FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA EASTERN. ZONE CALCUTTA 2001 IrOIl OJ'FICIAL lJSI£ ONLY
(Jffirnf]~ g)rn~ CIJ[f O[£J[]J[ffi ~rnmmJm[] CffiID@0UtTIJill ~m®TI PREFACE
Forest Survey of India is happy to publish the report on Forest: resources of West and South districts of Sikkim State. The Eastern Zone unit at Calcutta carried out the survey work during the field season of 1997·98. In 1976, a small forest area covering 276 sq. km. was surveyed in two separate areas in South Western part and South Central part of Sikkim, thereafter 4 districts of Sikkim were surveyed in the year 1985 to 1987 and resurveyed after a period of 10 years in 1997-98 to assess the changing situation over a decade. Emphasis is given on the methodology, data collection and its analysis ..
The West district and South district geographically extends over 1166 SQ. kms and 750 sq.kms respectively. Reserved forests occupy 42.25% and 34.22% of the total geographical area in West and South district respectively. The tree forest area of the two districts have been stratified into four altitudinal strata on the baSis of the changes in the vegetative character with altitude.
The survey result revealed a total growing stock of 12.81 million m3 and 4.42 million m] in West & South district of Sikkim respectively. The number of stems per hectare has been estimated as 222.99 and 226.50 for West and South district. Stratum wise number of sterns/ha. are also available in .the report.
With the enthusiastic support of the Officers and staff of the Eastern Zone the field work was carried out arid the report in its present (onn deserves appreciation. Thanks are also due to Officers and staff of Sikkirn Forest Department who have put in ceaseless efforts and extended all co operation in bringing out the report. It is hoped that this report will be of much help to the all concerned.
(Dr. 1. K. Rawat) Director FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA EASTERN ZONE KOLKATA --.. ---
Acknowledgement
For organizing' field work, guidance and support received from Shri P.K.Basnet, I.F.S., P.C.C.F. cum Secretary ( Forests ) Sikkim is gratefully acknowledged. This organization also expresses its gratitude and sincere thanks to Shri Manjit Singh, I.F.S.• Conservator of Forests, ( Working Plan) Sikkim and Conservator ( Territorial) Forest Department. Sikkim and their field staff to render all possible cooperation to the field parties of our organization during t]1e survey period without which it would not have been possible to complete the survey work in scheduled time. Sincere thanks are also conveyed to the Dy. Commissioner, West & South Sikkim.districts. The report in the present form has been possible because of team efforts of the Officers and technical staff of Eastern Zone, Forest Survey of India which is thankfully acknowledged.
f Madhawa Trivedy 1 Regional Director. PART -
(MAIN REPORT WITH MAPS, . CI-IARTS & DIAGRAMS) CONTI;NTS
PREFACE 1
CHAPTER: I 6
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 6
1.1 INTRODUcnON: 6 1.2 LOCATION AND AREA: 6 1.3 PHYSICAL FEATURES: 6 1.4 SOIL STRUCTURE: 7 1.5 CUMATIC CONDmON: 7 1.6 IRRIGATION SYSTEM: 8 1.7 MINERAL RESOURCES: 9 1.8 FLORA AND FAUNA: 9 1.9 LAND UllUZATION: 10 1.10 FOREST COVER: 10 1.11 DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION: 12 1.12 soao ECONOMIC STATUS: 13 1.13 TRANSPORT FAOLITY: 14 1.14 FOREST POUCY: 14
CHAPTER: II 16
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 16
2.0 OBJECTIVES: 16 2.1 AREA SELECTED FOR INVENTORY: 16 2.2 MAPS: 16 2.3 sAMPUNG DESIGN: 16 2.4 DATA COLLEcnON: 17
CHAPTER: III 19
DATA PROCESSING AND COMPILATION 19
3.0 GEN~RAL: 19 3.1 MANUAL PROCESSING: 19 3.2 INPUT FOR COMPUTER: 19 3.3 PROCESSING ON COMPUTER: 19 3.4 CONSISTENCY OiECKING: 20 3.5 VOLUME ESTIMATION: 20 3.6 TREE VOLUME: 22 3.7 PLOT VOLUME: 22 3.8 ANALYSIS OF GROWING STOCK: 22 3.9 STANDARD ERROR: 22
2 CHAPTER: IV 23
RESULTS OF INVENTORY 23
4.1 GENERAL: 24 4.2 INVENTORY COVERAGE: 24 4.2.1 INVENTORY AREA: 24 4.3 DISTRIBUTION OF PLOTS: 2S 4.4 ANALYSIS OF PLOT DESCRIPTION DATA (WEST DISTRICT): 25 4.5 PLOT DESCRIPTION STUDY (SOUTH DISTRICT): 31 4.6 TREE DENSIlY STUDY: 36 4.7 TOTAL STEMS: 43 4.8 VOLUME STUDIES: 43 4.9 TOTAL VOLUME: 49 4.10 ERROR CALCULATION: 50
CHAPTER.:V 51
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 51
5.1 SUMMARY: 51 5.2 COMPARISON WITH THE PAST INVENTORY: 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY 55
MAPS AND DIAGRAMS
1. MAP OF INDIA SHOWING PROJECT AREA 2. PROJECT MAP OF SOUTH AND WEST DISTRICTS OF SIKKIM 3. INVENTORY DESIGN, FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA 4. INVENTORY DESIGN FOR SIKKIM 5. MAP OF SIKKIM SHOWING ROADS AND IMPORTANT PLACES 6. MAP OF WEST AND SOUTH DISTRICTS OF SIKKIM SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF GRIDS BY STRATA
3 TABLES
Table I Details of Irrigation system., ______8 Table 2 Forest Area as a % of Geographical Area. 10 Table 3 Form Class. 20 Table 4 Geographical Area and Forest Cover. 23 Table 5 Distnbution of ReseIVed and Unreserved Forests in sq. Kms. 23 Table 6 Distribution of plots. 24 Table 7 Distribution of forest area by land use in West district. 25 Table 8 Distribution of forest area by topography, West district. 26 Table 9 Distribution of forest area by aspect, West district. ______26 Table 10 Distribution of forest area by rockiness, West district 26 Table 11 Distribution of forest area by soil consistency, West district. 27 Table 12 Distribution of forest area by soil texture, West district. 27 Table 13 Distribution of forest area by soil erosion, West district. 27 Table 14 Distribution of forest area by injuries to crop, West district. 28 Table 15 Distribution of forest area by fire incidence, West district. 28 Table 16 Distribution of forest area by grazing Incidence, West district. 29 Table 17 Distribution of forest area by plantation potentiality,West district 29 Table 18 Distribution of forest area by degradation, West district. 30 Table 19 Distribution of forest area by regeneration status, West district. 30 Table 20 Distribution of forest area by land use classes, South district. ______31 Table 21 Distribution of forest area by topography, South district. 32 Table 22 Distribution of forest area by aspect, South district. 32 Table 23 Distribution of forest area by rockiness, South district. 32 Table 24 Distribution of forest area by soil consistency, South district. 33 Table 25 Distribution of forest area by soil texture, South district. 33 Table 26 Distribution of forest area by soil erosion, South district. 33 Table 27 Distribution of forest by injuries to crop, South district. 34 Table 28 Distribution of forest area by fire incidence, South district. 34 Table 29 Distribution of forest area by grazing incidence, South district. 35 Table 30 Distribution of forest area by plantation potentiality, South district. 35 Table 31 Distribution of forest area by degradation, South district. 36 Table 32 Distribution of forest area by regeneration status, South district. 36 Table 33 Stratawise distribution of stems per Ha., West district. 37 Table 34 Stratawise distribution of stems per Ha., South district. 37 Table 35 Stems/Ha. & % Distribution by species, West district Stratum-1, >900m, R.F. 37 Table 36 StemsjHa. & % Distribution by species, West district Stratum-I, >900m, Unreserved. 38 Table 37 Stems/Ha. & % Distribution by species, West district Stratum-II, 901-1800m, R.F. 38 Table 36 Stems/Ha. & % Distribution by species, West district Stratum-II, >900m, Unreserved. ______38 Table 39 Stems/Ha. & % Distribution by species, West district Stratum-III, 1801-2400m, R.F. 39
4 TABLES(CONTD.)
Table Table Table 43 Stems/Ha. & % Distribution by speciest Stratum I, South district, >900m, Unreserved. 40 Table 44 Stems/Ha. & "/0 Distribution by species, Stratum II, South district, 90l-l600m, R.F. 41 Table 45 Stems/Ha. & % Distribution by species, Stratum II, South district, 90l-l800m, Unreserved. 41 Table 46 Stems/Ha. & % Distribution by species, Stratum III, South district, 1801-2400m, R.F. 42 Table 47 StemsfHa. & % Distribution by species, Stratum III, South district, 1801-2400m, Unreserved. 42 Table 4B Stems/Ha. & % Distribution by species, Stratum IV, South district, 2400m+, R.F. 42. Table 49 No. of stems in the forests of West Sikkim 43 Table 50 No. of stems in the forests of South Sikkim 43 Table 51 Volume(m3)/ha. in the forests of West Sikkim 43 Table 52 Volume(m3)/ha. in the forests of South Sikkim 43 Table 53 Volume/Ha. of dominant species, Stratum I, West district, R.F. 44 Table 54 Volume/ Ha. of dominant species, Stratum I, West district, Unreserved. 44 Table 5S Volume/Ha. of dominant species, West district, Stratum II, R.F. 45 Table 56 Volume/Ha. of dominant species, West djstrict, Stratum II, Unreserved. 4S Table 57 Volume/Ha. of dominant species, West district, Stratum III, R.F. 45 Table 58 Volume/Ha. of dominant species, West district, Stratum II, Unreserved. 46 Table S9 Volume/Ha. of dominant sr:>:ecies, West district, Stratum, IV, R.F. 46 Table 60 Volume/Ha. of dominant species, South district, Stratum I, R.F. 47 Table 61 Volume/Ha. of dominant species, South district, Stratum I, Unreserved. 47 Table 62 Volume/Ha. of dominant speCies, South district, Stratum II, R.F. 47 Table 63 Volume/Ha. of dominant species, South district, Stratum II, Unreserved. 48 Table 64 Volume/Ha. of dominant species, South district, Stratum III, Reserved 48 Table 6S Volume/Ha., of dominant species, South district, Stratum III, Unreserved. 49 Table 66 Volume/Ha. of dominant species, South district, Stratum IV, R.F. 49 Table 67 Stratawise Volume distribution in the forests of West & South Sikkim. 49 Table 68 Standard Error. 50 Table 69 West Sikkim district (Comparative) 53 Table 70 South Sikkim district (Comparative) S3 5 CHAPTER: I BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1 INTRODUcnON: Forest resources have been recognized since ages for their important role in maintaining ecological balance and economic security. Therefore, expansion of forest area as a resource base is most essential for environmentally viable development. On the other hand, human interaction with forest areas has its own impact on quantity and quality of the forests. Keeping this in (ront; a completely up-to-date knowledge of the forest cover and crop composition etc. is an essential pre requisite. For this, Forest Survey of India, in the year 1997-98, took an endeavour to estimate the forest resources in the south and west districts of Sikkim. The previous study on forest inventory over the entire state was carried out by the organization during the period 1985-87. The basic need for upgrading old data base as well as periodic (on a period of 10 year cycle) change on the record of forest resources inevitably paved the inroad to undertake the current study. 1.2 LOCATION AND AREA: Sikkim is a tiny mountainous state in the Eastern Himalayan region, extending approximately 114 km. from north to south and 64 km. from east to west. It is situated between 88°00'58" and 88°55'25" east longitudes and 27°04' and 28°07'18" north latitudes. The state is surrounded by vast stretches of Tibetan plateau in the north; Chumbi valley of TIbet and the kingdom of Bhutan in the east; Darjeeling district of West Bengal in the south and the kingdom of Nepal in the west. Sikkim is one of the smallest states of India and has a geographical area of 7299 sq. km. The state has four districts namely, East, West, NorttJ and South. The aim of the present study was to look into the forest resources in south and west districts of Sikkim. The geographical Joc3tions of these two districts are as follows: South Sikkim: Latitude 27° 5" to 27° 271/2" North Longitude 88()171/2" to 88°321/2" East West Sikkim: Longitude 88()2' to 88°55" East Latitude 27'7' to 27° 25' North The geographical areas of South and West Sikkim districts are 750 sq.km. and 1166 sq.km. respectively. 1.3 PHYSICAL FEATURES: Physiographically, Sikkim can be said to have its feet in the ocean and its head in the sky. The altitudes vary from 300 meters to 8500 meters above mean sea level. The entire state is a young mountain system with highly folded and faulted rock strata at many places. It encompasses the lesser Himalayas, Central Himalayas and the Tethys Himalayas. Great mountains ranging from 3000 meters to 8500 meters in height separate the stale from its surroundings. In fact, it has no flat piece of land of good size anywhere. Major portion is covered by the pre - Call1brial1 lock ancj is much younger in age. The rock type consists of phyllites and schists and therefore, the sJopes are highly susceptible to weathering and prone to erosion and landslides. The northern portion of the state is de€ply cut into steep escarpments. Southern Sikkim is lower, more open and fairly well cultivated. The western portion of the state is constituted of hard massive gneissose rocks capable of resisting denudation. The southern portion is formed of cOlJ1paratively soft, thin, slaty and half-schist ore rocks which denude very easily. The trend of the mountain system is in a general east west direction. The main channels of drainage in south and west districts, the Teesta and the Rangeet, run nearly north to south. The topography of Sikkim abounds by 180 perennial lakes fed either by the melting snows or ground springs. Among the thermal springs prevailing in the state, Ralangralop( South Sikkim} and Phustsa Chhu (West Sikkim) are the well known ones. The perpetual snow line in Sikkim may be approximated at 15,000 ft. Sizeable areas under the west district are under perpetual snow cover. In short, against the backdrop of a glittering range of snowy peaks in the state, a large number of perennial and seasonal streams and mountain springs, the forested slopes and ridges, the lakes and glaciers add unmatched beauty, grandeur to this Himalayan landscape. 1.4 SOIL STRUCTURE: Soil of a region being the nutrient medium, is indispensable in vegetation investigations. Soil mOisture, mostly depending upon the soil thickness, has an explicit impact on forest type and coverage in an area. The southern and western parts of the state primarily consist of gneissose rocks and half-schistose rocks. The soil developed from the gneiSSic group of rocks is a brown clay, generally shallow and poor. They are typically coarse, often with ferric concentrations, neutral to acidic with poor organic/ mineral nutrients. They tend to carry most of the evergreen and deciduous forest with Sal (Shorea robusta) as the dominant speCies. The high intenSity of rainfall in Sikkim often causes extensive soil erosion and heavy losses of nutrients otrand by leaching. 