Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} John Hay From Poetry to Politics by Tyler Dennett John Hay: From Poetry to Politics by Tyler Dennett. Our systems have detected unusual traffic activity from your network. Please complete this reCAPTCHA to demonstrate that it's you making the requests and not a robot. If you are having trouble seeing or completing this challenge, this page may help. If you continue to experience issues, you can contact JSTOR support. Block Reference: #96156fe0-cf51-11eb-8c53-fd62c13f8e69 VID: #(null) IP: 116.202.236.252 Date and time: Thu, 17 Jun 2021 09:51:28 GMT. HAY, JOHN MILTON. John Milton Hay (1838 – 1905) was born on October 8, 1838, in Salem, Indiana, and raised on a small town on the Mississippi River. He graduated from Brown University and decided to enter law. In 1858 Hay was studying law at his uncle's law firm in Springfield, Illinois, when he made friends with an interesting neighbor, Abraham Lincoln (1809 – 1865). Already a Republican, Hay became an assistant private secretary to Lincoln and followed the president-elect to Washington, DC. Hay served with Lincoln until the president's assassination in 1865. Hay was then appointed secretary to the legation in Paris in March 1865; he moved on to Vienna in 1867, then finishing this tour of duty from 1868 to 1870 in Madrid. Returning to the United States in 1870, Hay took a position on the editorial board of the New York Tribune . In 1871 he published a book of poems, Pike County Ballads and Other Pieces . Soon afterward he published a travel book based upon his days in Spain, Castilian Days . In 1875 Hays moved to Cleveland, Ohio, until President Rutherford B. Hayes (1877 – 1881) appointed him Assistant Secretary of State, an office he held from 1879 to 1881. In 1881 Hay returned to the New York Tribune as editor. For the next 15 years he worked at the Tribune while concurrently traveling and writing. John Hay anonymously published an anti-labor novel, Bread-Winners in 1884, and his most famous published work, Abraham Lincoln: A History , in 1890. Written in collaboration with John G. Nicolay (1832 – 1901), the ten volume Abraham Lincoln was the standard biography on the famous president for many decades. Hay continued to write, but his career took another turn to public service in 1897 when President William McKinley (1897 – 1901) appointed Hay as U.S. ambassador to Great Britain. Hay arrived at the Court of St. James sharing expansionist views that were held by another important politician, Theodore Roosevelt (1858 – 1919). Like Roosevelt, Hay supported the American entry into the Spanish-American War in 1898. After initially believing the Philippines should not be completely annexed by the United States, he shifted his position to support the full annexation of the islands as a means of balancing the political power in Asia with that of Japan and Russia. President McKinley appointed John Hay to serve as Secretary of State in 1898, a position Hay maintained when McKinley was assassinated and Theodore Roosevelt became president (1901 – 1909). He held this position until his death. Hay presided over two extremely important episodes in the history of the United States: the Open Door policy with China and the Panama Canal Treaty. In 1899 and 1900, Hay issued two "open door" notes that called for all foreign powers to respect the territorial rights of China. His goal was to encourage free trade in China without that country being partitioned by European or other powers. The Boxer Rebellion of 1900 presented just such an opportunity to these powers, but Hay's influence was able to keep China open. Hay was also a firm advocate of a canal that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There were several plans afoot at the time for an inter-oceanic canal in either the Isthmus of Panama or in Nicaragua. Hay negotiated a treaty with Columbia in January 1903 to pay $10 million and an annual rental of $250,000 for a ninety-nine year lease on property in Panama. Columbia initially rejected the offer, but in November 1903 Panama, assisted by machinations by Roosevelt and Hay, successfully rose up against Columbia and established itself as a sovereign nation. Hay then signed a treaty with the new Panamanian minister similar to the one made with Columbia. John Hay was an excellent writer and a cultured man. He preferred the more erudite social scene of the East to the midwestern frontiers of his youth. In 1904 he fell ill, and he died in Newbury, New Hampshire, on July 1, 1905. See also: Open Door Policy, Panama Canal Treaty. FURTHER READING. Dennett, Tyler. John Hay: From Poetry to Politics . New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1933. Encyclopedia Britannica . Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 1994, s.v. "Hay, John." Garraty, John A. and Jerome L. Sternstein. Encyclopedia of American Biography . New York: HarperCollins, 1996, s.v. "Hay, John." Hay, John. Edited by Tyler Dennett. Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay . New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1939. Van Doren, Charles, ed. Webster's American Biographies . Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc., 1984, s.v. "Hay, John." Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA Chicago APA. "Hay, John Milton ." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History . . Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2021 < https://www.encyclopedia.com > . Citation styles. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: Modern Language Association. The Chicago Manual of Style. American Psychological Association. Notes: Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. John Hay. John Hay. John Hay (1838-1905) was important for shaping America's open-door policy toward the Far East. He set guidelines for much of America's diplomacy in the 20th century, involving the United States in maintaining China's territorial integrity. Rapid change characterized the United States during the years of John Hay's public service. Retarded briefly by the Civil War, dynamic forces of urbanization and industrialization began to transform both the landscape and the mood of America. Though the railroad tie and the sweatshop were as foreign to the aristocratic world of John Hay as the reaper and the grain elevator, they combined to support a new economic system that knew few boundaries, wrenching America out of its quiet isolation and into the highly competitive arena of international politics, where Hay's contribution would be made. Hay was born on Oct. 8, 1838, in Salem, Ind. He attended Brown University (1855-1858), where he reluctantly prepared for a career in law. In 1859 he entered a Springfield, Ill., law firm, next door to the office of Abraham Lincoln. When Lincoln was elected U.S. president, Hay became his assistant private secretary. After Lincoln's death, Hay took minor diplomatic posts in Paris, Vienna, and Madrid. Socially successful, he had no serious influence on foreign policy. In 1870 he returned to the United States. Between 1870 and 1896 he moved in and out of Republican politics, journalism, and business, surrounding himself with a patrician set of friends, including Boston aristocrats, intellectuals, and prominent politicians. His widely acclaimed poems and novels were overshadowed in 1890 by his Abraham Lincoln: A History, a ten volume work completed with John Nicolay. Hay became close to presidential candidate William McKinley during his 1896 campaign. As president, McKinley appointed Hay ambassador to Great Britain, where Hay smoothed out issues concerning the Spanish-American War and subsequent annexations. He returned to become McKinley's secretary of state in 1898. Secretary of State. As secretary of state, Hay was concerned with policy in four major areas: conducting peace negotiations after the Spanish-American War, setting policy toward the Far East, improving the United States position in Latin America, and settling the dispute with Great Britain over the Alaskan boundary. Whereas McKinley had shaped the Spanish-American War settlement (and, later, President Theodore Roosevelt was the force behind policies in Latin America), Hay exerted considerable influence in making American policy toward the Far East and in the Canadian boundary dispute. Regarding England, Hay was considered a good friend to Britain by both the English and the Americans. Though committed to United States interests, he sought solutions in the Canadian dispute that would not endanger Anglo-American understanding. Regarding the Far East, America watched the establishment of spheres of influence in China by European powers, Russia, and Japan with apprehension, fearing that United States trade rights might be limited by new political arrangements. In 1899 Hay asked the six governments directly involved to approve a formula guaranteeing that in their spheres of influence the rights and privileges of other nations would be respected and discriminatory port dues and railroad rates would not be levied and that Chinese officials would continue to collect tariffs. Although the six nations responded coolly, Hay announced that the open-door principle had been accepted, and the American press described the policy as a tremendous success. When an antiforeign uprising broke out in China in 1900, Hay sent a second set of notes, urging the open-door policy for all of the Chinese Empire and maintenance of the territorial integrity of China. Traditional protection of American economic interests