchell areas, trails, rivers, lakes and appreciation of our natural as the first state park. natural areas. This vast net- resources. The goal of our work of land boasts some of environmental education the most beautiful scenery in program is to generate an the world and offers endless awareness in all individuals recreation opportunities. But which cultivates responsible our state parks system offers stewardship of the earth. much more than scenery and recreation. Our lands and waters contain unique and valuable archaeological, geological and biological resources that are important parts of our natural heritage.

For mot e information contact:

NC Division of Parks and Recreation P.O. Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 27611-7687 919/ 733-4181

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 1.1 October 1993 Introduction to Hanging Rock StatePark

Tjanging Rock State Palk The History of Hanging British troops did not covers 6,192 acres in Rock appear in the Stokes County the Sauratown Mountains. The first settlers to enter area until late in the Revolu- One of the most easterly what is presently Stokes Countytionary War, but there were mountain ranges in the state, traveled from Pennsylvania conflicts with the Tories, the Sauratown Mountains arc and Virginia along the "Great including one incident for often called "the mountains Wagon Road" and settled in which a section of the park is away from the mountains," the rich bottomland of the named. Tory's Den was so because they arc separated Town Fork Creek area. These named when a group of Tories from the nearby Blue Ridge settlements were well estab- captured the daughter of a Mountains. Prominent peaks lished prior to 1752 when member of the Whig party in the Sauratown range rise Moravians entered the area andwho lived nearby, holding her from 1700 feet to over 2500 established dwellings along. captive in a cave in an attempt feet in elevation and stand in Town Fork Creek from the Danto gain aid for their cause. bold contrast to the surrounding River to an area west of In the mid-1930's consider- countryside which averages present-day Germantown. able enthusiasm existed for only 800 feet in elevation. Two Native American tribes the creation of a state park at The Sauratown Mountains inhabited this area during the Hanging Rock. The Stokes arc the remnants of a once same period. The Saura, after County Committee for Hang- mighty range of peaks. Over whom the Sauratown Moun- ing Rock State Park, a citizens millions of years, wind, water tains were named, werea group, was founded and and other forces wore down thepeaceful tribe dwelling in worked with the Winston-Sa- lofty peaks. What remains of Stokes County. The Saura lem Foundation. On April 20, these ancient mountains is due moved around a great deal. In 1936, the Stokes County Com- to erosion-resistant quartzite, the middle part of the sixteenth mittee for Hanging Rock State which now supports the scenic century they were located in Park deeded a gift of more ridges, Moore's Wall, Cook's the Carolina mountains. In than 3,000 acres in the Saura- Wall and Flanging Rock. the seventeenth century they town Mountains to the state of The park is named for one moved to the vicinity of the North Carolina. of its prom;nent topographical Dan River where they had at In 1933 Franklin Roosevelt features, Hanging Rock, which least two villages. In thesec- began the first relief agency, offers a view across the valley ond decade of the eighteenth the Civilian Conservation of the Dan River to the Blue century the Sauras moved Corps (CCC), to provide jobs Ridge Mountains of North southeast and finally ended through the development of Carolina and Virginia. In up near the Pee Dee River in public property. The CCC addition to beautiful scenery, South Carolina. To the west, began work at what was to numerous facilities and activi- in Surry County, early settlers become Hanging Rock State ties make Hanging Rock one encountered a hostile CherokeePark in 1935. CCC activity of the most popular parks in tribe. Not until the end of the continued in the park during the state system. French and Indian War, in the early 1940's. During this 1763, did the threat of tribal period a number of projects attacks disappear. iU

Flanging Rock State Park. NC 1.2 October 1993 were completed. In 1942, home telephone numbers 3. The usual fees for activities, during the early days of the of the group contact per- such as boat rental and swim- second World War, the CCC ,on. ming will apply. was abolished and work at the Requested date, time of park slowed dramatically. arrival and meeting place Before You Make the Trip: Nonetheless, most of the park's at the park. 1.Visit the park without the goals htyl been attained and the Departure time from the participants prior to the group park was formally opened on park. trip. This will allow you to be- July 21, 1944. Number of participants and come familiar with facilities adult leaders. A maximum and park staff and to identify Program Options: qf 30 participants is recom any potential problems. Abounding with natural his- mended. Please have one 2. Group coordinators should tory, Hanging Rock State Park adult leader per 10 stu- discuss park rules and behavior is an excellent place to teach dents. Adult leaders are expectations with adult leaders ecology, environmental issues, responsiPle for maintaining and participants. Safety should biology, conservation, earth control of the group. be stressed. science and geology, as well as Age range and/or special 3.Inform the group about to enjoy recreation. The park needs of participants. poison ivy, ticks, snakes and is rich with cultural resources Desired activities: assis- insects. Discuss the need to and provides a wonderful out- tance needed from park use insect repellent from late door classroom for learning staff. spring through early fall. about the geological formation 2.Research activity permits 4. Everyone should wear a of the Sauratown Mountains may be required for sampling name tag. Please color-code and many other themes. activities. If your group plans tags (for groups) and establish Groups are encouraged to to collect any plant, animal. or a buddy system. visit the park during all seasonsmineral within the park, please 5.Encourage everyone to of the year for hikes, explora- contact the park office at least wear appropriate, comfortable tion, nature study and other ac-30 days in advance to obtain a clothing and walking shoes. tivities. Leaders may choose permit application. to design and conduct their own activities or to use the En- vironmental Education Activity Packet. Park staff will be happy to assist you with your program- ming needs. Please contact the park office at least two weekS in advance for arrangements.

