JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE ADVANCEMENT & INTEGRATION
(ISSN: 1177-4576)
At www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration is available since 1st September 2006. Its “birth” is symbolised by newborn Zaida PH, who will appear on the cover of all articles published in the first volume of the Journal.
This first volume (year 2006) of the Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration has been built up to serve as a practical example of the Journal’s offerings, possible contributions, and formatting. Therefore, contributions have been restricted for such purpose, and contributors to the 2006 volume have been invited to do so. For guidelines for future volumes, please refer to the Guidelines document in the Journal website, at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Cover design © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález. The cover captures newborn Zaida PH, and symbolises the birth of this journal. Thanks are given to her parents Jesús Javier PG and María Inmaculada HG for allowing the use of her photograph. Knowledge Management Edition™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
The main purpose of the Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (Journal- KAI), is the advancement and integration of theoretical, empirical and research knowledge, and its publication on an ongoing and quick fashion. Journal-KAI differentiates from other journals in its greater emphasis on longitudinal research, quick publication turnaround, and active management of knowledge for the benefit of the reader. The Journal caters especially for longitudinal research projects (e.g. research projects spanning several years but able to produce publication quality outputs at determined milestones within that time), macro-projects (e.g. those with funding from governments and other organisms, such as the European Commission), and integration and interpretation of previous knowledge in order to update it to the present time (e.g. an updated revision of safety management models, or a bibliography of stress contributions from a given year to date). Notwithstanding this, the Journal will also accept more idiosyncratic outputs whenever available (e.g. one-off research publications, book reviews, etc). The Journal is thus open to contributions of quality from most areas of knowledge. In order to preserve the quality of the outputs, the Journal will accept contributions from researchers (with a masters degree on research or higher) and other established professionals, by default. Contributions from other candidates (e.g. students) may be accepted on a per-case basis depending on the merit of the contribution (unless a researcher or professional figures as an author or coordinator in that contribution). Contributors held responsibility for the contents to be published and will need to sign and forward a note in this regard to the Journal, together with a copyright transfer note. The active management of knowledge is achieved by providing opportunities for translation of articles in five major languages, by adhering to a Knowledge Management Edition™ approach as far as practicable, and by adding extra relevant information for the reader. Journal-KAI aims to the widespread distribution of knowledge. Therefore, it contemplates the possibility for contributors to translate articles held by Journal-KAI into five major languages: English, Spanish, Chinese (Mandarin, i.e. Simplified), Russian and Arabic. Normally, translations can only be made from original articles (instead of from their translations), in order to prevent accumulation of errors. Knowledge Management Edition™ is a trademark lent to the Journal for the time being. It simply identifies a revised edition of the text, in the sense that the main ideas in the text are underlined (underscored) for added convenience to the reader. This feature is believed to add value to potential readers in several ways (see advertisements within the Journal, e.g. in page 8). Not all contributions can be so revised, but the Journal will strive for susceptible contributions to be published in a revised format. Furthermore, the reader also benefits from other inputs of information management, such as the following: [a] the referencing of each article for the user’s convenience –which helps the user easily store and retrieve hard copies alphabetically, and helps easily reference each article more speedily; [b] the summarising of the main features of the paper such as type of work, research approach, and possibilities for generalizing results to other populations; [c] a section called “Sources of Knowledge” which offers relevant sources of information related to the main topic of the article; [d] a “Who’s who” section, which offers updated information on the contributors to each article; [e] a “Which and Where” section, which offers updated information on the research groups or institutions the authors are affiliated to; and [f] a way of referencing which is believed provides maximum information to the reader within the scope of each reference.
Table of contents
1 Book review: “The Southwest Airlines Way”.
9 A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145.
23 A model of communication from a social perspective.
37 Reseña de libro: “La manera de Southwest Airlines”.
45 Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006.
55 Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during July 2006.
63 Обзор системы аудита, предложенной EASA Part-145.
77 Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during August 2006.
89 Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during September 2006.
99 评EASA Part-145规章中描述的审核体系.
111 Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during October 2006.
121 Meta-case study: Rabin’s guide to flirting.
135 Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during November 2006.
Why would anybody need a Knowledge Management Edition™? -you may wonder. Let me give you several reasons:
You have read an article and you now need to synthesise its main ideas but you could really spare the time of doing it yourself.
You would like to have a ready-to-go quick summary of the main message of the article for future referencing, without the need to read the whole thing again.
Or you are reading an article in a foreign language and you want to reduce the time spent in translating it without loosing track of its main ideas.
Or you like the idea of having both the entire contents of an article and a shorter version of it, all in the same edition.
Or you started reading and article but grew desperate of the length of its contents, details, redundancies, statistical results, etc.
Or you would like to read several articles to keep up-to-date in science but you do not actually like reading at all.
Or you read an article before and you would like to revise its main ideas without having to read the whole article again.
Or you would like to read as many articles as possible for your studies and this edition allows you to go through all those that you would like to.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Book review: “The Southwest Airlines way”.
Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.1-7. ISSN:1177-4576.
(20060901) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576, year 2006, pages 1-7 Available online at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Book review: “The Southwest Airlines way” by Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2006)
School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Currently at School of Aviation, Massey University, New Zealand
Correspondent: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected]
Abstract “The Southwest Airlines Way” synthesises an eight-year research work done by Jody Hoffer Gittell on four airlines in the United States. However, the title and focus of the book is on Southwest Airlines, namely because this airline has shown distinctive practices that seem to account for its better performance in terms of efficiency and quality. Those distinctive practices form the antecedent variables of a model of relational coordination that Gittell elaborated within this research. Ten practices constitute the antecedent variables to the model of relational coordination. The core of the model is composed by two elements in constant iteration with each other: relationships (defined in terms of shared goals, shared knowledge, and shared respect), and communication (defined in terms of frequency, timing, and problem- solving orientation). According to Gittell, any organisation can manage those ten practices to increase the levels of relational coordination between their employees. A higher level of relational coordination will then increase the levels of organisational performance (measured in terms of both efficiency and quality). “The Southwest Airlines Way” is more than a case study on Southwest Airlines. It is also an important reference for future research on the topic of relational coordination beyond the airline’s sector as the book already provides the tools for such future research (i.e. model, methodology and results). This future research, if respecting the methodology and procedures followed by Gittell, will further inform about the validity of the model and its importance for a wider range of organisations. © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
Keywords Relational coordination; Southwest Airlines; American Airlines, United Airlines, Continental Airlines; Aviation; Health care; United States.
Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Knowledge Management Edition™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
Acknowledgements
This paper has been borrowed from www.lulu.com/perezgonzalez for the launch of this journal, and to serve as a practical example of the contents, layout and formatting of future papers.
2 Relational coordination; Southwest Airlines; American Airlines; United Airlines; Continental Airlines; Aviation; Health care; USA
Knowledge
Management Space
TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH
; Research proposal, project... Pilot study Methodology paper Exploratory study Results paper, recommendations… Confirmatory study Bibliography Replicating study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY ; Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire Compilation & interpretation Interview New theory Test/Scale Observation DESIGN Content analysis/Data archives Flexible/Qualitative designs Case study SAMPLING Ethnographic study Grounded Theory study Anecdote/-s Other (biographical, Case/-s phenomenological…) Convenient sample Representative sample Fixed/Quantitative design Correlational DATA ANALYSIS Comparative Qualitative analysis Field research Univariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Bivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Experimental
GENERALIZATION ANCHORS ; North-America (USA) ; Organisational coordination ; Anglo-Saxon culture ; Organisational management ; Western culture ; Human resources management
Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to professional proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. However, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
School of Psychology School of Aviation Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Massey University, New Zealand www.tcd.ie/Psychology http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Relational coordination; Southwest Airlines; American Airlines; United Airlines; Continental Airlines; Aviation; Health care; USA 3
Book Review: “The inception, and were used for managing relational coordination in the company. When compared Southwest Airlines Way.” against American Airlines, Gittell found that this relational coordination accounted for the higher 1. Introduction. levels of quality and efficiency in performance This book synthesises an eight-year research shown by Southwest Airlines. work done by Jody Hoffer Gittell on four airlines However, Gittell also found that those practices in the United States –American Airlines (two sites were not idiosyncratic in nature but only in were under study), United Airlines (three sites), expression. That is, those practices could be found Continental Airlines (two sites), and Southwest in any other airlines (and work sectors, for that Airlines (two sites). The focus of the book is on matter), only varying the way in which they were Southwest Airlines, namely because it showed managed. This way, the model of relational distinctive practices –leading to relational coordination was borne. coordination– which made of it the best performer The model of relational coordination is of all four airlines in terms of efficiency and relatively simple to understand from the outset. quality. Gittell describes in her book the way in Gittell proposes that the efficiency and quality of which Southwest Airlines did things, the degree in flight departures can be explained by the quality of which such doing affected performance, and the the relationships maintained by the different degree in which the other airlines compared to groups of employees between themselves (based Southwest Airlines both in relational coordination on shared goals, shared knowledge, and shared and performance. respect), and the quality of their communication There is no clear indication of the time span of (based on its frequency, timing, and problem- the research, but 2002 seems to be the year when solving orientation). Therefore, the core of the book was finalised and, with it, the relational coordination is based on the iterative interpretation of the results. Therefore, it seems nature between both relationships and reasonable to date the end of Gittell’s research communication. back to such date. McGraw-Hill copyrighted and Ten practices constitute the antecedent published the book in hardcover in 2003, and re- variables to the model. These are: leadership with published it in paperback in 2005. credibility and caring, investing in frontline leadership, hiring and training for relational competence, using conflicts to build up 2. A model of relational relationships, bridging the work / family divide, coordination. creating boundary spanners, measuring Perhaps the most important contribution of performance broadly, keeping jobs flexible at the Gittell’s book is not so much the description of boundaries, partnering with unions, and building idiosyncratic practices at Southwest Airlines –i.e. relationships with suppliers. its way of doing things–, but the way in which Any organisation can manage those practices in such practices combine with each other as to order to increase the levels of coordination provide the basis for an empirical model of between their employees. A higher level of coordination. Gittell’s model of relational relational coordination will then imply a higher coordination grew out of a comparative study level of departure operations performance both in between Southwest Airlines and American efficiency and in quality. Airlines (ch.3), and was probably elaborated at an The validity of the model was explored by early stage in the research. Gittell, then, used this comparing Southwest Airlines with the remaining model as a benchmark to analyse the degree of airlines in regards to those ten practices, as well as relational coordination between the four U.S. by using regression analysis to estimate how well airlines, and correlated it with the airlines’ each variable predicted performance. In so doing, departure operations performance. Gittell plotted all nine sites according to In brief, Gittell was able to identify ten performance, and found out “how relational practices used by Southwest Airlines that coordination resulted in fewer delays, fewer lost explained the levels of relational coordination bags, faster turnarounds, and higher employee within the airline. Those ten practices had been productivity” (p.25). developed by Southwest Airlines since its
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Book review: “The Southwest Airlines way.” Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.1-7. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
4 Relational coordination; Southwest Airlines; American Airline;, United Airlines; Continental Airlines; Aviation; Health care; USA
Furthermore, Gittell also informs how well the These recommendations are sustained by empirical model of relational coordination was able to results from the two sectors commented in the predict similar results in the health care sector, as book –i.e. aviation and health care. well (ch.4). Notwithstanding this, the reader needs to be aware that there is no guarantee regarding whether such 3. What you get. implementation would work or not in his organisation, especially if this is in a different “The Southwest Airlines Way” is more than a sector than those from which results exist. book on Southwest Airlines. When you buy the book, you get the following: • A brief history of how Southwest Airlines was 4. Conclusions and way forward. funded, and how it grew to become the Gittell’s book is an excellent book on aviation world’s most successful airline (ch.1, 2 & 17). management. It offers both research data and • A model of relational coordination (ch.3). practical advice in a clear and amenable manner. • A methodology to assess relational Furthermore, the book is complete inasmuch as it coordination (ch.3). presents and describes a research model that can • A case study on how Southwest Airlines be used to compare both the degree of relational managed relational coordination for better coordination in different organisations and its performance (especially for quicker impact on organisational performance. The book turnaround at the gate) (ch.5 to ch.14). also provides the methodological tools which the • Comparative results (also as case studies) on author used in her research. Therefore, how American Airlines, United Airlines and practitioners or researchers can avail of the same Continental Airlines managed relational methodology in order to cross-validate the coordination, and its impact on their respective relational coordination model in different locations, departure operations (ch.5 to ch.14). sectors, or cultures. Finally, relevant quantitative • Results of a field research on relational results are also available, this offering a great coordination in the health care sector (ch.4). opportunity for comparing the results obtained by Gittell with future results obtained elsewhere. • Appendixes with all the relevant results. In conclusion, “The Southwest Airlines Way”
is more than a case study on Southwest Airlines. It Gittell also offers some insight on how the ten is also an important reference for continued Southwest Airlines practices reinforce each other research on the topic, be this at academic or (ch.15). Gittell suggests that the ten practices are practitioner level. Such future research, if correlative to each other, and that they work at respecting the methodology and procedures unison. In this line of thought, chapter 15 offers an followed by Gittell, will further inform of the insight on how things could go wrong if each validity of the model and its importance for practice in turn was missing while all others were today’s organisations. present. In my opinion, however, Gittell goes beyond the data that were available to her at this point –i.e. she actually did not take out one 5. References. practice at a time while maintaining the others GITTELL Jody Hoffer (2002). The Southwest present. Therefore, the conclusions reached in this Airlines way. McGraw-Hill (New York, USA), 2005. chapter are not informed empirically and, thus, are ISBN: 0071458271. potentially unsustainable. In chapter 18, Gittell offers recommendations on how to implement the ten practices for managing relational coordination in organisations.
School of Psychology School of Aviation Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Massey University, New Zealand www.tcd.ie/Psychology http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Relational coordination; Southwest Airlines; American Airlines; United Airlines; Continental Airlines; Aviation; Health care; USA 5
Knowledge Management
Space
6. Sources of knowledge about relational coordination and Southwest Airlines1: • AMAZON.COM, retrievable from www.amazon.com Amazon.com is not a source of knowledge about relational coordination per se, but it allows the reader to read the reviews that other readers have posted on Gittell’s book “The Southwest Airlines Way” before buying it. That is, it is a good site to get second and third opinions, if these are needed. • GITTELL Jody Hoffer (2002). The Southwest Airlines Way. McGraw-Hill (New York, USA), 2005. ISBN: 0071458271.