thus was tied to the overly ambitious task of preserving the territory of China; under the guise of America's historic mission to support the cause of freedom, this would lead the United States to ever stronger commitments in the Far East. When the assassination of McKinley made Roosevelt president, Hay increasingly gave way to presidential leadership in foreign policy. Following Roosevelt's lead concerning the building of an Isthmian canal, Hay obtained British consent to a United States canal under the Hay-Pauncefote treaties of 1900 and 1901. Though he supported Roosevelt's policy toward the new Panamanian Republic and the acquisition of the Canal Zone in 1903, Hay did little to actually shape Latin American policy. The 1903 Alaskan-Canadian boundary dispute with Great Britain was settled amiably by commissioners, as Hay had suggested. Soon after, serious illness forced Hay to assume a virtually inactive role as secretary of state. He retained the office until his death on July 1, 1905, in Newbury, N. H. Further Reading. Hay's correspondence is gathered in William R. Thayer, The Life and Letters of John Hay (2 vols., 1915). Tyler Dennett's biography, John Hay: From Poetry to Politics (1933), treats Hay's career colorfully and sympathetically. Scholars have generally focused their attention on Hay's role as secretary of state. An able assessment by Foster R. Dulles is in Norman A. Graebner, ed., An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century (1961), and a general description of the diplomacy of the period is in Thomas McCormick, A Fair Field and No Favor (1967). For contrasting interpretations of the origins of the open-door policy see George F. Kennan, American Diplomacy, 1900-1950 (1951), and William A. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (1959; rev. ed. 1962). □ The Career of John Hay, a Many-Sided American; A Distinguished Biography of the Poet Who Was Biographer, Ambassador and Secretary of State JOBN HAY: FROM POETRY TO POLITICS. By Tyler Dennett. 476 pp. Illustrated. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. $5. WRITING to Charles Francis Adams in 1903, John Hay said that his short experience in collecting through personal memories material for the Life of Lincoln had taught him that no confidence whatever could be placed in the memories of even the most intelligent and most honorable men when it came to narrating their relations with Lincoln. View Full Article in Timesmachine » Pulitzer Prize. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Pulitzer Prize , any of a series of annual prizes awarded by Columbia University, New York City, for outstanding public service and achievement in American journalism, letters, and music. Fellowships are also awarded. The prizes, originally endowed with a gift of $500,000 from the newspaper magnate Joseph Pulitzer, are highly esteemed and have been awarded each May since 1917. The awards are made by Columbia University on the recommendation of the Pulitzer Prize Board, composed of judges appointed by the university. The prizes have varied in number and category over the years but currently number 14 prizes in the field of journalism, 6 prizes in letters, and 1 prize in music. Winners of the Pulitzer Prize for biography or autobiography. Winners of the Pulitzer Prize for biography or autobiography are listed in the table. Pulitzer Prize—Biography or Autobiography year title author *Awarded posthumously. **Freeman died in 1953 after completing vol. 1–6; Carroll and Ashworth continued his work with vol. 7. ***Awarded posthumously to Les Payne. 1917 Julia Ward Howe Laura Elizabeth Howe Richards and Maude Howe Elliott; assisted by Florence Howe Hall 1918 Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed: A Biographical and Critical Study Based Mainly on His Own Writings William Cabell Bruce 1919 The Education of Henry Adams* Henry Adams 1920 The Life of John Marshall, 4 vol. Albert J. Beveridge 1921 The Americanization of Edward Bok: The Autobiography of a Dutch Boy Fifty Years After Edward Bok 1922 A Daughter of the Middle Border Hamlin Garland 1923 The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page Burton J. Hendrick 1924 From Immigrant to Inventor Michael Idvorsky Pupin 1925 Barrett Wendell and His Letters M.A. De Wolfe Howe 1926 The Life of Sir William Osler, 2 vol. Harvey Cushing 1927 Whitman: An Interpretation in Narrative Emory Holloway 1928 The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas Charles Edward Russell 1929 The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H. Page, 1855–1913 Burton J. Hendrick 1930 The Raven: A Biography of Sam Houston Marquis James 1931 Charles W. Eliot: President of Harvard University, 1869–1909, 2 vol. Henry James 1932 Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography Henry F. Pringle 1933 Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage Allan Nevins 1934 John Hay: From Poetry to Politics Tyler Dennett 1935 R.E. Lee: A Biography, 4 vol. Douglas S. Freeman 1936 The Thought and Character of William James, As Revealed in Unpublished Correspondence and Notes, Together with His Published Writings, 2 vol. Ralph Barton Perry 1937 Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration Allan Nevins 1938 Andrew Jackson, 2 vol. Marquis James Pedlar's Progress: The Life of Bronson Alcott Odell Shepard 1939 Benjamin Franklin Carl Van Doren 1940 Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters: War Leader, vol. 7; Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters: Armistice, vol. 8 Ray Stannard Baker 1941 Jonathan Edwards, 1703–1758: A Biography Ola Elizabeth Winslow 1942 Crusader in Crinoline: The Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe Forrest Wilson 1943 Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, 2 vol. Samuel Eliot Morison 1944 The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel F.B. Morse Carleton Mabee 1945 George Bancroft: Brahmin Rebel Russell Blaine Nye 1946 Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir Linnie Marsh Wolfe 1947 The Autobiography of William Allen White William Allen White 1948 Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow Margaret Clapp 1949 Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History Robert E. Sherwood 1950 John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy Samuel Flagg Bemis 1951 John C. Calhoun: American Portrait Margaret Louise Coit 1952 Charles Evans Hughes, 2 vol. Merlo J. Pusey 1953 Edmund Pendleton, 1721–1803: A Biography, 2 vol. David J. Mays 1954 The Spirit of St. Louis Charles A. Lindbergh 1955 The Taft Story William S. White 1956 Benjamin Henry Latrobe Talbot Faulkner Hamlin 1957 Profiles in Courage John F. Kennedy 1958 George Washington, 7 vol.** Douglas Southall Freeman, John Alexander Carroll, and Mary Wells Ashworth 1959 Woodrow Wilson: American Prophet, vol. 1 Arthur Walworth 1960 John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography Samuel Eliot Morison 1961 Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War David Herbert Donald 1962 no award 1963 Henry James: The Conquest of London, 1870–1883, vol. 2; Henry James: The Middle Years, 1882–1895, vol. 3 Leon Edel 1964 John Keats Walter Jackson Bate 1965 Henry Adams, 3 vol. Ernest Samuels 1966 A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. 1967 Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain Justin Kaplan 1968 Memoirs: 1925–1950 George F. Kennan 1969 The Man from New York: John Quinn and His Friends Benjamin Lawrence Reid 1970 Huey Long T. Harry Williams 1971 Robert Frost: The Years of Triumph, 1915–1938 Lawrance Thompson 1972 Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship, Based on Eleanor Roosevelt's Private Papers Joseph P. Lash 1973 Luce and His Empire W.A. Swanberg 1974 O'Neill, Son and Artist Louis Sheaffer 1975 The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York Robert A. Caro 1976 Edith Wharton: A Biography R.W.B. Lewis 1977 A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T.E. Lawrence John E. Mack 1978 Samuel Johnson Walter Jackson Bate 1979 Days of Sorrow and Pain: Leo Baeck and the Berlin Jews Leonard Baker 1980 The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt Edmund Morris 1981 Peter the Great: His Life and World Robert K. Massie 1982 Grant: A Biography William McFeely 1983 Growing Up Russell Baker 1984 Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901–1915 Louis R. Harlan 1985 The Life and Times of Cotton Mather Kenneth Silverman 1986 Louise Bogan: A Portrait Elizabeth Frank 1987 Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference David J. Garrow 1988 Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe David Herbert Donald 1989 Oscar Wilde* Richard Ellmann 1990 Machiavelli in Hell Sebastian de Grazia 1991 Jackson Pollock: An American Saga Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith 1992 Fortunate Son: The Healing of a Vietnam Vet Lewis B. Puller, Jr. 1993 Truman David McCullough 1994 W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 David Levering Lewis 1995 Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life Joan D. Hedrick 1996 God: A Biography Jack Miles 1997 Angela's Ashes: A Memoir Frank McCourt 1998 Personal History Katharine Graham 1999 Lindbergh A. Scott Berg 2000 Véra (Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov) Stacy Schiff 2001 W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963 David Levering Lewis 2002 John Adams David McCullough 2003 The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate, vol. 3 Robert