1.5 CUMATIC CONDITION~ Climatically Sikkim experiences variable temperatures with burning summers in the foothills to freezing winter on high mountains. The climate of the state has been roughly divided into the topical, temperate and alpine zones. The general trend of decrease in temperature with increase in altitude holds well in both West and South Sikkim districts. For most of the period ill a year, the climate is cold and humid as rainfall occurs in each month. The area experiences a heavy rainfall due to its proximity to the Bay of BengaL The state receives an average annual rainfall of 500 cm. which is the highest in the Eastern Himalayas. The high intensity of rainfall causes extensive soil erosion and frequent landslides in both West and South district. Either of the t\,'10 districts experiences timely arrival of southwest monsoon which spreads from heavy to very heavy rain in some parts of these districts. However, the headquarters of south district, NiJmchi is comparatively 7 a low rainfall region. Pre-monsoon rain occurs in April-May and the monsoon occurs normally from the month of May and continues up to early October. The temperature varies with altitude and slope. While in lower altitudinal zones, the mC 1..6 IRRIGATION SYSTEM: Sikkim being a hilly state with heavy rainfall, occurrence of landslides and erosion of land by waterfalls and rivers during heavy rains are quite common. In order to safeguard the human lives and natural resources of the State, flood protection works, Waterfall Training Works and anti erosion works are necessary. The government duly realizing this importance opened an 'Irrigation Cell' in the Power Department in 1976. The topography of the state being characterized by difficult hilly terrain, the irrigation system adopted by and large fall under the category of minor irrigation. The responsibility of implementation of such schemes in the beginning was with the Pancllayat and Rural Development Department. Later, a separate department for Irrigation was set up to provide irrigation facilities in the state; flood control and anti erosion works including management and control of drainage and waterfall training works. The end of seventh plan created 20,459 hectares of additional irrigation potential created as against the projected target of 50,000 hectares. Of this, only 13,130 hectares was utilized. In the year 1994-95, the area sown up was 51,000 hectares and the net area irrigated was approximately 13,000 hectares. Number of channels, length and area covered In south and west districts of the state are encased: Table 1 Details of Irrigation system District Channel No. Lenqth {in Km.l Area covered (in Ha.) South 64 122 3820 West 141 154 4003 It was noticed that the existing channels were not properly functioning due to many reasons like, area damaged by slides, requirement of heavy maintenance charge, etc. In order to assess the total requirement of funds for complete assured Irrigation facilities in the state, a master plan was prepared by the Irrigation Department. Basically the plan was formulated to utilize the existing irrigation potential by way of hamessing various streams and rivers that traverse through the state and to create new irrigation potential. Besides, provision has been made to introduce Sprinkler and Drip irrigation system in selected areas where availability of irrigation water is less and also within tile command of lift irrigation schemes. The implementation of the Irrigation Master Plan, with modern irrigation 8 methods is expected to bring LrallsfOllllalion in ilqliculhuc pUlsuils flam mcre l.iHfilioJl:l1 one to Cl 1.7 MINERAL RESOURCES: The mining activities as well as geological studies being held in the Sikkim region are primarily undertaken by the Department of Mines & Geology which serves as a nodal agency of the State. With the Geological Survey of India carrying out investigations and research on exploration of mineral resources, the State Department also carries out research and development work on geo- . technical studies. Considerable deposits of various minerals in several parts of the state have been reported through these geological investigations. Large deposits of good grade dolomite are available in the Rishi and Rangit river valleys of West Sikkim. Also in the West in tile Rangit valley, a narrow strip of Gondwana rock comprising pebble slate, sandstone with thin coal seams is exposed. One of the important industrial mineral graphite occurs in the western part of the state in Chilrey. Besides, Garnet is abundant in the gneiss and mica schist at west Sikkim district, Coal occurs extenSively in the Rangit river valley and Namchi area of South district, but occurring in a structurally disturbed terrain and being a son rock, it does not have much consistency in length. Indications and occurrences of magnesia rich, silica rich and phosphatic rocks are seen in parts of south and west Sikkim. 1.8 FLORA AND FAUNA: The forests of the state exhibit diversified variety of flora and fauna. The myriad life forms of both plant and animal that characterize this bio-geographical region is unique in India and perhaps in the whole world. Sikkim beIng a high rainfall region encompasses within its narrow belt a luxuriant floristic composition ranging from tropical screw pines to alpine primulas~ There are 4000 speCies of flowering plants, 300 species of ferns and its allies, 11 species of Oaks, 8 species of tree ferns and 20 species of bamboo that grow at various altitudinal zones in Sikkim. The state is renowned for its Rhododendrons and orchids as also of high altitude Primulas, Meconops;s and blue puppies. In fact, it is the abode of more than 450 species of orchids, 50 species of rhododendrons and about 100 species of Primulas. The flora of Sikkim is also esteemed for several medicinal plants. Sikkim is also rich in faunal wealth and Himalayan animals such as Snow Leopard, fv1usk Deer, Blue sheep, Himalayan Tahr and rare pheasants are to be found in several parts of the pristine spots and virgin forests of the State. Its richness in the faunal resources is indicated by the reported 144 species of mammals, 429 species of birds, 39 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibia, 16 species of fishes and 423 species of lepidopterous insects. The lakes fed by melting snows are the habitat of a number of resident and migratory w()lcrfowls and for birds like the Ruddy Shclduck (Brahminy Ducks), principally they are the permanent breeding grounds. Many of the faunal species are declared as endangered ones. Among the mammals these are Bharal, Clouded Leopard, Fishing cat, Golden cat, Leopard Cat, Red Panda, Pangolin, etc. and among birds, are Peafowl, large Falcon, Black Necked Crane, Tragopan pheasant, Snow Partridge, etc. Besides most of the butterflies and moths found in Sikkim are endangered species. In order to protect these species the government has already established National Park,. sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves in several parts of the state. Among these, Mainam Wildlife Sanctuary in South Sikkim and Biosphere Reserves in South and West Sikkim district are mentionable in our considered area. 1.9 LAND UTlUZATION: The land utilization pattern of an area shows the socio economic status and the mode of development opportunity of that area. Forest is the main land use in the State and nearly 42 percent of the total geographical area is lying under varying densities of forest cover. The available agricultural land is approximately 12 percent of the total geographical area and is confined to the altitude less than 2000 meters. The area under forestry in South Sikkim district is 414 sq.km. which is 55 percent of its total geographical area. The corresponding figure for West Sikkim district is 659 sq.km. which comes to 56 percent of its geographical area. Under the non-forest category, cover of agriculture accounts to 31 percent in South district and 18 percent in West district of Sikkim. The land use statistics for south and west districts of the state are shown as follows: Table 2 Forest Area as a % of Geographical Area. Class South district West District Area in sq.km. 0/0 Area in sq. km. 0/0 Crop land 231.41 30.85 212.80 18.25 Total tree cover 414.12 55.22 658.61 56.49 Forest blanks/scrubs 28.12 3.75 27.76 2.38 Alpine scrub/pastures 30.34 4.05 64.87 5 .56 Aloine barren 13.34 1.78 __ 90.14_ 7,73 Snow 12.01 1.60 93.53 8 .02 Lakes/streams/dry rivers 12.73 1.70 12.56 1.08 Township 0.57 0.08 0.38 0.03 Major landslides 5.70 0.76 1.57 0.14 Miscellaneous 1.66 0.22 3.78 0.32 Total: 750.00 100.00 1166.00 100.00 Source: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite lA(USS II) data of November(198S. 1.10 FOREST COVER: Sikkim sitUated in the Eastern Himalayas has a predominant role to play in the maintenance of ecological balance. Around 42 percent of the total geographical area is lying under forest cover. This figure is one of the largest in the country. According to Indian Remote SenSing Satellite lA (U5S II) data of November, 1988, the total forest cover of south Sikkim district is 55 percent of its total geographical area. The detailed analysis of forest coverage reflects that 19 percent and 36 percent of area was accordingly under dense and open canopy cover. The scrub land and forest blanks cover 1.5 and 2.4 percent within the reserve forest respectively. On the other hand, the forest cover of West Sikkim district is 56 percent of the total geographical area. The area under dense and open canopy cover is accordingly 19 percent and 37 percent. The scrub land and forest blanks cover 0.7 and 1.6 percent within the reserve forest respectively. The vegetation types are more or less associated with climate, rainfall and topographic pattern. However, the forest in south and west Sikkim district can broadly be classified into three types depending upon the allitude as i) lower hill forests, ii) middle hill forests and iii) upper hill forests. i) Lower hills forests: The vegetation of this zone at an altitude between 300 -900 m consists mainly of tropical dry deciduous to semi evergreen with Sal as a dominant species. These forests have suffered greatly due to the effect of biotic factors leading to frequent landslides. ii) Middle hill forests: The tall evergreen species of Alnus nepalensis, Schima wallichii, C'astanopsis hystTix and species of Macaranga, Eugenia, Sapium, etc. are found at high elevation between 900 - 1800 m. In the West Sikkim district, the species like, Prunus cerasoidesand Saurauja nepa/ens;s are also predominant in this region. In view of no distinct spectral signature from these species, all such mixed group of species is combined together as 'mixed forests'. iii} Upper hill forests: The upper hills of these two districts can be distinguished into three strata based on altitude and also into general species composition as: Zone 1: 1800 -2400 m: This Zone is distinct as transitional between subtropical broad leaved to sub-temperate zone conSisting wide range of species like, A/nus, Nichilus, Quercus lanceaerolia, Q.lanmel/osa, and Symplocos sp. Zone 2.2400 - 2700 m: This Zone has typical temperate forests dominated by needle leaved conifer covering extensive areas inter - mixed with species of Oak, Rhododendron arboreum, Betula alnoid~ Michi/us sp. Zone 3. 2700 m & above: The lower reaches of this Zone are occupied by sub-alpine species of Rhododendron mixed with temperate to evergreen speCies in the west district of Sikkim. As the altitude increases,_ the vegetative cover in this district becomes sparse because of less soil cover and adverse meteorological conditions, high wind velocity and frost conditions. This Zone is called alpine. On the basis of vegetative cover, the alpine Zone is further delineated into Alpine barren (without vegetative cover) and Alpine scrub (with bush). Some of the species in Alpine scrub area are Juniperus, Salix, Berberis. On the other hand, thin top soil, high wind and freezing condition of Zone 3 in south Sikkim district do not favour establishment of free vegetation, but support xerophytic shrubs like, Salix and Berberis. With regard to the forest types, Sal, Mixed, Coniferous and Alpine types occupy approximately 0.01, 35.1, 21.2 and 13.3 percent respectively in West Sikkim district. In the South Sikkim district, tile corresponding percentages are 1.7, 44.2, 9.4 and 5.8. The following diagram shows the distribution of forest types in two districts: II SNO'" 4500m _. ALPINE BARItEN 3700 m ALPINE SCRUB MI.\EIHlIW.W-I. £..117-:J> LEAVEll HILL FOIU:ST 1111.1. H)/U:ST TROPICAL MOIST nJt:cIDUOUS SEMI-EVERGREEN FOREST FOOT HILLS SOUTH SIKKIM DISTRICT SNOI,. 4S00m 3700m JOOOm . TEMPERATE ~~ 1800 m 1----.,------\ -... CONIFEROUs/OAK FOREST ._. MI.'\E/)/JlUM/J-I.EA 1'1':1) LEAVED HILL FOREST I/ILL FOUEST TROPICAL MOIST DECIDUOUS SEMI-EVERGREEN FOREST FOOT HILLS WEST SIKKIM DISTRICT 1.11 DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION: Sikkim is a multi ethnic state. It has been the home to the Lepchas, the original inhabitants of the state, the Bhutias who came in from Tibetan province of Khams and belong to the fighting clan of the Khampas and the Nepalese who migrated to the state from the kingdom of Nepal. A majority (70%) of the population is from the Nepalese stock. The Bhutias and Lepchas may be considered next to it. Most of the Nepalese are Hindu by religion. The Bhutias, Lepchas and a few Nepalese follow Buddhism. The Sherpas are a marginal ethnic group in the state. Of the Nepalese stock, Kami, Damai, Sarki, Majhi and Lohar have been notified as scheduled castes and of the Sikkim stock, Bhutias Lepchas and Sherpas have been notified as scheduled tribes. The people from the plains who are immigrants from different states in India are found in small proportion. As per 1991 Census, total population of south district of Sikkim is 98604 comprising of 53 percent males and 47 percent females. The corresponding figure for West Sikkim district accounts to 98161 of which 52 percent are males and 48 percent are females. The percentage share of population either of these district to the total population of the state is almost equal, viz. 48 percent. The decennial growth rate of population of the state has come down. In 1971-81 it was 51 percent whereas in 1981-91 it was 29 percent. The south district follows a similar pattern in respect of decennial growth (43 percent in 1971-81 and 30 percent in 1981-91). The west district, on the contrary has emerged to be an exception, as in 1971-81 the decennial growth rate accounts to 30 percent and in 1981-91, it has slightly risen up to 31 percent The percentage of urban population in the state as well as in its all four districts has decreased considerably in comparison to 1981 Census (16% in 1981 and 9% in 1991). For south district, this percentage has notably come down from 7 percent in 1981 to 3 percent in 1991, whereas for west district the reduction is marginal from 2.3% in 1981 to 1.8% in 1991. The south district appears as more densely populated (132 persons per sq.km. than the west district. Females per thousand males, i.e. the sex ratio for Sikkim, as a whole, have recorded a sharp increase during the last decade (from 835 in 1981 to 878 in 1991). For the South district the ratio has considerably improved from 854 in 1981 to 892 in 1991 and for west district it has increased from 906 in 1981 to 915 in 1991. On the other hand the proportion of scheduled tribe population is much higher in west district (20%) than that In south district (17%). In respect of literacy, Sikkim occupies nineteenth position (57%) among the states and union territories of India. Moreover, this literacy rate is even higher than the all India average literacy rate of 52%. The south Sikkim district has recorded a higher literacy rate (54%) than west Sikkim district (46%). Main languages spoken in these districts are Lepcha, Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, and Limbu. Furthermore, during the decade 1981-1991, growth rate of Hindus and Buddhists are much higher in west district than that in south district and on the contrary, growth rate of Muslims and Christians are much prevalent in south district compared to west district. 