1 These references are offered here primarily for their knowledge value, not for commercial purposes (although commercial links to the selected references may be given, if available). The references are ordered alphabetically according to the first author's surname. The first date after the author refers to the date the original work was done, first copyrighted or first published. The title of the work follows. Finally, the location where to find such work is given, for example a webpage or a publishing company –which also includes country of publication, publication year, and ISBN number.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Book review: “The Southwest Airlines way.” Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.1-7. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
6 Relational coordination; Southwest Airlines; American Airline;, United Airlines; Continental Airlines; Aviation; Health care; USA
Knowledge Management Space
7. Who’s who. Author’s updated CV.
Dr. Jose D Pérezgonzález obtained his PhD – together with the honorific award Doctor Europeus – from University of La Laguna (Spain) in January 2005, with staying both in Ghent University (Belgium) and Trinity College Dublin (Ireland) for research purposes. He has developed his research and lecturing career in Ireland, both in Trinity College Dublin and in Dublin Institute of Technology. He will now develop it further in the School of Aviation at Massey University (New Zealand). Much of his research up to date has been with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group, participating in several European-funded research projects. His research expertise ranges from aviation efficiency to health and safety management in organisational settings, and is especially interested in policy, reporting and auditing systems, health and safety management, and knowledge management systems. Nowadays, he is extending the idea of Knowledge Management Editions™, and aims to edit his own journal with a similar philosophy. He also aims to create a Centre of Excellence for Aviation in New Zealand, at Massey University.
The author’s list of recent publications and reports on aviation is as follows:
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). A Knowledge Management Edition™ guide to Gittell’s book “The Southwest Airlines way.” Pergonomas/Lulu Press (USA), 2006.
School of Psychology School of Aviation Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Massey University, New Zealand www.tcd.ie/Psychology http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Relational coordination; Southwest Airlines; American Airline;, United Airlines; Continental Airlines; Aviation; Health care; USA 7
Knowledge Management Space
8. Which & where.
School of Psychology at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Updated CV: The School of Psychology at Trinity College Dublin offers graduate and postgraduate degrees in Psychology. It has three main research strengths: Neuroscience and Cognition; Health, Clinical & Counselling; and Culture, Systems & Development. It also has a track record of research grants both internationally (especially by the European Commission and the US National Institute of Health), and nationally (the Welcome Trust, the Health Research Board, and the Higher Education Authority). A sample of the School’s recent publication list follows: • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D; Nick McDONALD & Elaine SMITH (2005). A review of the occurrence reporting system proposed by EASA Part-145. Safety Science, 2005, vol.43, pp.559-570. • BYRNE Ruth (2005). The rational imagination: how people create alternatives to reality. MIT Press (Cambridge, M.A., USA), 2005. • GREY Ian & HASTING R (2005). Evidence based practice in the treatment of behaviour disorders in intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 2005, vol.18, issue 5, pp.469-475. • VAN HANSWIJCK DE JONGE Laurence & Michael GORMLEY (2005). Responses to positive smoking-related images: effects of current smoking status and degree of smoking addiction. Addictive Behaviours, 2005, vol.30, issue 8, pp.1587-1591. • GREY Ian, B McCLEAN, Rita HONAN & M DALY (2005). Evaluating the effectiveness of teacher training in applied behaviour analysis. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 2005, vol.9, issue 3, pp.209-227. • O’MARA, Shane (2005). The Subiculum: what it does, what it may do, and what neuroanatomy has yet to tell us. Journal of Anatomy, 2005, vol.207, pp.271-282. • MULLINS C, MA BELLGROVE, M GILL & Ian ROBERTSON (2005). Variability in time reproduction: differences in ADHD combined and inattentive subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005, vol.44, pp.169-176.
School of Aviation at Massey University, New Zealand. Updated CV: The School of Aviation is part of the College of Business, based both in the Turitea Campus (Aviation Management), and the Milson Flight Centre at Palmerston North International Airport. It offers bachelor with honours in Air Transport Piloting and Aviation Management, and masters and doctorate degrees in Aviation Management). The School is relatively new (it was established in 1990) and its research curriculum is only starting to grow now. A sample of the School’s recent publication list follows: • MURRIE, Alexander John (2004). A divergent trend: opinion leaders, employers, dissatisfaction and the formation of new unions under the Employment Relations Act 2000. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, in press. • WILLIAMS Alan (2005). Developing strategies for the modern international airport. East Asia and beyond. Ashgate (London, UK), 2006. • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Pergonomas/Lulu Press (USA), 2006. • MURPHY A, MA PRICE, C LYNCH & Alan GIBSON (2005). The computational post-buckling analysis of fuselage stiffened panels loaded in shear. International Journal of Thin-Walled Structures, 2005, vol.43, pp.1455-1474. • McNICHOLAS J, Andrew GILBEY, A RENNIE, S AHMEDZAI, J DONO & E ORMEROD (2005). Pet ownership and human health: a brief review of evidence and issues. BMJ, 2005, vol.331, pp.1252-1254.
7 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Book review: “The Southwest Airlines way.” Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.1-7. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Why would anybody need a Knowledge Management Edition™? -you may wonder. Let me give you several reasons:
You have read an article and you now need to synthesise its main ideas but you could really spare the time of doing it yourself.
You would like to have a ready-to-go quick summary of the main message of the article for future referencing, without the need to read the whole thing again.
Or you are reading an article in a foreign language and you want to reduce the time spent in translating it without loosing track of its main ideas.
Or you like the idea of having both the entire contents of an article and a shorter version of it, all in the same edition.
Or you started reading and article but grew desperate of the length of its contents, details, redundancies, statistical results, etc.
Or you would like to read several articles to keep up-to-date in science but you do not actually like reading at all.
Or you read an article before and you would like to revise its main ideas without having to read the whole article again.
Or you would like to read as many articles as possible for your studies and this edition allows you to go through all those that you would like to.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576.
(20060910) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576 year 2006, pages 9-21 Available online at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145 by Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2005)
Aerospace Psychology Research Group, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Currently at School of Aviation, Massey University, New Zealand
Correspondent: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected]
Abstract The requirement for implementing a quality system in all approved aircraft maintenance organisations under the European Aviation Safety Agency’s legislation, regulates the auditing of compliance with standards of aircrafts and components, as well as the quality of organisational procedures, to ensure airworthiness and good maintenance practices, thus ensuring the safety of the aircraft, its crew, passengers and bystanders. These requirements have not been amended significantly since, at least, 2001, a fact which rather highlights the maturity of the regulations in this regard. An auditing system is a necessary and integral part of the overall feedback macro-system within the organisation, and plays a critical role in capturing and correcting risks before these risks cause an accident. Auditing systems are necessary to manage the airworthiness of the aircraft and its safety. Although regulations for auditing are relatively mature and well accepted by maintenance organisations, there is still room for improvement. Therefore, this article has two main intentions: to conduct a critical review of the quality system proposed by EASA by comparing it with a prototypical audit management system, and to offer guidance for new requirements for an effective audit management system within the scope of EASA Part-145.A.65 (or, rather, a recommended Part-145.A.67). © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
Keywords Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations.
Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Knowledge Management Edition™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
Acknowledgements
This work is based on a model elaborated within the ADAMS-2 project This paper has been borrowed from www.lulu.com/perezgonzalez for – Human Centred Systems for Aircraft Dispatch and Maintenance the launch of this journal, and to serve as a practical example of the Safety- (GRD1-2000-25751), which was undertook within the contents, layout and formatting of future papers. GROWTH 2000 programme, with a financial funding of the European Commission Directorate General for Science, Research and Development.
10 Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations
Knowledge
Management
Space
TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH Research proposal, project, etc. Pilot study Methodology paper ; Exploratory study ; Results paper, recommendations… Confirmatory study Bibliography Replicating study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire ; Compilation & interpretation Interview New theory Test/Scale
Observation DESIGN ; Content analysis/Data archives Flexible/Qualitative designs
Case study SAMPLING Ethnographic study Grounded Theory study Anecdote/-s
Other (biographical, ; Case/-s phenomenological…) Convenient sample Representative sample Fixed/Quantitative design Correlational DATA ANALYSIS Comparative ; Qualitative analysis Field research Univariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Bivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Experimental
GENERALIZATION ANCHORS
; EASA Part-145 regulations ; Aircraft Maintenance Organisations ; JAA JAR-145 regulations ; Quality systems ; Aviation regulations Part 145
Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to professional proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. However, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
Aerospace Psychology Research Group School of Aviation School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Massey University, New Zealand www.tcd.ie/Psychology/aprg http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations 11
A review of the auditing maps relatively well onto the audit management system (AMS) (see illustration 1) designed and system proposed by EASA validated within the ADAMS-2 project (e.g. Part-145. Pérezgonzález et al., 2003; Baranzini et al., 2002; Corrigan et al., 2002). This system can be defined as a functional 1. Introduction. management system, which, according to This paper continues the task started in a Pérezgonzález (2005), shows three main features. previous article, which explored the occurrence There are a group of elements which co-ordinate reporting system advanced by EASA Part-145 (see together to form a whole unit (the system). This Pérezgonzález et al., 2005). Following a similar system transforms a series of inputs into logic and structure, this paper now explores the predetermined outputs, and manages both this auditing system advanced in the same regulations. transformation and the effectiveness of the system a EASA Part-145.A.65(c) specifically regulates itself (management). Finally, the description and quality systems in approved aircraft maintenance analysis of the system focus on functions and b and repair organisations (MROs) . Nonetheless, operations rather than on physical or procedural other pieces of regulation relevant to quality can features (this representing the functional approach). be found scattered across Part-145, as it shall be The functional AMS developed within the seen. According to EASA Part-145.A.65(c), this ADAMS-2 project was based on three main quality system will consist of both independent sources of information, comprising the regulatory audits [Part-145.A.65(c)(1)] and a quality requirements for MROs (namely JAA’s JAR-145 feedback reporting system to inform the Amendment 4, 2001), the empirical results accountable personnel within the organisation of regarding commonalities in the auditing system of the proper and timely correction of any findings four MROs in Europe (ADAMS-2 research captured by the audits [Part-145.A.65(c)(2)]. project), and the theoretical and empirical support There are a number of ways in which this from the literature on systems thinking and process quality system improves when acceptable means re-engineering (e.g. von Bertalanffy, 1968; Cortés of compliance (AMC) are also taken into account. et al., 1974; Rummler & Brache, 1995; Skyttner, Firstly, AMC 145.A.65(c)(1) defines the concept, 1996). Further validation of the model was carried purpose and scope of the independent audit, out on another two MROs not participating in the including the sampling of products, the conditions ADAMS-2 project. and timing of audits, and the personnel who is The resulting AMS was intended as a generic responsible for audits within the system. Secondly, process map that could be used for evaluating the AMC 145.A.65(c)(2) further clarifies the role of auditing system of MROs in order to assess their the quality feedback reporting system in both functional layout, their effectiveness in managing bringing awareness of organisational levels of safety audits and their compliance with EASA compliance to relevant personnel in the regulationsc. From such an assessment appropriate organisation, and managing corrective actions for recommendations could then be made to improve adverse findings. the system, and performance indicators could then EASA’s quality system [especially if the more be set to measure the effectiveness of those detailed AMC 145.A.65(c) is taken into account] improvements. The generic AMS (illustration 1) resulted in a
series of 12 steps (i.e. operations) in carrying out an audit: (1) auditing; (2) record management, a Because of the recent change from a Joint Aviation Authority (JAA) assessment and preliminary investigation; (3) to a European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) with only small reporting to external agencies (including the discrepancies between JAR-145 (Amendment 5, 2003) and EASA Part-145 (2004), this review focuses on EASA’s present regulations. Authority); (4) investigation of occurrences; (5) Although the JAA still exists, reference to the two agencies will be trend analysis; (6) reporting of findings, carrying made in consideration of future developments. Thus, reference to JAA and JAR is made in relation to the past, whereas reference to EASA is made in relation to current regulations (unless otherwise stated). b Regulatory bodies refer to these organisations as approved maintenance organisations (AMO) but the industry seems to prefer the concept of maintenance and repair organisations (MRO). The c That is, at the time of the ADAMS-2 project, the AMS assessed latter concept will, thus, be used in this paper. MRO’s compliance with JAA requirements.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
12 Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations
3 Report to Authority 2 1 Quality initiates Quality receives & process audit audit report 4 Further investigation
Carries out preliminary investigation 6 Report findings, risk assessment, and make Third agent initiates recommendations external audit 5 Data analysis
12 7 Feedback and 8 Quality keeps track of timing for taking Actioning agent plans and manages action organisational learning action Corrective action is taken
Has corrective action Yes been taken? No
Quality receives feedback about action 11 taken Corrective action signed off as satisfactorily resolved, reported and 10 closed 9 Quality will assess action taken. Control mechanism
Where problems solved? Yes No
Fig. 1: A functional template for an internal audit management system (AMS) in aircraft maintenance and repair organisations. out risks assessments and making and scope of the quality system, and the proposal recommendations; (7) implementation of for a specific and complete paragraph for auditing recommendations and taking corrective actions; (8) systems. The second issue that needs addressing is monitoring of the implementation; (9) control of the tidying up of any loose issues regarding the implementation for overdue actions; (10) transformation of the required auditing system into assessment of the implementation; (11) closure of an audit management system (AMS). It will be the implementation; and (12) feedback and done so by improving the specific audit paragraph organisational learning. and complementing it with any other available When EASA’s requirements for a quality regulation that is relevant to such purpose. The system are compared against this generic map, third issue refers to an overall assessment of the many of its operations are met, especially if AMC current regulation, venturing what else need to be 145.A.65(c) is taken into consideration. done to make the auditing system into a Furthermore, these requirements have been seldom functionally effective audit management system. amended since, at least, 2001 (JAR-145, These three issues will now be addressed Amendment 4), which further highlights the consecutively. maturity and acceptance of auditing regulations and practices in the aviation maintenance sector. 2. Role and scope of the quality Therefore, the remainder of this paper will focus system. on recommending small changes for creating a more comprehensive set of regulations regarding The role and scope of the quality system is auditing systems. Three main issues, aimed at somewhat misleading in EASA Part-145. That is, improving understanding and implementation of the implementing rules section does not provide a the actual regulations and at providing a functional definition of what a quality system means or system with the capacity for managing any audit implies. Only the AMC 145.A.65(c)(1) clarifies findings, will be addressed in this paper. The first that the primary objectives of the system are two: issue to tackle is a clearer delimitation of the role to ensure that the organisation can deliver a safe Aerospace Psychology Research Group School of Aviation School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Massey University, New Zealand www.tcd.ie/Psychology/aprg http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations 13 product, and to ensure that the organisation specific personnel and probably delimited to a remains in compliance with EASA Part-145 single department (e.g. the quality department). In requirements. Still, the use of the concept “quality its broader understanding, the quality system system” actually seems to refer to two different actually covers the whole of the organisation’s issues in the regulations: to quality practices (such performance (including that of any sub- as independent audits), and to the organisation’s contractors). This broader understanding refers to quality philosophy (such as that reflected in the a quality philosophy and does not restrict the role safety and quality policy). Let’s explore both and scope of the quality system to the auditing of meanings in turn. particular elements. On the one hand, Part-145.A.65(c) reflects the Were this broader meaning to be embraced, practicalities of the quality system. It specifies that then an alternative concept is necessary to refer to the role of the system is to monitor compliance of those quality practices in EASA Part-145. The aircrafts, components and procedures in order to option here proposed is to refer to them as the ensure good maintenance and airworthiness. This “auditing system”. A second proposal is to create a role also implies the feedback of any findings to specific and complete paragraph for this auditing both the personnel responsible for correcting non- system, which will clearly separate the latter from compliances and the personnel responsible for the quality system. This separation seems ensuring that such corrections are done properly necessary in order to make explicit the existence and timely. AMC 145.A.65(c) expands these of the independent auditing system as a process in functions. the organisation. At the same time, it helps Further indication of the practicalities of the segregate auditing practices from the quality quality system is scattered across the regulations. system, thus preventing the misunderstanding that Thus, a second role of the quality system is to self- the only role of the quality system is the auditing monitor its performance (i.e. the performance of of compliance and the feedback of information to the independent audits and feedback) in order to the responsible agent (in fact, the management of ensure its effective and efficient functioning [Part- occurrence reporting should also be a task for the 145.A.30(c)]. A third role of the quality system is quality system, as much as issuing certification to issue certification authorisations for staff, as approvals is [e.g. Part-145.A.35(i)] ). In brief, the specified in Part-145.A.35(i). proposal ventured here is to maintain Part- On the other hand, Part-145.A.75(b) describes 145.A.65 for regulating the broad quality system, that one of the privileges of the approved and to create a new paragraph, Part-145.A.67, for maintenance and repair organisation is to regulating the practicalities of the independent “arrange for maintenance […] at another audits. Let’s explore this proposal in turn. organisation that is working under the quality system of the (former) organisation”. Although 2.1. A specific and complete paragraph this quality system might be understood as the for the quality system. current auditing and feedback procedures of the The role of the quality system is that of organisation, it makes clearer sense if it was monitoring the whole organisation in order to understood as referring to the organisation’s ensure the airworthiness of the aircraft and/or Maintenance Organisation Exposition (MOE), aircraft components maintained by the such as “the procedures and quality system organisation. This quality system will also liaise established by the organisation under 145.A.25 to with external organisations (e.g. the competent 145.A.90” [see Part-145.A.70(12)]. This broader authority and the operator) for the same purpose. understanding of the concept “quality system” is The scope of the system will broaden to include supported by AMC 145.A.75(b). In this broader related sections both explicit and implicit in the sense, the reference to the quality system appears regulations. Namely, the quality system would to imply the organisation’s quality philosophy as encompass activities such as inspections (i.e. reflected in its policies and procedures (which, of monitoring by an operational department) and course, includes those policies and procedures organisational audits (i.e. monitoring by the more specifically related to auditing and feedback quality department). It would also encompass the as quality practices). findings by external auditors such as the Authority Therefore, in its narrower understanding as (i.e. monitoring by the competent authority) and quality practices, the quality system is restricted to those by the operator (i.e. monitoring by third