A. Caro 2004 Khrushchev: The Man and His Era William Taubman 2005 De Kooning: An American Master Mark Stevens and Annalyn Swan 2006 American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin 2007 The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher Debby Applegate 2008 Eden's Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father John Matteson 2009 American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House Jon Meacham 2010 The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt T.J. Stiles 2011 Washington: A Life Ron Chernow 2012 George F. Kennan: An American Life John Lewis Gaddis 2013 The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo Tom Reiss 2014 Margaret Fuller: A New American Life Megan Marshall 2015 The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe David I. Kertzer 2016 Barbarian Days: A Surfing Life William Finnegan 2017 The Return: Fathers, Sons and the Land in Between Hisham Matar 2018 Prairie Fires: The American Dreams of Laura Ingalls Wilder Caroline Fraser 2019 The New Negro: The Life of Alain Locke Jeffrey C. Stewart 2020 Sontag: Her Life and Work Benjamin Moser 2021 The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X*** Les Payne and Tamara Payne. Winners of the Pulitzer Prize for drama. Winners of the Pulitzer Prize for drama are listed in the table. Pulitzer Prize—Drama year title author *Awarded posthumously. 1917 no award 1918 Why Marry? Jesse Lynch Williams 1919 no award 1920 Beyond the Horizon Eugene O'Neill 1921 Miss Lulu Bett Zona Gale 1922 Anna Christie Eugene O'Neill 1923 Icebound Owen Davis 1924 Hell- Bent fer Heaven Hatcher Hughes 1925 They Knew What They Wanted Sidney Howard 1926 Craig's Wife George Kelly 1927 In Abraham's Bosom Paul Green 1928 Strange Interlude Eugene O'Neill 1929 Street Scene Elmer L. Rice 1930 The Green Pastures Marc Connelly 1931 Alison's House Susan Glaspell 1932 Of Thee I Sing George S. Kaufman (writer), Morrie Ryskind (writer), and Ira Gershwin (lyricist) 1933 Both Your Houses Maxwell Anderson 1934 Men in White Sidney Kingsley 1935 The Old Maid Zoe Akins 1936 Idiot's Delight Robert E. Sherwood 1937 You Can't Take It with You Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman 1938 Our Town Thornton Wilder 1939 Abe Lincoln in Illinois Robert E. Sherwood 1940 The Time of Your Life William Saroyan 1941 There Shall Be No Night Robert E. Sherwood 1942 no award 1943 The Skin of Our Teeth Thornton Wilder 1944 no award 1945 Harvey Mary Chase 1946 State of the Union Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay 1947 no award 1948 A Streetcar Named Desire Tennessee Williams 1949 Death of a Salesman Arthur Miller 1950 South Pacific Richard Rodgers (composer), Oscar Hammerstein II (lyricist/writer), and Joshua Logan (writer) 1951 no award 1952 The Shrike Joseph Kramm 1953 Picnic William Inge 1954 The Teahouse of the August Moon John Patrick 1955 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Tennessee Williams 1956 The Diary of Anne Frank Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich 1957 Long Day's Journey into Night* Eugene O'Neill 1958 Look Homeward, Angel Ketti Frings 1959 J.B. Archibald MacLeish 1960 Fiorello! Jerome Weidman (writer), George Abbott (writer), Jerry Bock (composer), and Sheldon Harnick (lyricist) 1961 All the Way Home Tad Mosel 1962 How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying Frank Loesser (composer/lyricist) and Abe Burrows (writer) 1963 no award 1964 no award 1965 The Subject Was Roses Frank D. Gilroy 1966 no award 1967 A Delicate Balance Edward Albee 1968 no award 1969 The Great White Hope Howard Sackler 1970 No Place to Be Somebody Charles Gordone 1971 The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds Paul Zindel 1972 no award 1973 That Championship Season Jason Miller 1974 no award 1975 Seascape Edward Albee 1976 A Chorus Line Michael Bennett (choreographer/director), James Kirkwood (writer), Nicholas Dante (writer), Marvin Hamlisch (composer), and Edward Kleban (lyricist) 1977 The Shadow Box Michael Cristofer 1978 The Gin Game Donald L. Coburn 1979 Buried Child Sam Shepard 1980 Talley's Folly Lanford Wilson 1981 Crimes of the Heart Beth Henley 1982 A Soldier's Play Charles Fuller 1983 'Night, Mother Marsha Norman 1984 Glengarry Glen Ross David Mamet 1985 Sunday in the Park with George Stephen Sondheim (composer/lyricist) and James Lapine (writer) 1986 no award 1987 Fences August Wilson 1988 Driving Miss Daisy Alfred Uhry 1989 The Heidi Chronicles Wendy Wasserstein 1990 The Piano Lesson August Wilson 1991 Lost in Yonkers Neil Simon 1992 The Kentucky Cycle Robert Schenkkan 1993 Angels in America: Millennium Approaches Tony Kushner 1994 Three Tall Women Edward Albee 1995 The Young Man from Atlanta Horton Foote 1996 Rent* Jonathan Larson 1997 