12 -----_.... _.- .. _---_.__ .. - 1.12 SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS: The socia-economic status focuses on the mode of social opportunities and economic development of a region. Sikkim being an agriculture based economy, majority of its population (65%) make livelihood out of agricultural practices. Since only 12 percent of the state's geographical area is available for cultivation, there has been continuous pressure on the land as to give increased productivity of crop following the increase in population. The data on working population of 1981 and 1991 reveals that the percentage share of cultivators in the state have declined by 2% indicating a shift towards non-agricultural activities. Despite this indication it is the agricultural economy whkh permeates the Social life in the south and west district of Sikkim. In fact, the social life of these districts is rooted in the villages and it is the rural pattern of life, which largely rules the d istricts. Cultivators account for the greater majority of population in both the districts, 71 % in south district and 77% in west district. Agricultural labourers constitute only 5% of the population of south district and 7% of the population of west district. Agriculture is of the mixed type and still at the subsistence level rather than commercial level.. The principal agricultural products are rice, wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds, etc. While at present due emphasis is aimed at production of cash and other agricultural commercial crops under the favorable agro-climatic condition of the state, due attention has also been given to other horticulture crops like, cardamom, ginger and exotic crops such as avacado, strawberry, mushrooms etc. which have a good market in the state as well as outside. Animal husbandry is an integral part of the household economy of the region. The production of milk, eggs and wood adds much to the net state domestic product. The development of floriculture has recorded considerable progress with establishment of floriculture cooperative society in south district. The Rural Development Department is ooncerned with the poverty alleviation and rural employment programs like IRDP, JRY, TRYSEM, DWCRA, EAS for bringing about all round improvement in the standard of living and equality of life in rural areas. The policy of industrial development in the state was taken up with a view to encourage small and medium scale industries such as flour mills, printing press, carpet weaving, wood carving etc. The District Industry Centre of south and West Sikkim districts located at Jorethang supports the promotion and development of industries. Besides, tourism has been playing an important role in the economic condition of the st ate. Construction, trade, and commerce and transport occupy many of the inhabitants of south (10%) and West (5%) district. In recent past, there is a tendency to diversify into tertiary jobs such as government services. The estimate of the state domestic product is the most significant indicator to study the growth and performance of the state economy. The net State Domestic Product at current prices has gone up to Rs. 243 crore in the year 1992-93 as compared to RS 237 crare in the year 1991-92. On the other hand, the per capita Net State Domestic Product at current prices has gone down from RS 5728 in 1991-92 to RS 5722 in 1992-93. The state is financing schools and colleges even in the interior villages. Adult literacy program is also being carried out the revenue blocks. To provide affordable, accessible and appropriate basic health care to the community and to augment family Welfare services, Primary 13 Health Sub-centres have been established at Chum bung in West district and Sripatham in south district. The women and child Welfare Department have been established to look after various welfare schemes for women and children of Sikkim as well as Integrated Child Development Schemes. The SC/sr and aBC Development Corporation has also been set up to grant low interest loans to the people falling under these categories for their speedy economic development. 1.13 TRANSPORT FACILITY: The state of Sikkim, by virtue of its topography is connected with only one transport mOde I.e. road transport. The other modes of transport viz. Rail, air and waterways are not available in this state. Keeping in pace with the development of the state, the Government of India helped in preparation of a master plan for road development in this region. The plan includes construction of new roads and bridges, up-gradation of narrow roads, road development in as many villages as possible and replacement of old weak bridges. With the rapid development of road network in the state, increased traffic futilities are on demand. With this objective in view, Sikkim Nationalized Transport, a departmental commerdal undertaking was put into operation in 1955 to meet the growing demands of passengers and goods traffic. Since then, substantial achievement has been made in developing infrastructure in terms of number of buses and trucks in the fleet, coverage of passenger traffic and goods traffic. It is seen that on an average 17% growth in goods traffic and 16% growth in -passenger traffic has taken places during the seventh plan period. The road development had achieved a Significant mark in extending the road networks in the state to the extent of 1515 kms. by the end of 1991-92. In the year 1992-93 the road length has been increased to 1556 kms. which includes the construction of new surfaced roads and surfacing of unsurfaced roads. At the end of the 1992-93, Sikkim Nationalized Transport has achieved a fleet strength of 139 buses and 181 trucks and was operating its passenger service in 62 routes throughout the state. Keeping in view of the fact that the state economy is solely dependent on road transport for incoming and outgoing goods as well as passengers, the government is taking several measures for upliftment of road connection from one corner of the state to another. 1.14 FOREST POLICY: Environmental degradation is one of the alarming problems throughout the world nowadays and it has knocked the door of Sikkim too. With the pressure of increase in population and thereby ever-increasing human interaction with the forest, degradatlon of forests appeared as a real impediment for the ecological balance of this place. Practically no systematic survey operation for detection of encroachment into reserve forest areas has tx.'en undertaken in this regiol1. As u result, extensive forest areas have been indiscriminately encroached by the passage of time. This may be due to the fact that the forest resources could not be scientifically managed because of inaccessible terrain and strategic locations. Proper management of such areas is of paramount importance to evolve plan for ecological balance. The Government duly realizing.. this sensitive situation has taken 14 some stringent measures in order to control undue exploitation of forest resources. The Government of Sikkim declared the year 1995 as 'Harit Kranti year' i.e., Green Revolution Year and started a campaign to protect existing forest cover as well as to enhance it through massive plantations in Degraded Forests, Khasmal, Gochal9n, Degraded Gumpa Forests and other community lands and in private fallow land. Plantation works and seed distribution were carried out in each Gram Panchayat by organizing Gram Sabhas and constituting Village level Plantation Committees consisting of Panchayats, NGOS and villagers. The southern and western parts of the state are very much prone to drought. Excessive graying in the reserve forests of these districts has caused destruction of the ground cover resulting in excess run off and low percolation of rain water due to which the springs have dried up. The government has issued notification in the year 1995 banning grazing in the reserve forests of these districts. Besides, the Mobile Squad of the Forest Department is taking care of illegal activities in forest area and illegal transport of timber and other forest products. The territorial divisions in the districts are putting substantial effort in prevention and control of the illidt activities within and outside forest areas. In background of all these information amalgamated on south and west district of Sikkim, details of findings of the present study on forest resources in these areas taken up by Fo rest Survey of India, Eastern Zone would be more comprehensive and meaningful. 15 CHAPTER: II DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 2.0 OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of the inventory are summarized as under: i. To collect information on distribution of forest with regard to various parameters such as topography, aspect, soil ronsistency etc. ii. To rollect various information on crop data, its composition, status of regeneration, fire inCidence, grazing incidence, injury to crop etc. iii. To estimate the total growing stock separately for each district at a reliable level. iv. To arrive at the availability of resources in Reserved and unreserved forests (Gocharan, Khas forests) in each district. v. To monitor periodically (10 years cycle) the changing pattern of the forest resources. These will help the planners and forest officials to take up suitable action plans and for preparation of future working schemes. 2.1 AREA SElECfED FOR INVENTORY: For the purpose of the inventory, the forest area falling in south and west district of Sikkim was considered. Following areas are treated as forest areas for the purpose of forest inventory. i. Area shown in green wash on the Survey of India topa-sheets. ii. All such areas in which woods such as thick jungle, open forests, bamboo etc. are printed. iii. All those areas indicated by dotted line or spotted line or a pillar line as forest areas iv. Any other areas as reported to be forested areas by local forest department. 2.2 MAPS: The Survey of India toposheets in 1:50,000 scale and in case of their non-availability 1:25,000 scale topasheets as given in Annexure -I were used: 2.3 SAMPLING DESIGN: 2.3.1 UPTO 2400 METRE ALTITUDE: A systematic sampling was adopted to estimate the growing stock of the project area. SystematiC grids of size 1 km x 1 km were laid out over the entire south and west district below 2400 meter altitude. It was decided to layout only one square plot of size 0.1 ha. (31.62 m x 31.62 m) at each grid center. 16 2.3.2 ABOVE 2400 METnE ALTITUDE: STANDARD fOREST SURVEY OF INDIA DESIGN: 'Ihe sUlvey de!.IUIl W~15 (!!:;~Cllll'-llly a !iy ~ ;ll~"ldll<..: salllpllllU lUllb wllidl Ule SUIVL!Y uf jll(')l.l toposheets of 1:50,000 scale is divided into 36 grids of 2.5' x 2.5' of latitude and longitude. In each grid, two sample points were selected on the toposheets. In selection of the first point is random and the second point is the mirror image of the first, i.e. the seoond point is linked to the first one in the opposite direction at an equal distance from the grid center. The inventory data were collected from a square plot of 0.1 hectare laid out at each of these sample points on the ground. Mention may be made that only the plots falling within the forest areas were surveyed. One sample plot of 0.1 hectare represents about 10 sq.km. on the ground and the intensity of sampling is 0.01%. The length of each side of the square plot is 31.62 meter on the ground and 0.6324 mm. (say 0.6 mm.) on the toposheet of scale 1:50,000. 2.3.3 PRECISION AND ACCURACY: The result of the present survey would be at the precision level of 95% probability with error limit of ±10%. This accuracy is, however, obtained for the entire state and not by individual districts. 