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A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans Robert W. BOESSENECKER Department of Geology, University of Otago, 360 Leith Walk, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 (New Zealand) and Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University 200 Traphagen Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59715 (USA) and University of California Museum of Paleontology 1101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720 (USA) [email protected] Boessenecker R. W. 2013. — A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940. http://dx.doi.org/g2013n4a5 ABSTRACT e newly discovered Upper Miocene to Upper Pliocene San Gregorio assem- blage of the Purisima Formation in Central California has yielded a diverse collection of 34 marine vertebrate taxa, including eight sharks, two bony fish, three marine birds (described in a previous study), and 21 marine mammals. Pinnipeds include the walrus Dusignathus sp., cf. D. seftoni, the fur seal Cal- lorhinus sp., cf. C. gilmorei, and indeterminate otariid bones. Baleen whales include dwarf mysticetes (Herpetocetus bramblei Whitmore & Barnes, 2008, Herpetocetus sp.), two right whales (cf. Eubalaena sp. 1, cf. Eubalaena sp. 2), at least three balaenopterids (“Balaenoptera” cortesi “var.” portisi Sacco, 1890, cf. Balaenoptera, Balaenopteridae gen. et sp. indet.) and a new species of rorqual (Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.) that exhibits a number of derived features that place it within the genus Balaenoptera. is new species of Balaenoptera is relatively small (estimated 61 cm bizygomatic width) and exhibits a comparatively nar- row vertex, an obliquely (but precipitously) sloping frontal adjacent to vertex, anteriorly directed and short zygomatic processes, and squamosal creases. -
List of Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies Written by The
List of Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies Written by the Committee on Taxonomy The Ad-Hoc Committee on Taxonomy , chaired by Bill Perrin, has produced the first official SMM list of marine mammal species and subspecies. Consensus on some issues was not possible; this is reflected in the footnotes. This list will be revisited and possibly revised every few months reflecting the continuing flux in marine mammal taxonomy. This list can be cited as follows: “Committee on Taxonomy. 2009. List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Society for Marine Mammalogy, www.marinemammalscience.org, consulted on [date].” This list includes living and recently extinct species and subspecies. It is meant to reflect prevailing usage and recent revisions published in the peer-reviewed literature. Author(s) and year of description of the species follow the Latin species name; when these are enclosed in parentheses, the species was originally described in a different genus. Classification and scientific names follow Rice (1998), with adjustments reflecting more recent literature. Common names are arbitrary and change with time and place; one or two currently frequently used in English and/or a range language are given here. Additional English common names and common names in French, Spanish, Russian and other languages are available at www.marinespecies.org/cetacea/ . The cetaceans genetically and morphologically fall firmly within the artiodactyl clade (Geisler and Uhen, 2005), and therefore we include them in the order Cetartiodactyla, with Cetacea, Mysticeti and Odontoceti as unranked taxa (recognizing that the classification within Cetartiodactyla remains partially unresolved -- e.g., see Spaulding et al ., 2009) 1. -
Pinniped Evolution and Puijila Darwini
A pP pP eE nN dD iI xX AE Pinniped Evolution and Puijila darwini Pinnipeds are carnivorous marine mammals that fossils, evolution scientists have not found any defini- have “finned back feet,” similar to the fins used by a tive fossils showing a land mammal evolving into a scuba diver. The Latin-derived word “pinniped” seal, sea lion or walrus. literally means “finned-foot.” Pinnipeds include three Canadian paleobiologist and professor, Dr. Natalia groups of mammals living today; namely, sea lions, Rybczynski of the Canadian Museum of Nature, wrote seals, and walruses. this candid assessment in 2009: The “fossil evidence of By 2007, when the first edition of this book was the morphological steps leading from a terrestrial published, scientists had discovered 20,000 fossil ancestor to the modern marine forms has been weak or pinnipeds. (See Appendix A.) Despite this plethora of contentious.” 