no award 1998 How I Learned to Drive Paula Vogel 1999 Wit Margaret Edson 2000 Dinner with Friends Donald Margulies 2001 Proof David Auburn 2002 Topdog/Underdog Suzan-Lori Parks 2003 Anna in the Tropics Nilo Cruz 2004 I Am My Own Wife Doug Wright 2005 Doubt: A Parable John Patrick Shanley 2006 no award 2007 Rabbit Hole David Lindsay-Abaire 2008 August: Osage County Tracy Letts 2009 Ruined Lynn Nottage 2010 Next to Normal Tom Kitt (composer) and Brian Yorkey (writer/lyricist) 2011 Clybourne Park Bruce Norris 2012 Water by the Spoonful Quiara Alegría Hudes 2013 Disgraced Ayad Akhtar 2014 The Flick Annie Baker 2015 Between Riverside and Crazy Stephen Adly Guirgis 2016 Hamilton Lin-Manuel Miranda 2017 Sweat Lynn Nottage 2018 Cost of Living Martyna Majok 2019 Fairview Jackie Sibblies Drury 2020 A Strange Loop Michael R. Jackson 2021 The Hot Wing King Katori Hall. Winners of the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Winners of the Pulitzer Prize for fiction are listed in the table. Pulitzer Prize—Fiction* year title author *Prior to 1948 the category was “novel” rather than fiction. **Work published and prize awarded posthumously. 1917 no award 1918 His Family Ernest Poole 1919 The Magnificent Ambersons Booth Tarkington 1920 no award 1921 The Age of Innocence Edith Wharton 1922 Alice Adams Booth Tarkington 1923 One of Ours Willa Cather 1924 The Able McLaughlins Margaret Wilson 1925 So Big Edna Ferber 1926 Arrowsmith Sinclair Lewis (declined) 1927 Louis Bromfield 1928 The Bridge of San Luis Rey Thornton Wilder 1929 Scarlet Sister Mary Julia Peterkin 1930 Laughing Boy Oliver La Farge 1931 Years of Grace Margaret Ayer Barnes 1932 The Good Earth Pearl S. Buck 1933 The Store T.S. Stribling 1934 Lamb in His Bosom Caroline Miller 1935 Now in November Josephine Winslow Johnson 1936 Honey in the Horn H.L. Davis 1937 Gone with the Wind Margaret Mitchell 1938 The Late George Apley: A Novel in the Form of a Memoir J.P. Marquand 1939 The Yearling Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings 1940 The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck 1941 no award 1942 In This Our Life Ellen Glasgow 1943 Dragon's Teeth Upton Sinclair 1944 Journey in the Dark Martin Flavin 1945 A Bell for Adano John Hersey 1946 no award 1947 All the King's Men Robert Penn Warren 1948 Tales of the South Pacific James A. Michener 1949 Guard of Honor James Gould Cozzens 1950 The Way West A.B. Guthrie, Jr. 1951 The Town Conrad Richter 1952 The Caine Mutiny: A Novel of World War II Herman Wouk 1953 The Old Man and the Sea Ernest Hemingway 1954 no award 1955 A Fable William Faulkner 1956 Andersonville MacKinlay Kantor 1957 no award 1958 A Death in the Family** James Agee 1959 The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters Robert Lewis Taylor 1960 Advise and Consent Allen Drury 1961 To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee 1962 The Edge of Sadness Edwin O'Connor 1963 The Reivers: A Reminiscence William Faulkner 1964 no award 1965 The Keepers of the House Shirley Ann Grau 1966 The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter Katherine Anne Porter 1967 The Fixer Bernard Malamud 1968 The Confessions of Nat Turner William Styron 1969 House Made of Dawn N. Scott Momaday 1970 The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford Jean Stafford 1971 no award 1972 Angle of Repose Wallace Stegner 1973 The Optimist's Daughter Eudora Welty 1974 no award 1975 The Killer Angels Michael Shaara 1976 Humboldt's Gift Saul Bellow 1977 no award 1978 Elbow Room James Alan McPherson 1979 The Stories of John Cheever John Cheever 1980 The Executioner's Song Norman Mailer 1981 A Confederacy of Dunces** John Kennedy Toole 1982 Rabbit Is Rich John Updike 1983 The Color Purple Alice Walker 1984 Ironweed William Kennedy 1985 Foreign Affairs Alison Lurie 1986 Lonesome Dove Larry McMurtry 1987 A Summons to Memphis Peter Taylor 1988 Beloved Toni Morrison 1989 Breathing Lessons Anne Tyler 1990 The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love Oscar Hijuelos 1991 Rabbit at Rest John Updike 1992 A Thousand Acres Jane Smiley 1993 A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain: Stories Robert Olen Butler 1994 The Shipping News E. Annie Proulx 1995 The Stone Diaries Carol Shields 1996 Independence Day Richard Ford 1997 Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer Steven Millhauser 1998 American Pastoral Philip Roth 1999 The Hours Michael Cunningham 2000 Interpreter of Maladies: Stories Jhumpa Lahiri 2001 The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay Michael Chabon 2002 Empire Falls Richard Russo 2003 Middlesex Jeffrey Eugenides 2004 The Known World Edward P. Jones 2005 Gilead Marilynne Robinson 2006 March Geraldine Brooks 2007 The Road Cormac McCarthy 2008 