2.3.4 PLOT LAYOUT: The method of marking of the plot centers of the two sample plots on the map in each grid of 2.5' x 2.5' is depicted in 'oiagram-2. The length and width of each grid are measured to the smallest convenient scale. The length of the side of a plot on the map corresponding to 0.1 hectare square plot on the ground is calculated. Let X and Y be the length and width of the grid and 5 the side of the plot. Subtract side s from both sides, i.e. find (X-s) and (Y-s). Let these numbers be X' and Y'. Two random numbers, one in the range of a to X' and the other in the range of a to Y' are selected. These numbers are called x and y respectively. Half of the side of the plot (5/2) is added to both x and y. Then x+s/2 and y+s/2 will be coordinates of the center of first plot in the grid, considering the left hand bottom comer (south-west comer) of the grid as origin of the axis. The center of seoond prot is located by joining the center of first plot with the grid center and extending this line in the opposite direction. A point at an equal distance from the grid center in the opposite direction is marked which is the center of second plot. After fixing the plot center with the help of toposheet and reference point, the four CDmers of the plot are obtained by measuring 22.36 meter from the plot centre in each of the directions viz. North-West, South-West, North-East and South West. 17 2.4 DATA COLLEcnON: An inventory crew (team) headed by a crew leader collects the data in the field. To demarcate a plot, a prominent ref:erence point is selected in the vicinity of the plot center. The field reference point may be clearly visible on the map as well as on the ground, e.g. junction of roads or rivers, prominent topographical features in hilly area such as spurs and knots, village tri-junction points, old bridges and culverts, springs, milestones etc. The data is collected and recorded in a legible manner in the codified field forms such as Plot Approach Form, Plot Description Form,_ Plot Enumeration Form etc. The details of all these forms are discussed here. (a) Plot approach form: It gives an account of the details regarding the approach to the plot. All the conspicuous features observed during the journey from campsite to the plot center are recorded. Prominent reference point along with bearings is recorded which serves as an aid to reach the plot at a feature date. (b) Plot desaiption form: The description of several parameters each as topography, soil, land use class, forest type, regeneration, crop data etc. are collected and recorded in this form for an area of 2 hectare around the centre of the plot. (c) Plot enumeration form: This form is tilled up for each ptot. The details recorded are the name of the spedes and its diameter. Trees less than 10 em. d.b.h. over-bark and utility Jess than 70% are not recorded usually. Trees, the stems of which touch the NW-SW and NE-NW border lines of the plot (called border line trees) are enumerated. However, those trees, the stems of which touch the NE-SE and SW-$E border lines of the plot are treated as 'out trees' and are not enumerated. (d) Sample tree form: Data for trees with diameter 10 em. and above at breast height over bark are collected from Y4 area of the total plot is 0.025 hectare area. On each sample tree, sample tree card will be nailed. In this form, data on tree height, bark thickness, length of clear bole, shape of the tree etc. are recorded. (e) Bam/xJo enumeration form: This form is designed for enumeration of bamboo culms per clump by age and culms and soundness of culms by clump size. Separate forms are used for crump forming and non-clump forming bamboos. (f) Bamboo weight Ibnn: This form is maintained to determine the green weight and dry weight of bamboo. Mature bamboos are selected from each diameter class and for each species, tree 30 an. long pieces obtained from the top, middle and bottom portions of the utilizable culm are cut: out and their green weights are recorded. These pieces are properly documented and kept in the base camp and weighed every 30 days till a constant weight is obtained. 18 CHAPTER: III DATA PROCESSING AND COMPltAnON 3.0 GENERAL: The information collected in the field serves as the basic input. The processing of these data and its compilation is carried out in two phases viz. Manual processing and processing on computer. 3.1 MANUAL PROCESSING: It involves overall checking of the field forms which is done manually. The basis of such approach is to improve the accuracy and consistency of data. The following steps are incorporated under this approach. • Proper documentation of the field information received. • Codification of the information in the field rorms which has not already been incorporated. • Manual checking of the information filled in the forms. • Reconciliation of the discrepancies with the help of the field omcers. 3.2 INPUT FOR COMPUTER: After the manual checking is done, the information incorporated in the field forms is fed into the computer for onward procesSing and final compilation of data. In fact, the following three types of inventory data are stores in the disk/noppy for this purpose. • PLOT DESCRIPTION DATA • PLOT ENUMERATION DATA • SAMPLE TREE DATA The information encoded in these three forms is the ideal requisite to estimate the existing forest stock. Therefore, assessment on several aspects of these forms is essential. The various stages followed under processing on computer are presented as follows. 3.3 PROCESSING ON COMPUTER: This involves the following: . • Loading of the inventory data on computer. Verification and correction of data for the creation of clean tile and then transfer of the corrected data to hard/noppy disk. • Consistency checking of the data on computer and correction of data to remove discrepancies noticed during consistency checking. • Tabulation of Plot Description Data and thus to find out area under different land use classes. • Tabulation of plot wise stem distribution for lhe district as a whole. • Tabulation of plot wise volume distribution for the dislrict (lS a whole. • Calculation of standard error. 19 3.4 CONSISTENCY CHECKING: For checking the consistency bf the data suitable computer programs were developed. Each entry in the field forms was checked for consistency in the data. The main checks applied were the range check for the maximum and minimum value of the codes and logical check for inter relationship between the entries for two or more pa rameters. Mistakes if any were corrected and then incorporated. 3.5 VOLUME ESTIMATION: No trees were felled during the survey. The general volume and local volume equations developed in earlier survey in Sikkim State were used to arrive at reliable estimation of volume for different species. Form class wise equations were used both in general and local volume equations. Form class and name of the species are appended below: Table 3 Form Class. ----. . ------Fonn class Dotanical name Local mllnc 1 Acer campbelli Kaoasi Syming/onia DOPulnea Pioli Betula alnoides Sour Cinnamomum impressinervium Sissl Toona febri!iJga Toona Evodia roxburohii Khanukoa Jug/ans reqia Walnut Macaranga species Malata SYZYf}ium species Jam II Beilschimiedia roxburg/Jiana ThuDS EchinociJl])us dasYCiJl])us Gobra Enge/hardtia spicata Mewa Elaeocarpus species Bhadrasi Rhododendron hodgsoni - III Betula utl/is- 8hujpat Litsaea species Machi/us edu/is leDcha kawla Machi/us gammieana Chupli kowla Machi/us odoratissima NySSa javania Prunus ne~/ensis Phoebe lanceo/ata IV Castanoosis species Quercus /ame/losa Katus Quercus lineata Quercus pachyphylla The volume equatIons for the followmg SpecIes were also complied. 1. Abies densa (Gobra Salla) 2. Tsuga dumosa (Tengra Saklla ) 20 3. Symplocos thiefo/ia (Kharane ) 4. Alnus nepa/ensis (Utilis) 5. Michelia doltsopa (Rani champ) • . 3.5.1 GENERAL VOLUME EQUATIONS: General volume equations are as follows: Form class Equations I V/02= 0.000172 - 0.00258/02 + 0.0000332H II V/02H= 0.0000389 + 0.02856f02H III V/Ol = 0.00006 + O.000032H - 0.0177/02 IV V/02H= 0.0000387 + 0.02305/02H Species: Abies densa V/D2 = 0.01945/D2 +0.00002896H + 0.00009565 Alnus nepalensis V/02= 0.000172 - 0.0258/02 + 0.00Q0332H Michelia doltsopa V/01 t-l=O.00003503 + O.02692/DlH Symplocos thaefo/ia V/02= 0.0000718-0.005398/02 +O.00003255H Tsuga dumosa V/D2H=0.00003283 + O.0008056/ D2H Others V= 0.024659 + 0.00003492 D2H v= Under bark volume in ml D= Diameter (OB) at breast height in cm. H= Height in metre. 3.5.2 LOCAL VOLUME EQUATIONS: Following local volume equations have been used in volume calculation in the present inventory: Form cl,3$$ Equations l 2 I V/O = 0.001559 +0.06674/0 - 0.02039/0 2 2 II V/0 = 0.0012897 + 0.25564/0 - 0.030418fD III V= 0.12652 - 0.01B037 0 + 0.000956D2 l 2 IV V/O = 0.001184 + 0.1812/0 - 0.02348/0 Species: Abiesdensa V= 0.12167 - 0.01140 +0.000812D2 2 2 A/nus nepalensis V/0 = 0.001559 + 0.06674/0 - 0.02039/0 Michelia exefsa V/02= 0.0002138 + 0.002517/0 + 0.000010640-0.0000000402 Symp/ocos theaefolia V= -0.03754 + 0,000587 0 2 Tsuga dumoSiJ V/02= - 0.00055 + 0.00716/0 +0.000029D - 0.00000012D2 Others - 0.3555 - 0.037D + 0.001259 D2 21 V = Total under balk volumc or lIecs ill ml; D :0::: DI 3.6 "JfU:1! VOLUME: Volume of each enumerated tree was estimated with the help of volume tables/equations and was used for generation of stock tables by species and diameter classes. 3.7 PLOT VOLUME: Volume of each enumerated tree in a plot when added up provided the plot volume. These plot volumes are the basis for estimation of sampling error. 3.8 ANALYSIS OF GROWING STOCK: Analvsis of growing stock was carried out from plot data and per hectare figures were worked out for each stratum by species and diameter classes. Following are the important tables generated for each stratum. • Stemsjha. for individual species and its distribution into different diameter classes. ' • Total stems by species and diameter classes. • Corresponding volume/ha by species and diameter classes. • Total volume by species and diameter classes. 3.9 STANDARD ERROR: Statistical inference is incomplete without information on associated errors. For estimation of sampling error some assumptions were taken into consideration. The sample was considered as a systematic sampling having only one plot in each grid block of lkm x 1 km up to 2400 meter altitude, i.e for stratum I, II and III. After 2400 meters altitude, the sample was considered as a systematic cluster sample having two sampling plots in each cluster. While estimating the sampling error in stratum IV the sample was considered to be of unequal sizes and ration method of estimation was used since in many grids only one plot was enumerated. Standard error is calculated for each stratum and then pulled over the project area i.e. over the entire District irrespective of the stratum. 22 CHAPTER: IV RESULTS OF INVENTORY 4.1 GENERAL: Inventory data of West and South district of Sikkim has been analyzed separately for the district level as well as stratum wise also. The present data has been analyzed with a view to highlighting the type, composition and distribution of forest area by various parameters like land use classes, topography classes, grazing incidence, fire incidence, regeneration class etc. 4.2 FOREST COVER AS PER STATE OF FOREST REPORT 1997: The geographical area and the extent of forest cover of the above two districts is given below: Table 4 Geographical Area and Forest Cover. District Geographical an~~ {s9.. km.) Forest cover ~q.l.. m.} West Sikkim 1166 District wise break-up is ._South Sikkim 750 not available Source: State or Forest Report" 1997, F.S.I. publrcallon. 4.2.1 INVENTORIED AREA: Area shown in green wash on the Survey of India toposheets is treated as forest area. The total forest area of the two districts was calculated using 'dot grid' method, which comes to 63435 ha. And 31616 ha. for West and South Sikkim districts respectively. The area estimate for reserved forest of the two district are 49272 ha and 25664 ha. for West and South districts and the balance forest area has been taken as unreserved forest area of these two districts. Henceforth, the inventoried forest area as calculated by 'dot grid' method would be taken as the total forest area of the respective district. The total forest area of the two districts have been stratified into four altitudinal strata on tile basis of the change in the vegetative characters with altitude. Four altitudinal strata have been formed namely forest area upto 900 nl, between 900-1800 m. and 1800-2400m and above 2400m. The distribution of reserved and unreserved forest areas under the above mentioned altitudinal classes is given below: Table 5 Distribution of Reserved and Unreserved Forests In sq. Itnt. Stratum Altitude West District South District n.F. area U.R.F. R.F. area U.R.F. I Upto 900 meter 11.40 14.25 38.07 7.20 II 901 to 1800 meter 11.17 55.85 H.6S 25.16 III 1801 to 2400 meter 123.25 61.62 97.00 27.16 IV Above 2401 meter 346.90 9.91 106.89 Total - - 492.72 141.63 256.64 59.52 Thus the total of reserved and unreserved forest area for West Sil-;kim district is 634.35 sq.km. and is 316.16 sq.km. for South Sikkim district. 23 4.3 DISTRIBUTION OF PLOTS: Total number of plots surveyed during the forest inventory in West and South district were 136 and 256 respectively. Distribution of plots by reserved, unreserved and stratum is as follows: Table 6 DJstrlbutlon of plots Item We5tSikkim South Sikkim I II III IV Total I II III IV Total Reserved 13 29 41 14 97 62 34 55 4 155 Unreserved 5 22 12 - 39 12 67 22 - 101 Total 18 51 53 14 136 74 101 77 4 256 It is already stated that standard F.S.I. design has been followed in most of the forest area and in the balance forest area particularly the forest area below 2400 meter altitude Sikkim design has been followed ( Ref. para No.2.3.1). The weightage for survey of 1 plot in F.S.I. design is given as 1121.26 ha. forest area while it is only 61.05 ha. in Sikkim design for the survey of West Sikkim district. Similarly, the weightage for survey of plot in standard F.S.I. design in south district is estimated as 295.86 ha. and area by land use class, topography, aspect etc. is based on the weightage of forest area. In order to increase the intensity of sampling the standard F.S.I. design could not be strictly followed in all the grids mostly in the South district. As a consequence, in a same grid of 2.5'x2.5' both standard F.S.I. design and 5ildtim design (1 km.xl km.) have been followed resulting low weightage of forest area representation per plot in standard F.S.I. design in South district. 4.4 ANALYSIS OF PLOT DESCRIPTION DATA (WEST DISTRICT): Plot description data are analysed separately for each district. The percentage occurrence of various plot description data is calculated and required information is generated on soil, terrain condition, crop etc. The results of West Sikkim district is furnished in the following table: 24 4.4.1 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY LAND USE CLASSES, WEST DISTRICT• . Table 7 Distribution of Forest Area bV land use In West district. Code land use Description No. of plots Forest Percentage area F .5.1. design Sikkim design Total (Ha.) 1 Dense tree forest Forest with 1 4 5 1365 2.15 Canopy density 70% and above 2 Moderately dense Forest with 38 42 80 4517<1 71.21 Canopy density 30-69% 3 Open tree rorest Forest with 7 22 29 919.: 14.49 Canopy density 5-29% 4 Saub forest with Forest 1 2 3 1243 1.96 Canopy density Less than 5% - 5 Bamboo brakes Areas completely - - - covered with - bamboo 6 Shifting wltivatlon Areas under rurren - - - as well as previous - years shifting rultivatlon 7. Young plantation - 2 2 - - 122 of forestry species 0.19 8te Trees in line 1 1 10 - 61 0.10 11 Barren land - - - - 12 AgrlaIlbJral land - 1 3 13()<: 2.06 Without trees 13 AgriQJlturalland " 3 6 9 373( With trees 5.88 14 Non-forest 1 1 1121 1.77 plantation - 15 Habitation - 2 2 12 0.19 16 Water bodies - - - - 18 Young aop - - Of natural - - Or artIficial reqeneration Total: 52 84 136 63435 100.00 The above table reveals that bulk of the forest area are moderately dense followed by open tree forest. The percentage of dense tree forest is 2.15% only. 4.4.2 DISTRIDUTION OF rOREST AREA BV ".UPOGRAPIIV, wr::sr I).Stlllel': Number of plots and distribution of forest area by topography with percentage is furnished in the following table: TableS Distribution of Forest Area by topography, West District. Code Topography No. of_plots Forest area Percentage F.S.I. design Sikkim design Total (Ha.) 1 Flat - - - - 2 Gently rolling - - - - - 3 Hilly - 1 1 61 0.10 4 Very hilly 52 83 135 63374 99.90 Unrecorded - - - . - Total: 52 84 136 63435 100.00 Almost all the forest area in West Sikkim district is under very hilly region and there is no nat and gently rolling topography in the district. 