1 All three types of pinnipeds Sea lion living today, sea lions (left), walruses (bottom left), and seals (below), have finned back feet, the telltale sign of a pinniped. Seal Walrus Appendix E: Puijila Adarwini p p e n d i x 239 A P P E N D I X EA Enaliarctos—The Oldest Pinniped Enaliarctos, the oldest fossil pinniped, looks like a between a terrestrial ancestor and the appearance of sea lion, and not a missing link. 2 (See photos below.) flippered pinnipeds. Indeed, most studies of pinniped Dr. Natalia Rybczynski highlights this missing link relationships and evolution do not consider the critical problem—the absence of fossils from a land mammal -
From the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene (Hemphillian) of California
Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist. (2005) 45(4): 379-411 379 NEW SKELETAL MATERIAL OF THALASSOLEON (OTARIIDAE: PINNIPEDIA) FROM THE LATE MIOCENE-EARLY PLIOCENE (HEMPHILLIAN) OF CALIFORNIA Thomas A. Deméré1 and Annalisa Berta2 New crania, dentitions, and postcrania of the fossil otariid Thalassoleon mexicanus are described from the latest Miocene–early Pliocene Capistrano Formation of southern California. Previous morphological evidence for age variation and sexual dimorphism in this taxon is confirmed. Analysis of the dentition and postcrania of Thalassoleon mexicanus provides evidence of adaptations for pierce feeding, ambulatory terrestrial locomotion, and forelimb swimming in this basal otariid pinniped. Cladistic analysis supports recognition of Thalassoleon as monophyletic and distinct from other basal otariids (i.e., Pithanotaria, Hydrarctos, and Callorhinus). Re-evaluation of the status of Thalassoleon supports recognition of two species, Thalassoleon mexicanus and Thalassoleon macnallyae, distributed in the eastern North Pacific. Recognition of a third species, Thalassoleon inouei from the western North Pacific, is questioned. Key Words: Otariidae; pinniped; systematics; anatomy; Miocene; California INTRODUCTION perate, with a very limited number of recovered speci- Otariid pinnipeds are a conspicuous element of the ex- mens available for study. The earliest otariid, tant marine mammal assemblage of the world’s oceans. Pithanotaria starri Kellogg 1925, is known from the Members of this group inhabit the North and South Pa- early late Miocene (Tortonian Stage equivalent) and is cific Ocean, as well as portions of the southern Indian based on a few poorly preserved fossils from Califor- and Atlantic oceans and nearly the entire Southern nia. The holotype is an impression in diatomite of a Ocean. -
Gene-Tree Species-Tree Discordance in the Eared Seals Is Best Explained By
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.11.246108; this version posted August 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Gene-tree Species-tree Discordance in the Eared Seals is best explained by 2 Incomplete Lineage Sorting following Explosive Radiation in the Southern 3 Hemisphere 4 5 Running title: Phylogenomics of Fur Seals and Sea Lions 6 7 Authors: Fernando Lopes1,2*, Larissa R. Oliveira2,3, Amanda Kessler1, Enrique Crespo4, Susana 8 Cárdenas-Alayza5, Patricia Majluf5, Maritza Sepúlveda6, Robert L. Brownell Jr.7, Valentina 9 Franco-Trecu8, Diego Páez-Rosas9, Jaime Chaves10, Carolina Loch11, Bruce C. Robertson12, 10 Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse13, Fernando R. Elorriaga-Verplancken14, Stephen P. Kirkman15, 11 Claire R. Peart16, Jochen B. W. Wolf16, Sandro L. Bonatto1* 12 13 1 Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. 14 Ipiranga 6691, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil 15 2 Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, 16 Brazil 17 3 GEMARS, Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul 18 4 CONICET, Centro Nacional Patagónico - CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Argentina 19 5 Centro para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru 20 6 Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, 21 Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile 22 7 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA, La Jolla, United States of America 23 8 Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 24 Montevideo, Uruguay 25 9 Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 26 Quito, Ecuador bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.11.246108; this version posted August 13, 2020. -