Scheduling a Trip: 1. To make a reservation, contact the park at least two weeks in advance. Please provide the following information: Name of group (school). Name, address, work and

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 1.3 October 1993 While at the Park: 3. All plants and animals in thePark Information Please obey the following rules:park are protected. Injuring or Address: 1. Be as quiet as possible whileremoving plants or animals is Hanging Rock State Park in the park. This will help you prohibited in all state parks. Post Office Box 186 get the most out of the experi- This allows future visitors to Danbury, NC 27016 ence, while increasing the enjoy our natural resources. chance of observing wildlife. 4.Picnic only in the desig- Tel: (919) 593-8480 nated picnic areas. Help keep 2. On hikes, walk behind the Mon - Fri the park clean and natural by leader at all times. Trails lead 8:30 AM 12:30 PM not littering and by picking up to areas of cliffs and high rock any trash left behind by others. ledges. Running, climbing or Hours of Operation: 5.In case of an accident or horseplay are not permitted. Nov - Feb 8:(X) AM - 6:(X) PM Please stay on the trails! emergency, contact park staff Mar, Oct 8:(X) AM - 7:(X) PM immediately. Apr, May, Sep 8:(X) AM - 8:(X) PM Jun - Aug 8:00 AM - 9:00 PM

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 1.4 4 October 1993 The environmental education The environmental education NOTE: While in the park, please learning experience, Rock learning experience, Rock remember that the purpose of the Around the Clock, was devel- Around the Clock, will expose State Parks System is to preserve oped to provide hands-on envi-the students to the following and protect our natural resources. ronmental education activities major concepts: Explain to students that they for the classroom and the out- Rock Cycle should not pick, injure, or destroy door setting of Hanging Rock Rock Formation any plants or animals. Rocks State Park. This activity packet should not be removed from the Weathering & Erosion park - but should be returned to will acquaint your students Geologic Time with the basic geological pro- the area from which they are col- Geologic Process lected. Please stay on the trails! cess that influenced the formation of the Sauratown Moun- The educator will assist in see- ing that all safety precautions are tains, of which Hanging Rock Vocabulary words used throughout this EELE appear followed. It is also the responsi- is a part. It is designed to be bility of the educator to be aware implemented in grade 5, and in bold type the first time they of special considerations, medical meets established curriculum are used in each activity. These needs, etc. of participants and be objectives of the North Caro- words and their definitions are prepared to take appropriate pre- lina Department of Public listed in the back of the activity cautionary measures. Park staff Instruction. Three types of packet. A list of the reference should be informed of any special activities are included: materials used in developing considerations prior to the group's arrival at the park. 1) pre-visit the activities follows the 2) on-site vocabulary list. 3) post-visit This document was designed The on-site activity will be to be reproduced, in part or conducted at the park, while entirety, for use in North Caro- the pre-visit and post-visit lina classrooms. If you wish activities are designed for the to photocopy or adapt it for other uses, please credit the classroom environment. The Rock (de NNorkshmt pre-visit activity should be NC Division of Parks and int---luced prior to the park Recreation. visit so that students will have the necessary background and vocabulary for the on-site activity. We encourage you to use the post-visit activity to reinforce concepts, skills and vocabulary learned in the pre- visit and on-site activities.

Hanging Rock State Pa-k, NC October 1993 a I Lk a 1 a 1 16

When speaking of geologic formed shale. As the thickness are sloping or dipping gently history, one must think in terms of the layers increased (over to the southeast. The fractures of millions of years. The earth long periods of geologic time), show up clearly in the cliffs of is always changingrocks pressure continued to increase the upper ridges, the Upper are constantly being formed on the lower layers. With Cascades, and especially well and destroyed: some parts of this pressure and heat coming at Hidden Falls. Along these the earth arc being pushed from deep within the earth, fractures, smooth-sided blocks up, while others are being the sandstone was changed of quartzite break out of the depressed. But as in the past. into ametamorphic rock cliffs like building blocks. these processes are taking called quartzite while shale Over millions of years, place very, very slowly. became mica schists. Quartz erosion has sculpted the moun- At one time the rocks of veins were probably formed tains by removing the soft the Hanging Rock area were by magma flows from deep layers of sandstone. Sand, thought to he among the old- within the earth injected as liq- sandstone and mica schists est on earth (Pre-Cambrian). uid solutions into the quartzite. were carried downstream to be However, as the geologic After the metamorphic rocks deposited further into the Pied- study of North Carolina con- were formed, the entire region mont. The process of erosion tinues, the rocks are believed was eventually pushed up has exposed the more resistant to he more recent, though still above sea level. thus destroy- quartzite - thus forming the millions of years old. ing the Iapetus Sea. Uplift peaks, ledges and ridges of anderosion went on simulta- At least one time in its his- the Sauratown Mountains. neously, continuing for thou- tory, Hanging Rock. like the Erosion continues today. Each sands of years. One of the last rest of North Carolina. was time it rains or the wind blows, periods of uplift was followed Covered by shallow ocean a little more of the mountains by a long interval of erosion water. Hundreds of millions of is carried away. Eventually the with little or no uplift. years ago, the shallow Iapetus quartzite will wear away and Sea existed in the area now Originally the layers of these mountains will disappear occupied by the Sauratown rock were lying horizontally ...somewhere in the far distant Mountains. For millions of like a stack of papers: however,future of geologic time. years layers of sand and mud as the earth's surface slowly It is important to remind were deposited into the basin moved, the layers were gradu- the students that this Environ- from the Appalachian Moun- ally folded and bent. During mental Education I. earning tains. From all the weight and the movement, the rocks be- Experience presents only one pressure, sedimentary rocks haved like taffy candy. bendingtheory of how the Sauratown were formed. Sand eventually as well as fracturing or break- Mountains formed. formed sandstone and the mud ing. Today these rock layers

Harrging Rock State Park, NC I .6 October 1993 if Activity Summary

The following outline provides a brief summary of each activity, the major concepts intro- duced and the objectives met by completion of the activity. I. Pre-Visit Activity

#1 A Rock Solid Foundation (page 3.1 .1 ) This pre-visit activity, designed for the classroom, will provide the students with a foundation in rock types and how they change, as well as a concept of the length of geologic time.

Major concepts: Rock cycle Weathering Erosion Geologic time Geological history

Objectives: Name the three basic rock types and explain how they are formed. Name one example of each rock type found in the Sauratown Mountains. Explain the rock cycle. Give three reasons why understanding the rock cycle is important. Explain geologic time. Name the time period and era in which we live.

II. On-Site Activity

#1 A Geo-Hike (page 4.1 .1 ) The Geo-Hike will expose the students to the effects of geologic processes, and give them the opportunity to identify some rocks common to the area.

Major Concepts: Sauratown Mountain geology Erosion Weathering

Objectives: Name two types of rocks observed in the park. Identify two examples of the major rock types. Discuss how the geologic formations you observe were formed.

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 2. I October 1993 III. Post-Visit Activity #1 Sauratown Mountain Board (page 5.1.1) This post-visit activity will give the students the opportunity to share their new geological knowledge with others.

Major Concepts: Geologic processes Sauratown Mountains

Objectives: Describe at least one part of the rock cycle. Explain how weathering and erosion affect geologic formations. Describe one or more geological concepts, using text and art materials.

Rock Cycle 'Worksheet

Seditnentars."Itocks

hc..