4.4.3 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY ASPECT, WEST DISTRICT: The distribution of forest area by various aspect classes is given below: Table 9 DlstrlbutJon of forest area by as~ West dIstrIct. Code Aspect No. of plats Forest area (HOI.) Percentage F.S.I. desIgn Slkklm desrgn Total 1 Northern 1 6 7 1487 2 .34 2 North - eastern 8 23 31 10375 16.36 3 Eastern 8 3 11 9153 14.43 4 South~astern 15 19 34 17979 28.34 5 Southern 3 13 16 4158 6.55 6 South-western 8 12 20 9703 15.30 7 Western 6 2 8 6850 10.80 8 North-western 3 6 9 3730 5.88 9 No aspect - - - - - Unrecorded - - - - - Total: 52 84 136 63435 100.00 4.4.4 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY ROCKINESS, WEST DISTRICT: Table 10 Distribution of forest area by rockiness, West district Code Rockiness No. of plots Forest arees (HII.) Percentage F.5.1. design Sjkkim design Total 1 High - - - - - 2 Medium 6 9 15 7277 11.47 3 Low 60 22 32 12556 19.79 4 No rock 35 53 89 43602 68.74 Unrecorded - - - - - Total: 52 84 136 63435 100.00 The above table reveals that medium to low rockiness in West Sikkim district is to the extent of 31.26% whereas 68.74% of the forests have negligible rockiness. 26 4.4.5 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY SOIL CONSISTENCY,WEST DISTRICT: Table 11 Distribution of forest area by soli consistency, West district. Code 5011 consistency No.ofprots Forest area (Ha.) Percentage F .S.I. design Slkklm design Total I Friable - 1 I 61 0.10 2 Slightlv compact S2 78 130 63069 99.42 3 Compact - 5 5 305 0.48 4 Cemented - - - - - 5 No soil - -- - - Unrecorded - - - - - Total: 52 84 136 63435 100.00 The above table reveals that soil in the district is friable to the extent of 0.10% only. Most of the soil 99.42% is slightly compact in nature. Compact soil cover 0.48G/o of the forest area only. 4.4.6 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY SOIL TEXTURE: Table 12 Distribution of Forest Area by 5011 texture, West District. Code Soil texture No. of plots Forest areo (HCl.) Percentage F.S.I. design Sikkim design Total I Clayey - -- - - 2 Clayey loam 27 62 89 34061 53.70 3 Loamv 25 20 45 29252 46.11 4 Sandy loam - 2 2 122 0.19 5 Nosoi! -- - - - Unrecorded M -- - M Total: 52 84 136 63435 100.00 The soil texture in the district as noted from the above table ranges between clayey loam to loam where clayey loam prevails largely about 53.70%. Loamy texture occurs 46.11% of the forest area. Sandy loam texture is observed in 0.19% of the forest area. 4.4.7 OISTRIBUnON OF FOREST AREA BY SOIL EROSION, WEST DISTRICT: Table 13 Distribution of forest area by soil erosion,. West district. Code Soil erosion No. of plots Forest Dren (HII.) Percentnge F.S.I. design . _§lk_I!!_I!!.!:!~~g~_ Total - 1 Heavy 3 19 22 4524 7.13 2 Moderale 5 22 27 6949 10.95 3 Mild 40 43 83 47477 74.85 4 No erosion 4 - 4 4485 7.07 Unrecorded - -- - - Total: 52 84 136 63435 100.00 Mild erosion is noticed in maximum forest area to the extent of 74.85%. Heavy erosion and moderate erosion together constitute 18.08% of the forest area. The situation of heavy erosion is 7.13% whereas no erosion zone is 7.07% forest area. 27 4.4.8 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST BY INJURIES TO CROP, WEST DISTRICT: Table 14 Distribution of forest by injuries to crop, West district Code Injuries to crop No. of plots Forest .UC Girdling and illicit felling of trees are the main causes for depletion of natural forests, which accounts 54.08% of the forest. Flood damage and wind also causing 9.03% forest damage. Beside, human agency, other injuries e.g. climber damage, lightning and wildlife also damages about 17.77% of the forest area. The forest area free from injuries is 9.32% only. 4.4.9 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY FIRE INCIDENCE, WES'r DISTRICT: Table 15 Distribution of forest area by fire incidence, West district Code Item No. of plots Forest area Percentage ..~ _. ---- (Ha.) F.S.I. design Sikkim de5ign Totnl 1 Heavy 2 12 14 2975 4.69 2 Moderate 7 12 19 8582 13.53 3 Light 5 23 28 7010 11.05 4 No fire 34 28 62 39833 62.79 Unrecorded 4 9 13 5035 7.94 Total: 52 84 136 63435 100.00 A portion of 62.79% of the forest area is free from fire incidence. The inventory result indicates that 4.69% of the forest are under heavy fire region whereas 13.53% and 11.05% of the forest area is affected by moderate and light fire incidence. 28 4.4.10 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY GRAZING INCIDENCE, WEST DIS1RICT: Table 16 Distribution of Forest Area by Grazing Incidence, West district. Code Grazing No. of J!lots Forest arc" (fI.,.J Percentage F.S.I. design Sikkim design Total 1 Heavy 1 13 14 1915 3.02 2 Moderate 15 23 38 18223 28.73 3 L!9_ht 31 22 53 36103 56.91 4 No_grazing 1 17 18 2159 3.40 Unrecorded 4 9 13 5035 7.94 Total: 52 84 136 63435 100.00 Inventory result indicates that 3.02% forest area is under the innucnce of heavy grazing, while 28.73% and 56.91% of the forest area are effected by moderate and light grazing respectively. Only 3.40% of forest area is free from grazing incidence. 4.4.11 DISTRlBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY PLANTATION POTENTIAUTY, WEST DISTRlCT: Table 17 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY PLANTATION POTENTIAUTY1WEST DISTRICT Code Piolmtation No. of plots Forest IIreli (Ha.) Percentllge potentiality F.S.I. design Sikkim design Total 1 Plantable 8 23 31 10374 16.35 2 Unplantable - 1 1 61 0.10 3 Not applicable 44 58 102. 52878 83.36 Unrecorded - 2 2. 122 0.19 Total: 52 84 136 63435 100.00 Data analysis shows 16.35% of the forest area is found to be suitable for carrying out prantation work while in 83.36% of the forest area this is not applicable because of adequate stocking of tree crop in the above region and does not require further plantation. The percentage of unplantable forest area is 0.10% only. Forest area of 0.19% is under habitation for plantation potentiality could not be judged and placed in the unrecorded group. 4.4.12 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA .BY DEGRADATION, WEST DISTRICT: Table 18 Distribution of Forest.Area by Degradation, West District. Code Status No. of plots Forest area (Ha.) Percentage F.S.I. design Slkklm design Total A. Grazing, fire, pollardlng, Illicit cutting and lopping. 11 Heavily 10 26 36 12800 20.18 12 Moderately 8 32 40 10925 .17.22 13 Mildly 24 19 43 28070 44.24 14 Not d_~s¥aded 10 1 11 11274' 17.78 B. Other natural calamities such as landslides, glaciers flood, rainfall. 21 Heavily - 3 3 183 0.29 22 Moderately - 3 3 122 . _ .. 0,19 23 Mildly --- - ~ 24 Not degraded - - - - ~ Unrecorded - 1 1 61 0.10 Total: 52 84 136 63435 100.00 Degradation on account of biotic interference could be judged from the above table. Heavy to moderate degradation is noticed in 37.88% of forest area of the district. Mildly degraded area constitutes 44.24% forest area whereas areas not subjected to any degradation constitute 17.78% only. 4.4.13 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY INTENSIlY OF REGENERATION, WEST DISTRICT. The intensity of regeneration in forest of the West District is as follows. Table 19 Distribution of Forest Area by regeneration status, West district. Code No. of Seedlings in II No. of Plots Forest Area Percentage 4mX4m plot F .S.I. Design Slkkim Design Total (Ha.) 1 Adequate (8 or more) - 11 11 672 1.06 2 Inadequate 20 26 46 24013 37.85 3 Absent (No seedlings)_ 2,7 31 56 32167 50,71 Unrecorded 5 16 21 6583 10.38 TOTAL 52 84 136 63435 100.00 The status of regeneration is not satisfactory in the district as only 1.06% of the Forest area shows adequate. regeneration • 4.5 Plot description study (South district): Various parameters related to the description of the plot are analyzed, and the results are summarized in the following sub~paragraphs for south district. 30 4.5.1 DISTRIBUnON OF FOREST AREA BY LAND USE ClASSES, SOUTH DISTRICT: Table 20 Distribution of forest area by land use ctasses. Code Land use Description No. of plots Forest erea Percentage F.S.I. design Sikkim design Total (Ha.) 1 Dense tree forest with' 1 13 14 1230 3 .89 forest Canopy density 70% and above 2. Moderately Forest with 40 105 145 19381 61.30 ~ense b"ee forest Canopy density 30-69% 3 Open tree forest Forest with 15 57 12. 8535 2.7.00 canopy density 5-29% 4 Scrub forest Forest with - 3 3 216 0 .68 Canopy density Less than 5% ;_,.. 5 Bamboo brakes ~s completely - - - - - covered with bamboo 6 Shifting Areas under - - - - - rultivation OJtrent as well as previous years shifting rultivatlon 7. lYoung plantation - 2 2 144 0.46 of forestry species 800 Trees In line - 1 1 72 0.23 10 11 Barren land - 7 7 503 1.58 12 Agrirulturalland - 4 4 288 0 .91 Without trees 13 AgrirulbJral land 2 - 2 592 1.87 With trees 14 Noo-forest - 5 5 359 1.14 plantation 15 Habitation 1 - 1 296 0.94 16 Water bodies - -- - - 18 Young crop of - - - - - natural or , artificial regeneration Total: 59 197 256 31616 100.00 The above table shows that most of the forest area is under moderatety dense tree forest followed by open tree forest which constitute 61.30% and 27.00% respectively. The percentage of dense tree forest is only 3.89%. 4.5.2 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY TOPOGRAPHY, SOUTH DISTRICT: Table 21 Distribution of forest. area by topography, South district. Code Topogr-aphy No. of piDis For-est area Percentage F.S.I. design Sikkim design Total {Ha.) 1 Flat - 1 1 72 0.23 2 Gently rolling - - - - - 3 Hilly 21 72 93 11388 36.02 4 Very hilly 38 124 162 20156 63.75 Unrecorded - - - - - Total: 59 197 256 31616 100.00 The above table clearly shows that 99.77% of the forest area falls in hilly or very hilly areas. The district is basically a hilly area with undulating configuration. 4.5.3 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY ASPECT, SOUTH DISTRICT: Table 22 Distribution of Forest Area by Aspect, South District. Code Aspect No. of plots Forest area Percentage F.S.I. design Sikkim design Total (Ha.) 1 Northern 5 14 19 2465 7.86 2 North - eastern 9 31 40 4891 15.47 3 Eastern 3 10 13 1607 5.08 4 South -eastern 16 28 44 6747 21.34 5 Southem 3 17 20 2110 6.67 6 South-western 12 35 47 6066 19.19 7 Western 5 27 32 3420 10.82 a North-western 6 35 41 4290 13.57 9 No aspect - ---- Unrecorded - - - - - Total: 59 197 256 31616 100.00 A close study of the aspect reveals that major portion of the area in the district is with south eastern aspect. Aspect in the hilly areas govems the growth and quality of the crop. 4.5.4 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY ROCKINESS,SOUTH DISTRICT: Table 23 Distribution of forest area by rockiness, South district. Code Rockiness No. of plots Forest area Percentage F.S.I. design Sikkim design Total (HOI.) 1 HJ9h - 3 3 216 0.68 2 Medium 9 38 47 5394 17.06 3 Low 15 49 64 7960 25.18 4 No rock 35 107 142 18046 57.08 Unrecorded - -- - - Total: 59 197 256 31616 100.00 32 The table shows that the district bears practically very little rocky areas. High rock'> and medium rocks exist in the district covering an area of 17.74% forest area bearing low rock constitute 25.18% whereas areas having no rock constitute 57.08% forest area. 4.5.5 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY SOIL CONSISTENCY, SOUTH DISTRICT: Table 24 Distribution of forest area by soli consistency, South district. Code Soli consistency No. of plots Forest area Percentage F.S.I. design 5ikkim design Total (flft.) . 1 Friable 1 11 12 1087 3.44 2 Sliqhtlv compact S5 181 236 29282 92.61 3 Compact 3 4 7 1175 3.72 4 Cemented - - - - - 5 No soil - 1 1 72 0.23 Unrecorded - - - - - Total: S9 197 256 31616 100.00 Most of the soil in the forest area is slightly compact and favorable for vegetative growth and accounts for 92.61% of the project area. 4.5.6 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY SOIL TEXTURE, SOUTH DISTRICT: Table 25 Distribution of forest area by soil texture, South district. Code Soil textur-e No. of plots Forest area PeTcentage F.S.I. design Slkklm design Total (Ha.) 1 Clavey 2 - 2 592 1.87 2 Clayey loam 24 87 111 13355 42.25 3 loamy 32 93 125 16151 51.08 4 Sandy loam 1 16 17 1446 4.57 5 No soil - - - - - Unrecorded - 1 1 72 0.23 Total: 59 197 256 31616 100.00 Texture of soil in the district ranges between clayey loam and loamy texture which accounts for 42.25% and 51.08% respectively. Sandy loam constitutes 4.57% of the forest area. 4.5.7 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY SOIL EROSION, SOUTH DISTRICT: Table 26 Distribution of Forest Area by Soil Erosion, South District. Code Soil erosion No.ofprots Forest area Pen::entage F.S.I. design Sikkim design Total (Ha.) 1 HeavY - 10 10 719 2.27 2 Moderate 9 26 35 4531 14.33 3 Mild 47 133 180 23465 74.22 4 No erosion 3 27 30 2829 8.95 Unrecorded - 1 1 72 0.23 Total: 59 197 256 31616 100.00 Soil is prone to erosion as mild erosion constitutes 74.22% of the forest area. It is noticed that heavily eroded area is 2.27% whereas moderately eroded area constitute 14.33% of the forest area. Soil conservation measures are to be adopted particularly in moderately eroded areas. 4.5.8 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY INJURIES TO CROP, SOUTH DISTRICT: Table 27 Distribution of Forest by Injuries To Crop, South District. Code Injuries to crop No. of plots Forest area Percenblge F.S.I. Sikklm Total (He.) design desrgn 1 Borer attack, leaf detoHater, - . - - - attack or damage by other pest eDidemic 2 ToO drying 1 - 1 296 0.9'4 3 GirdlinQ and illicit felling 47 145 192 24328 76.95 4 Scaring of trees - - - - - 5 Lopping for fodder - 4 4 288 0.91 6 Wind damaCie or flood damaqe - - - - - 7 Other iniuries 4 18 22 2477 7.83 8 No injuries 3 . 14 17 1894 5.99 Unrecorded 4 16 20 2333 7.38 Total: 59 197 256 31616· 100.00 The inventory result reveals that the district is subjected to maximum injuries by human agencies in the fonn of illicit felling and girdling which constitute 76.95% of the forest area. 'Other injuries' which include climber damage, lightening damage, wildlife damage constitute 7.83% of the forest area. Area free from injuries constitutes 5.99% only. It is, therefore, necessary to give protection to damage prone area as far as possible. 