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
14 Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations organisations). Furthermore, the recording, aircraft component standards and correction and verification of any findings should adequacy of the procedures to ensure that such procedures invoke good be carried out by the organisation according to the maintenance practices and airworthy same procedures set out for the internal auditing aircraft / aircraft components. In the system (which will be introduced later). smallest organisations the independent A discussion of this quality system merits a audit may be contracted to another organisation approved under this Part separate paper and, thus, shall not be done here. In or a person with appropriate technical brief, however, the paragraph describing the knowledge and proven satisfactory quality system would remain in its present location; audit experience; and thus, the proposed amendment to section (c) in the • A quality feedback reporting system to regulation would read as follows: the person or group of persons specified in 145.A.30(b) and ultimately to the accountable manager 145.A.65 Safety and quality policy, that ensures proper and timely maintenance procedures and quality corrective action is taken in response system. to reports resulting from the independent audits established to meet […] (c) The organisation shall establish paragraph (1). a quality system which will ensure the following: • It monitors organisational compliance Consequently, the corresponding acceptable with aircraft / aircraft component means of compliance (AMC) and guidance standards and procedures as specified material (GM) would also reflect the proposed in Part-145.A.67(a). changes (see next section for an example). • It monitors compliance with Part-145 from 145.A.25 to 145.A.90. • It monitors the performance of the 3. Transforming EASA’s auditing auditing system itself in order to ensure its effective and efficient system to an audit management functioning, as specified in Part- system (AMS): from auditing to 145.A.30(c). • It liaises with a similar quality management. system at the competent Authority, as Were above recommendations for a specific specified in Part-145.B.30, and third paragraph to be applied, EASA’s auditing system organisations, if so required. would not yet be clearly laid-out as such a system. • It manages the occurrence management system specified in Part-145.A.60. To strengthen the role of the auditing system in • It issues certification authorisations ensuring safe products and compliant for staff, as specified in Part- organisations, EASA Part-145 could describe the 145.A.35(i). auditing system in a fashion that mirrors both the audit management system model developed in the 2.2. A specific and complete paragraph ADAMS-2 project (see illustration 1), and the dealing with auditing systems. occurrence management system described in As stated earlier, a related proposal is the Pérezgonzález et al. (2005). Thus, the proposed creation of a separate paragraph which specifically amendment to the regulations for an audit deals with the auditing system in the organisation. management and learning system would read as This is the system that sustains the auditing follows: practices, the feedback of information and the correction of findings. This system forms part of 145.A.67 Audit Management. the organisational quality system and is managed The organisation shall establish an by an independent department (e.g. the quality internal audit management system (AMS) department). The new paragraph could read as which enables the following: follows: • Independent audits in order to monitor compliance with required aircraft / 145.A.67 Audit Management. aircraft component standards and adequacy of the procedures to ensure The organisation shall establish an that such procedures invoke good internal auditing system that includes maintenance practices and airworthy the following: aircraft / aircraft components. In the • Independent audits in order to monitor smallest organisations the independent compliance with required aircraft / audit may be contracted to another Aerospace Psychology Research Group School of Aviation School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Massey University, New Zealand www.tcd.ie/Psychology/aprg http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations 15
organisation approved under this Part would remain unchanged, as they refer to the or to a person with appropriate quality system. technical knowledge and proven • AMC 145.A.65(c)(1) Safety and quality satisfactory audit experience. policy, maintenance procedures and • The collection of findings reports [as would change to d quality system, AMC described in AMC 145.A.67(a)(10) ]; 145.A.67(a) Audit management. the evaluation of those reports [e.g. • AMC 145.A.65(c)(2) Safety and quality as specified in Part-145.A.95]; the policy, maintenance procedures and assessment and extraction of those quality system, would change to AMC findings reportable to the Authority 145.A.67 (b)(c) Audit management. and other relevant organisms [e.g. as • GM 145.A.65(c)(1) Safety and quality specified in Part-145.A.60(a), and policy, maintenance procedures and similar in intention to Part- 145.A.45(c)]; further investigation of quality system, would change to GM those findings whose aetiology is not 145.A.67(a) Audit management. known [as described in AMC 145.A.67(b)(c)(2) e ]; data analysis to 4. Improving the resulting AMS: identify adverse trends in the findings; the construction of towards physical and procedural recommendations; the implementation of requirements. suitable corrective and/or preventive actions [as described in AMC This section now offers a critical review of the 145.A.67(b)(c)(2), implied in Part- present EASA Part-145 regulations regarding f 145.A.67(c) , and similar in intention auditing in order to discover what further to AMC 145.A.60(b)(3)]; the monitoring of such implementation [as described requirements are deemed necessary to improve the in AMC 145.A.67(b)(c)(4) g , and implied auditing system. This review considers EASA h in Part-145.A.67(c)]; and the Part-145.A.65(c) regulations [including AMC assessment of the implementation for 145.A.65(c), and GM 145.A.65(c)], in the light of its effectiveness in addressing the the AMS developed within the ADAMS-2 project findings [e.g. similar in intention to Part-145.A.45(d)]. (see illustration 1). • It includes a method to circulate the information as necessary. As, for 4.1. Inputs. example, a quality communication system to feedback the person or group EASA specifies two main audit inputs to the of persons specified in Part- AMS in the regulations: compliance with required 145.A.30(b) and ultimately to the aircraft / aircraft component standards, and accountable manager that ensures adequacy of procedures to ensure good proper and timely corrective action is taken in response to reports resulting maintenance practice and airworthiness [Part- from the independent audits 145.A.65(c)(1)]. In general, these two main inputs established to meet paragraph (1). [which are further described in AMC • As for reporting to the Authority, the 145.A.65(c)(1)] cover products, procedures, work following paragraphs apply: Part- practices and compliance with Part-145 145.A.60(a),(c),(d),(e) [it may also include GM 145.A.60(a),(c)]. regulations. Thus, with regard to the inputs to the auditing process, these seem to be complete and clearly The AMC and GM sections would also reflect stated, and there is not much to review at this stage. these changes, such as follows: • AMC 145.A.65(a), AMC 145.A.65(b), AMC 4.2. The auditing process (step 1 in 145.A.65(b)(2), and AMC 145.A.65(b)(3) illustration 1). As was the case for the inputs, the auditing process is also well laid-out, even when this is d AMC 145.A.67(a)(10) is according to the recommendations made in this paper. It can be found as AMC-145.A.65(c)(1)(10) in EASA’s regulations. e AMC 145.A.67(b)(c)(2) can be found as AMC-145.A.65(c)(2)(2) in EASA’s regulations. f Part-145.A.67(c) can be found as Part-145.A.65(c)(2) in EASA’s h For this section, it may be less confusing for the reader if the paper regulations. now uses the coding as for the present regulations (i.e. 145.A.65), g AMC 145.A.67(b)(c)(4) can be found as AMC 145.A.65(c)(2)(4) in instead of as for the recommended separate paragraph 145.A.67, as EASA’s regulations. discussed earlier.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
16 Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations done as an acceptable means of compliance. In investigation of audit findings. Thus, fact, AMC 145.A.65(c)(1) describes acceptable recommendations made to EASA’s occurrence means of compliance regarding how to audit, management regulations in this respect (see when to do it, who should do it, and what to audit. Pérezgonzález et al., 2005) equally apply here. Furthermore, GM 145.A.65(c)(1) exemplifies a Therefore, all investigations should include the working audit plan which would be acceptable for evaluation of all relevant information relating to the purpose. any findings, as well as all pertinent information Therefore, with regard to the auditing step itself, about the condition and evaluation results which there is not much to review, either. are known to the organisation. Furthermore, an adequate AMS would also require that further 4.3. Record management (step 2). investigation of unclear or new findings be This step is concerned with the collection and thoroughly investigated. assessment of audit reports within the organisation. An adequate audit system should ensure that 4.6. Trend analysis (step 5). reports are complete and accurate, and should EASA does not address the issue of trend record these reports as the proper inputs to the analysis in regard to audit findings. However, AMS. trend analysis is not only as relevant for findings Curiously enough, EASA regulates on as it is for occurrences, but the periodic nature of maintenance records [see Part-145.A.55], but only auditing may actually prove a much more reliable describes acceptable means of compliance for option for such type of analysis at organisational audit records [AMC 145.A.65(c)(2)(5)], even when levels than occurrences do. Again, regulations the type of tasks involved in record processing is already in place for occurrence reporting [Part- basically similar in both cases. 145.A.60(b)] are relevant. The recommendations In general, a good record management would made by Pérezgonzález et al. (2005) regarding the ensure that the information contained in any audit need to bring trend analysis up to EASA’s level report is recorded as complete, legible and also appear to be relevant here. understandable for future reference. It should also ensure that the physical record itself is kept as 4.7. Findings and recommendations regulated. (step 6). EASA does not address the issue of reporting 4.4. Reporting to the Authority (step 3). findings and recommendations in an appropriate EASA has not explicitly regulated, or even manner. On the one hand, there are references implied, which audit findings may be of interest to made to reporting findings [AMC the Authority. However, it is plausible that serious 145.A.65(c)(1)(10)] as well as to circulating such findings can be unmasked during an audit. It is reports [AMC 145.A.65(c)(2)(3)]. However, these true that these findings would probably get references appear as means of compliance, not as reported as occurrences [thus, relevant under Part- regulations, thus they may be overlooked by 145.A.60]. However, such uncertainty could be MROs. On the other hand, there is no mention to easily addressed in the regulations, for example, as making recommendations. recommended in section 3 above. More specific Again, regulations already in place for recommendations regarding reporting to the reporting occurrences, as well as recommendations Authority are similar to those described in previously made for improving the reporting Pérezgonzález et al. (2005). system (i.e. Pérezgonzález et al., 2005), may apply to this step too. Thus, such reports ought to inform 4.5. Investigation (step 4). both of the evaluation results and of any other EASA does not address the issue of relevant information found during the evaluation investigation of findings in an adequate manner. It of the findings [Part-145.A.60]. They also ought just makes a brief comment for all findings to be to provide for the elaboration of recommendations properly investigated under AMC to rectify such findings. 145.A.65(c)(2)(2). Nonetheless, it may be the case that regulations already in place for the investigation of occurrences [Part-145.A.60] are relevant to the
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Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations 17
4.8. Implementation of corrective the evaluation results, the recommendations, the actions (step 7) and monitoring & corrective actions taken and the re-installation of control of the activity (steps 8 and 9). the system to safety). It basically necessitates the reporting and recording of all relevant information The implementation, monitoring and control of related to the audit finding and its management. corrective actions for addressing any safety issues found by audits are implied rather than clearly 4.11. Feedback and organisational addressed in the present regulations [Part- 145.A.65(c)(2)]. It is true that they have been learning (step 12). addressed by AMC 145.A.65(c)(2); however, as EASA Part-145.A.65(c)(2) also requires that a this is not a regulation but a means of compliance, feedback system is implemented in order to inform MROs might overlook them. both relevant responsible persons and the Thus, the only recommendation proposed in accountable manager of any finding and its this regard is to make paragraphs 3 and 4 of the management. AMC into a regulation. However, an adequate AMS would also feed back relevant information to the remaining 4.9. Assessment of the corrective personnel in the organisation, and would share it action (step 10). with other MROs. This would allow for a process of organisational and inter-organisational learning EASA does not address the assessment of the (for example, by sharing information about the corrective actions taken. However, present aetiology of rare findings or by sharing regulation Part-145.A.45(d) inherently assumes information about proved corrective actions for this step when it requires to prove the quality of certain findings). the modifications made to maintenance instructions. The spirit of that paragraph can be easily 5. Conclusions. adopted, and a similar requirement be made, for The auditing system is a necessary and integral the auditing system. Such requirement will ensure part of the overall feedback macro-system within that the actions taken do in fact correct the an organisation and plays a critical role in the problem and/or will prevent it from arising in the management of safety. EASA (as previously did future. This assessment should be carried out by an the JAA) has recognised the importance of independent department (such as the quality auditing and now makes specific recommendations department), and should either ensure the for a quality system to be implemented in all effectiveness of the action in re-installing the EASA approved aircraft maintenance system to the intended level of safety or, organisations. Such a system ought to perform alternatively, prompt a new implementation plan. independent audits and inform the responsible personnel in the organisation about any findings 4.10. Closure of the corrective path and their correction. These aviation requirements (step 11). have seldom changed in the past few years, a fact It is not clear in the regulations when to close which highlights the relative maturity of the audit the corrective path for audit findings. Part- system in both European aviation regulations and 145.A.65(c)(2) may imply that it should be done in the European aviation maintenance sector. once proper and timely corrective actions have However, there is still room for improvement, been taken. However, this step has not yet been especially for transforming today’s requirements adequately addressed. The AMS model here into a functionally effective audit management described considers that the closure of a corrective system. Such was the objective of this article, path (and ultimately, of the audit report itself), which explored EASA’s auditing regulations with should happen once the corrective action has been a focus on a functional and structural review of the assessed and the re-installation of the system to proposed system. It also critically reviewed some safety has been ensured. apparent shortcomings of the present regulations, Furthermore, a final report should also be and suggested methods of avoiding them. required, which should ensure that all relevant However, because change may be slow, and information about the case is thoroughly possibly heavily resisted in a growing EASA, the documented in a single file (including the finding, article has been structured in a way which can
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
18 Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations guide this change from the present auditing PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D, Nick McDONALD & scheme to an audit management system at the Elaine SMITH (2005). A review of the occurrence organisational level. Thus, this progression reporting system proposed by EASA Part-145. Safety represents the order in which future amendments Science, 2005, vol.43, issue 8, pp.559-570. might be introduced. DOI:10.1016/j.ssci.2005.08. 011. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D, Marie WARD, Daniele BARANZINI, Paul LISTON & Nick McDONALD 6. References. (2003). Organisational and operational performance BARANZINI Daniele, Siobhán CORRIGAN, Jose D assessment. Deliverable 3.2.1 to the European o PÉREZGONZÁLEZ & Marie WARD (2002). Tools Commission, ADAMS-2 Project n GRD1-2000-25751, for organisational analysis. Deliverable 1.4.2 to the WP 3.2. Trinity College Dublin (Ireland), 2003. European Commission, ADAMS-2 Project no GRD1- RUMMLER Geary A & Alan P BRACHE (1995). 2000-25751, WP 1.4. Trinity College Dublin (Ireland), Improving performance. How to manage the white nd 2002. space on the organization chart (2 Ed). Jossey-Bass BERTALANFFY Ludwig von (1968). General Publishers (San Francisco, USA), 1995. ISBN: System Theory. Foundations, development, applications. 0787900907. Allen Lane (London, UK), 1968. ISBN: 0713901926. SKYTTNER Lars (1996). General Systems Theory. CORRIGAN Siobhán, Daniele BARANZINI, Jose D An introduction. Macmillan Press (UK), 1996. ISBN: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, Marie WARD & Nick 0333618335. McDONALD (2002). Methodology for organisational analysis. Deliverable 1.4.1 to the European Commission, ADAMS-2 Project no GRD1-2000-25751, WP 1.4. Trinity College Dublin (Ireland), 2002. 7. List of Acronyms. CORTÉS Fernando, Adam PRZEWORSKI & John D SPRAGUE (1974). Systems analysis for social ADAMS-2 – Human Centred Systems for Aircraft scientists. John Wiley & Sons (New York, USA), 1974. Dispatch and Maintenance Safety (project GRD1- ISBN: 0471175099. 2000-25751, undertaken within the GROWTH EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY, 2000 programme, with financial funding from the EASA (2004). Retrieved from European Commission Directorate General for
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Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations 19
Knowledge Management Space
8. Sources of knowledge about European aviation: The following web links will bring you to the websites of several important organisations dealing with European aviation. Most of these websites will inform about each organisation’s structure and activities, rather than any deeper knowledge on aviation. Nonetheless, they are main sources of regulation, especially for aviation safety in Europe.