Wlaniorphic Rinkti

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 2.2 October 1993 I a

Curriculum Objectives: Major Concepts: Part A: Let's Get Grade 5 Rock cycle Communication Skills: Weathering the Basics listening, reading, vocabulary Erosion Instructions: and viewing comprehension Geologic time Guidance: competency for 1. Use the background interacting with others Geological history. information on the geology Library/Media Skills: work Objectives: of Hanging Rock State Park independently and creatively Name the three basic rock in preparing assignments (page 1.6) to acquaint students types and explain how they Mathematics: solve problems with the Sauratown Mountains are formed. in time and measurement and with the concepts of Science: earth science Name one example of each weathering and erosion. Social Science: gather, orga- rock type found in the nize and analyze information, Sauratown Mountains. participate effectively in 2. Distribute the Student's Describe the forces of ero- groups Information and the "Rock sion and weathering, and Cycle" worksheets. Have Location: Classroom explain how these shape them read this background the land. information. Group Size: Explain the rock cycle. 30 students, class size Give three reasons why un- 3. Explain the worksheet to derstanding the rock cycle Estimated Time: the students and discuss with Part A: 30 minutes is important. them how the rock cycle Part B: 23 class periods Explain geologic time. works. Emphasize the forma- Name the time period and Appropriate Season: Any tion of sedimentary, meta- era in which we live. morphic and igneous rocks. Materials: Primary examples of these in Part A: Educator's Information Provided by the educator: the Sauratown Mountains are: Student's Information, Rock This activity is divided into Sedimentary sandstone Cycle Worksheet (one per stu- two parts: Metamorphic quartzite dent) Part A, "Let's Get the Ba- Igneous -none found in the Part B: Provided by the educator: sics'', is designed to introduce Sauratown Mountains. The A 65' long continuous strip the students to the concepts closest igneous rock is granite, of 24" wide paper, measuring covered in this activity packet. found at Mt. Airy. stick, magic markers or cray- Part B, "Time After Time-, ons, tape, reference books on is designed to help students fossils and life during the various geologic time periods understand that geologic time Per student: "Events in Geo- is much more than minutes, logical History" fact sheet, hours and days. By visually "Geologic Time" fact sheet comparing our existence with the formation of the Saura- town Mountains, the large expanse of time becomes more understandable.

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 3.1.1 October 1993 A rock is an aggregate of Igneous rocks come from sure. Igneous and metamorphic minerals. Some may consist magmas. Magmas are molten rocks can be weathered and entirely of one mineral, like a Mixtures of minerals, often rich eroded to form sediment, that diamond. Most usually consist in gasses, found deep below will become sedimentary rock of a few major, or essential, the earth's surface. Some kinds when compressed. Likewise, minerals and a number c.f minor,of igneous rock are formed metamorphic and sedimentary or accessory, minerals. Geolo- when magma never reaches the rocks, when subjected to ex- gists have been able to put earth's surface but cools slowly tremely high temperatures, can together a record of the earth's within it. Granite is a good ex- form the constituent material of history by learning the process ample of this type of igneous igneous rock. This relationship through which rocks change. rock. Another kind of igneous between the rock classes is All rocks fall into three classes rock is formed when molten known as the rock cycle. which are named according to magma flows or spews out of The rock cycle is the process their origin. These classes are a volcano or crack onto the which makes and destroys sedimentary, igneous and meta- earth's surface. Magma that rocks. It explains how rocks morphic. comes to the surface of the are formed, changed into other Sedimentary rocks are earth is called lava. Lava on rocks, or built into mountains, formed as loose sediments the earth's surface cools much through earth movement, pres- wash into streams and rivers, faster than magma trapped sure and heat. It also explains then settle along the river's beneath the surface. causing how rocks and mountains are course or at the river's delta. As different types of rocks to form. worn away through weathering this deposition piles up over Igneous rock never contains agents, particularly wind and time, pressure on the bottom fossils. Temperatures which are water. This makes a complete layers increases, compacting high enough to melt rock are cycle of building and tearing and cementing the layers to- also plenty high enough to burn down. up any organic matter, plant or gether to eventually form sedi- The rock cycle is a very animal, as well as fossils. mentary rock. An example of important geologic concept. this type of rock is sandstone. Metamorphic rocks are Once you are able to identify Sedimentary rock and meta- formed when heat and pressure the rocks you see and under- morphosed sedimentary rock change the igneous and sedi- stand how they are formed, you are the rock types in which mentary rocks. "Meta" means can make educated guesses fossils of plants and animals are changed and "morphic" means about the rocks you cannot see. found. Fossils are formed form, so a metamorphic rock These estimates will hell- you when plants and animals are is one that has changed form. understand how an area was surrounded by silt. The organic In rocks that have undergone formed and predict ongoing material in the plants and ani- extreme pressure. the mineral large scale formation processes, mals is slowly changed (chemi- layers may he folded. An ex- such as earthquakes and volca- cally) to rock-type matrices. ample lbund in the park is nic eruptions. They will also Examples of this include coal quartzite, which is the harder, help you determine the stability (from swamp plants) and petri- more dense form of sandstone of a site as a building location. fied wood. Sedimentary rocks that has been metamorphosed. determine where water would usually have a layered or bed- Sedimentary, igneous and likely he foundhence, where ded appearance. In fact, they metamorphic rocks arc all re- to dig a well and determine may even show ripple marks or lated to one another. Sedimen- where to mine for various rocks mud cracks, thus revealing the tary and igneous rocks can he and minerals such as gold, iron, environment where they were changed into metamorphic rock quartz and silver. formed. through extreme heat and prcs- 18 Flanging Rock State Park, NC 3.1.2 October 1993 As sediments pile up, those Compaction The movementHeat of the earth'sand Pressure of all the sedimentpacked piling togethersediments on top. byEventually, onthe the weight bottom the compacted aresediments turn to rock. compaction Rock Cycle Worksheet from thecrust center and theoftogether the tremendous earth to act transform heat rocks. erosion pressureheat & melting Erosion breaks down all Erosion cooling magma. WhenMelted magma rock is called Magma kinds of Wind,rock into water, sediment. ice and snow all cause erosion. a.:.) Magma comes out of a volcano, it is called lava. Part "B:G Time After. Time ry