4.5.9 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY FIRE INCIDENCE, SOUTH DISTRICT: Table 28 Distribution of Forest Area by Fire Incidence, South District. Code Item No. of plots Forest area Percentage F.S.I. deslan Sikklm deslgn Total (Ha.) 1 Heavv - - - - - 2 Moderate 5 10 15 2198 6.95 3 lioht 18 46 64 8632 27.30 4 No fire 32 125 157 18453 58.37 Unrecorded 4 16 20 2333 7.38 Total: 59 197 256 31616 100.00 The survey result indicates that there is no incidence of heavy fire in the forest. Ught fire incidence occurs In 27.30% of forest area while moderate fire incidence occurs in 6.95%1 forest area only. No fire incidence occurs in 58.37% of the forest area. 34 4.5.10 OISTRIBUnON OF FOREST AREA BY GRAZING INCIDENCE, SOUTH DISTRICT: Table 29 Distri~ution of Forest.Area by Grazing Incidence, South District. Code Grazing No. of plots Forest area Percentage (Ha.) - F.S.I. design Slkklm design Total 1 Heavy 7 28 3S 4084 12.92 2 Moderate 24 59 83 11343 35.88 3 UQht 19 60 79 9933 31.41 4 No arazina 5 34 39 3923 12.41 Unrecorded 4 16 20 2333 7.38 Total: 59 197 256 31616 100.00 It is observed that 12.92% forest area is subjected to heavy grazing while moderately grazing is found to occur in 35.88% forest area. Incidence of light grazing is observed in 31.41% of the forest area. Grazing is demmentaJ to forest regeneration and its occurrence should be minimized as far as possible in moderate to light grazing region. 4.5.11 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY PLANTATION POTENTIAUTY, SOUTH DISTRICT: TabJe30 Distribution of Forest Area by Plantation Potentiality, South District. Code Plantation potentiality No. of plots Forest area Percentage F.S.I. design Sikkim design Total (Hit.) 1 Plantable 18 58 76 9494 30.03 2 Unolantable - 11 11 791 2.50 3 Not aoplicable 41 124 165 21044 66.56 Unrecorded - 4 4 287 0.91 Total: 59 191 256 31616 100.00 Plantation potentiality of the district is 30.03% of the total forest area. It is suggested that plantable areas should be afforested as quickly as possible with suitable species. 35 4.5.12 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY DEGRADATION, SOUTH DISTRICT: Table 31 Distribution of Forest Area by Degradation, South District. Code Status No. ofJ?lots Forest area Percentage F.S.I. design Sikki m design Total (H8.) A. Grazin____!k fire~larding. illicit cuttin_g_ and lopping 11 Heavi!Y_ Degraded 14 61 75 8527 26.97 12 Moderate!Y_ De_graded 19 55 74 9575 30.28 13 Mild!Y_ Degraded 25 70 95 12427 39.31 14 Not deoraded 6 6 - -~ 431 . , - ' . 1.36 B. Other natural calamities such as landslides, ~ laciers f1ooc;h rainfall 21 Heavily~raded - 1 1._. 72 0.23 22 Moderately Degraded - 1 1 72 0.23 23 Mild_!y_ Degraded 1 - 1 296 0.94 24 _ _ _ Not degraded _ - - Unrecorded 3 3 216 0.68 Total: 59 197 256 31616 100.00 The survey result indicates that 27.20 % of the forest area is subjected to heavy degradation. The forest area affected by moderately and mild degradation is 30.51% and 40.25% respectively. The area free from degradation is only 1.36% only. The position is alarming and protection is necessary on a priority basis in the form of rehabilitation. 4.5.13 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY REGENERATION STATUS, SOUTH DISTRICT. Table 32 Distribution of Forest Area bV Regeneration Status, South District. Code Regeneration Status No. of~ots Forest area Percentage (No. of Seedlings in 4m F.S.I. design Sikkim design Total {Ha.} X4m plot) 1 Adequate (8 or more 2 7 9 1095 3.46 seedlil'lg~ 2 In adequate (Less than 20 69 89 10877 34.40 8 seedlings) 3 Absent 33 95 128 16592 52.48 Unrecorded 4 26 30 3052 9.66 Total: 59 197 256 31616 100.00 The status of regeneration is unsatisfactory with only 3.46% of the forest area showing adequate regeneration. 4.6 TREE DENSITY STUDY: The distribution of stemsjha. by species and diameter classes in different altitude stratum and in reserved and unreserved forest have been calculated which are given in Table No. 1.1.1.1 to 1.2.4.1 (vide part II of this report ). The number of stems/ha. by strata for both West and South districts are summarized. 36 ~ i DISTRICT: WEST SIKKIM ! Table 33 Sbatawise distribution of stems per Ha. West District. Stratum Altitude No. of stems/I",. _.... _-- --_ Reserved ------.- Unreselved -- I Upto 900 m . 144.999 110.000 II 900 -1800 m 287.307 193.684 III 1801- 2400 m 190.811 110.000 IV 2400 m+ 270.714 District Average 248.205 135.297 The number of stems/ha. in West Sikkim district is 222.99 without segregating the reserved ari.d unreserved forest. DISTRICT: SOUTH SIKKIM. Table 34 Stratawise distribution of stems per Ha., South District. Stratum Altitude ------No. of stern~/ha. Reserved ---- '--,-- Unreserved I Upto 900 m 168.421 181.667 II 900-1800 m 151.532 182.344 III 1801- 2400 m 211.296 ------'----254.762------IV 2400 m+ 277.500 - District Average 229.093 215.306 Similarly, the number of stemsjha. in South district is 226.50 irrespective of reserved and unreserved forest. 4.6.1 Stratum 1, upto 900 m, reserved - West Sikkim dlstrict~ Salient features of this stratum are given below: • Number of stems/ha. is 144.999. • Trees are mostly concentrated in 10-19 em diameter classes accounting for 48.85% followed by 20.69%, 10.92% and 12.07% in 20-29 em., 30-39 cm. and 40-49 crn. diameter classes respecti vely• • Presence of tree observed upto 70-79 em. diameter classes. Important species with stems/ha. and percentage distribution are as follows: Table 35 Stems/Ha. & % Distribution, West District Stratum-i, >900m, R.F. _--- SQecies Stems/ha. Percent'!.9.e Shorea robusta 74.166 51.15 Garu_g_apinata 10.000 6.90 Alstonia scholaris 9.167 6.32 Schima wallichii 10.000 6.90 4.6.2 Stratum I, upto 900 m unreserved - West Sikkim district: Following observation can be made for this stratum in respect of stems/ ha. • Number of stems/ha. is 110 in this stratum. • Concentration of trees is maximum in 10-19 cm diameter classes which accounts for 59.09% of the total trees of the stratum. • Trees up to 50-59 cm diameter classes are found to be present. .17 STRATUMWISE PISTRIBUTION OF NO. OF STEMS/HA IN WEST DISTRJCT Stratum·1 Stratum·III S1ratum-IV IIIRESERVED DUNRESERVED Number of stems/ha. with percentage for predominant species are furnished below: Table 36 Stems/Ha. &. % Dlst~lbution, West District Stratum- I, >900m, Unreserved. Species Stemslha. Percen~e Sehima walliehii 50.000 45.45 ·Shorea robusta 45.000 40.91 Albizzia /)1'OCera 5.000 4.54 Cflukrasia vellutina 5.000 4.54 4.6.3 Stratum II, 901 to 1800 m, reserved - West Sikkim district: • Number of stems/ha. in this stratum is observed to be 287.307. The associates are mainly Cryptomeria japoniea, Costanopsis spp." Sehima walliehi;, Alnus nepalensis etc. • 60.24% of the sterns are concentrated in 10-19 cm. diameter class followed by 21.55% and 9.50% in 20-29cm.and 30-39cmdiameter classes respectively. • Trees are present in all the diameter classes. The main species in this stratum with percentage of occurrence is shown as below; Table 37 Stems/Ha. & % Distribution, West District Stratum-II, 901-1800m, R.F. Species Stems/ha. Percentage Cryf)tomeria japaniea 56.923 19.81 Castanopsis SfJp. 35.000 12.18 Schima walliehii 33.846 11.78 CastanoPsis indica 19.231 6.69 EnQelharditia spicata 17.308 6.02 Alnus nepalensis 16.923 5.89 4.6.4 Stratum II, 901 to 1800 m, unreserved - West Sikkim district: • Number of stems/ha. is 193.684. Concentration of trees in the lower diameter classes i.e. 10-19 cm. is maximum which accounts for 57.88% of the total trees of this stratum followed by 21.20% and 10.60% in 20-29 cm. and 30-39 cm. diameter classes. • Trees are observed to be present in all the diameter classes except in 80-89 cm. and 90-99 cm. diameter classes. • It is also observed that only 1.9% trees is above 6Ocm.diameter class. Number of stems/ha. with percentage of some of the important species are furnished below: Table 38 Stems/Ha. & % Distribution, West District Stratum-II, >900m, Unreserved. Species Stems/ha. Percentage Scflima wal/iehii 50.526 26.09 Castanopsis spp. 32.632 16.85 EngelhardiUa spicata 15.263 7.88 Alnus nepalensis 14.211 7.33 Eurya japonica 13.684 7.06 Macaranoa SOD. 11.053 5.71 38 4.6.5 Stratum III, 1801 to 2400 m altitude, Reserved - West district: Analysis of the data in this stratum reveals the following conclusions: • Number of stems/ha. in this stratum is 190.811. • 55.24% of the stems are concentrated in 10-19 em. diameLer class followed by 28.33 and 6.09% in 20-29 em. and 30-39 em. diameter classes. • Trees are present 1n all the diameter classes. The stemsl ha. and percentage for some of the dominant species is as follows: Table 39 Stems/Ha. 8r. % Distribution, West District Stratum-III, 1801-2400m, R.F. Species Stems/ha. Percentage Symp/ocos theifo/ia 28.919 15.16 Eurya japonica 13.684 7.17 Alnus nepaulensis 25.676 13.46 Quercus spp. 24.865 13.03 Vibumum spp. 15.135 7.93 Quercus lamellosa 11.892 6.23 4.6.6 Stratum III, 1801 to 2400 m altitude, Unreserved - West district: • Number of stems/ha. in this stratum Is 110. • Stems are mostly concentrated in lower diameter classes. • 60% of trees are concentrated in 10-19 em. diameter class followed by 17.27% and 8.18% in 20-29 em. and 30-39 em. diameter classes. PrinCipal species in this stratum are as under: Table 40 Ste.ms/Ha. 8r. % Distribution, West District Stratum-Ill, 1801-2400m, Unreserve.d. Species Stems/ha. Percentage Symplocos theifo/;a 7.000 6.36 £u_rya japonlca 7.000 6.36 Alnus nepaulensis 17.000 15.45 Viburnum spp, 21.000 19.09 Engelhardtia spicata 7.000 6.36 Phoebe attentuati1 13.000 11.82 4.6.7 Stratum IV, above 2400 m, Reserved - West district: Following observations could be drawn in respect of this stratum: • Number of stems/ha. in the stratum is 270.714. • Stems in this stratum are distributed over all the diameter classes. • Number of stems Is maximum in 10-19 cm. diameter class which is 49.08%. Number of stems present In d1ameter class 20-29 em. and 30-39 em. 15 14.51% and 11.61% respectively. )1) Value of Stemsjha for some of the important species are furnished below: Table 41 Stratum IV, West Disttl<:tr 2400 m+, Reserved. - . _- - .. - Species Stems/ha. Percentage Rhododendron griffitf1ianum 40.714 15.04 Rhododendron arboreum 31.429 11.61 .Rhododendron SI1P. 26.429 9,.76 Niche/iii spp. 21.429 7.91 Symp/ocos laurina 17.857 6.60 Acer camobeJli 13.571 5.01 4.6.8 Stratum I, upto gUUm , Reserved (South district ): The observation in respect of this stratum is as under: • The number of stemsjha. in this stratum is 168.421. • Trees are found to be present in all the diameter classes. • Trees are mostly concentrated in the diameter class 10-19 cm. followed by 20-29cm. and 30-39cm. diameter classes which accounts for 43.65%. 25.73% and 17.50% respectively. The stems per hectare with percentage are furnished below : Table 42 Stratum I, South District, >900m, R.F. Species StemsJha. Percentage Shorea robusta 73.333 43.54 Tectona grandis 11.579 6.87 Na/lotus phillippinensis 9.298 5.52 Schimil wilflichii 9.123 5,42 Ostodes paniculata 6.667 3.96 4.6.9 Stratum I,. upto gOOm, Unreserved (South district): Following conclusions can be drawn from the results of this stratum: • Number of stems per hectare in this stratum is 181.667. • Stems are not present uniformly in all the diameter classes. Stems are mostly concentrated in the lower diameter classes. • 48.17%,26.15% and 17.43% of the stems are present in 10-19,20-29 and 30-39cm. diameter classes respectively. Number of stems/ha with percentage for the predominant species are as under: Table 43 Stratum I,. South Distri~ >900m, Unreserved. SpecIes Stems/ha. PcrcentaQe Shorea robusta 13.333 7.33 Albizzia spp. 14.167 7.80 Enoe/harlitia spicatiJ 12.500 6.88 Schima wa//ichii 43.333 23.85 Ostrxies paniculata 10.000 5.50 Diploknel77il bulyraceil 10.000 5.50 40 4.6.10 Stratum II, 901 to 1800m altitude, Reserved (South district) : Following observations have been made in respect of this stratum: • Number of stems/ha. in this'stratum Is 151.532. • Regarding the distribution of stemS in diameter classes it is observed that most of the stems fall In the diameter classes 10-19 em., whieh accounts for 58.12% followed by 26.40% and 7.36% in the 20-29 cm. and 3()-39 cm. diameter classes respectively. The stems/ha. for species in this stratum with percentage of occurence are furnished below: Tabre44 Stratum II, South District, 901-1800m, R.F. Species Stems/ha. Percentage Alnus nepalensis 10.769 7.11 Michelia Sf)p. 6.923 4.57 Engelhardtia spicata 11.153 7.36 Schima w811ichii 43.460 28.68 Nyssa javanica 4.615 3.04 4.6.11 Stratum II, 901 to 1800m altitude, Unreserved (South district): Salient features of this stratum are furnished below: • Number of stems/ha. Is 182.344. • Stems are observed to be present in all the diameter classes. • Trees are mostly concentrated in 10-19 cm. diameter class, which accounts 60.15% of the total stems of this stratum followed by 20.39%, 9.08% and 5.74% in 20-29 em., 30-39 cm. and 40-49 cm. diameter classes respectively. The number of stems/ha. with percentage for the predominant species are as under: Table 45 Stratum II, South Dlstrl~ 901-1800m, Unreserved. Species Stems/ha. Percentage Schima walfichi; 25.156 13.79 Eurya jaf)l!_nica 11.875 6.51 Castanopsis SPJ). 9.375 5.14 Engelharditia sJ)icaliJ 23.906 13.11 Alnus species 10.938 6.00 Macaranga SJ)p. 8.594 4.71 Viburnum SPIl. 9.844 5.40 4.6.12 Stratum I1lr 1801 to 2400m altitude - Reserved (South district): The observation in respect of this stratum is as under: • Number ofstems/ha. is 211.296. • Trees are found to be present in all the diameter classes. 1.67% of the trees are present even over 90 cm_ diameter classes. • Trees are mostly concentrated in the lower diameter classes 54.60%, 24.45% and 8.59% of the trees are found to be present in 10-19 cm.,20~29 em. and 30·39 em. diameter classes respectively. 4t Stems/ha. for the major occurring species with percentage are summarized below: Table 46 Stratum III, South Distri~ 1801-2400m, R.F. Species Stems/ha. Percentage Symp/ocos theifolia . 40.741 19.28 Phoebe altenuata 18.148 8.59 C_ryplomeria jaoonica 12.963 6.13 Eurya japonica 12.407 5.87 Machi/us spp~ 11.667 5.52 Litxlea spp. 11.296 5.34 4.6.13 Stratum 111,1801 to 2400m altitude, Unreserved - (South district): Following observations in respect of this stratum is noted: • Number of stems/ha._ls 254.762. • Trees are found to occur in all the diameter classes even upto 100 cm. diameter classes but trees are mostly concentrated within 40 cm. diameter class. • 55.14% of the trees are concentrated in 10-19 em. diameter classes followed by 27.66% and 10.47% of trees in 20-29 em. and 30-39 cm. diameter classes respectively. Stems/ha. with percentage for some of the important species furnished below: Table 47 Stratum III, South District, 1801-2400m, Unreserved. Species Stems/ha. Percentage £urya japg_nica 34.762 13.64 Vibumum species 30.952 12.15 CastanofJ_sis SPO. 20.000 7.85 Cryptomeria jaf)Onica 30.000 11.78 Alnus nepalensis 31.429 12.34 Sy_mplocos theifb/ia 18.095 7.10 4.6.14 Stratum IV, above 2400 m. altitude, Reserved, (South district): • Number of stems/ha. is 277.500. • Trees are found to be present in almost all the diameter classes. Most of the trees are concentrated in the lower diameter classes. 