• EUROCONTROL’s website, retrievable from www.eurocontrol.int/index1.html Eurocontrol is the organisation for the safety of civil and military Air Navigation within Europe.
• EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY’s (EASA) website, retrievable from www.easa.eu.int This is the main website of reference for this paper, as it is not only the website of the Aviation Regulator for Europe but also a portal to the websites of other National Aviation Authorities, especially those of member states of the European Union.
• EUROPEAN CIVIL AVIATION CONFERENCE’s (ECAC) website, retrievable from www.ecac-ceac.org The European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) is a non-regulatory agency which aims to promote safety, efficiency and sustainable civil air transport within Europe. It has close links with the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
• JOINT AVIATION AUTHORITY’s (JAA) website, retrievable from www.jaa.nl The JAA was the precursor of EASA, from which EASA inherited the present requirements and made them into regulations. Although JAA is becoming less and less important in terms of aviation regulation for European member states, it is still the Authority for other European states, no members of the EU. Eventually, the JAA will be fully absorbed by EASA, but until then, it is an important source of reference for aviation in Europe.
1 These references are offered here primarily for their knowledge value, not for commercial purposes (although commercial links to the selected references may be given, if available). The references are ordered alphabetically according to the first author's surname. The first date after the author refers to the date the original work was done, first copyrighted or first published. The title of the work follows. Finally, the location where to find such work is given, for example a webpage or a publishing company –which also includes country of publication, publication year, and ISBN number.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
20 Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations
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9. Who’s who. Author’s updated CV. Dr. Jose D Pérezgonzález obtained his PhD – together with the honorific award Doctor Europeus – from University of La Laguna (Spain) in January 2005, with staying both in Ghent University (Belgium) and Trinity College Dublin (Ireland) for research purposes. He has developed his research and lecturing career in Ireland, both in Trinity College Dublin and in Dublin Institute of Technology. He will now develop it further in the School of Aviation at Massey University (New Zealand). Much of his research up to date has been with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group, participating in several European-funded research projects. His research expertise ranges from aviation efficiency to health and safety management in organisational settings, and is especially interested in policy, reporting and auditing systems, health and safety management, and knowledge management systems. Nowadays, he is extending the idea of Knowledge Management Editions™, and aims to edit his own journal with a similar philosophy. He also aims to create a Centre of Excellence for Aviation in New Zealand, at Massey University. The author’s list of recent publications and reports on aviation is as follows: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Book review: “The Southwest Airlines way.” Pergonomas/Lulu Press (USA), 2006.
Aerospace Psychology Research Group School of Aviation School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Massey University, New Zealand www.tcd.ie/Psychology/aprg http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Quality systems; Audit management systems; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Approved maintenance organisations 21
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10. Which & where. Aerospace Psychology Research Group at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Updated CV: The Aerospace Psychology Research Group (APRG) is based in the School of Psychology at Trinity College Dublin (Ireland). It has a track record of research grants in the aviation sector, especially from the European Commission. At present, it either coordinates, or participates in, several research projects within the European 6th Framework. It also participates in other national projects within Ireland. Among the projects the APRG is engaged with are the following: HILAS (Human integration into the lifecycle of aviation systems), TATEM (Technologies and techniques for new maintenance concepts), and TRIP (Transport research and innovation for people). A sample of the APRG’s recent publication list follows: • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D, Nick McDONALD & Elaine SMITH (2005). A review of the occurrence reporting system proposed by EASA Part-145. Safety Science, 2005, vol.43, issue 8, pp.559-570. ISSN: 0925-7535. • McDONALD Nick, Siobhán CORRIGAN, Collins DALY & Sam CROMIE (1997). Safety management systems and safety culture in aircraft maintenance organisations. Safety Science, 2000, vol.34, pp.151-176. ISSN: 0925-7535 • McDONALD Nick, Sam CROMIE & Marie WARD (1997). The impact of safety training on safety climate and attitudes. In Hans M SOEKKHA [ed]. Aviation Safety. VSP (Utrecht), 1997.
School of Aviation at Massey University, New Zealand. Updated CV: The School of Aviation is part of the College of Business, and it is based both in the Turitea Campus (Aviation Management), and in the Milson Flight Centre at Palmerston North International Airport (Air Transport Pilot) . It offers bachelor with honours in Air Transport Piloting and Aviation Management, and masters and doctorate degrees in Aviation Management). The School is relatively new (it was established in 1990) and its research curriculum is only starting to grow now. A sample of the School’s recent publication list follows: • MURRIE, Alexander John (2004). A divergent trend: opinion leaders, employers, dissatisfaction and the formation of new unions under the Employment Relations Act 2000. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, in press. • WILLIAMS Alan (2005). Developing strategies for the modern international airport. East Asia and beyond. Ashgate (London, UK), 2006. • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Book review: “The Southwest Airlines Way”. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.1-7. ISSN: 1177-4576. • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). A model of communication from a social perspective. Pergonomas/Lulu Press (USA), 2006. • MURPHY A, MA PRICE, C LYNCH & Alan GIBSON (2005). The computational post-buckling analysis of fuselage stiffened panels loaded in shear. Thin-Walled Structures, 2005, vol.43, issue 9, pp.1455-1474. ISSN: 0263-8231. • McNICHOLAS June, Andrew GILBEY, Ann RENNIE, Sam AHMEDZAI, Jo-Ann DONO & Elizabeth ORMEROD (2005). Pet ownership and human health: a brief review of evidence and issues. British Medical Journal, 2005, vol.331, pp.1252-1254.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Why would anybody need a Knowledge Management Edition™? -you may wonder. Let me give you several reasons:
You have read an article and you now need to synthesise its main ideas but you could really spare the time of doing it yourself.
You would like to have a ready-to-go quick summary of the main message of the article for future referencing, without the need to read the whole thing again.
Or you are reading an article in a foreign language and you want to reduce the time spent in translating it without loosing track of its main ideas.
Or you like the idea of having both the entire contents of an article and a shorter version of it, all in the same edition.
Or you started reading and article but grew desperate of the length of its contents, details, redundancies, statistical results, etc.
Or you would like to read several articles to keep up-to-date in science but you do not actually like reading at all.
Or you read an article before and you would like to revise its main ideas without having to read the whole article again.
Or you would like to read as many articles as possible for your studies and this edition allows you to go through all those that you would like to.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). A model of communication from a social perspective.
Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.23-35. ISSN:1177-4576.
(20060915) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576 year 2006, pages 23-35 Available online at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
A model of communication from a social perspective by Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2006)
School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland Currently at School of Aviation, Massey University, New Zealand
Correspondent: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected]
Abstract This paper introduces a model of communication and interpersonal relationships from a social perspective, instead of from an engineering perspective (e.g. information theory). The model was firstly developed for teaching purposes at Dublin Institute of Technology in 2001. Since then, sporadic evidence has shown that the model is a good heuristic for explaining communication and social interaction, and offers a better modelling of communication as an interactive process than other models do. This is so because of the capability of the model to identify different operations in the communication process, as well as pinpointing where communication bottlenecks might occur. The same sporadic evidence also shows that many of the findings, recommendations, “tips”, and “tricks” in the literature on relationships and communication (be this scholar literature or otherwise) are directed towards solving one or another of those bottlenecks. However, the lack of a clear framework underlying such literature makes it difficult to explain how those recommendations actually work. The purpose of this paper is, then, to open a research project that will test and validate this communication model by way of a meta-analysis of the information contained in the available literature. The literature under review will be meta-analysed on a case-by-case basis, and the results will be described in future papers. © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
Keywords Communication; Interpersonal relationships; Modelling; Research.
Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Knowledge Management Edition™ is a trademark of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
Acknowledgements
This paper has been borrowed from www.lulu.com/perezgonzalez for the launch of this journal, and to serve as a practical example of the contents, layout and formatting of future papers.