The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao Junot Díaz 2009 Olive Kitteridge Elizabeth Strout 2010 Tinkers Paul Harding 2011 A Visit from the Goon Squad Jennifer Egan 2012 no award 2013 The Orphan Master's Son Adam Johnson 2014 The Goldfinch Donna Tartt 2015 All the Light We Cannot See Anthony Doerr 2016 The Sympathizer Viet Thanh Nguyen 2017 The Underground Railroad Colson Whitehead 2018 Less Andrew Sean Greer 2019 The Overstory Richard Powers 2020 The Nickel Boys Colson Whitehead 2021 The Night Watchman Louise Erdrich. Winners of the Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction. Winners of the Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction are listed in the table. In the Halls of American Power. Now largely forgotten, John Hay—Lincoln's secretary and Theodore Roosevelt's secretary of state—was influential in American life for half a century. Lewis L. Gould reviews John Taliaferro's "All the Great Prizes." When Secretary of State John Milton Hay died on July 1, 1905, at his summer home in New Hampshire, the nation mourned. Urbane and witty, Hay had been influential in American life for half a century, from his service as Lincoln's secretary to his conduct of diplomacy in the era of William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, who eulogized him as a wise and patient adviser on foreign policy. Now, more than a century after his passing, little remains of Hay's once formidable reputation. Only two phrases cling to his memory. He called the conflict with Spain in 1898 "a splendid little war," and he promulgated the "Open Door" policy toward China. The last full biography of Hay was Tyler Dennett's "John Hay: From Poetry to Politics" 80 years ago. John Taliaferro believes that Hay deserves new examination so that "the brilliance of his life, the example of his life, and, what is more, the sheer poignancy of his life, might at last be considered in full." Two reasons impelled "All the Great Prizes: The Life of John Hay, From Lincoln to Roosevelt." First, there were "several dozen letters, ignored or misinterpreted for the past hundred years," that reveal Hay in love with a much younger woman. Second, we have forgotten that, as a diplomat, Hay had "put his signature on the world." All the Great Prizes. By John Taliaferro Simon & Schuster, 673 pages, $35. The disclosure about John Hay's intense crush on Lizzie Cameron, the estranged wife of a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania, adds romantic complexity to our understanding of the circle of friends known as "The Five of Hearts." In the clique were Hay himself and his wife, Clara, the historian and wit Henry Adams and his troubled wife, Clover, and their mercurial friend Clarence King. After his wife's suicide in 1885, Adams began writing to Cameron. His letters are a treasure trove of information about all sorts of issues and personalities relating to the late-19th-century American aristocracy. Then Hay joined the pursuit in the early 1890s. Like Woodrow Wilson writing to his future second wife in 1915, Hay used his inside knowledge of governmental affairs as a kind of literary aphrodisiac. "Did you ever get a letter written in a Cabinet meeting?" he asked her in November 1899. The romantic relationships among the rich and powerful receive detailed treatment in Mr. Taliaferro's pulsating narrative. Some years earlier, in the 1890s, Hay had an intimate connection with Anna "Nannie" Lodge, the wife of Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts. This flirtation may never have come to anything physical, but it reflected Hay's boredom with his wife and his susceptibility to sophisticated younger women. The author maintains that the ambitious Cabot Lodge never suspected what was happening. In any event, the two politicians had a mutual dislike that stirred below the surface of their political politeness (both were Republicans). Mr. Taliaferro depicts Hay as something of an emotional operator who used his friends to fulfill his own needs while professing a great regard for their feelings. He shows Hay toying with the politically inept publisher of the New York Tribune, Whitelaw Reid, over a potential ambassadorship during the McKinley administration. The wily Hay strung him along knowing all the while that he himself, not Reid, was McKinley's choice for the post in London. In some ways, Mr. Taliaferro's account of Hay in his personal dealings recalls the remark once made about Col. Edward M. House, Woodrow Wilson's close adviser, that he was an intimate man even when he was cutting a throat. Yet Hay could be a sucker himself. Mr. Taliaferro develops in great detail Hay's life-long admiration for the con man and self-promoter Clarence King. Convinced of his friend's genius and the potential for