48.65% of the trees are found to be present in 10- 19 cm. diameter classes followed by 21.62% and 9.01% and 11.71% of trees in 20-29 cm.,30-39 cm., 4~9 cm. diameter classes respectively. • Main association of the species in this stratum are Utsaea spp., Querrus spp., Symp/oces thei;oJia, Rhododendron spp./ and Machi/us spp. The stems/ha. and percentage of occurrence for the above species are furnished below: Table 48 Stratum IV, South Distri~ 2400m+, R.F. Species Stems/ha. Percentage Litsaea spp. 87.500 31.53 Querrus spp. 50.000 18.02 Symp/ocos theiFo/ia 40.000 14.41 Rhododendron spp. 30.000 10.81 Machi/us sj)P~ 30.000 10.81 4.7 Toml stems: The total number of stems in different stratum and in both the districts by species and diameter classes have been estimated and given In Table No. 2.1.11 to 2.2.4.1 (vide Part II of this report). These are summarized as follows: Table 49 No. of stems In the forests of West Sikklm: Stratum Description Total stems ('000 No.) ReserVed Unreserved I Upto 900m altitude 165 157 II 900 to 1800m 321 1082 III 1800-2400m 2352 678 IV 2400m + altitude 9391 - Total: 12229 1917 Table 50 No. of stems In the forests of South Slkklm: Stratum Description Total stems ('000 No.) Reserved Unreserved I UDto 900m altitude 641 131 II 900 to 1800m 222 459 III 1800 -2tJOOm 2050 692 IV 2400m + altitude 2966 - Total: 5879 1282 Thus, total number of stems in West and South Sikkim district is 14.146 million and 7.161 million respectively. 4.8 Volume studies: The distribution of volume/ha. by species and diameter classes in different stratum in West and South Sikkim district has been calculated and given in table No. 3.1.1.1 to 3.2.4.1 (vide Part II of this report). The volume/ha. by stratum and district is summarized in the subsequent paragraphs: Table 51 Volume(m3)/ha. In the forests of West Sikklm: Stratum l Description Volume j m )lha. Reserved Unreserved I Upto 900m altitude 66.813 67.078 II 900 to l800m 111.266 70.120 III 1800-2400m 130.196 113.009 IV 2400m + altitude 283.047 - The volume/ha. for the entire West Slkkim Is 201.90 m3 merging the reserved and unreserved forest area. Table 52 Volume(m3)/ha. 1n the forests of South Slkklm: Stratum Description 3 , Volume (m )/ha. Reserved Unreserved I UDto 900m altitude 77.250 69.571 II 900 to l800m 52.752 77.272 III 1800-2400m 137.916 103.276 IV 2400m + altitude 204.533 - 43 STRATUM WISE DISrR1BUTION OF TOTAL STEMS (IN '000 NOS.) IN WEST D1STRICT. Stratum-IV Stratum-III [}157 Stratum-I 1J165 STRATUMWISE DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL STEMS (IN '000 NOS.) IN SOUTH DISTRICT. Stratum-III Stratum-II Stratum-I The volume/ha. for South Slkkim district 15 139.62 ml only Irrespective of reserved and unreserved forest area. 4.8.1 VOLUME STUDIES, STRATUM I, RESERVED UPTO 900M ALTITUDE, WEST DISTRICT: The analysis of the inventory data in this stratum reveals the following conclusions= • The volume/ha. in this stratum is 66.813 mlonly. • Most of the volume is concentrated in the 40-49 cm. diameter classes which accounts 30.25% followed by 13.87% and 26.81% In 30-39 em. and 50-59 em. diameter classes respectively. • Volume of stems Is present upto 70-79 em. diameter class. • The main species in this stratum is Shorea robusta. The Volume/ha.with percentage for some of the species are given below: Tab1eS3 Volume/Ha., Stratum I, West District, R.F. Species VolUmeIm 31Lha. Percentage Shorea robustiJ 26.881 40.23 Tetrameles nudiflora 9.789 14.65 Schima wi/lllchi; 6.221 9.31 Pinus soecies 4.856 7.27 4.8.2 VOLUME STUDIES, STRATUM I UNRESERVED UPTO 900M ALTITUDE WEST DISTRICT: The Inventory results Indicates the following information: • The volume/ha. is only 67.078 m3 in this stratum. • Trees are found to be present in the irregular diameter classes which is also reflected in the volume estimation i.e. illicit felling might be the regular practice in this stratum. The volume/ha. with percentage for the volume contributing species is furnished below: Table 54 Volume/ Ha. Stratum I, West District, Unreserved. Species .. Volume (ml)/ha. Percentage Shorea robustiJ 60.775 90.60 Chukrasia vellutina 0.557 0.83 Schima wi//I;chii 4.857 7.24 4.8.3 VOLUME STUDIES, STRATUM II, RESERVED 900-1800M ALTITUDE WEST DISTRICT: Following observation can be made for this stratum: • Volume/ha. is 111.266 m3 only. • Volume is found to be present in all the diameter classes. 44 • 19.78% of volume is observed in 40-49 em. diameter classes. It is interesting to note that 6.84% of the total volume of the stratum is found in 100 em. diameter class and above. The volumejha. with percentage for some of the volume contributing species are furnished as follows: TabieSS Volume/Ha., West Dlstrlct, Stratum II, R.F. Spec'es Volume ~/ha_._ _ Percentage Cryplvmeria japonica 20.307 18.25 Castanopsis species 16.089 14.46 Alnus nepalensis 1S.333 13.78 EnJ]eJharcitia spicata 12.082 10.85 Quercus lamellosa 11.637 10.46 Schima walliehi; 7.752 6.97 4.8.4 VOLUME STUDIES, STRATUM 11 UNRESERVED 900-1800M ALTITUDE WEST DISTRICT: Following observation is drawn from the inventory results: • The volume/ha. in this stratum is 70.120 ml only. • Volume is found to be present in all most all the diameter classes upto 70-79 em. diameter class. The volume/ha. with percentage for some of the species are furnished below: Table S6 Volume/Ha., West District, Stratum II, Unreserved. Species Volume Cm')jha. Percentage Schima walliehi; 20.515 29.26 Ci1stiJnopsis species 4.980 7.10 Alnus neQafensis 4.618 6.59 Engelharritia spicata 7.657 10.92 Shorea robusta 7.758 11.06 4.8.5 STRATUM III, R.ESERVEO, 1800·2400Mi WEST DISTRICT: The following observations have been made In respect of this stratum: 3 • Number ofvolume/ha. Is 130.196 m • • Predominant species In the stratum In respect of volume Is Quercus lamellosa and Castanopsls species which cc;>ntribute 26.71 % and 26.15% of the total volume respectively. • It is also evident from the result that percentage contribution of volume by matured trees over 60 em. diameter is 62.99% of the total volume of the stratum. • Volume of trees is observed in all the diameter classes and almost evenly distributed. This is due to less biotic inference in this high altitudinal zone. Volume/ha. with percentage for some of the species are furnished below: Table S7 Volume/Ha., west District, Stratum III, R.F. Species Volume {m3 )/ha. Percentage r---ouercus lame/losa 34.781 26.71 Ci1stanopsis species 34.052 26.15 Alnus nepalensis 14.929 11.47 Quen:us spicota 7.496 5.76 Quercus spp. 7.060 5.42 Synmploces theirolia 5.529 4.25 45 I STRATUMWlS.E DISTRIBUTION OF VOLUME(m3)/HA IN WEST DISTRICT 300 200 100 ~ A~ ~" A\:",t " /~~~ O~------~------~------~------~ Stratum-I Stratum-II Stratum-III Stratum-IV CRESERVED CUNRESERVED -./t>.A- JfL1'>~. ~ ~. A~O ' " -·O :*,"·-__".~-' ~--' ------.,.-~~~~:-===="""":6,' Stratum-I: ;Strati.im~li .... ," 4.8.6 STRATUM III UNRESERVED, 1800-2400M; WEST DISTRlcr: Salient features of volume distribution in this stratum is as follows: • Volume/ha. In this stratum Is 113.009 ml. • CastanopsiS species is the main volume contributing species, which contributes 26.85% of the total volume of the stratum. • Maximum contribution of volume is observed in 90-99 cm. diameter classes which accounts for 38.42% followed by 100 em. above which is 24.92% of the total volume. • Castanopsfs spp. contributes the maximum portion of volume, which contributes 30.344 mJ/ha. The lIolume/ha. with percentage for some of the important species are appended below: Table 58 Volume/Ha., West District, Stratum III, Unreserved. Species Volume (m3 )/ha. Percentage Castanof!_siS spp. 30.344 26.85 Castanopsis indica 15.552 13.76 Engelharotia spicata 19.394 17.16 Schima wal/fehif 17.365 15.37 Quercus lamellosa 11.547 10.22 4.8.7 STRATUM IV, RESERVED, 2400 AND ABOVE: WEST SIKKIM: Following observation in respect of volume studies in this stratum are as follows: 3 • Volume per hectare is 283.047 m • • Volume Is almost uniformly distributed In all the diameter classes. Maximum volume Is observed in the diameter class 100 cm. and above, which is 16.55% followed by 16.44% in 80-89 cm. diameter class. • It can be safely concluded that percentage contribution of volume by mature trees over 60 em. diameter is about 65.81% of the total volume. Volume/ha. with percentage for some of the species is furnished below: Table 59 Volume/Ha., West district,. Stratum, IV, R.F. Species Volume (m3 )/ha. Percentage Quercus ramel/osa 34.194 12.08 Rhododendron s.J).J). 23.066 8.15 M;chelia spp. 32.759 11.57 Abies pfndrow 45.143 15.95 Quercus lanceafOfia 38.924 13.75 4 .8.8 VOLUME STUDIES, STRATUM I, RESERVED FOREST UPTO 900M~ SOUTH DISTRICT: An analysis of the inventory result leads to the following inference; 1 • Volume per hectare in this stratum is 77.250m • • Shorea robusta is the main volume contributing species in this stratum and contributes about 45.17% of the total volume. 46 • Volume is distributed in all the diameter classes. The maximum concentration of volume is noticed in 30-39 cm. diameter class followed by 40-49 cm. diameter class which accounts for 20.84% and 20.54% respectively. Volume/ha. with percentage of some of the species are summarized as follows; Table 60 Volume/Ha., South District, Stratum I, R.F. Species Volume (m3 )/ha. Percentage Shorea robusta 34.890 45.17 Schima wallichii 11.493 14.88 A/bizzia species 3.567 4.62 Duabanga grandiflora 3.400 4.40 4.8.9 VOLUME STUDIES, STRATUM I, UNRESERVED 900·1800M , SOUTH DISTRICT: Salient features in respect of volume distribution of this stratum is as below: • Volume/ha. is 69.571 m3 only. • Volume Is evenly distributed In different diameter classes. Maximum concentration is found in 30- 39 cm. diameter class followed by 40-49 cm. diameter class which accounts for 2.4.96% and 17.13% respectively. • Volume above 6Ocm.diameter Is 21.883 m3 which is 31.46% of the total volume. The volume/ha. with percentage for some of the species is furnished below: Table 61 Volume/Ha., South District,. Stratum I, Unreserved. Species Volume (m~/ha. Percentage Shorea robusta 8.227 11.83 Schima wallichii 11.210 16.11 Albizzia species 6.475 9.31 DuabanCla Qrandiflora 7.705 11.08 4.8.10 VOLUME STUDIES, STRATUM 11, RESERVED 900-1800M, SOUTH DISTRICT. Following observation is drawn from the result of the inventory: • Volume/ha. in this stratum is 52.752m3 only. • So far about the diameter class wise distribution of volume is concerned, the volume/ha. is almost uniform upto 69 em. diameter classes and more or less vary between 14.17% to 20.75%. • Volume above 60 em. diameter class is only 24.91%. Volume/ha. with percentage for some of the volume contributing species is appended below: Table 62 Volume/Ha., South District, Stratum II, R.F. Species Volume (m3 }/ha. Percentage Schima wallichii 12.253 23.23 Engefhal1itia spicata 8.522 16.15 Alnus nepa/ensis 7.046 13.36 47 4.8.11 VOLUME STUDIES, STRATUM II, UNRESERVED 900-1800M, SOUnt DISJRICT: Salient features in respect of volume in this stratum is appended below; • Volume/ha. in this stratum is 77.272 m3/ha. • Volume Is distributed In all the diameter classes. The maximum concentrated is noticed In 40-49 cm. diameter class followed by 10-19 cm. and 30-39 em. diameter classes which accounts for 17.76%, 13.39% and 13.58% respectively. Value of Volume/ha. with percentage for some of the volume contributing species is summarized below; Table 63 Volume/Ha., South District,. Stratum II, Unreserved. ..§p_f!cies Volume {m3 )fha. Percentage Schima wallichii 6.972 9.02 Engelhanitia spicata 11.395 14.75 CastanOPffis species 5.480 7.09 4.8.12 VOLUME STUDIES, RESERVED STRATUM nl, 1800-2400M, SOUTH DISTRICT: 3 • Volumejha. in this stratum is 137.916 m • • Distribution of volume is noticed in all the diameter classes. Maximum concentration is observed in 70-79 em. diameter class which accounts for 15.10% followed by 60-69 em. and 80-89 em. diameter class which is 11.69% and 11.80% of the total stems of this stratum. The main association of species with value of volume/ha. and percentage are furnished below: Table 64 Vo[ume/Ha., South DistTict, Stratum III, Reserved S__Q_ecies Volume(m3)1 ha. Percentage CastanC!l§is spp. 27.569 20.00 _Quercus lamelfoSil 17.033 12.35 Mach/Ius s_I2_ecies 16.314 11.83 Quercus lanceaerolia . 7.873 5.71 _Q#ercus sp~ 6.784 4.92 2x_ml2./OCUS theifo;;a 6.263 4.54 Phoebe attenuata 4.299 3.12 4.8.13 VOLUME STUDIES, UNRESERVED, STRATUM III, 1800-2400M-SOUTH DISTRICT. Salient features in respect of volume in this stratum are as under: • Volume/ha. in this stratum is only 103.276m3 only. • Volume is uniformly distributed in all the diameter classes. The maximum concentration is noticed in the 20-29cm. diameter class followed by the 30-39cm. and lO·19cm. diameter classes which accounts for 17.37%, 15.46% and 13.26% of the total respectively. • Volume is observed from over 10Ocm.diameter classes and accounts for 13.38%. • Casfanopsisspecies is the main volume contributing species having 34.068 m3/ ha. The value or vOltllilC /11.1. wilh p(,l(enICl\lC for SOltlf' of 1111' jlllltollOlll1 'lJlf·IIt. ~'. iIi '.tI""I1;lIl/f'(llwrow: TalJlc 65 Volume/lla., Soulh Olsbld, Sltalul11111, Umcscrvcd. 3 ~ecfes Volume (01 )1 ha_.__ Percentage Castanopsis spp. 34.068 32.99 Quercus lamellosa 7.406 7.17 Alnus nel)iJlensis 7.879 7.63 Cryptomeria iaf)Onica 11.519 11.15 AlnussPD. 5.22'1 5.06 4.8.14 VOLUME STUDIES, STRATUM IV, RESERVED, 2400M & ABOVE, SOUTH DISTRICT: The following observation may be drawn from the result of the inventory of this stratum: 3 •. Volume/ha. is 204.533 m • • Volume is distributed uniformly in all the diameter classes except in 90-99 cm. diameter where volume is practically absent. • Volume is maximum in the diameter class above 100 cm. which accounts 23.12% of the total volume of the stratum. Volume is also concentrated in 40-49 em. diameter class followed by 80- 89 em., 70-79 cm. diameter classes which accounts 19.49%, 14.37% and 10.22% respectively. The principal volume contributing species with percentage are summarized below: Table 66 Volume/Ha., South District, Stratum IV, R.F. Species Volume (m1}/ha. Percentage Quercus species 100.275 49.03 Litsaea species 27.666 13.53 Castanopsis species 24.183 11.82 Machi/us odoratissima 12.716 6.22 Machi/us species 11.155 5.45 Betula cylindrastachys 7.280 3.56 4.9 TOTAL VOLUME: Total growing stock is 11.624 million ml and 1.183 million m3 in reserved and unreserved forest of West Sikkim district respectively. The same is 3.895 million m 3 and 0.52'1 million m3 in reserved and unreserved forest of South Sikkim district. An abstract of total growing stock by district and stratum is summarized below: Table 67 StriJtawlse Volume distribution fn the forests of West 8t South Slkklm J District Stratum Total Volume ('000 m ) Reserved Unreserved West Sikkim I Upto 900 m altitude 76 95 II,900-1800 m altitude 124 392 III 1800-2400 m altitude 1605 696 IV, 2400 m and above 9819 - Total: 11624 1183 South Sikkim I,Upto 900 m altitude 294 50 II, 900~1800 m altitude 77 194 111,1800-2400 m altitude 1338 280 IV, 2400 m and above 2186 -- Total: 3895 524 -----_-.