24 Communication; Interpersonal relationships; Modelling; Research
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TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH ; Research proposal, project, etc. Pilot study Methodology paper Exploratory study Results paper, recommendations Confirmatory study Bibliography Replicatory study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire Compilation & interpretation Interview ; New theory Test/Scale
Observation DESIGN Content analysis/Data archives Flexible/Qualitative designs
Case study SAMPLING Ethnographic study Grounded Theory study Anecdote/-s
Other (biographical, Case/-s phenomenological…) Convenient sample Representative sample Fixed/Quantitative design Correlational DATA ANALYSIS Comparative Qualitative analysis Field research Univariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Bivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Experimental
GENERALIZATION ANCHORS
; Western culture ; Interpersonal communication ; All other cultures ; Interpersonal relationships
Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. By experience, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
School of Food Science and Environmental Health School of Aviation Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland Massey University, New Zealand www.dit.ie/DIT/tourismfood/science/home.htm http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Communication; Interpersonal relationships; Modelling; Research 25
understanding of the contents transmitted. A model of communication Furthermore, communication is a transactional process, where the contents which are transmitted from a social perspective. affect and change the relationship between sender and receiver. 1. Introduction. Notwithstanding the advancement that This paper introduces a research project which transactional models represent over interactional aims to test and validate a model of and linear models of communication, any of those communication and interpersonal relationships 1 models appear to be relatively limited in their by way of carrying out a meta-analytical research capability to explain other processes of on the relevant information contained in the communication (such as persuasion), or appear to available literature. Presently, this paper will deal be potentially naïve in their capability to with the communication model alone, describing it recommend improvements in communication. as the theoretical frame for such research. Any That is, persuasion could be explained by those meta-analytical results will be described in future models, but many of the variables that account for articles, mostly on a case-by-case basis. persuasion would be relegated to the field of The theoretical model of communication was experience, for example. Other variables, such as firstly developed for teaching purposes at Dublin the attractiveness of the sender, would be difficult Institute of Technology in 2001. The model was to justify by these models (i.e. from an engineering born of a triple need at the time: describing perspective, the attractiveness of the sender should communication to students without expertise in be an irrelevant variable with no effect on the information sciences; offering a tool which the quality of the message that is being transmitted). students could use to better understand the Regarding how to improve communication, those available literature on communication; and models can only offer an objective answer, linked providing an easy framework for pinpointing both to the quality of the message (i.e. a mechanism to communication bottlenecks and possible solutions improve the quality of encoding, the quality of to those bottlenecks. The model is now reviewed decoding, or the quality of the transmission of the and updated as to introduce it to the broader message). Nonetheless, it is always strange to community. justify social communication as an interaction Engineering heuristics (e.g. telephone, radio similar to a phone conversation. transmitter, etc) underlie the predominant models Thus, what is needed is a model of of communication. According to most of these communication from a social perspective. Such is models, there is a sender, a receiver, and a the gap that this model tries to cover. The research message transmitted by the former to the latter. project here unveiled attempts to answer the The sender encodes the message before question of whether such model has anything to transmitting it through the selected channel. The offer to the state-of-the-art of today's receiver needs to decode the message before being communication theories or not. able to understand it. Communication is normally bidirectional, thus enabling a feedback loop 2. Linearity, interaction and between sender and receiver, so that the sender is transaction. also a receiver, and the receiver is also a sender of information. Furthermore, noise exists; this being The communication model is based on the a factor which also needs to be taken into account assumption that communication and relationships as it may affect the communication process at any are carried out in a social milieu. Therefore, level. Finally, the sender and the receiver are modelling social interactions rather than merely embedded in their own fields of experience, this modelling transmission of information is a better being another factor that affects the representation of social communication. communication process itself and, especially, the Notwithstanding this, the model actually contemplates many of the main features of previous models. That is, communication is a 1 For the sake of simplicity, I will use the concept of communication process which is linear in its progression (e.g. to refer to both communication and interpersonal relationships. In communication occurs in a linear way, which is fact, communication can be considered as a specific type of better represented as a temporal progression of interpersonal relationship, while, all the same, it is difficult to separate one from the other and study them as independent processes. speech or writing). Communication is interactional
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). A model of communication from a social perspective. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.23-35. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
26 Communication; Interpersonal relationships; Modelling; Research in its requirements (e.g. most communications person or persons are acting, so that the sender can assume such interaction between sender and respond appropriately. The interaction, thus, is receiver). Finally, communication is transactional established at the levels of action and assessment – in its nature, as it is intended to change the which means that the other person is also assessing receiver’s attitudes or knowledge. Let’s now see our behaviour and responding to it, while he is each of these features in detail. planning his own communication strategy at a Firstly, the model accounts for linearity by more personal level. In communicating, interaction representing communication as a process where is a necessary feature because both action and certain operations precede or follow certain others monitoring need of a social milieu. (see first illustration). Namely, the communication Thirdly, the model assumes that transaction model follows a three-step continuous circle: plan may occur (i.e. the communication may change the - act - check 2 . This continuous circle means that a receiver’s attitudes or knowledge). continuous planning, acting and monitoring is In brief, as we follow the process of occurring during communication. However, communicating as it develops, we can find several representing the process of communication in such operations which play a role in communicating but dynamic is more confusing than spreading the which have not yet been identified by other communication model in the way it is done here. models. Thus, the reader ought to appreciate that there is a The first illustration shows the communication constant planning and monitoring of actions at model. In this illustration, I have over-emphasised every step, even if they are not explicitly the dyad between oneself and the others for represented in the model. didactical and graphical purposes. Oneself (e.g. the Secondly, the model accounts for interaction by sender) is represented here on a white background, representing oneself (e.g. the sender) and the using blue graphics and solid lines. The other others (e.g. the receiver). Although the potential person (or persons – e.g. the receiver) is number of people one could interact with at once represented on a dark background, using red may range in the tens, even hundreds or thousands, graphics and dashed lines. As it can be observed, such interaction can still be represented as a dyad: similar operations occur for each person oneself and the others. This facilitates the participating in the communication process. It can graphical representation of the communication also be observed that interaction occurs in, at least, model. Still, although communication is an three occasions: when assessing attractiveness and interactive process, not all operations which can be availability, when initiating direct communication considered as part of such communication are (approaching), and when continuing the equally interactive. To illustrate this point, we can communication or relationship (work relationship). return to the three-step continuous circle. The Such interaction is represented by the crossover of “planning” step is not interactive, as it requires graphical lines from one field to the other, which personal involvement only. This is not to say that represents operations such as perceiving the it cannot be affected by the interaction, but it other’s behaviour (for assessing attractiveness and operates at an eminently personal level. The availability), or waiting for feedback (as to know if “acting” step is interactive. It represents actions one is accepted or rejected). Interaction is also initiated by the person who is communicating, represented by a different colour and graphical line who, in turn, expects a re-action from those he is once the communication or interaction between communicating with in order to continue the the two persons is firmly established at the stage of relationship. The “monitoring” step is also working out the relationship. interactive because it assesses how the other What now follows is a more detailed description of the different stages in the model. 2 This three-step circle is a simplified representation of Deming’s four-step circle (plan-do-check-act), where the elements “do” and 3. Needs, beliefs, and strategy. “act” actually represents a similar operation and, thus, can be collapsed into each other. That is, Deming’s element “act” is a re- This step in the communication process broadly action to feedback in order to fine tune the relationship between covers the planning stage in communicating. Three “plan” and “do”. It is reasonable to expect that such reaction is done with the conscious participation of one’s cognition, and that some elements are considered at this stage: our monitoring is still carried out in order to assess the quality of the re- particular goals for communicating (i.e. our action. The overall sequence, thus, would be the following: plan – act – check – re-plan – re-act – re-check. This can be simplified as a needs), our beliefs about both how communication three-step continuous circle: plan – act – check, as discussed in Pérezgonzález (2001). School of Food Science and Environmental Health School of Aviation Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland Massey University, New Zealand www.dit.ie/DIT/tourismfood/science/home.htm http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Communication; Interpersonal relationships; Modelling; Research 27
Contextual information Personal information
Do not approach You reject them
Expectations of You accept them Approach Your needs approachability and beliefs Signal approachability Strategy Fly away Mistake [Make yourself] Attractive Try again Available Work relationship
Attractive You’re rejected Available Strategy You’re accepted
Signal approachability Fly away Mistake Their needs and beliefs Expectations of approachability Approach Try again
Do not approach
Contextual information Personal information works and how competent we are at it, and the 3.2. Beliefs. strategy that we will finally decide upon according Needs are not born in a vacuum. They are to those needs and beliefs. partly modified by our own experiences, mental models, attitudes and expectations of success. We 3.1. Needs. have our own individual understanding of how the Needs refer to something we want, wish for, or world around us works, and how capable we are at need (e.g. a pay raise, a romance, or to tell Mary getting those needs satisfied. some news). We can take the need, wish or want Thus, beliefs refer to how we communicate. for communicating something as the starting point Beliefs interact with needs, as they provide in the communication process, at least from a information regarding all of above, especially “sender’s” perspective. However, those needs are information regarding object, timing and manner. necessarily embedded in a personal understanding Our mental models inform us about the expectancy of how communication works, how good we are at of succeeding, and play a role in providing the it, and how to manage the situation so as to be strategy to develop our communication needs. successful in our communication. That is, needs are embedded in our own mental models. 3.3. Strategy. Because needs refer to why we want to Above operations of clarifying our needs and communicate, they will provide the motivation to estimating our expectancies would decide the start the communication process, but they may communication strategy that will follow. At this also help in deciding the object of communication stage, consider strategy as planning a goal that has (who we want to communicate with) and the time not yet being subjected to interaction with reality of communication (when we want to in order to get implemented (thus, it is still at communicate). cognitive levels).
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). A model of communication from a social perspective. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.23-35. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
28 Communication; Interpersonal relationships; Modelling; Research
The stage of needs & beliefs represents a interaction per se has not started, but that the type motivational step previous to the communication of interaction which will be informed by this process, but leading to it. This stage would be assessment has, in fact, not started. activated early in the communication process Four main elements may be assessed at this when we are the sender –i.e. we want to stage: the attractiveness of the other person, the communicate something, thus we start the process availability of the other person, contextual of communication. It would be activated later, circumstances, and personal (i.e. internal) once communication has been established, if we circumstances. All these elements are assessed at are the receiver –i.e. we first react to an invitation the time of commencing the interaction, thus to communicate, previously to assess whether we informing our expectations in real time. have something to communicate at all. Again, these elements may interact and affect each other (e.g. finding an available person makes As a final note to this point: the communication her more attractive than otherwise, or we being in process is a transactional process at its best. This a bad mood makes most contexts unfavourable for means that our own beliefs will be affected, even communication). Still, we should be able to challenged, during the interaction. Sometimes we describe each of the four elements in an will resist changes to how we perceive reality. autonomous manner. Some other times we may need to change those beliefs in order to be more skilful or successful in our interactions. Thus, this step in the process is 4.1. Attractiveness of the other person. not necessarily the first nor it is unmovable, but it The attractiveness of the other person answers is embedded in a continuous loop of learning and questions such as: How adequate is this person at adaptation (or, else, resistance to change), within a this time to my communication strategy? How process which is eminently transactional. Thus, as interesting is this person at this time to my strategy? we learn more, our communication strategy will Is this the person I need right now? Is this the change to incorporate any new learning and adapt person that can help me out with my needs now? to the other person’s interaction, and this could Attractiveness does not refer to physical even happen in real time, while we are keeping a attractiveness, although it may encompass it (e.g. conversation. Thus, this is a dynamic step within a an attractive person has more chances to be dynamic process. “attractive” to our needs than a less attractive one). Therefore, this assessment means an 4. Attractiveness, availability, assessment of the other person in terms of how adequately she will suffix our goals. When context, and expectations of assessing attractiveness, we are assessing that the approachability. person we want to talk to is the correct one at this This second step in the communication process moment for the message we need to communicate. pushes us towards interaction with our The attractiveness or adequacy of a person also communication environment (let’s call this a pre- depends on what we need from the communication interaction stage). That is, we start assessing the process (e.g. if only the boss can give us a pay overall context of communication in order to fine- raise, we won’t be looking for such pay rise from tune our strategy to reality, and implement it. At the cleaners), as well as on our own knowledge or this step, we compare the situation at present expectancies of who could satisfy them (e.g. against our beliefs (i.e. against what we thought basically anybody on the street is potentially right would be the ideal situation), and decide whether for giving us directions to certain street, however a the situation is right for starting our policeman, postman or shop owner may be communication or not. This step is about perceived as more adequate, if we happen to find perception and assessment of the context, one at the time). including the other person, and should lead to the A decision on attractiveness can be made at the elaboration of expectations that will inform our level of needs, beliefs and strategy (i.e. we can final decision to act. Obviously, once interaction already choose a person if we have enough has started, this step continues active, and informs information that that person is the one we need). us whether to continue our interaction in the same However, the fine-tuned assessment of manner or to adjust it according to changes in the attractiveness can only be made at this time of pre- context or the interaction itself. Thus, the use of interaction. That is, even if our boss is the right the concept of pre-interaction is to signal not that person to give us a pay raise, we may as well find School of Food Science and Environmental Health School of Aviation Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland Massey University, New Zealand www.dit.ie/DIT/tourismfood/science/home.htm http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Communication; Interpersonal relationships; Modelling; Research 29
out that the secretary could be a quickest way to and other emotions and feelings may help us when such pay raise (thus, the attractiveness of the communicating, or may detract us from doing so. secretary increases). Or we may have certain idea Thus, this element is trying to answer questions of what an attractive potential partner is for us, but such as: Do I feel physically or emotionally we still need to find attractive a real one before adequate for this communication right now? start interacting with him or her (and the experience of most people if that we may not even In summary, this “second” operation in the end up dating who we thought was our ideal type!). communication process generates expectations of success or failure once the process is going to start. 4.2. Availability of the other person. These expectations are generated by assessing four The availability of the other person answers elements at present: the attractiveness and questions such as: How available is the other availability of the other person, the environment, person right now? How receptive is she right now? and our own internal states. The expectations so Has she the time to deal with my needs right now? generated will inform the next operation in the Thus, availability refers to physical or process: the decision to communicate or not. emotional availability, and is subjected to time (i.e. We need to bear in mind that the above the other person may not be available right now, operation is an assessment at present, as a step but she will eventually be). previous to decision. A similar assessment of those Previous to this assessment we may have elements could have been done much earlier in the identified that certain person is adequate to give us process, at the needs stage. However, at such stage directions, but then we may also notice that she is we are merely dealing with beliefs, not reality. on the phone, thus not being available. Or we may Thus, any previous assessment may inform us of have identified our boss as the only one who can the person we may want to talk to (attractiveness), give us a pay raise, however we may postpone or when the person will be around (availability), talking to him about it if we find him in a bad but it will not be able to inform us fully how mood (thus, he is not really available to talk about attractive or available that person will be at the our pay raise successfully right now). time when we are ready to communicate with her.