Early Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism and Polygyny in Pinnipedia
[The final published version of this article is available online. Please check the final publication record for the latest revisions of this article: Cullen, T. M., Fraser, D., Rybczynski, N. and Schröder-Adams, C. (2014), Early evolution of sexual dimorphism and polygyny in Pinnipedia. Evolution, 68: 1469–1484. doi:10.1111/evo.12360] Early evolution of sexual dimorphism and polygyny in Pinnipedia Thomas M. Cullen1,*, Danielle Fraser2, Natalia Rybczynski3, Claudia Schröder-Adams1 1Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada 2Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada 3Palaeobiology, Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box 3443 Stn ‘D’, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada Key Words: Fossil; Mating Systems; Coevolution, Miocene; Phocidae; Otariidae; Reproductive Strategies Total words (not including figure captions, literature cited): 6977 Tables: 0. Figures: 8 All data included as supplementary information T. M. Cullen et al. !1 * Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to T.M.C. (current address: [email protected], Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada). Running Header: Cullen et al. — Evolution of sexual dimorphism in pinnipeds Abstract Sexual selection is one of the earliest areas of interest in evolutionary biology. And yet, the evolutionary history of sexually dimorphic traits remains poorly characterized for most vertebrate lineages. Here we report on evidence for the early evolution of dimorphism within a model mammal group, the pinnipeds. Pinnipeds show a range of sexual dimorphism and mating systems that span the extremes of modern mammals, from monomorphic taxa with isolated and dispersed mating to extreme size dimorphism with highly ordered polygynous harem systems. -
Navigating the Monk Seal Maze
Vol. 1 / No. 2 Published by IMMA Inc. December 1998 Editorial: Navigating the Monk Seal Maze – A Guide for the Layperson Bowing to popular demand, The Monachus Guardian presents yet another satirical view of monk seal conservation. This time, we travel to Northern Greece for a United Nations Environment Programme conference in the Byzantine city of Arta… International News Regional News Cover Story: Midway’s Monk Seals Editorial: Navigating the Monk Seal Maze When attempts were made to forcibly reintroduce Hawaiian monk seals to a former breeding site at Midway Atoll, all 18 translocated animals either died or disappeared in short order. More recently, a drastic reduction in human disturbance, coinciding with the closure of Midway’s Naval Base, has encouraged monk seals to recolonise the atoll of their own accord. But with ecotourism now developing on Midway, will this success story prove short-lived? In Focus: New Discoveries in Cilicia Researchers discover a hitherto unknown population of Mediterranean Monk Seals along Turkey’s Mediterranean Coast… Perspectives: The Life & Times of Q39 A diary of events surrounding the persecution of a yearling Hawaiian monk seal on Maui… Monachus Science: Antolovic, J. Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) habitat in Vis Archipelago, the Adriatic Midway’s Monk Seals Sea. Lavigne, D.M. Historical biogeography and phylogenetic relationships among modern monk seals, Monachus spp. Neves, H.C. & R. Pires. The recuperation of a monk seal pup, Monachus monachus, in the Ilhas Desertas – the conditions for its success. Letters to the Editor Recent Publications Conservation on the Desertas Islands Publishing Info Copyright © 1998 The Monachus Guardian. -
Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins
Vestnik zoologii, 50(4): 327–354, 2016 Evolution and Phylogeny DOI 10.1515/vzoo-2016-0040 UDC 569.5:575.86 RE-EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS QUESTIONS CURRENT VIEWS OF PINNIPED ORIGINS I. A. Koretsky¹, L. G. Barnes², S. J. Rahmat¹ ¹Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W. St. NW, Washington, DC 20059 E-mail: [email protected] ²Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007 Re-evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins. Koretsky, I. A., Barnes, L. G., Rahmat, S. J. — Th e origin of pinnipeds has been a contentious issue, with opposite sides debating monophyly or diphyly. Th is review uses evidence from the fossil record, combined with comparative