Geologia Della Sicilia - Geology of Sicily II - Il Dominio D’Avampaese - the Foreland Domain

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Geologia Della Sicilia - Geology of Sicily II - Il Dominio D’Avampaese - the Foreland Domain Geologia della Sicilia - Geology of Sicily II - Il dominio d’avampaese - The foreland domain LENTINI F., CARBONE S. 1. - IL BLOCCO PELAGIANO 1.1. - CANALE DI SICILIA Nel Mediterraneo centrale il Dominio di Avam- La parte centrale del Blocco Pelagiano è rappre- paese è formato dalle aree continentali poco defor- sentato dal Canale di Sicilia, caratterizzato da un mate della placca adriatica, di cui fa parte il Blocco mare epicontinentale poco profondo, ma talora Apulo, separato a partire dal tardo Paleozoico dal con un’irregolare batimetria laddove è interessato Blocco Pelagiano (BUROLLET et alii, 1978), apparte- da fenomeni di rifting, che hanno originato, a par- nente alla placca nord africana, per mezzo della cro- tire dal Miocene superiore, le tre fosse orientate sta oceanica del Bacino Ionico (v. fig. 1). NO-SE di Pantelleria, Linosa e Malta. La profon- In Sicilia e nelle aree circostanti, l’Avampaese è dità massima di queste fosse è di 1731 m. Esse sol- rappresentato dalla porzione indeformata del cano la piattaforma pelagiana, che normalmente Blocco Pelagiano e dal Bacino Ionico. Il Blocco non supera i 400 m di profondità, e sono separate Pelagiano rappresenta un segmento orientato l’uno dall’altra da faglie normali subparallele e ovest-est del margine africano, flessurato verso riempite da 1000-2000 m di emipelagiti e torbiditi nord, dove va a costituire, senza soluzione di con- del Plio-Quaternario. Al processo di rifting intra- tinuità, il Sistema a Thrust Esterno (v. Titolo III, placca è associato un vulcanismo alcalino, le cui Cap. 1.). Il settore settentrionale di tale blocco è espressioni sono le isole di Pantelleria e Linosa (v. caratterizzato da una crosta spessa da 17 a 28 km Titolo IV - Vulcanismo). In corrispondenza del- (FINETTI Ed., 2005); su di essa la copertura sedi- l’asse di tali depressioni strutturali si registra una mentaria meso-cenozoica è rappresentata da una risalita della Moho a 17 km di profondità (FINETTI successione carbonatica di mare basso o di open- Ed., 2005). shelf, potente 6-7 km con ripetute intercalazioni In questo tratto del canale la velocità delle onde vulcaniche. P cresce da 6-6,4 km/s nella crosta superiore a 6,5- Le sequenze indeformate del Blocco Pelagiano 7,2 nella crosta inferiore. Le anomalie gravimetri- affiorano nella regione del Sahel in Tunisia e in che di Bouguer variano da +40 a +90 mgal ed Libia e si estendono per tutto il Canale di Sicilia, elevati risultano i flussi di calore (LENTINI et alii, emergendo a Lampedusa, nelle isole Maltesi, nel- 2006, cum bibl.). l’area di Sciacca (Sicilia occidentale) e nel plateau Tra i primi profili prodotti sulla base di dati geo- Ibleo (Sicilia SE). fisici vanno citati quelli di FINETTI & MORELLI La delimitazione occidentale del Blocco Pela- (1973), che comunque davano già allora un’immagine giano si trova nell’entroterra tunisino ed è rappre- dell’assetto tabulare, solcato da numerosi sistemi di sentato da una fascia trascorrente sinistra (Asse faglie e cioè tipico di aree di avampaese. Dagli studi N-S), che separa le pieghe dell’Atlas dalle aree in- che seguirono (WINNOCK, 1981; FINETTI, 1982, deformate del Sahel; quella orientale è definita dal 1984; FINETTI & DEL BEN, 1986) emerge che il Ca- sistema submeridiano della Scarpata Ibleo-Maltese, nale di Sicilia, almeno la parte centro-meridionale, che delimita il Blocco Pelagiano dal Bacino Ionico. è dominato da un assetto tabulare solcato da un si- Questo sistema di faglie, considerato un sistema stema principale orientato NO-SE, connesso ad un trastensivo destro, attivo anche durante il Pliocene generale movimento trascorrente destro. e Quaternario, taglierebbe l’originario margine Più tardi un modello sismico-gravimetrico della crosta Iblea. Esso viene descritto nel Para- lungo un profilo trasversale tra la Tunisia e la zona grafo 1.5. di questo Titolo. di rifting viene proposto da SCARASCIA et alii (2000), 32 F. LENTINI - S. CARBONE secondo cui la Moho si trova a circa 28 km sotto tra il canale e il bordo meridionale della piatta- la costa tunisina e a 34 km sotto quella siciliana. La forma iblea vengono invece analizzati da GRASSO discontinuità crosta-mantello si solleverebbe fino & REUThER (1988) e successivamente da GRASSO a 20 km di profondità in corrispondenza dell’asse et alii (1990a). Questi autori integrano i dati dell’en- del rift ed il modello mostrerebbe una struttura cro- troterra ibleo con quelli ottenuti dalla sismica a stale asimmetrica con il fianco rivolto alla Sicilia mare; l’inizio dell’attività neotettonica con compo- più ripido di quello sud-occidentale. nente destra rilevabile sul plateau coinciderebbe COLANTONI (1975) analizza la successione stra- con