Educator's Information: Instructions: 5. Using the magic marker or eleology is the science of 1. Sta;ling near the classroom crayon, have the students place t he earth and its history. door, run a continuous strip of and label 390 equally spaced When we study geological paper around the room. If the marks In the paper below the history, we find that water circumference of the class- bottom line. (Note: each mark invaded the land, layers of room is less than 65 feet, the stands for 10 million years, sediment were deposited, the paper can be spiraled around giving a total representation land was pushed up into the room. of 3,900 million years. This mountains and eventually works out well as the oldest wind, rain and ice leveled the 2. Using a yardstick and a rock on earth is 3,800 million land again. This sequence has black marker or crayon, have years old.) been repeated many times the students draw a continuous The distance between the over the history of the earth. line, three inches up from the bottom of the paper, along marks should be 2 inches. It is quite difficult for most the entire length of the paper. (Note: when all 65 feet of the of us to understand the concept If the students will be using paper is used you will have a of geologic time. Becausewe a marker you may want to representation of 3,900 million tend to regard events on our use a test piece of the paper to years: 65 feet = 780 inches, planet using a time scale of assure that the marker will not divided by 2 inches gives you hours, days, months and years, 390 marks, each of whichrep- it is easy to underestimate the "bleed through" onto the classroom wall. resents 10,000,000 years, for vast amount of time covered a total of 3,900 million years. during eras like the Precam- 3. Have the students draw 3,900 million = 3.9 billion.) brian. another continuous line with The words one half million By creating a visual model, the marker or crayon 16 inches years ago (0.5 mya) and 1 the students should begin to above the first line. through 9 mya should also he more clearly understand the 4. Three inches above the line written in between 0 and 10 broad scope of geologic time. drawn in step 3, have the stu- mya. After step 5, the paper dents make another continuousshould look like Figure B. line. After steps 1 through 4, the paper should look similar to Figure A. Figure A

24" 16"

3"--

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 3.1.4 October 1993 Figure B

.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 millions of years ago 6. This geologic time activity plants lived during their period depicted on tne mural are: provides information on 16 or epoch. For those students 1) when the rocks and 2) geo- periods and epochs. Divide working within the 0 to 10 logic formations of their area the class into 15 teams. (This mya scale (the most recent ep- were formed. Draw pictures may mean that some "teams" ochs), they may not have roomwith markers and/or crayons consist of just one student.) within these two inches to to illustrate the events. Use The whole class will be re- place all the illustrations. the "Events in Geological sponsible for depicting the Pre-They may instead use arrows History" fact sheet and library cambrian period after the other to indicate where their illustra- references as a guide. periods and epochs have been tions fit into the main scale on 8. After completing the time- portrayed. the paper. The students may line mural, stress that when have to do some independent Each team should be as- studying geology it is often research if they are not famil- signed an epoch or period from difficult to determine absolute iar with the animals and plants the "Geologic Time" fact sheet. ages. Therefore, geologists use found in their time period or The team is responsible for geological eras and periods epoch. After step 6 the mural finding their period or epoch when discussing the earth's should resemble Figure D. on the time scale mural and history rather than calendar marking it off with vertical 7. In the space remaining on dates. This mural illustrates lines, being sure to label the the mural, fill in various eventsthe vast number of years our time periods (Figure C). They in time over the appropriate earth's history covers. will illustrate what animals andyears. Events that should be Figure C Cenozoic Era Pliocene Epoch Miocene Epoch Oli

2 3 4567 89 10 20 30 millions of years ago

C) .;) Hanging Rock State Park, NC 3.1.5 October 1993 Figure D Cenozoic Era Pliocene Epoch Miocene Epoch Oli

2 3 45 6789 10 20 30 millions of years ago

9. Compare the student's life Extension: history (years of age) with the Using reference books, ency- history and age of the earth clopedias, field guides, etc., and with rocks and formations of the Sauratown Mountains. search for other earth history Be sure to note what era and events not listed in the "Events time period we live in. In Geological History" fact sheet and include them in the mural.

`s3

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 3.1.6 October 1993 - Geoiogic Time Fact Sheet Epochs Holocene Quaternary0.01 - present Pleistocene 2present 1.80.01 Cenozoic 2Pliocene 65present N5 1.8 Miocene Tertiary 6 5 tOligocene 65 -2 37.5 -2626 Eocene 5437.5 Palaeocene 6554

Mesozoic 22565 Cretaceous 136 - 65

Jurassic 190 136

Triassic 225 - 190 Permian Paleozoic 280225 570225 Pennsylvanian 325 20 Mississipian 345375 Devonian 395 - 345 Silurian 430395 Ordovician 5(X) 430 Cambrian 570500 Figures indicate Precambrian Eon millions of years ago 2 Hanging Rock State Park, NC 3.1.7 4 October 1993 1