morphology, molecular and cytogenetic investigations to evaluate the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships of living and fossil otarioid and phocoid pinnipeds. Molecular investigations support a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds, but disregard vital morphological data. Likewise, morphological studies support diphyly, but overlook molecular analyses. Th is review will demonstrate that a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds should not be completely accepted, as is the current ideology, and a diphyletic origin remains viable due to morphological and paleobiological analyses. Critical examination of certain characters, used by supporters of pinniped monophyly, reveals diff erent polarities, variability, or simply convergence. Th e paleontological record and our morphological analysis of important characters supports a diphyletic origin of pinnipeds, with otarioids likely arising in the North Pacifi c from large, bear-like animals and phocids arising in the North Atlantic from smaller, otter-like ancestors. -
Conservation Advice Arctocephalus Tropicalis Subantarctic Fur-Seal
THREATENED SPECIES SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Established under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The Minister approved this conservation advice and transferred this species from the Vulnerable to the Endangered category, effective from 07/12/2016 Conservation Advice Arctocephalus tropicalis subantarctic fur-seal Taxonomy Currently accepted as Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray 1872). No subspecies are recognised. A review of pinniped taxonomy (Berta & Churchill 2012) recommended that the genus Arctocephalus only apply to A. pusillus (Australian fur-seal), with all other species/subspecies using the genus Arctophoca . However, the Marine Mammal Society’s Committee on Taxonomy returned to using Arctocephalus for all southern fur seals until remaining uncertainty about phylogenetic relationships within the Order Carnivora were resolved. This was done by Nyakatura & Bininda-Emonds (2012) in their revision of the mammalian Order Carnivora. The Society’s Committee on Taxonomy (2014) as well as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Pinniped Specialist Group (Hofmeyr 2015) have confirmed their continued use of Arctocephalus . As such, this document (and the Department of the Environment and Energy) will continue to use Arctocephalus tropicalis as the species name. Summary of assessment Conservation status Endangered: Criterion 4 The highest category for which Arctocephalus tropicalis is eligible to be listed is Endangered. Arctocephalus tropicalis has been found to be eligible for listing under the -
Fur Seals and Sea Lions (Otariidae): Identification of Species and Taxonomic Review
Systematics and Biodiversity 1 (3): 339–439 Issued 16 February 2004 DOI: 10.1017/S147720000300121X Printed in the United Kingdom C The Natural History Museum Fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae): identification of species and taxonomic review Sylvia Brunner Australian Marine Mammal Research Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284, Canberra City, ACT 2601, Australia ∗ University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks AK 99775, United States submitted December 2002 accepted May 2003 Contents Abstract 340 Introduction 340 Materials and methods 343 Results 344 Description of species: sea lions Steller sea lion – Eumetopias jubatus 345 Southern sea lion – Otaria byronia 352 Australian sea lion – Neophoca cinerea 354 Hooker’s sea lion – Phocarctos hookeri 354 California sea lion – Zalophus californianus californianus 357 Galapagos sea lion – Zalophus californianus wollebaeki 357 Japanese sea lion – Zalophus californianus japonicus 360 Description of species: fur seals Northern fur seal – Callorhinus ursinus 360 Antarctic fur seal – Arctocephalus gazella 363 Subantarctic fur seal – Arctocephalus tropicalis 363 New Zealand fur seal – Arctocephalus forsteri 366 South African fur seal – Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus 366 Australian fur seal – Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus 368 Guadalupe fur seal – Arctocephalus townsendi 370 Galapagos fur seal – Arctocephalus galapagoensis 370 South American fur seal – Arctocephalus australis 371 Juan Fernandez fur seal – Arctocephalus philippii 374 A comparison of subspecies Arctocephalus pusillus 374 Zalophus californianus 374 Arctocephalus australis 375 The Otariidae 377 Discussion 378 References 384 Appendices I Summary details of specimens 386 II Univariate statistics for male and female otariids 405 ∗Correspondence address 339 340 Sylvia Brunner Abstract The standard anatomical descriptions given to identify species of the family Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions), particularly those for the genus Arctocephalus, have been largely inconclusive. -