4.3. External circumstances 5. Deciding on communicating. (contextual information). Our expectations to succeed in our Although a calculation of both attractiveness communication will lead us towards one of three and availability may suffix our decision to start the possible responses (or a combination of them): communication process, contextual information • Take no action, such as deciding not to (i.e. that outside our control or the other person’s approach, not to interact, or not to say control) may also play an important role in the something at a particular time. success of our communication or interaction. For • Decide on a passive communication strategy, example, we may have assessed the attractiveness namely signalling the other person to take and availability of a person and want to approach action. This could mean encouraging people to her, but our friends actually prevent it from approach us, dissuading them from happening. approaching us, or somehow managing their Therefore, this element in the communication expectations of approachability to us. The way model tries to answer questions such as: Do we of doing this is by managing our attractiveness have the opportunity to start this communication? and/or availability and so influencing the Is there anything in the environment that may person’s beliefs regarding us, the prevent this communication from happening? communication process itself, or the message being communicated. 4.4. Internal circumstances (personal • Decide on an active communication strategy, information). namely either approaching or avoiding Internal states (psychological, biological, etc) interaction or communication with the other may also play an important role when person. communicating. For example, shyness, euphoria,
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). A model of communication from a social perspective. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.23-35. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
30 Communication; Interpersonal relationships; Modelling; Research
5.1. Decide not to communicate. to decide our next steps. This signalling can Upon assessing our expectations of success at continue from both sides, becoming a subtle present, we may decide not to start the process of negotiation before any direct approach communication, or not to continue it if it has or communication is established. already started (e.g., we may decide not to say Furthermore, we could also have decided on something at a given time during the conversation, this passive approach from the needs, beliefs and thus not communicating it to the person we are strategy stage, thus planning the management of talking to). our attractiveness and availability beforehand. For example, we can strategically manage our 5.2. Decide on a passive attractiveness and availability long before any communication strategy. interaction occurs by carefully selecting our clothing when going out, thus increasing our We may also decide to follow an indirect path. chances of being approached by other people – That is, we may somehow signal the other person which could provide us with a large enough pool to approach us or to start communicating with us, of people from which to decide who we want to which actually puts us at the receiving end of the communicate with. process. For the sake of brevity, I will use the concept 5.3. Decide on an active of signalling approachability in its positive sense communication strategy. of encouraging action, rather than dissuading it. However, the signalling can be both way, and can This is the direct path to communicating our even reach complex patterns, such as encouraging needs, as we actually approach the other person certain behaviours while, at the same time, and communicate with her (or, else, we actively discouraging others, all in the same interaction avoid her). (e.g. the mixed signals many people complain Approaching is an active step towards initiating about in romantic relationships). communication. That is, we take the first step in Signalling approachability is an indirect the process, and we face the consequences of manner of communicating in which we show the being accepted or rejected in our approach (being other person our interest in communicating with ignored can be effectively considered as a way of her, but we decide to wait for some feedback rejection). regarding her interest in communicating with us. It If we are accepted, this will inform us whether is also a manner of showing the other person our we were correct in our expectations and want to availability to be approached, although we expect continue the communication process, or whether that the other person is the one who should take we were mistaken and, thus, we need to fly away. the approaching action. Thus, signalling is not If we are rejected, we face similar options. We merely a passive communication approach, but it have to decide whether the rejection is genuine can double as a way of “testing the waters” before and we need to fly away, or whether we want to we approach the person or start communicating pursue the relationship longer and, thus, try again with her. (for example, we may re-interpret such rejection as By signalling approachability we manage two due to a misunderstanding by the other person, to elements in the communication process: our own our failure in perceiving correctly the availability attractiveness and our own availability. Thus, we of the other person, or, even, to an expected want to increase / decrease our attractiveness to response –e.g. the controversial belief that some the other person, or we want to increase / decrease men hold that when a woman says “no” she actually means “yes”. our availability to the other person, or both. Because this is an indirect communication In summary, upon assessing our strategy, the other person has to assess whether she “expectations”, we have three courses of action: wants to approach and communicate with us or not to communicate, communicate indirectly, or not. Obviously, she also has the alternative options communicate directly. The most obvious of ignoring our signals (thus, taking no action), or consequences of our communication is that the signalling us to approach her, instead. other person may keep communicating indirectly Thus, signalling approachability requires a with us, may approach or avoid us, and may accept response from the other person. Meanwhile, we or reject us if we approach her. Even if become reliant on the feedback received in order communication is established, we (or the other
School of Food Science and Environmental Health School of Aviation Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland Massey University, New Zealand www.dit.ie/DIT/tourismfood/science/home.htm http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Communication; Interpersonal relationships; Modelling; Research 31
person) may still have the options of continuing approach: either flying away ourselves, or sending the communication or not. When the the other person away. communication is to be continued (such as when trying again after a rejection or when working out 7. What the model provides. the relationship), the communication process This model not only helps understand the closes over itself and onto needs and beliefs, thus process of communication from a social maintaining the process active for as long as the perspective, but also helps pinpoint where communication is maintained. bottlenecks in communication could appear. The second illustration shows these potential 6. Being at the receiving end of communication bottlenecks: communication. • Communication could fail because we have So far we have described communication from the “wrong” beliefs or mental models a “sender’s” perspective. However, such regarding how communication works, or we description does not account for the whole have the “wrong” communication habits, communication process. That is, because skills, etc. This bottleneck may explain the communication is a socially interactive process, problems of communication between different chances are that we will also be the “receiver” of cultures, for example. others’ advances. In this case, the same process • Communication could fail at the level of already described would be carried out by the perceiving and generating the right other person, with us as the target. Thus, some expectations of approachability. For example, people may try and attract our attention by we could misinterpret the attractiveness or signalling interest in us, or may approach us and availability of the other person, thus open a channel of communication. In this case, we communicating with the “wrong” person or at are at the receiving end and will be playing the the “wrong” time. role of that who will decide whether to signal back • Communication could fail at the level of to the other person, actively approach her, and signalling approachability, which is the case accept or reject the interaction that she has already when giving the “wrong” signals, or when started. failing in being attractive or available enough It is in this situation of us being the “receiver” for the other person to approach us. that we have a third set of interactive behaviours • Communication could also fail when we could display. Let’s briefly summarise the approaching the other person (e.g. when using other two before describing this set of behaviours. “wrong” ice-breakers), or at the stage of Firstly, we have already said that the person recognising that the interaction may be a could signal her interest in communicating with mistake and we need to fly away. us, to which we can respond as already described: we can ignore the signalling (decide not to Not only communication can fail at any of communicate), we can signal back (thus, above levels, but it can fail at more than one, as continuing clarifying our expectations of well. The important thing to remember, though, is approachability), or we can approach the other that different people may be competent in some person. stages of communication while less competent in Secondly, if we are approached, we have also others. That is, communication problems may be to decide whether we accept such approach (thus circumscribed to different stages in the process continuing the communication) or whether we rather than being a general inability of the person. reject it (thus preventing it from going any Thus, this model really offers the understanding further). Earlier we have also dealt with continuing that “one size does not fit all” but that different the relationship, as once we have accepted it we people with communication problems will can consider ourselves as actively engaging in the probably differ in the steps they fail. communication process (which should be similar The advantage of this model is that where there to deciding for an active communication strategy). is a problem, a cure may be available as well. And Thirdly, if we decide to reject the approach, we because this model maps out the relationship- will have to express the appropriate set of communication process and pinpoints the different behaviours for rejecting the other person’s
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). A model of communication from a social perspective. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.23-35. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
32 Communication; Interpersonal relationships; Modelling; Research
Contextual information Personal information Make yourself Perception, attitudes available and beliefs Do not approach You reject them
Expectations of You accept them Approach Fly away Your needs approachability techniques and beliefs Signal approachability Strategy Fly away Mistake [Make yourself] Attractive Personal Try again presentation Available techniques Work relationship Ice-breaking techniques Attractive You’re rejected Available Strategy You’re accepted
Signal Conversation approachability Fly away Mistake Their needs keepers and beliefs & enders Expectations of approachability Approach Try again
Do not approach
Contextual information Personal information operations within such process, it is relatively easy frameworks in a more ecological manner or, to elaborate techniques that could help manage alternatively, it is a redundant model. The specific steps with a greater accuracy and effect. In available frameworks will be identified and meta- fact, many of the “tricks and tips” that exist analysed on a case-by-case basis. Therefore, the nowadays to help improve our communication or methodology and results will be described for each interaction skills, address one or another of above case in future papers. Whenever necessary, bottlenecks. Most of those techniques can be refinements to the model here presented will also categorised as principally oriented towards be made, especially if such changes are informed managing beliefs, managing attractiveness by the results of the research. (presentation techniques), managing availability, starting a direct communication (ice-breaking 9. References. techniques), flying away, keep the communication PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2001). Construction going (communication keepers), or ending the safety management, a systems approach (Knowledge communication process at present (communication Management Edition™). Lulu Press (USA), 2005. enders). Thus, those techniques fit well within this ISBN/EAN: 9781411631236. model, as the second illustration shows.
8. The way forward. This model is introduced here in order to open a line of research that may validate the model itself by way of meta-analysing available frameworks of communication and relationships. The way forward, therefore, is by way of identifying those available frameworks, applying a meta-analysis on the information they contain, and test whether this communication model can explain the same School of Food Science and Environmental Health School of Aviation Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland Massey University, New Zealand www.dit.ie/DIT/tourismfood/science/home.htm http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Communication; Interpersonal relationships; Modelling; Research 33
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10. Sources of knowledge about communication models3: The following sources of knowledge do not pretend to be either exhaustive in the information about existing communication models or academically relevant. They are offered here for those users who do not know much about communication but want a quick perusal of the topic: • KAMINSKI Steven H (2002). Class handout about communication models, retrievable from http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm Kaminski acknowledges that much of the material in this handout is derived from C. David Mortensen’s book (1972), although he has adapted and updated it for this lecture. Therefore, this is a quite comprehensive introduction to several models of communication in a relatively comprehensible language, adequate for those users without an extensive knowledge on communication. • LEE Dick (2006). Developing effective communications. Website retrievable from http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/comm/cm0109.htm Lee offers a snapshot of five models of communication, most of them already covered by Kaminski (2002). • WIKIPEDIA, THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA, retrievable from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia is a good source of knowledge on diverse topics, although some entries are more reliable than others. Keywords such as “communication”, “communication theory”, “information theory”, etc may probably suffix the reader interested in knowing more about communication theories, in general.
3 These references are offered here primarily for their knowledge value, not for commercial purposes (although commercial links to the selected references may be given if available). The references are ordered alphabetically according to the first author's surname. The first date after the author refers to the date the original work was done, first copyrighted or first published. The title of the work follows. Finally, the location where it is possible to find such work is given, for example a webpage or a publishing company –the latter also includes country of publication, publication year, and ISBN number.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). A model of communication from a social perspective. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.23-35. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
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11. Who’s who. Author’s updated CV. Dr. Jose D Pérezgonzález obtained his PhD – together with the honorific award Doctor Europeus – from University of La Laguna (Spain) in January 2005, with staying both in Ghent University (Belgium) and Trinity College Dublin (Ireland) for research purposes. He has developed his research and lecturing career in Ireland, both in Trinity College Dublin and in Dublin Institute of Technology. He will now develop it further in the School of Aviation at Massey University (New Zealand). Much of his research up to date has been with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group, participating in several European-funded research projects. His research expertise ranges from aviation efficiency to health and safety management in organisational settings, and is especially interested in policy, reporting and auditing systems, health and safety management, and knowledge management systems. Nowadays, he is extending the idea of Knowledge Management Editions™, and aims to edit his own journal with a similar philosophy. He also aims to create a Centre of Excellence for Aviation in New Zealand, at Massey University. The author’s list of recent publications and reports is as follows: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576.
School of Food Science and Environmental Health School of Aviation Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland Massey University, New Zealand www.dit.ie/DIT/tourismfood/science/home.htm http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
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12. WHICH & WHERE. School of Food Science and Environmental Health at Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland. Updated CV: The School of Food Science and Environmental Health is one of the three schools comprising the Faculty of Tourism and Food in the Dublin Institute of Technology. The School has a well appointed suite of laboratories for research and teaching. The School has a full-time lecturing staff of 32 supported by technical staff. The School has shown vigorous and sustained professional activity since its formal inception in 1982. The School provides expertise in many areas including environmental health, risk management, environmental protection and management, food chemistry, food biochemistry, food microbiology, food processing and technology, instrumental chemical analysis, biotechnology, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical microbiology, good manufacturing practices, food protection, sensory science, food and chemical engineering. The teaching and research activity of the School is concerned with Environmental Health, Pharmaceutical Technology, Food Safety and Technology, Food Quality Assurance and Health and Safety. The academic and professional profiles of staff reflect these areas and bring both a multidisciplinary and a multi-sectoral influence to bear on programme development and delivery. The confluence of the activity is the interface between the industrialist, the regulatory agencies and the consumer. The focus is in optimising technologies and processes and in promoting consumer protection. The research programme is expressed in aspects of risk analysis, applied chemistry, applied microbiology, biotechnology, biochemistry / food technology, food processing and issues related to implementation of legislation. The research is supported by the European Union, national funding agencies, government departments and industry and by the Dublin Institute of Technology. There are six whole-time undergraduate programmes, three taught Masters programmes and postgraduate research.
School of Aviation at Massey University, New Zealand. Updated CV: The School of Aviation is part of the College of Business, based both in the Turitea Campus and the Milson Flight Centre at Palmerston North International Airport. It offers bachelor with honours in Air Transport Piloting and Aviation Management, and masters and doctorate degrees in Aviation Management. The School is relatively new (it was established in 1990) and its research curriculum is only starting to grow now. A sample of the School’s recent publication list follows: • MURRIE, Alexander John (2004). A divergent trend: opinion leaders, employers, dissatisfaction and the formation of new unions under the Employment Relations Act 2000. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, in press. • WILLIAMS Alan (2005). Developing strategies for the modern international airport. East Asia and beyond. Ashgate (London, UK), 2006. • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576. • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Book review: “The Southwest Airlines Way”. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.1-7. ISSN: 1177-4576. • MURPHY A, MA PRICE, C LYNCH & Alan GIBSON (2005). The computational post-buckling analysis of fuselage stiffened panels loaded in shear. International Journal of Thin-Walled Structures, 2005, vol.43, pp.1455-1474. • McNICHOLAS J, Andrew GILBEY, A RENNIE, S AHMEDZAI, J DONO & E ORMEROD (2005). Pet ownership and human health: a brief review of evidence and issues. BMJ, 2005, vol.331, pp.1252-1254.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). A model of communication from a social perspective. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.23-35. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Why would anybody need a Knowledge Management Edition™? -you may wonder. Let me give you several reasons:
You have read an article and you now need to synthesise its main ideas but you could really spare the time of doing it yourself.
You would like to have a ready-to-go quick summary of the main message of the article for future referencing, without the need to read the whole thing again.
Or you are reading an article in a foreign language and you want to reduce the time spent in translating it without loosing track of its main ideas.
Or you like the idea of having both the entire contents of an article and a shorter version of it, all in the same edition.
Or you started reading and article but grew desperate of the length of its contents, details, redundancies, statistical results, etc.
Or you would like to read several articles to keep up-to-date in science but you do not actually like reading at all.
Or you read an article before and you would like to revise its main ideas without having to read the whole article again.
Or you would like to read as many articles as possible for your studies and this edition allows you to go through all those that you would like to.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [trad] (2006). Reseña de libro: “La manera de Southwest Airlines”. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.37-43. ISSN:1177-4576.
(20060920) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576 año 2006, páginas 37-43 Disponible electrónicamente en www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI Reseña de libro: “La manera de Southwest Airlines” por Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ [traductor] (2006)
Escuela de Aviación, Universidad Massey, Nueva Zelanda
Traducido de PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Book review: “The Southwest Airlines way”. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.1-7. ISSN:1177-4576.
Enviar correspondencia a Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected] Resumen “La Manera de Southwest Airlines” ofrece una síntesis de la investigación llevada a cabo por Jody Hoffer Gittell en cuatro aerolíneas de Estados Unidos durante ocho años. Sin embargo, tanto el título como el enfoque del libro son en referencia a Southwest Airlines por el simple hecho de que esta aerolínea ha mostrado prácticas organizacionales distintivas que parecen estar a la base del mejor desempeño de dicha aerolínea en cuanto a eficiencia y calidad. Dichas prácticas han terminado por constituir las variables antecedentes del modelo de coordinación relacional elaborado por Gittell. Diez prácticas constituyen las variables antecedentes del modelo de coordinación relacional. El núcleo del modelo lo componen dos elementos en constante interacción: relaciones (definidas en términos de metas compartidas, conocimiento compartido y respeto compartido) y comunicación (definida en términos de frecuencia, coordinación temporal y orientación hacia la resolución de problemas). Según Gittell, cualquier organización puede gestionar estas diez prácticas para incrementar los niveles de coordinación relacional en la empresa y, por consiguiente, incrementar los niveles de desempeño organizacional (medido en términos de eficiencia y calidad). “La Manera de Southwest Airlines” va más allá de un mero estudio de casos sobre Southwest Airlines. El libro es también una referencia importante para la investigación futura de la coordinación relacional en otros sectores, ya que el libro provee las herramientas que sustentarían dicha investigación (es decir, el modelo, la metodología y los resultados). Dicha investigación futura, si respetara la metodología y los procedimientos seguidos por Gittell, podría informar tanto acerca de la validez del modelo como acerca de su importancia para una amplia gama de organizaciones. © 2006 por Jose D. Pérezgonzález (como editor). Reservados todos los derechos.