Time is an extremely during the Precambrian Eon like whelks). At the end of the important concept in geology. form the cores of today's conti- Cambrian Period there was a Geologic time includes all the nents. The very first, extremelymass extinction of 75% of all time that has occurred since simple forms of life started to the trilobite families, 50% of the formation of the earth an evolve about 3.4 billion years the sponge families and many estimated 4.6 billion years ago. ago. Life on earth began as of the brachiopods and gastro- These 4.6 billion years have simple, one-celled organisms, pods. No one knows what been broken down into differ- like blue-green algae. This caused this extinction. ent eons, eras, periods and algae used carbon dioxide and epochs based on the life forms sunlight as energy sources. Ordovician Period that were inhabiting the earth However, its waste product, 500 to 430 million years ago at the time. All of time is oxygen, enabled the evolution A few very primitive plants divided into two eons: Precam- of more complex life. Sponges, evolved to live on land during brian and Phanerozoic. The soft corals, jellyfish and annelid this period. However, most Precambrian Eon lasted from worms also evolved during the life forms were still evolving the formation of the earth until Precambrian Eon. in the oceans. Bivalves, like the time when fossils became abundant in the rocks. The Phanerozoic Eon clams and oysters, developed Phanerozoic Eon has been during the Ordovician Period, 570 million Nears ago to the divided into three eras. Each along with most of the other present of the eras is further subdi- invertebrate (without a back- vided into periods. Each of the bone) animals. Starfish, brittle periods is further subdivided Paleozoic Era stars, hard corals and crinoids were some of these inverte- into epochs. Each of the units "Age of Ancient Life- of geologic time is character- brates. Very primitive, jawless 570 million to 225 million fishes also developed during ized by different environmen- years ago tal conditions and specific this period. Fish are one kind of vertebrate, or animal with a kinds of life that flourished. Cambrian Period Often, the boundaries between backbone. There was a mass 570 to 500 million years ago the geologic time periods was extinction at the end of this marked by mass extinctions. This period marks the first period. Many of the remaining Scientif;ts arc using records appearance of fossil shells. Thetrilobites and some of the that are preserved in rocks to most common shelled animal sponges and early fish went ut together a history of our of this time was the trilobite. extinct. planet. Trilobites were probably scav- engers on the floor of the Silurian Period Precambrian Eon ocean. All life lived in the 430 to 395 millionyearsago ocean during this period, be- This period is marked by 4.6 hithen vars ago to 570 cause the earth's atmosphere the development of extensive million years ago had not yet developed to pro- coral reefs. No new major This is the longest division tect the land from the ultravio- forms of life developed during of earth's history, representing let radiation of the sun. Along this period. All of the life that about 87% of the 4.6 billion with the trilobites, there were had already evolved continued years that the Earth has ex- sponges, brachiopods and gas- to flourish with the exception isted. The rocks laid down tropods (one-shelled mollusks /25 Hanging Rock State Park, NC 3.1.8 October 1993 of the trilobite which continuedPennsylvanian Period: Mesozoic Era: to become rarer. There may 325 to 280 million vean ago "Time of Middle Life" have been milli 'des and scor- The 45 million years of the pions beginning to live on the 225 to 65 million _years ago Pennsylvanian period was a land. time of mountain building and Triassic Period: the loss of many of the shallow 'o 193 million years ago Devonian Period seas. As a result, many of 39.5 to .345 million years ago the marine species declined. At the beginning of the This period is called the AgeHowever, the first insects and Triassic Period, there was very of Fishes because the early, reptiles evolved. In fact, the little marine life left after the primitive forms of fish really largest insect that ever lived, mass extinction that ended the multiplied and diversified. a dragonfly with a wingspan Permian Period. The first Sharks, rays and bony fishes of 29", lived during this time. modem corals developed. The developed during this period. Most of the land was covered entire Mesozoic Era is known A giant, 30 foot long fish with swampy forests. Conifers as the Age of Reptiles because called the Dunkleosteus did first developed during the the reptiles developed to domi- not have any teeth, but the Pennsylvanian Period. nate the air, land and sea. The bones in its jaw were as sharp first dinosaurs appeared near as knives. Other invertebrates Permian Period: the end of the Triassic. These dinosaurs were the saurichians began to live in fresh water 280 to 225 million years ago during this period. The first which walked on two feet and During the 55 million years amphibians, animals that live had stabbing teeth. Crocodiles of the Permian Period, the ma- part of their life in water and also appeared in the end of rine invertebrates specialized part on land, evolved. The first the Triassic Period. Lizards. into many different forms. forests, with giant horsetails turtles and marine reptiles, like The ginko tree first appeared. and tree ferns, were found dur- the plesiosaurs, also evolved in Reptiles and amphibians con- the Triassic. Finally, the first ing the Devonian Period. The tinued to develop. One of first seed-bearing plants also mammal, a small mouse- the most important groups of evolved then. Mass extinction like animal that ate insects, reptiles from this period was marked the end of this period. evolved, The Triassic ended the pelycosaurs. They had tall, About 25% of all species went with a mass extinction in sail-like projections from their extinct. which 25% of all species went backs that were supported by extinct. spines out of their backbone. Mississippian Period: The pelycosaur probably used Jurassic Period: 345 to 325 million years ago its sail to help heat and cool 190 to 136 million years ago During this period almost allits body. The pelycosaurs of North America was covered were the ancient forerunners Oysters, crabs, lobsters, sea by oceans. Crinoids, feather of mammals. The Perniian urchins and shrimps developed stars and sea lilies flourished Period ended with the most in the oceans. The stegosaurus in the oceans severe of all mass extinctions- and the pterosaurs, flying rep- during this 96% of all species were lost. tiles, appeared during this time. period. The The mammals were still quite trilobites small, but more diverse. The continued to Jurassic Period marks the evo- decline. lution of the first bird. Insects

2 Hanging Rock State Park, NC 3.1.9 October 1993 continued to become more as the Age of Mammals be- the Pliocene. The mammals diverse. cause of the development of that had evolved during the many different kinds of mam- other epochs continued to mul- Cretaceous Period: mals during the 63 million tiply and spread throughout the 136 to 65 million years ago years of the period. Along earth. with the development of The Cretaceous Period was hoofed mammals, rodents and one of the longest periods, last- Quaternary Period: squirrel-like primates on land, ing 70 million years. Much 2 million years ago to the sharks were very abundant in of the land was covered by present the oceans. shallow seas. Pterosaurs, the flying reptiles, became more Pleistocene Epoch: Eocene Epoch: specialized. Some of the 2 million to 10,000 years ago 54 to 38 million years ago Cretaceous Period dinosaurs There were at least four include tyrannosaurs, Eocene means the dawn of glacial advances during the ankylosaurs and the duck- recent life. Mammals contin- Pleistocene Epoch, or Ice billed dinosaurs. Flowering ued to diversify giving rise to Ages. Most notably during plants, bees and butterflies whales, sea cows, bats, early this epoch, Homo sapiens, or also evolved during this time. horses, tapirs and rhinoceroses.humans, evolvedprobably in The end of the Cretaceous Africa. During the Ice Ages, Period was also the end of the Oligocene Epoch: wooly mammoths, mastodons, Mesozoic Era and was marked 38 to 26 million years ago and wooly rhinoceroses were by a mass extinction, second Oligocene means "few common. During the warmer only to the extinction that recent (kinds of life)." Dogs, periods, giant ground sloths, marked the end of the Permian rats, camels, cats and pigs all saber-toothed cats, lions, Period. All of the dinosaurs multiplied during this time. wolves, bison, camels, cattle went extinct, along with Sloths, armadillos and guinea and horses were common. marine reptiles, pterosaurs, pigs all evolved separately in Many of the large mammals many corals, sponges and South America. went extinct at the end of this other marine invertebrates. epoch. Some scientists think Miocene Epoch: that it may have been due to hunting by the early humans, 26 to 5 million years ago Cenozoic Era: but no one knows for sure. The "less recent" epoch "Time of Recent Life" lasted for 19 million years. Holocene Epoch: 65 million years to present Saber-toothed cats, elephants, 10,000 years ago to the present apes, monkeys, giraffes and Tertiary Period: cattle are some of the mam- The climate of the present 65 to 2 million years ago mals that evolved and multi- epoch is much warmer than plied during this epoch. the climate of the Ice Ages. Paleocene Epoch: Humans are playing a greater 65 to 54 million years ago Pliocene Epoch: role in causing extinctions, 5 to 2 million years ago particularly in the rain forest Much more dry land was regions of the world. Many exposed as the seas dried up The vegetation of the Plio- scientists feel that another ice during the Paleocene or "old cene was much like today's. age will likely start within a recent life" epoch. The Australopithecines, the ances- few thousand years. entire Tertiary Period is known tors of humans, evolved during

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 3.1.10 October 1993 Events In Geblogical Histoiy.