- -_. ._- - -_... _------STRATUMWISE DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL VOLUME( in '000 m3) IN WEST DISTRICT 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 o~~~~~~~~~~~~ Stratum-/ Stratum-II Stratum-I/I Stratum-IV RESERVED 76 124 1605 9819 UNRESERVED 95 392 696 STRATUMWISE DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL VOLUME (in '000 m3) IN SOUTH DISTRICT Thus, the total growing stock of West and South Sikkim is 12.81 million m~ and 4.42 million m3 respectively taking Into account the merging of reserved and unreserved forest area together. 4.10 ERROR CALCULATION: Standard error has been estimated separately for each stratum both for West and South district of Sikkim. Attempt is also made to calculate the standard error for reserved and unreserved forest areas also. Percentage of error for each stratum in the district is given as follows: Table 68 Standard Error. District Stratum Standard error 0/0 Reserved Unreserved West Sikki m I_L ~pto 900 m altitude 24.19 38.64 I1,900-laOO m altitude 17.48 20.36 III 1800-2400 m altitude 15.46 24.37 IV, 2400 m and above 21.59 - Total! 10.16 15.44 South Sikkim I,Upto 900 m altitude 12.51 - 24.37 11,900-1800 m altitude 16.90 12.36 II~,1800-2400 m altitude 13.66 19.49 IV, 2400 m and above 19.91 - Total: 8.1S 10.09 The standard error % for West district and South district is 8.68% & 6.39% respectively, irrespective of reserved and unreserved forest area. 50 CHAPTER: V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5.1 SUMMARV: At the end of the discussion, the main points to be pondered may be summarized for understanding the various aspects of the present Inventory. For this, several angles of the survey have been considered and the corresponding information have been amalgamated and judged from these angles. INVENTORV AREA: The inventory area is comprised of the forest area of West and South district of Sikkilll. The total forest area of West Slkkfm Is 634.35 sq.km whereas It Is 316.16 sq.km for South Slkklm. The percentage of forest area to total geographical area for West and South Sikkim is 54.40% and 42.16% respectively. ALTITUDINAL STRATA: • In either of these districts bulk of the forest are moderately dense followed by open tree forest. • The percentage of dense tree forest in these districts is meagre, viz.2.1S% in West Sikkim and 3.89% in South Sikkim. PER HECTARE STEMS AND VOLUME: • The tree density expressed in terms of number of stems/ha. in West and South 5ikkim is 222.99 and 226.50 respectively. • Per hectare volume for West and South Sikkim is 201.90 m3 and 139.81 mJ respectively. • Mild soil erosion was observed in most of the forests in the two districts. • As per the inventory results, the fire incidences do not seem to be a major problem in these districts except some areas in West Sikkim where heavy effects of fire incidences were observed. • It was noticed that major injury to crops in both the districts is by way of girdling and illicit felling. ESTIMATION OF TOTAL STEMS AND VOLUME: • The total number of stems in West dislrict of Sikkim is 14.14 million whereas for South district it accounts to 7.16 million. 5l • The volume of total growing stock for West and South districts are estimated as 12.81 million m3 and 4.42 million rtr respectively. OTHER FEATURES: • Percentage of forest area damaged bV light to moderate grazing is 85.64% for West Sikkim and 67.29% ror South Sikkim districts. However, occurrence of heavy grazing is found to be 3.02% and 12.92% for West and South districts respectively. • 20.47%of the forest area Is heavily degraded in West Sikkim while it is 27.20% in South SikJdm. The forest area affected by moderate and mild degradation ;s also profound (61.65% in West Sikkim and 70.76% in South Sikkim). ANALYSIS: Though the ratio of the percentage of forest area to the total geographical area for both the West and South districts of Sikkim are more than the prescribed figures in the National Forest PoliCY-1988, it is the general health of these forests which should be a matter of concern for the management agency. Really dense forests in both the districts are only a small fraction and most of the crop is moderatety dense and open tree forests. Major portions of the forests are subjected to injuries by way of girdling and illicit felling in both the districts but the problem seems to be more grave in South district. Adequate protection measures need to be taken up to curb these practices causing degradation of forests. Heavy degradation was observed in about one fourth of the forests in these two districts which needs to be immediately checked. Although effective steps are also required to deal with the . problems of soil erosion, fire grazing etc. which are of moderate nature, a lion share of efforts must go to putting some check on degradation of forests through human agencies. 5.2 COMPARISON WITH THE PAST INVENTORY: Earlier survey was carried out by F.S.I. in 1988 in the 4 districts of Sikkim State. But in the year 1998, only two districts e.g. west and South districts are inventoried. The result of the last inventory of the two districts will now be compared with the present inventory of the two districts to analyze and monitor periodically in accordance with one of the' objectives of F.S.I. The findings of the present survey of 1998 has been compared with the earlier survey of 1988 in terms of number of stems per hectare and percentage of occurrence in different diameter classes which is furnished in the following tables taking in to consideration the reserved and unreserved forest combined for both the districts. 52 Table 69 West Sikkim district (Comparative) Diameter class (em.) No. of stems/ha. Percenta_g_c Year of survey Year of survey Year of survey Vcnr of survey 1988 _. 1998 1908 1998 10-19 105.10 115.20 44.74 51.70 20-29 48.43 38.91 20.61 17.46 30-39 25.44 22.89 10.83 10.27 40-49 23.04 14.75 9.81 6.62 SO-59 10.71 8.89 4.56 3.99 60-69 9.91 7.85 4.25 3.52 70-79 4.52 3.38 1.92 1.52 80-89 2.79 4.39 1.19 1.97 90-99 2.84 2.55 1.21 1.14 100+ 2.08 4.03 0.88 1.81 Total: 234.94 222.84 100.00 100.00 Table 70 South Sikkim district (Comparative) Diameter class No. of stemslha. Percentage (em) Year of survey Vear nf survey Year of survey Yenr of survey 1988 1998 1988 1998 10-19 81.27 116.77 34.78 51.55 20-29 63.26 53.31 27.07 23.54 30-39 27.30 22.42 11.68 9.90 40-49 19.23 17.03 8.23 7.52 50-59 14.57 3.55 6.24 1.57 60-69 12.24 4.20 5.24 1.85 70-79 6.53 3.38 2.79 1.49 80-89 3.70 2.74 1.58 1.21 90-99 3.30 0.48 1.41 0.21 100+ 2.30 2.62 0.98 1.16 Total: 233.70 226.50 100.00 1.00_00 . --- -_. The comparative picture in terms of stems/ha. during the last decade when viewed side by side indicate a very negligible change but this change became important when analysed diameter class-wise. The dala leads to the following conclusion. i. The data reveals that in the lower diameter class viz. 10-19cm. tree density has Increased by 6.96% in West Sikkim district but it has increased to a large extent of 16.77% in South district. This may be due to the recent attempt of protection and management of forests by the Forest Department through ban on grazing and illegal activities in reserve forests, afforestation activities in forest areas, soil and water conservation programmes and announcement of the year 1995 as Green Revolution year to prevent the existing green cover and in furlher increase through massive plantation. Thus, the recent plantation program has caused for increase in number of stems in the lower diameter classes. This also indicates that prevelltion of grazing in the reserved forests and plantation areas is successful which is one of the main objective of tile Departmental Program. 5.1 ii. The significant decrease in the occurrence of sterns between diameter class 20-70 em. is noticed. The number of stems/ha. has decreased from 117.53 to 93.29 in West district whereas the same has decreased from 136;60 to 100.51 per hectare in South district. Inventory results during this decade indicate that girdling and illicit felling of trees is 54.08% in West district and 76.95% in South district which appears to have affected heavily the diameter classes of 20 cm. to 70 cm. iii. The number of stems/ha. above 7Ocm. diameter class is 12.23 and 14.35 in year 1988 and 1998 in ease of West district but the stem/ha. is 15.83 and 9.22 in the 1988 and 1998 for South district. Thus, the change in stems I ha. above 70cm. onward is not so significant particularly in West district indicating the good maintenance of forest particularly in the high altitude where the high diameter class trees are more and protection is easy as the forest is far from the locality. The Forest Department is to pay attention so that a considerable portion of the growing stock is available for actual utilization and not allowed to be spoiled by decay and over maturity. iv. The comparative study is confined to distribution of stems only as volume estimation in year 1988 was carried out on timber volume only. Timber volume is the under bark volume of trees of all the species having D.B.H. (O.B.) 30cm. and above and thus volume below 30 em diameter (O.B.) was not included in the earlier report of 1988. As such, comparative analysis in respect of volume distribution seems to be irrelevant. _.. --- 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY , 1. Census of India, 1991 Series 22~ Sikkim, Part XII- A & B, District census Handbook- North, East, South and West Districts, Village and Town Directory, Village and Town wise primary census abstract. 2. Census of India, 1991 Series 1- India, Final Population Totals: Brief Analysis of Primary Census Abstract. 3. Economic Survey, 1996-97 Ministry of Finance, Economic Division. 4. Annual Administrative Report, 1995-96, Forest Department, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok. 5. State Report on Agricultural Census 1980-81, Agricultural census Uflit, Bhanupath, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok. 6. A special paper on literacy, Sikkim State, Paper-I of 1983, office of the Director of Census Operations, Sikkim. 7. Sikkim- An Economic Survey, (1992-93), Bureau of Economics and StatistiCS, (Planning and Development Department), Gangtok, Sikkimk. 8. Sikkim's Onward March (Since December, 1994), information and Public ReJations Departemnt, Government of Sikk.im. 9. Forest Cover Mapping through Digital Image Processing of Indian Remote Sensing sattelite Dat with special reference to Sikkim- Procedural Manual and Inventory, Forest department, Government of Sikklm and R.R.S.C., (I.S.R.O.) Kharagpur, West Bengal. 10. Census of India 1991, Series 22, Sikkim, Part IV B(ii), Religion. 55 Are:'! 4-Bombay u-I - 4... e------=.PROJECT MAP OF SOUTH AND WEST SIKKIM SOUTH DIST. ""...... '"'-\;..,. -,...... J S f , J I S ~, ' ~( \ f I \1 ,Bakhim ( I a.. /;) . l ( UJ z i I w E s T N (j A L FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA r=;-;=== --:;::-1;:C;-:: - - '1:_ J;=------;;;;==O:;'X_ __ ...... INVENTORY DESIGN- FOLLOWED ABOVE 240() Mo Al TlTUDE IN SIKKIM 15° D fAGRAM_ I IS' 0 IAGRAM SHOWING 0 5 I OENTIFICATI6N OF GRIDS GRID No_o 0 ill 0 N I: 50,000 OR I : 63,360 04 / S CALE Topa ?HEETS /' 10 03 i ~~a 02 01 150 °700 01 02 03 04 05 0 76° 30' 76 45' , 0 DIAGRAM_ 2 DIAGRAM SHOWING MARKING 1 OF PLOT L~_2_~:_~ 2 /2' GRID IX' e.1y' ARE THE DISTANCESo ALONG 'Xl . So~Wo AS o.ly' AXES-WITti0 _____- CORNER TilE' ORIGI N . oi O' !Ol ORIGIN ... ::;; - DIAGRAM~ 3 co I() DIAGRAM SHOWING 1 _. LAY OUT OF PLOT f; -: /0· .. , SO 51 . 52 53 54 55 56 ,. lKm +_jK~_+_lKm._+-lKm_.+_JK~ ORIENTA liON OF GRDS OF SIZE 1Km. x lKm. BELOW AL TIlUDE 2400 M. (SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING J (ENTRE POINT PLOT SIZE:-O.IHA. « a.. :c N A L w E s T ~ INDEX INTERNA TlONAL BOUNDARY STATE BOUNDARY DISTRICT BOUNDARY NATIONAL HIGHWAY _0, .... ---- OTHER ROADS 88° 15' 88° 15' SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF GRIDS BY STRATA . SCALE:- 1: 300,000 ...... ' .... , 0 '" ,.p l' \ ,y I, 7SA- I 6 \ 27· 27° 30' 30' --l ~ a... ~ - ~.-- .~. ~-- LU ~ ~ Z VI l- n· 15' -:R E FER ENe E S'-, INTERNA TIONAL BOUNDARY r'".771 S r I,ll T fI- I r IlESFilVELl I LLLJ STA TE BOUNDARY STRATA-II ( - 00- B DISTRICT BOUNDARY STRATA- III ( - DO ~ § 27· RIVER --==-=-=-=;.~ 27° O' STRATA-IVI-DO o· "ROAD OJIIJ GRIDE 1Km. X 1Km. I BELOW 21.00 m, ) STRATA- I I UIIRESERVEO ) E2EJ GRIDE 2)" x 23{ IABOVE 2400m,) STRATA- II ( - DO - 2 rrm STRATA- III I - DO - 0', PART - II (STATISTICAL TABLES) SIKKIM SURVEY WEST AND SOUTH DISTRICT CONTENTS Table No. Contents Dlstrfct Stratum Res.fUnres. Page No 1.1.1.1. stem per hecrare (In No.) by species and dIameter classes W.Sikklm I Reserve 1 o ( I. cOl\) I. 1.1.2. 0, Do I Unreserve 2 1.1.2. I. Do Do II Reserve 3-4 1.1.2.2. Do Do 11 Unreserve 5-6 1. 1.3.1. Do Do III Reserve 7-8 1.1.3.2. 00 Do III Unreserve 9 I. 1.4. 1. Do Do IV Reserve 10 1.2.1.1. Do S~S[kkim I Reserve 11 -' 12 1.2.1.2. Do Do Unreserve 13 - 14 1.2.2.1. Do Do II Reseve 15 - 16 1.2.2.2. Do Do II Unreserve 17-18-19 1.2.3.1. Do Do III Reserve 20-21-22 1.2.3.2. Do Do III Unreserve 23 - 24 1.2.4.1. Do Do IV Reserve 25 2.1.1.1. Total Stem (In No.) by species and dIameter classes (~e.,.) W.Sikkim I Reserve 26 2.1.1.2. Do Do Unreserve 27 2.1.2.1. Do Do II Reserve 28 - 29 2.1.2.2. Do Do II Unreserve 30 - 31 2.1.3. L Do Do III Reserve 32 - 33 2.1.3.2. Do 00 111 Unreserve 34 2.1.4.1. Do Do IV Reserve 35 2.2.1.1. Do S.Sikkim I Reserve 36 - 37 2.2.1.2. Do Do I Unreserve 38·39 2.2.2.1. Do Do II Reserve 40 - 41 2.2.2.2. Do Do II Unreserve 42-43-44 2.2.3.1. Do Do III Reserve 45-46-47 2.2.3.2. Do Do 111 Unreserve 48 - 49 2.2.4.1. Do do IV Reserve 50 3.1.1.1. DIstrIbution ofvol.{m3)/h~.by specIes & 010. Clcs$!ts.{;"c,..)W.Sikkim Reserve 51 3.1.1.2. Do Do Unreserve 52 3.1.2.1. Do Do II Reserve 53 - 54 3.1.2.2. Do Do II Unreserve 55 - 56 3.1 .3.1. Do Do III Reserve 57 3 .1.3.2. Do Do III Unreserve 58 3.1.4.1. Do Do IV Reserve 59 3.2.1.1. . Do S.Sikkim I Reserve 60 - 61 3.2.1.2. Do Do I Unreserve 62 - 63 3.2.2.1. Do Do II Reserve 64 - 65 3.2.2.2. Do Do II Unreserve 66-67-68 3.2.3.1. Do Do III Reserve 69-70-7T 3.2.3.2. Do Do III Unreserve 72 - 73 3.2.4.1. Do Do , IV Reserve 74 Res.fUnres. Page No Table No. Contents District Stratum Reserve 75 4.1.1.1. OJslTJbullon 0' Tolol vol.(m')by species & 010. Closses. (:n..~W .$ Ikklm I Unreserve 76 A.1.1.2. Do Do I Reserve 77 - 78 4.1.2.l. Do Do II '.~. Un reserve 79 - 80 4.1.2.2. Do Do II 81 4.1.3.1. Do Do III Reserve 82 4.1.3.2. Do Do III Unreserve Reserve 83 4.1.4.1. Do Do IV 84 - 85 4.2.1.1. Do S.Sikkim I Reserve 86 - 87 4.2.1.2. Do Do Unreserve Reserve 88 - 89 4.2.2.1. Do Do II 90-91-92 4.2.2.2. Do Do II Unreserve Reserve 93-94-95 4.2.3.1. Do Do III 96 - 97 4.2.3.2. Do Do III Unreserve 4.2.4.1. 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