l’evoluzione del Rift di Pantelleria. La storia tigrafica, riconoscendo nel Canale di Sicilia un sub- neotettonica mostra un processo alquanto conti- strato calcareo mesozoico-paleogenico, sul quale nuo, anche se legato a differenti stress regionali. poggia una copertura del Miocene e Pliocene in- Strutture traspressive e trastensive si associano e feriore, ricoperta a sua volta in discordanza da de- danno evidenza di un vero e proprio meccanismo positi del Pliocene medio e del Plio-Pleistocene. di wrench destro, che è l’espressione di due mecca- Lungo le faglie orientate NO-SE sarebbero risaliti nismi apparentemente antagonisti: la distensione magmi, che hanno dato origine ad attività vulcani- crostale in direzione NE favorirebbe nello stesso che a partire dal Pliocene medio (v. Titolo IV). tempo la convergenza tra il fronte Maghrebide e il Analizzando le griglie sismiche disponibili (Ita- settore occidentale del margine ibleo (v. anche pa- lian Commercial Zone), ARGNANI et alii (1987) ricono- ragrafi 1.2 - plateau Ibleo, e 1.3. - Avanfossa Gela- scono il fronte sommerso della “catena maghrebide Catania e Falda di Gela). siciliana”, e denominato “Egadi fold/thrust belt”, e Un più ampio quadro strutturale del Canale di due distinti bacini di avanfossa di età neogenico- Sicilia nell’ambito del Mediterraneo viene fornito quaternaria, che mettono in relazione con l’apertura da REUThER et alii (1993) e da GARDINER et alii tirrenica (ARGNANI, 1990). Quello più a NO è in- (1995), che trattano le implicazioni della tettonica dicato come “adventure foredeep” ed è localizzato tra regionale, cercando di individuare meccanismi e il fronte delle Egadi e quello denominato “adventure tempi di deformazione. thrust front”. In realtà tale depressione potrebbe già I numerosi lavori di geologia marina confer- essere considerata un bacino satellite (v. Titolo III, mano che la successione stratigrafica è caratteriz- Cap. 1 - Sistema a Thrust Esterno). Gli Autori inol- zata da un notevole spessore di rocce carbonatiche, tre riconoscono una “trascurrent zone” al largo di prevalentemente mesozoiche, poggianti su un ba- Sciacca e sottolineano il diacronismo del sistema di samento cristallino tramite un orizzonte di arenarie avanfosse, ascrivendo l’“adventure foredeep” al Mio- quarzose di età paleozoica, ben noto nell’entroterra cene medio-superiore e l’avanfossa di Gela al Plio- africano. Gli unici tratti affioranti, dove cioè si pos- Quaternario. sono effettuare osservazioni della successione stra- ANTONELLI et alii (1988), utilizzando dati deri- tigrafica, sono quelli delle isole Lampedusa e vanti dall’esplorazione petrolifera, ricostruiscono Lampione, oltre ovviamente all’arcipelago maltese. l’assetto strutturale, distinguendo un segmento svi- GRASSO & PEDLEy (1988a) e TORELLI et alii (1995) luppato nella parte occidentale del Canale di Sicilia forniscono un ampio quadro di conoscenze strati- con vergenza a SE e un settore orientale, rappre- grafiche, sedimentologiche e strutturali delle due sentato dalla Falda di Gela con vergenza SO. Nel isole e delle zone circostanti (figg. 10, 11). settore nord-occidentale distinguono il fronte del La successione inizia con sedimenti di piatta- Drepano, un fronte interno alle Maghrebidi e il forma carbonatica del Giurassico superiore, se- fronte più avanzato di queste, che delimita con guita da calcari, marne e depositi terrigeni del un’avanfossa tortoniano-messiniana (biddusa Fore- Neocomiano-Eocene inferiore. L’Eocene medio- deep) (fig. 9); pertanto la messa in posto del fronte superiore è rappresentato dai carbonati di mare nord-occidentale viene ascritto al Miocene supe- basso della Formazione halk el Menzel. Segue la riore, mentre quella del fronte orientale (Gela Fore- Formazione Lampedusa (GRASSO & PEDLEy, deep) è plio-pleistocenica. Gli Autori producono 1988a), di età tortoniano-messiniana, costituita da anche uno schema litostratigrafico, valido per i do- biolititi coralgali e calcari biodetritici. Le evaporiti mini trapanese-saccense, tunisino ed ibleo-maltese, messiniane sono confinate nelle depressioni. Cal- e ricostruiscono l’evoluzione paleogeografica del- careniti del Pleistocene inferiore? affiorano nel set- l’area a partire dal Norico. tore occidentale dell’Isola. Numerosi sono i lavori che trattano gli aspetti Discordanze nell’intervallo cretacico-terziario strutturali e l’evoluzione geodinamica del Canale sono state riferite da TORELLI et alii (1995) ad eventi di Sicilia (BOCCALETTI et alii, 1989, 1990, cum bibl.), compressivi, che hanno prodotto pieghe, faglie in- estendendo anche l’analisi ai rapporti tra quest’ul- verse e sollevamenti, riattivando strutture estensio- timo e il Sahel tunisino e trattando i processi di rif- nali più antiche. Una discordanza regionale, dovuta ting (CELLO et alii, 1985; CELLO, 1987). I rapporti ad emersione ed erosione durante l’Oligocene
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