Millions of Years Ago

4000 Planet formed. 4000 By now, earth has relatively stable crust with oceans and primitive atmosphere. 3800 Age of some of oldest rocks on earth's surface today. 340G Primitive single cell life appears. 1700 Sediment is deposited in area that would later become North Carolina. 850 Iapetus Sea develops near area that would later include Stokes County. 800 Layers of sediment accumulate on Iapetus Sea floor. 570 First animals with shells appear in oceans; Cambrian Period begins. 500 Ordovician Period begins. 460 Layers of rock under Iapetus Sea are folded and bent. 440 Metamorphism of rocks forming the Sauratown Moun- tains occurs beneath the ancient sea floor. Land begins to rise above sea. Immediately, erosion beginsand still continues today. 430 Silurian Period begins. 408 Due to movement of the earth's crust, Iapetus Sea is destroyed. 400 Plants are thriving on land above the sea; first land animals appear. 395 Devonian Period begins. 380 Insects are common. 345 Mississippian Period begins. 325 Pennsylvanian Period begins. 300 Reptiles appear. 280 True dragonflies are present; Permian Period begins. 230 Final building of Appalachian Mountains. 225 Early dinosaurs; Triassic Period begins. 208 Age of Dinosaurs. 200 First mammals. 190 Jurassic Period begins. 136 Cretaceous Period begins. 78 Modern fish appear. 70 Dinosaurs become extinct; Rocky Mountains pushed up. 65 Paleocene Epoch begins. 40 60 Beginning of the Age of Mammals; first hoofed mammals and primates appear. 0

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 3.1.11 October 1993 Millions of Years Ago 54 Eocene Epoch begins. 37.5 Oligocene Epoch begins. 26 Miocene Epoch begins. 5 Pliocene Epoch begins. 1.8 Pleistocene Epoch begins. Time of Ice Ages. 100,000 yrs ago Neanderthal man walks the earth. 40,000 yrs ago Homo sapiens (modem man) appear. 30,000 yrs ago People first cross over to North America. 20,000 yrs ago Physical evolution of humans as we know them today is complete. 15,000 yrs ago Ice sheets still cover most of North America: 11,000 yrs ago The last glacial advance retreats; Holocene Epoch begins. 10,000 yrs ago Groups of people in North America begin to settle down in villages. 0 Present time.

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 3. 1. 12 October 1993 On-Site Act vity #1 A Geo-hike

Curriculum Objectives: Major concepts: round trip). At the Upper Cas- Grade 5 Sauratown Mountain cades you will be able to ob- Communication Skills: geology serve: listening, reading, vocabulary Erosion water cutting through sand- and viewing comprehension Weathering Guidance: competency for stone, leaving more resis- interacting with others tant quartzite and quartz, Healthful Living: recreational Objectives: layering in the rocks and safety Name two types of rocks fractures along layers, and Science: earth science, observed in the park. environment Identify two examples of rock layers tilted in their Social Science: use maps, bedding. participate effectively in the major rock types. groups Discuss how the geologic Option B is a hike to the formations you observe base of Hanging Rock (2 miles Locations: were formed. round trip). This hike is not Option A Upper Cascade Trail recommended for persons Option B Educator's Information: who have difficulty walking. Hanging Rock Trail rr his activity is a hike to On this hike you will be able to observe: Group Size: 1 observe some of the park's Approximately 30 students geologic features. how the effects of weather- with a teacher, plus at least ing and erosion shaped the Option A is a hike to the three adult assistants. current landscape, and Upper Cascades (0.6 mile Estimated Time: rocks which were fractured Option A and folded. 30 minutes to 1 hour Option B 1 to 2 hours

Appropriate Season: Any

Materials: Provided by the educator: Park map

Special Considerations: Please read the information in the Introduction to Hanging Rock State Park on "Before You Make the Trip" and "While at the Park".

r:r

06s , 4471

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 4.1.1 30 October 1993 '