great wealth in King's gold and silver mines, which somehow never paid off, Hay poured money into the coffers of the impoverished King for decades. In the end all the secretary of state had to show for his faith was bad debts. "All the Great Prizes" sometimes gives the sense that diplomacy was something John Hay did when he was not writing to Lizzie Cameron about his feelings. "It has been, as I reckon—fourteen thousand years since I have heard from you," he told her in October 1903, and he envied those lucky people who could see "your perfect face and listen to the golden music of your voice." The reader can almost see the public television series on "Hay, Adams and Lizzie." What the author has to say about Hay and Cameron is new material worthy of publication in a complete biography. (Lizzie Cameron would be a good task for a biographer, who could explain how this lady captivated two men who were otherwise so sensible.) Mr. Taliaferro's mastery of the emotional fluctuations of his subject allows him to handle this aspect of Hay's life with skill. His assessment of Hay's public world, though, follows older accounts and ignores the most recent scholarship. The first 300 pages of "All the Great Prizes" cover Hay's rise to prominence from Lincoln's time in the White House to the election of 1896 and the beginning of the McKinley years. The retelling of the Civil War and the Gilded Age as Hay knew them shows little knowledge of the newer scholarship on such topics as Lincoln's view of slavery, Ulysses S. Grant as a general or the evolution of the Republican Party after 1877. Mr. Taliaferro does not attempt a bottom-up review of Hay's diplomatic career. He relies too much on Hay's own papers at the Library of Congress, and only a sprinkling of other manuscript sources inform his text. He makes no effort to consider foreign archival holdings for comments about Hay's diplomatic style as it appeared to his professional colleagues. Future biographers will find more evidence of Hay's place in the McKinley administration from the papers of the president's secretary, George B. Cortelyou; Secretary of War Elihu Root; and the governor- general of the Philippines, William Howard Taft. Research in the files of Republican lawmakers would have added balance to Mr. Talliaferro's account of Hay's jaundiced view of the Senate and its role in foreign policy. Mr. Taliaferro covers many of the high points of Hay's tenure under both McKinley and Roosevelt. There are examinations of the shaping of the Open Door policy in 1899, the crisis surrounding the Boxer Rebellion in China during 1900, the Panama Canal controversy and the background of the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. At the same time, Mr. Taliaferro has no space for Hay's recommendations about the Platt Amendment of 1901 regarding Cuba, his involvement in the American occupation of the Philippines or the pursuit of reciprocal trade treaties under the Dingley Tariff of 1897. There is sometimes a sense that the author got weary of the secretary of state negotiating treaties, handling patronage and interacting with a president in prosaic ways. The inherent problem with a Hay biography is that so much of it is just plain fun for the first 5½ decades of his life. There is the felicitous language of Hay himself—renowned as a conversationalist and letter writer—and an intriguing cast of characters, such as Lincoln in the throes of the Civil War, the perennially waspish Adams, with his cynical view of Hay in office, and the beautiful, inscrutable Lizzie Cameron as the polestar of Hay's emotional world. Such is the stuff of an enthralling life and times. Then Hay arrives back from London (where he was the U.S. ambassador) to take up the State portfolio that McKinley has offered to him. It is October 1898, just as the United States is making peace with Spain, and the murky, messy, complicated world of American imperialism moves center stage. Monographs have been written and scholarly controversies rage about almost everything John Hay did in the much smaller and simpler halls of power. A story that has been engaging and human now becomes strategic and interconnected. John Taliaferro does well with Hay the man, but he is less adept at analyzing how Hay functioned as a cabinet member from 1898 to 1905. With Hay the diplomat he does not extend the record of his subject's impact on American foreign policy much beyond where Tyler Dennett left it many years ago. —Mr. Gould is professor of history emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin. His most recent book is "Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Creating the Modern First Lady." Copyright ©2020 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 87990cbe856818d5eddac44c7b1cdeb8.