The Evolution of Feeding and Locomotion in Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses
Of Fin and Mouth: the Evolution of Feeding and Locomotion in Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses Peter J. Adam UCLA, Dept. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology WHAT IS A MARINE MAMMAL? • Any mammal with a QuickTime™ and a primary dependence Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture. on the marine environment for Cetaceans existence. Sea Otter Polar Bear Sirenia Pinnipeds PROBLEMS FACING A MARINE MAMMAL: • Respiration • Insulation • Pressure • Buoyancy • Sense organs • Salinity • Locomotion • Prey capture …others… • Marine mammal research challenging: • observation difficult • animals are very large • boats/diving expensive • Much of our knowledge about marine mammals comes from strandings and exploitation OUTLINE • What are pinnipeds? • Introduction • Phylogenetics • Evolution of pinniped feeding • Evolution of pinniped locomotion • West Indian monk seal • 34 species in 18 genera and 3 families OTARIIDAE - SEA LIONS and FUR SEALS QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture. PHOCIDAE - HAIR or ‘TRUE’ SEALS ODOBENIDAE - WALRUSES Early Pinnipeds • Early Miocene (37 mya) - present • Cosmopolitan (N. Pacific origin) • Seal-like bodies • Amphibious Enaliarctos Phylogenies • depict evolutionary relationships • show relative timing of lineage divergences • constructed using many “polar” characters Phylogenies • useful for mapping the evolution of interesting traits: • Amniotic egg in amniotes • Feathers in birds • Hair in mammals Phylogenies • useful for identifying incidence of convergence and other interesting evolutionary phenomena: • Warm- bloodedness in birds and mammals Marine sloth (Pliocene) Marine bear (Miocene) Pinnipedia (Oligocene) Sea Otter (Miocene) Cetacea (Eocene) Desmostylia (Oligocene) Sirenia (Eocene) Thalassocnus • Marine sloth (5 spp.) • Xenarthra • Pliocene of Peru HABITS: • herbivorous (algae) • near-shore • not a strong swimmer Kolponomus • Marine bear (4 spp.) • Carnivora (Laurasiatheria) • E. -
13 December 2011 List of Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies
13 December 2011 List of Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies The Ad-Hoc Committee on Taxonomy, chaired by Bill Perrin, has produced the first official SMM list of marine mammal species and subspecies. Consensus on some issues was not possible; this is reflected in the footnotes. This list is revisited and possibly revised every few months reflecting the continuing flux in marine mammal taxonomy. This version was updated on 13 December 2011. This list can be cited as follows: “Committee on Taxonomy. 2011. List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Society for Marine Mammalogy, www.marinemammalscience.org, consulted on [date].” This list includes living and recently extinct species and subspecies. It is meant to reflect prevailing usage and recent revisions published in the peer-reviewed literature. Author(s) and year of description of the species follow the Latin species name; when these are enclosed in parentheses, the species was originally described in a different genus. Classification and scientific names follow Rice (1998), with adjustments reflecting more recent literature. Common names are arbitrary and change with time and place; one or two currently frequently used in English and/or a range language are given here. Additional English common names and common names in French, Spanish, Russian and other languages are available at www.marinespecies.org/cetacea/. Based on molecular and morphological data, the cetaceans genetically and morphologically fall firmly within the artiodactyl clade (Geisler and Uhen, 2005), and therefore we include them in the order Cetartiodactyla, with Cetacea, Mysticeti and Odontoceti as unranked taxa (recognizing that the classification within Cetartiodactyla remains partially unresolved -- e.g., see Spaulding et al., 2009, Price et al., 2005; Agnarsson and May-Collado, 2008)1.