Option A: was pushed up. Rock layers ing Rock, the knife-edge in its Originally, the layers of rockwere folded, bent and frac- present form is not too old, at were lying horizontally like 'a tured, and large slices of rock least not in geological terms. stack of papers; however, as thewere shoved over one another. On rock outcrops like earth's crust slowly moved, theIn many places, this process Hanging Rock, weathering layers were gradually folded resulted in older rocks being and erosion by wind have a and bent. Under lots of pres- pushed up and over younger major effect on shaping the sure, rocks do not break, but rocks. land. Because the outcrop is behave like plastic. At the time The knife-edge ridge you high and exposed, the wind is of the movement, the layers walk along to get to Hanging a constant force, slowly eating were under about 8 1/2 miles Rock is an interesting geologic away at the softer parts of the of rock, and therefore under feature. This ridge is a pre- rock formation. Wind, like considerable pressure! During view of what the Hanging water, moves away loose sedi- the movement, the rocks Rock ridge will look like in ments. In the process, the behaved something like taffy the distant futureso far in thewind-blown particles strike candy, bending as well as future that it will not involve against rocks, eroding and breaking and fracturing. any of us. smoothing their surfaces by Today these rock layers are In the past, this knife-edge abrasion. The wind and water sloping, or dipping, gently to ridge was a continuation of the are such powerful forces of the southeast. Fractures show Hanging Rock ridge and was weathering and erosion that, up clearly in the cliffs of the capped with the same durable sometime in the far distant fu- Upper Cascades. When the quartzite that forms Hanging ture, the Hanging Rock quartz- quartzite breaks off, it breaks Rock itself. Underlying the ite will finally be worn away, along those fractures in quartzite was sandstone, a and the ridge will be gone. smooth-sided blocks. Through softer rock, which weathered the long period of time since much more easily than the these rocks were laid down andquartzite. As the valleys on fractured, the softer rocks have each side of the ridge were cut eroded away. The sandstone deeper and wider, the soft rock is the softest rock, so the water below was weathered, under- eroded it, creating the gorge mining the quartzite top. The at the Upper Cascades. On quartzite broke off in great the sides of the gorge, the moreblocks and boulders, each resistant rocks, quartzite and time exposing more of the quartz, are seen. However, so, .-r rock. even these harder rocks are Dy the continuous process eroding, just much more of undermining and breaking slowly. off, the quartzite was gradually Option B: destroyed, leaving only this unusually steep-sided ridge as During the geologic time evidence of its past existence. period that witnessed the movement and collision of the Since the ridge is not much lower than the base of the land masses, this entire region quartzite layer that caps Hang- 31 Hanging Rock State Park, NC 4.1.2 October 1993 Instructions: effects on the rocks, compar- 3. Lead the hike to the base ing the hardness of sandstone of Hanging Rock, stopping Option A: 410 to that of quartzite ani quartz. for brief discussions where 1. Discuss with the students evidence of weathering and 5. Have the students search basic trail safety information erosion or rock formations are for quartz veins in the quartzite (see Special Considerations). noticed by the students. and look for any signs of Remind the students that the layers. See if they can find 4. Once there, have the stu- purpose of the State Parks Sys- fractures along these layers dents compare the differences tem is to preserve and protect and observe how straight and in height between the top of our natural resources. Explain smooth the fractures are. Have Hanging Rock and the ridge to the students that they should the students also look at the you are standing on. Have the not pick, injure or destroy rocks which have fallen and students look at the rocks that any plants or animals. Rocks encourage them to speculate have fallen for evidence of lay- should not be removed from on why the rocks fell and why ers and for fossil ripple marks. the park, but should be re- the rocks are shaped as they Remind the students that turned to the area from which are. quartzite is metamorphosed they are collected. sandstone. Therefore the Option B: 2. Before you leave on the quartzite still shows the band- hike give an overview of the 1. Discuss with the students ing of the sand sediments as background information and basic trail safety information they were laid down by water, refresh the students' memory (see Special Considerations). and sometimes shows marks of the rock cycle (Pre-Visit Remind the students that the made by the water movement Activity #1). Encourage the purpose of the State Parks Sys-over the sediments. students to use their observa- tem is to preserve and protect 5. Remind the students that tion skills to determine how our natural resources. Explain when this region was uplifted, the gorge was formed and note to the students that they should the older quartzite rock was any layering, fractures or tilt in not pick, injure or destroy any pushed up and over the softer, the rock formations. plants or animals. Rocks younger sandstone and in this should not be removed from 3. Lead the hike to the Upper geologic process the quartzite the park, but should be re- Cascades. was fractured, folded and tilted. turned to the area from which Have the students search for 4. Once there, be sure to dis- they are collected. cuss how the cascades were evidence of these fractures 2. Before you leave on the formed. Emphasize how the and folds, and see if any of the hike, give an overview of the rocks were laid down, the up- rocks appear to have broken background information and along these fractures, showing lifting process, and then the refresh the students' memory erosive force of water and its a straight and smooth surface. of the rock cycle (Pre-Visit Discuss with them that these quartz Activity "1). Encourage the fractures would have been students to use their observa- weak spots, and with the tion skills to note the erosion processes of weathering and which has occurred along the erosion constantly working on ridge, giving it its distinctive them and the softer sediments shape,and to note any layering, beneath, the rocks would even- \,, fractures or tilt in the rock tually break along these weak formations. lines. Remind the students that the rocks thatimake up

Hanging Rock State Park. NC 4.1.3 October 1993 Hanging Rock ridge also have 6. Have the students observe Evidence of the wind (and the these fractures in them, so over the weathering and erosion other weathering and erosion the next hundreds and thou- that have occurred. Emphasizeforces of freeze-thaw and sands of years, as the softer the importance of wind here. water) is most obvious on the sediments below the quartzite Wind is a constant force blow- softer rock, the sandstone, cap erode, these rocks will ing small particles at the ridge, which is slowly being eroded eventually weather and erode smoothing surfaces and erod- out from under the harder to the point where they too ir.g away loose sediments. quartzite. will break off. trail map (section of park map)

Park ntrance

Upper Cascades HANGING ROCK

Chestnut Oak Nature Trail 33 Hanging Rock State l'ark. 4.1.4 October 1993 p A

Curriculum Objectives: Location: School Major Concepts: Grade 5 Geologic processes Arts Education: develop Group size: Sauratown Mountains positive attitudes towards 30 studentsmay want to self, others and the arts; work in small Objectives: participate in creative dramas Describe at least one part Communication Skills: Estimated Time: Variable of the rock cycle. listening, reading, locabulary Explain how weathering and viewing comprehension Appropriate Season: Any Guidance: competency for and erosion affect geologic interacting with others Materials: formations. Library/Media Skills: work Provided by the educator: Describe one or more geo- independently and creatively Construction paper, markers logic concepts, using text in preparing assignments or crayons of various colors, and art materials. Science: earth science, envi- stapler and staples, glue, tape, ronment scissors, bulletin board, any Social Science: gather, other art material that the Educator's Irlormation: organize and analyze infor- students choose to use mation; participate effec- (perhaps clay, or paper This activity reinforces tively in groups mache?) the vocabulary and concepts learned in the previous activities \.! Rock Cycle Worksheet Instructions: 1. As a class, plan the bulletin board. Be sure to cover one or more of the following concepts: rock 'cycle, rock formation, weathering, erosion and geologic time. Also be sure to relate this to the park and to the students' experiences. Sketch it. 2. Construct. (Students may want to work in small groups and do different parts of the display.) 3. Label various points, i.e. rocks; layers, ages, etc. Arrows could be used to point out "this formed from this" to demonstrate a rock cycle. 4. Display the bulletin board where other students can see it and learn from it.

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 5.1.1 October 1993 p

Abrasion the process of wearing down, of Minerals natural chemicals that make up the rubbing away. earth's rocks. They are inorganic and occur naturally. Each mineral has its own particular Deposition term used when a mineral or chemical make-up, as well as its characteristic sandy material settles out of water. crystal shape. Quartz is a common mineral found in the park. Era - a division of geologic time made up of one or more periods. Period - a unit of geologic time.

Erosion the process whereby water, wind Quartz a hard crystalline and ice loosen and carry away rock debris. mineral of silicon This process continually wears down all dioxide, SiO it is an rocks, creating sediments which ev,-itually important part of form new sedimentary rocks. many sedimentary, metamorphic and Geology - the study of the earth and its his- igneous rocks. tory. Quartzite metamorphic rock formed when Geologic processthe breaking down and heat and pressure recrystallize the sedirnentary building up of rocks, such as weathering, rock, sandstone. Quartzite is among the erosion, sedimentation and volcanism; the hardest and most resistant of all rocks so it is ongoing process of shaping the earth. often left after wind and rain have worn away softer rocks. Geologic time the scale used to describe the earth's history. Geologic eras and periods are Rock a substance made up of one or many used instead of years because the span of time minerals. Rocks are an important part of the is so long. earth's crust, mantle and core. They come in one of three basic forms: igneous, sedimen- Iapetus Sea - shallow sea that once covered tary, metamorphic. the area where the Sauratown Mountains stand today. Rock cyclethe process where rock is repeat- edly made and destroyed. Igneous rock - rock formed by the cooling of molten rock on or under the surface of the Sand usually composed of quartz grains earth; rock formed by volcanoes. There are mixed with other bits of rock and mineral, no igneous rocks found in the park. "Sand" is actually a term used to describe the size of a small, loose particle. Metamorphic rock - rock formed when great heat and pressure chemically and/or physi- Sandstone sedimentary rock, composed cally change igneous and/or sedimentary primarily of quartz sand grains, formed when rocks. Quartzite is an example found in the these sand grains were cemented together park. under intense pressure over millions of years.

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 6. 1 October 1993 Sauratown Mountains- the mountain range Sedimentary rock rock made by the com- that eventually formed in the area where layers paction and/or cementing of sediments in of sediment accumulated on the floor of the layers. Minerals, brought in by seeping water, Iapetus Sea. Today, the range is in Stokes and eventually cement the layers together. Sand- Surry counties, and includes Pilot Mountain, stone is an example found in the park. Cook's Wall, Moore's Wall and Hanging Rock. Weathering in the broadest sense, any of the destructive effects that wear rocks down. Sediment term used to describe loose sand Examples include heat, chemicals, wind and or mud. water; causes rocks to fragment, crack or crumble. (Erosion loosens and carries away debris caused by weathering.)

3 6

Hanging Rock State Park. NC 6.2 October 1993 Beyer, Fred. 1991. North Carolina Pough, Fredrick. 1955. A Field Guide to The Years Before Man. A Geological Rocks and Minerals, Peterson Field Guide History. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Series. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. Press. Rhodes, Frank. 1962. Fossils A Guide to Cooper, Elizabeth. 1960. Science in Your Prehistoric Life. Racine, WI: Western Own Backyard. New York, NY: Harcourt, Publishing Company. Brace and Company. Shaffer, Paul R. and Herbert S. Zim. 1957. Hanging Rock State Park. Park geology Rocks and Minerals A Guide to Minerals, files. Contact Hanging Rock State Park. Gems, and Rocks. New York, NY: Golden PO Box 186, Danbury, NC 27016. Press.

Headstorrn, Richard. 1976. Adventures Sund, Tillery, and Trowbridge. 1973. With a Hand Lens. New York, NY: Dover Elementary Science Discovery Lessons Publications Inc. The Earth Sciences. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Lambert, David and The Diagram Group. 1985. The Field Guide to Prehistoric Li/c. Thompson, Ida.1982. The Audubon New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. Society Field Guide to North American Fossils. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. Museum Institute for Teaching Science. 1988. "Geology'', Science is Elementary, Wyckoff, Jerome. 1976. The Story of Vol. 3:1, Oct/Nov. Boston, MA: Boston Geology - Our Changing Earth Through Museum of Science. the Ages New York, NY: Golden Press.

3 ?

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 7.1 October 1993 SCHEDULING WORKSHEET

Date request received Request received by

I) Name of group (school)

2) Contact person name phone (work) (home)

address 3) Day /date/time of requested program

4) Program desired and program length

5) Meeting place

6)Time of arrival at park Time of departure from park

7) Number of students Age range (grade)

8) Number of chaperones

9) Areas of special emphasis

10) Special considerations of group (e.g. allergies, health concerns, physical limitations)

11) Have you or your group participated in park programs before? If yes, please indicate previous programs attended:

12) Are parental permission forms required? If yes do you have these forms? If not, mail contact person a Parental Permission form.

,have read the entire Environmental Educa- tion Learning Experience and understand and agree to all the conditions within it.

Return to: Hanging Rock State Park P. O. Box 186 Danbury, North Carolina 27016 3 8 Hanging Rock State Park, NC 8.1 October 1993 PARENTAL PERMISSION FORM

Dear Parent:

Your child will soon be involved in an exciting learning adventure- an environmental education experience at Hanging Rock State Park.Studies have shown that such "hands-on" learning programs improve children's attitudes arid performance in a broad range of school subjects.

In order to make your child's visit to "nature's classroom" as safe as possible we ask that you provide the following information and sign at the bottom. Please note that insects, poison ivy and other potential risks are a natural part of any outdoor setting. We advise that children bring appropriate clothing (long pants, rain gear, sturdy shoes) for their planned activities.

Child's name

Does your child:

Have an allergy to bee stings or insect bites? If so, please have them bring their medication and stress that they, or the group leader, he able to administer it.

Have other allergies?

Have any other health problems we should be aware of?

In case of an emergency, I give permission for my child to he treated by the attending physician. I understand that I will be notified as soon as possible.

Parent's signature date

Parent's name Home phone (please print) Work phone

Family Physician's name phone

Alternate Emergency Contact

Name phone

Hanging Rock State Park. NC 8.2 October 1993 NORTH CAROLINA PARKS & RECREATION PROGRAM EVALUATION

Please take a few moments to evaluate the prog,ram(s) you received. This will help us improve our service to you in the future.

1. Program title(s) Date Program leader(s)

2. What part of the program(s) did you find the most interesting and useful'?

3. What part(s) did you find the least interesting and useful'?

4. What can we do to improve the program(s)'?

5. General comments

\or

LEADERS OF SCHOOL GROUPS AND OTHER ORGANIZED YOUTH GROUPS PLEASE ANSWER THESE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: 6. Group (school) name

7. Did the program(s) meet the stated objectives or curriculum needs? If not, why?

Please return the completed form to park staff. Thank you.

Hanging Rock State Park P. 0. Box 186 Danbury, North Carolina 27016

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 8.3 October 1993 , N

o 41

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 9.1 October 1993 Notes

4 2,

Hanging Rock State Park, NC 9.2 October 1993 Nots

Hanging Rock State Park. NC 9.3 October 1993 Notes

11141.-- 44

Hanging Rock State Park. NC 9.4 October 1993