Palabras clave Coordinación relacional; Southwest Airlines; American Airlines, United Airlines, Continental Airlines; Aviación; Asistencia sanitaria; Estados Unidos.
Copyright © 2006 por Jose D. Pérezgonzález (como editor). Edición Gestión del Conocimiento™ es una marca comercial de J.D. Pérezgonzález. Reservados todos los derechos. Es ilegal el reproducir, plagiar, distribuir o comunicar públicamente el contenido de esta obra, en cualquier tipo de soporte o medio, sin la preceptiva autorización del editor.
Agradecimientos Este artículo ha sido tomado prestado de www.lulu.com/perezgonzalez para el primer volumen de esta revista, y para que sirva de ejemplo práctico del tipo de contenidos y el formato de futuras contribuciones.
38 Coordinación relacional; Southwest Airlines; American Airlines, United Airlines, Continental Airlines; Aviación; Asistencia sanitaria; EEUU
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TIPO DE TRABAJO TIPO DE ESTUDIO
; Proyecto de investigación... Estudio piloto Artículo metodológico Estudio exploratorio Resultados, recomendaciones… Estudio confirmatorio Bibliografía Replicación
MARCO TEÓRICO METODOLOGÍA
; Opinión personal, reseña, etc. Encuesta/Cuestionario Compilación e interpretación Entrevista Nueva teoría Test/Escala Observación DISEÑO Análisis de contenidos/de archivos Flexible / Cualitativo
Estudio de casos MUESTREO Estudio etnográfico Estudio para elaboración teórica Anécdota/-s Caso/-s Otro tipo de estudio (biográfico, fenomenológico…) Muestra conveniente Muestra representativa Fijo / Cuantitativo
Correlacional ANÁLISIS DE DATOS Comparativo Análisis cualitativos Investigación de campo Análisis cuantitativos univariados Investigación no-experimental Análisis cuantitativos bivariados Investigación cuasi-experimental Análisis cuantitativos multivariados Investigación experimental
ANCLAJES A LA HORA DE GENERALIZAR
; Norteamérica (EEUU) ; Coordinación organizacional ; Cultura anglosajona ; Gestión organizacional ; Cultura occidental ; Gestión de recursos humanos
Nota al lector: Esta obra no ha sido corregida de manera profesional; por tanto, algunos errores gramaticales, sintácticos o de uso del lenguaje pudieran aparecer. La mayoría de lectores podrán comprender el sentido de la dicho a pesar de algún que otro error. Por tanto, el riesgo de que aparezcan errores no retrasará o impedirá la publicación de este material tanto en cuanto el significado del contenido transmitido se halle salvaguardado. No obstante, esta obra ha sido revisada tanto como ha sido factible con el fin de capturar y corregir tantos errores como fuera posible. El lector sabrá perdonar aquellos que no lo han sido.
Nota pública: El autor de este artículo declara que éste es un trabajo original, refleja el entendimiento del autor de los contenidos cubiertos, y la información proporcionada lo es por razones de conocimiento, y no por razones comerciales, personales o de otra naturaleza.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Correo electrónico del editor: [email protected]. Publicación: Pergonomas. Impresión y distribución: Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Servicio al consumidor: [email protected]. Teléfono: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press o Lulu.com podrían aparecer como editorial en las librerías virtuales. El Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) es publicado artículo por artículo de manera continua tan pronto como los artículos se encuentren disponibles. La suscripción a la revista no es necesaria y los artículos pueden ser comprados individualmente en el formato en que se ofrecen, sea este electrónico o impreso. Los artículos pueden ser adquiridos a través de la página web http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
Escuela de Aviación Universidad Massey, Nueva Zelanda http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Coordinación relacional; Southwest Airlines; American Airlines, United Airlines, Continental Airlines; Aviación; Asistencia sanitaria; EEUU 39
correlacionarlo con la rapidez de respuesta entre la Reseña de libro: “La manera llegada y la salida del avión (“gate turnaround”, o de Southwest Airlines”. “departure operations” en inglés). Gittell identificó diez prácticas usadas por Southwest Airlines que describían los niveles de 1. Introducción. coordinación relacional en la empresa. Dichas Este libro sintetiza ocho años de trabajo prácticas fueron desarrolladas por Southwest investigativo llevado a cabo por Jody Hoffer Airlines durante la vida operativa de la empresa Gittell en cuatro aerolíneas de Estados Unidos: expresamente para gestionar los niveles de American Airlines (dos sucursales fueron coordinación entre empleados. Gittell halló que estudiadas), United Airlines (tres sucursales), dichas prácticas resultaban en mayores niveles de Continental Airlines (dos sucursales), y Southwest calidad y eficiencia en comparación con American Airlines (dos sucursales). No obstante, el libro se Airlines. centra en Southwest Airlines simplemente porque Además, Gittell también halló que dichas esta compañía mostró unas prácticas prácticas no eran necesariamente idiosincrásicas organizacionales distintivas –que están a la base de Southwest Airlines sino expresadas de una del modelo de coordinación relacional– que manera más prominente por dicha empresa. Es parecen ser las responsables de su mejor decir, prácticas similares podían encontrarse en desempeño en términos de eficiencia y calidad. otras aerolíneas (y otros sectores laborales), si bien Gittell describe en su libro la manera en que la manera en que dichas prácticas eran gestionadas Southwest Airlines opera (al menos hasta la difería entre empresas. De esta manera nació el publicación del libro), el grado en que dicha modelo. operación afecta el desempeño organizacional, y el El modelo de coordinación relacional es grado en que las otras aerolíneas se diferencian de relativamente simple de comprender (al menos de Southwest Airlines tanto en sus niveles de una manera burda). Gittell propone que tanto la coordinación relacional como en su desempeño. eficiencia como la calidad en las operaciones de Si bien no existe una indicación clara del “turnaround” pueden ser explicadas por dos periodo en que la investigación fue llevada a cabo, factores: la calidad de las relaciones mantenidas el libro fue inicialmente publicado en el año 2002, entre los distintos grupos de trabajadores (definida lo que significa que el análisis de los datos y su en términos de metas compartidas, conocimiento interpretación fueron concluidos en esa misma compartido y respeto compartido), y la calidad de fecha, si no antes. Por tanto, a falta de mayor su comunicación (definida en términos de precisión, parece razonable el fechar la frecuencia, coordinación temporal y orientación finalización de la investigación en ese año. hacia la resolución de problemas). Dichos factores McGraw-Hill publicó el libro en tapas duras en el constituyen el núcleo de la coordinación relacional. 2003, y lo ha vuelto a editar en rústica en el 2005. Diez prácticas constituyen las variables Ambas versiones son en inglés, y no existe todavía antecedentes que influyen el núcleo del modelo. una versión en español del libro. Éstas son las siguientes: liderazgo creíble y solidario, inversión en liderazgo en primera línea, 2. Un modelo de coordinación. selección y formación en competencia relacional, Quizás la contribución más importante de acercamiento de las esferas laboral y familiar, Gittell no sea tanto la descripción de las prácticas creación de roles que cubren varios puestos, organizacionales de Southwest Airlines, sino la medida global del desempeño, flexibilidad manera en que dichas prácticas se interrelacionan limítrofe entre puestos, asociación con los entre sí para conformar la base de un modelo sindicatos, y mantenimiento de buenas relaciones empírico de coordinación relacional. El modelo de con los proveedores. Gittell nació del estudio comparativo entre Cualquier empresa puede gestionar estas Southwest Airlines y American Airlines (tal y prácticas para incrementar los niveles de como se describe en el capítulo 3), probablemente coordinación entre empleados, lo que, a su vez, en las etapas iniciales de la investigación. A incrementará los niveles de desempeño continuación, Gittell usó el modelo como punto de organizacional tanto en eficiencia como en calidad. referencia para comparar el grado de coordinación La validez del modelo fue establecida por relacional de las cuatro empresas aeronáuticas, y medio de la comparación entre Southwest Airlines
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [trad] (2006). Reseña de libro: “La manera de Southwest Airlines”. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.37-43. ISSN:1177-4576
Escuela de Aviación Universidad Massey, Nueva Zelanda http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Coordinación relacional; Southwest Airlines; American Airlines, United Airlines, Continental Airlines; Aviación; Asistencia sanitaria; EEUU 41
Knowledge Management Space
6. Fuentes de conocimiento acerca de la coordinación relacional y Southwest Airlines1: • AMAZON.COM, en www.amazon.com Amazon.com no es una fuente de conocimientos acerca de la coordinación relacional per se, pero permite al lector acceder a las reseñas que otras personas han escrito acerca del libro de Gittell. Por tanto, este es un buen lugar para obtener segundas y terceras opiniones, si fueran necesarias. • GITTELL, Jody Hoffer (2002). The Southwest Airlines way. McGraw-Hill (New Cork, USA), 2005. ISBN: 0071458271
1 Estas referencias se ofrecen principalmente por su valor como fuentes de conocimiento, y no por razones comerciales (si bien enlaces comerciales pueden aparecer para con algunas referencias). Las referencias aparecen ordenadas alfabéticamente según el apellido del primer autor o nombre empresarial. La primera fecha que aparece después del autor hace referencia a la fecha del trabajo original (cuando éste fue realizado, protegido o publicado por primera vez, en este orden). El título de la obra sigue al autor o autores. El lugar donde puede ser adquirida la obra aparece al final, bien una página web, bien una dirección editorial –en cuyo caso también se incluyen el país de publicación, el año de la publicación y el número ISBN. Referencias no bibliográficas siguen dicho patrón en la medida de lo posible.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [trad] (2006). Reseña de libro: “La manera de Southwest Airlines”. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.37-43. ISSN:1177-4576
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7. QUIÉN ES QUIEN: Currículum del autor. Jose D. Pérezgonzález obtuvo el grado de doctor – junto con la mención honorífica Doctor Europeus – por la Universidad de La Laguna (España) en enero del 2005, con estancias en el extranjero, tanto en la Universidad de Gantes (Bélgica) como en el Trinity College de Dublín (Irlanda), como condiciones para obtener dicha mención. También ha desarrollado su carrera investigadora y académica en Irlanda, tanto en el Trinity College de Dublín como en el Instituto Tecnológico de Dublín, y la continuará en la Escuela de Aviación de la Universidad Massey de Nueva Zelanda. La mayor parte de su investigación ha sido llevada a cabo con el Grupo de Investigación de Psicología Aerospacial (APRG) del Trinity Collage, participando en varios proyectos subvencionados por la Comunidad Europea. Su experiencia cubre areas tales como eficiencia en la aviación, gestión de la salud y la seguridad organizacionales, legislación, sistemas de notificación de sucesos, sistemas de auditoria organizacionales, y gestión del conocimiento. En estas fechas, está interesado en extender la idea de las Ediciones Gestión del Conocimiento™, y aspira a editar su propia revista con una filosofía similar. Además, espera crear un Centro de Excelencia Aeronáutica para Nueva Zelanda, en la Universidad Massey. El listado bibliográfico del autor en el campo de la aviación, bien como publicaciones científicas bien como informes de investigación, es el siguiente: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576.
Escuela de Aviación Universidad Massey, Nueva Zelanda http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Coordinación relacional; Southwest Airlines; American Airlines, United Airlines, Continental Airlines; Aviación; Asistencia sanitaria; EEUU 43
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8. QUÉ Y DÓNDE:
Escuela de Aviación en la Universidad Massey, Nueva Zelanda. Currículo actualizado:
La Escuela de Aviación es parte del Colegio de Ciencias Empresariales, y se halla ubicada tanto en el Campus de Turitea (licenciatura en gestión) como en el Centro Milson de Vuelo en el aeropuerto internacional de Palmerston North. La Escuela ofrece licenciaturas en Aviación (piloto de transportes aéreos) y en Gestión de la Aviación, así como cursos avanzados de master y doctorado en Gestión de la Aviación. La Escuela fue fundada recientemente (en 1990) y su currículo investigativo apenas está comenzando a crecer en estos momentos. Una muestra de la lista de publicaciones recientes de la Escuela es la siguiente: • MURRIE, Alexander John (2004). A divergent trend: opinion leaders, employers, dissatisfaction and the formation of new unions under the Employment Relations Act 2000. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, in press. • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [trad] (2006). Reseña de libro: “La manera de Southwest Airlines”. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.37-43. ISSN:1177-4576
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PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.45-53. ISSN:1177-4576.
(20060925) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576, year 2006, pages 45-53 Available online at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006 by Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2006)
School of Aviation, Massey University, New Zealand
Correspondent: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected]
Abstract This article commences a bibliographic series that documents monthly indicators for aviation management and aviation performance in New Zealand. The bibliography mainly collects links to aviation news on daily newspapers, and to aviation safety indicators maintained by the Civil Aviation Authority and the Transport Accident Investigation Commission. However, other sources are also possible, depending on their relevance. The bibliography is wide in its scope, thus, it may be more representative of aviation performance indicators that have caught the attention of New Zealanders than of indicators with a direct impact on New Zealand’s aviation sector. Notwithstanding this, the reader who wants to keep updated on what’s going on in the aviation sector in New Zealand may find this thematic bibliography of relevance. During the month of June 2006, the most important aviation performance indicators that caught the attention of New Zealand’s media were the following (in order of importance): the Civil Aviation Authority’s performance in regards to the 2003 crash that killed eight people in New Zealand, the proposal for a codeshares deal between Air New Zealand and Qantas, Airbus woes with it’s A-380, the misleading price advertisements by Air New Zealand, the impact of fuel prices on the benefits of airlines nationally and worldwide, the findings in NZ of some links to the 9/11 terrorist attack in the US, and the black-star rating of Taupo Airport as the least safe airport in the world. Furthermore, a helicopter incident with no injuries or damages also occurred. © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
Keywords Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand.
Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Knowledge Management Edition™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
46 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
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Space
TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH Research proposal, project... Pilot study Methodology paper Exploratory study Results paper, recommendations… Confirmatory study ; Thematic bibliography Replicating study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY
Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire Compilation & interpretation Interview New theory Test/Scale DESIGN Observation Flexible/Qualitative designs Content analysis/Data archives Case study SAMPLING Ethnographic study Grounded Theory study Anecdote/-s Other (biographical, Case/-s phenomenological…) Convenient sample Representative sample Fixed/Quantitative design Correlational DATA ANALYSIS Comparative Qualitative analysis Field research Univariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Bivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Experimental GENERALIZATION ANCHORS
; New Zealand ; Aviation management ; Aviation efficiency ; Aviation health, safety and the environment
Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to professional proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. However, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 47
Thematic bibliography: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10384955. aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006. 6 June 2006 NZPA (2006a). CAA admits it could have 1 June 2006 prevented crash. The New Zealand Herald, BENNETT Adam (2006). Fuel price increases 2006-06-06. At to take bigger toll on Air NZ. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-06-01. At 556&objectid=10385191. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006b). Air NZ employee reinstated 113&objectid=10384460. after smacking claim. The New Zealand Herald, CASTLE Stephen (2006). Race to avert air 2006-06-06. At chaos on data deal. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-06-01. At 113&objectid=10385234. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). US airlines recover with 113&objectid=10384463. fewer planes. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- MARTINUZZI Elisa (2006). Paris airport 06-06. At operator in €1.4b float. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-06-01. At 113&objectid=10385113. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10384444. 7 June 2006 OLIVER Paula (2006). King turns up heat on CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ aviation watchdog. The New Zealand Herald, (2006). CAA Moving on Coroner’s Findings. 2006-06-01. At CAA-NZ, 2006-06-07. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.caa.govt.nz, Media Releases. 556&objectid=10384498. HOULAHAN Mike (2006). Airline regulator accepts fault but not resigning. The New 2 June 2006 Zealand Herald, 2006-06-07. At CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= (2006). Civil Aviation rules register information 556&objectid=10385361. leaflet, edition 2006-07. CAA-NZ, 2006-06-02. NZHERALD (2006a). BAA accepts £10bn At http://www.caa.govt.nz, CARRIL. Grupo Ferrovial takeover bid. The New Zealand HEMBRY Owen & Richard INDER (2006). Herald, 2006-06-07. At Rockwell hails quality of Rakon work. The New http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Zealand Herald, 2006-06-02. At 114&objectid=10385294. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZHERALD (2006b). Global airlines predict 556&objectid=10384662. $3bn loss due to oil price rises. The New HOULAHAN Mike (2006). Pilots say airport Zealand Herald, 2006-06-07. At unsafe. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-02. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 113&objectid=10385303. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006). Minister, CAA chairman refuse to 556&objectid=10384680. back director. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- NZPA (2006). CAA questions Taupo Airport's 06-07. At black star. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-02. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 556&objectid=10385426. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10384729. 8 June 2006 CHENG Derek (2006). Sacked Air NZ worker 4 June 2006 wins under new rules. The New Zealand Herald, CARRELL Severin (2006). Robot spy planes to 2006-06-08. At guard Europe's borders. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-06-04. At 113&objectid=10385563.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.45-53. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 48 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
FALLOW Brian (2006). Air deal likely to push Herald, 2006-06-11. At tickets up. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-08. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf At m?o_id=500463&ObjectID=10385984. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= MASTERS Catherine (1997a). Case 2: Private 556&objectid=10385565. flight, January 3, 1997. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-11. At 9 June 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf HOULAHAN Mike (2006). Aviation boss vows m?o_id=500463&ObjectID=10385983. he won't be pushed. The New Zealand Herald, MASTERS Catherine (1997b). Case 3: United 2006-06-09. At Aviation, freight trip, June 11, 1997. The New http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Zealand Herald, 2006-06-11. At 556&objectid=10385741. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf MESURE Suzie (2006). All-frills airline Eos m?o_id=500463&ObjectID=10385982. enjoys 'explosive growth'. The New Zealand MASTERS Catherine (1998). Case 4: Southern Herald, 2006-06-09. At Air, scheduled flight, August 19, 1998. The New http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Zealand Herald, 2006-06-11. At 113&objectid=10385788. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf m?o_id=500463&ObjectID=10385981. 10 June 2006 MASTERS Catherine (1999). Case 5: Waterwings Airways, scenic trip, April 18, 1999. CUMMING Geoff (2006, May). Pilot with 9/11 The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-11. At links found in NZ. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf 2006-06-10. At m?o_id=500463&ObjectID=10385980. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/feature/story.cfm?c_i MASTERS Catherine (2002). Case 6: Air d=620&ObjectID=10385963. Fiordland Ltd, January 19, 2002. The New KWONG Vicky (2006). Cathay up on buying Zealand Herald, 2006-06-11. At Dragonair. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf 10. At m?o_id=500463&ObjectID=10385979. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= MASTERS Catherine (2003). Case 7: Air 113&objectid=10385876. Adventure, charter flight, June 6, 2003. The New NZHERALD (2006). Misleading ads cost Air Zealand Herald, 2006-06-11. At NZ dearly. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf 10. At m?o_id=500463&ObjectID=10385978. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10385868. 12 June 2006 11 June 2006 NZHERALD (2006). King passes airlines' file over to Hodgson. The New Zealand Herald, CREWDSON Patrick (2006). The Muslim who 2006-06-12. At preferred burgers to halal food. The New http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Zealand Herald, 2006-06-11. At 113&objectid=10386099. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10386042. 14 June 2006 DANN Liam (2006). Origin is found in the regions. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-11. NZHERALD (2006a). Food writer's bag At blamed for airport evacuation. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-06-14. At 113&objectid=10385886. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= MASTERS Catherine (2006). Under-fire CAA 114&ObjectID=10386450. to correct flight path. The New Zealand Herald, NZHERALD (2006b). Air NZ expects more 2006-06-11. At long-haul passengers. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-06-14. At 556&objectid=10385985. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= MASTERS Catherine (1995). Case 1: Ansett, 113&objectid=10386473. scheduled flight, June 9, 1995. The New Zealand NZHERALD (2006c). Airbus warns of delivery delays with A380s. The New Zealand Herald,
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 49
2006-06-14. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_i http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= d=1&ObjectID=10386909. 113&objectid=10386541. SILLS Ben (2006). Economic conquistadors 17 June 2006 conquer new worlds. The New Zealand Herald, CUMMING Geoff (2006, May). Rayed Ali - 2006-06-14. At student, pilot, mystery man. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-06-17. At 114&objectid=10386453. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10386948. 15 June 2006 TAYLOR Phil (2006). Flight safety hits CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ turbulence. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06- (2006). Report Ref. 06/2221: Helicopter incident; 17. At no injuries; no damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-06-15. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & 556&ObjectID=10386944. Incidents, Weekly Accidents Reports. TREVETT Claire (2006). Travellers to get EARNES David (2006). Sex for travel probe at better deal after Air NZ pricing decision. The Air NZ. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-15. New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-17. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10387022. 113&objectid=10386658. KEOWN Jenny (2006). Cathay challenge to Air 19 June 2006 NZ's China plan. The New Zealand Herald, DANN Liam (2006). Tourism boost from direct 2006-06-15. At China flights. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 06-19. At 113&objectid=10386639. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006a). Singapore seeks 113&ObjectID=10387177. superjumbo compensation. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-15. At 20 June 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZHERALD (2006a). Rise in numbers flying 113&objectid=10386590. through capital. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- REUTERS (2006b). US votes to maintain 06-20. At airline investment curbs. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-06-15. At 114&objectid=10387375. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZHERALD (2006b). Crisis meetings at 113&objectid=10386696. Airbus. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-20. 16 June 2006 At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ 556&ObjectID=10387451. (2006). International success for New Zealand aviation. CAA-NZ, 2006-06-16. At 21 June 2006 http://www.caa.govt.nz, Media Releases. NZPA (2006). Air NZ returns to Oamaru after DANN Liam (2006). Origin calls for 17 years. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-21. investigation into Air NZ pricing. The New At Zealand Herald, 2006-06-16. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&ObjectID=10387648. 113&ObjectID=10386774 RIGBY Bill (2006). Airbus delays turn heat on INDEPENDENT (2006). Night flights leave Boeing. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-21. trail of global-warming damage. The New At Zealand Herald, 2006-06-16. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&ObjectID=10387522. 556&objectid=10386729. NZPA (2006). Air NZ’s $600,000 fine for misleading ads confirmed. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-16. At
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.45-53. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 50 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
22 June 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10388311. GRICE Andrew (2006). 'Blair Force One' cleared for take-off. The New Zealand Herald, 27 June 2006 2006-06-22. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= INDEPENDENT (2006). Virgin Atlantic profits 556&objectid=10387739. soar despite fuel costs. The New Zealand Herald, HEMBRY Owen (2006). Warning shots on Air 2006-06-27. At NZ deal. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-22. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 113&ObjectID=10388531. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&ObjectID=10387752. 28 June 2006 REUTERS (2006a). Qantas in profit warning. HOULAHAN Mike (2006). Cullen's meal with The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-22. At airline sparks claim of conflict. The New http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Zealand Herald, 2006-06-28. At 113&ObjectID=10387721. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006b). Goldman Sachs cuts 113&ObjectID=10388677. Qantas to 'marketperform'. The New Zealand NZPA (2006). Fog lifts from Wellington Airport. Herald, 2006-06-22. At The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-28. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&ObjectID=10387853. 114&ObjectID=10388785. REUTERS (2006). EADS office raided as 23 June 2006 pressure grows on co-CEO. The New Zealand KWONG Vicky (2006). Air China takes a big Herald, 2006-06-28. At chunk of Cathay. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-06-23. At 556&ObjectID=10388757. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&ObjectID=10387883. 29 June 2006 NZHERALD (2006a). Qantas after CHENG Derek (2006). Airline policy on men compensation for Airbus delay. The New goes to human rights tribunal. The New Zealand Zealand Herald, 2006-06-23. At Herald, 2006-06-29. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10387934. 113&ObjectID=10388857. NZHERALD (2006b). Bad parking leaves HOULAHAN Mike (2006). Codeshares back plane stranded. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- on menu as dinner debate heats up. The New 06-23. At Zealand Herald, 2006-06-29. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&ObjectID=10387942. 556&ObjectID=10388849. NZPA (2006). Failed claim reveals Air NZ exec 24 June 2006 fell out with top brass. The New Zealand Herald, NZPA (2006). Pilot who fainted loses case. The 2006-06-29. At New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-24. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&ObjectID=10388869. 556&ObjectID=10388090. PERMATASARI Soraya (2006). Malaysian SMITH Michael (2006). British Airways raided Airlines to get $384m compensation. The New in airline price-fixing probe. The New Zealand Zealand Herald, 2006-06-29. At Herald, 2006-06-24. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&ObjectID=10388808. 113&ObjectID=10388114.
26 June 2006 DALEY, James (2006). Ryanair to sell motor and home insurance. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-06-26. At
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 51
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2. Sources of knowledge about Aviation in New Zealand1: • CAA-NZ, The Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, accessible at www.caa.govt.nz. The CAA is the main source of information for aviation safety performance, but also for regulatory management of the New Zealand aviation macro-system. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation management and performance are the “Accidents and incidents” tab and the “What’s new” tab. • NZHERALD, The New Zealand Herald, accessible at www.nzherald.co.nz. Newspapers in New Zealand have the particularity of being linked to a region, and none can be found that is linked to the nation itself. “The New Zealand Herald”, for example, is the newspaper of Auckland, the northern part of New Zealand. Notwithstanding this, the most important newspapers in New Zealand will reflect similar news in a relatively similar way. Therefore, “The New Zealand Herald” has been singled out as a main reference because it covers well aviation events at national and international levels (thus, its reliability), and it is relatively easy to access and navigate online (thus, its convenience as a source of information for readers outside New Zealand). • STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND, accessible at www.stats.govt.nz/default.htm. This is the only source of information available so far regarding overall aviation efficiency performance in New Zealand. Under the heading “Tourism and migration” it is possible to find statistics for international passenger traffic per airport or by airport of embarkation, for example. It does not offer a good deal of information on aviation nor updated one (statistics are available for ended years only), but it is a starting point. • TAIC-NZ, Transport Accident Investigation Commission, accessible at www.taic.org.nz. The TAIC is an independent body that investigates transport accidents and incidents with significant implications for safety. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation safety performance are the “Aviation” tab and the “News” tab. Because the TAIC is an investigative body for serious accidents and incidents, the information that it provides is limited to those incidents that the TAIC investigates (thus, it does not offer a complete picture of aviation safety performance) and is substantially delayed in time (thus, it is not a good indicator for prompt feedback on aviation safety performance).
1 These sources are offered here primarily for their knowledge value, not for commercial or other purposes (although links to the selected sources may be given if they are available). Sources related to the topic in question but which offer no relevant knowledge or offer redundant knowledge have been skipped. These sources are ordered alphabetically according to the first author's surname or source name. The first date after the author/source refers to the date the original work was done, first copyrighted or first published. The title of the work follows. Finally, the location where to find such work is given, for example a webpage or a publishing company –which also includes relevant information such as country of publication, publication year, ISBN number, etc.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.45-53. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 52 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
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3. Who’s who. Author’s updated CV.
Dr. Jose D Pérezgonzález obtained his PhD – together with the honorific award Doctor Europeus – from University of La Laguna (Spain) in January 2005, with staying both in Ghent University (Belgium) and Trinity College Dublin (Ireland) for research purposes. He has developed his research and lecturing career in Ireland, both in Trinity College Dublin and in Dublin Institute of Technology. He is now developing it further in the School of Aviation at Massey University (New Zealand). Much of his research up to date has been with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group in Ireland, participating in several European-funded research projects. His research expertise ranges from aviation efficiency to health and safety management in organisational settings, and is especially interested in policy, reporting and auditing systems, health and safety management, and knowledge management systems. Nowadays, he is promoting the idea of Knowledge Management Editions™, and is founder and chief editor of the Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. He is also setting the basis for a Centre of Excellence for Aviation in New Zealand, at Massey University. The author’s list of recent publications and reports on aviation is as follows: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [trad] (2006). Reseña de libro: “La manera de Southwest Airlines”. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.37-43. ISSN:1177-4576 [Traducido de Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2006). Book review: “The Southwest Airlines way”. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.1-7. ISSN:1177-4576]
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 53
Knowledge Management
Space 4. Which & where.
School of Aviation at Massey University, New Zealand. Updated CV:
The School of Aviation is part of the College of Business, based both in the Turitea Campus and the Milson Flight Centre at Palmerston North International Airport. It offers bachelor with honours in Air Transport Piloting and Aviation Management, and masters and doctorate degrees in Aviation Management. The School is relatively new (it was established in 1990) and its research curriculum is only starting to grow now. A sample of the School’s recent publication list follows: • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [trad] (2006). Reseña de libro: “La manera de Southwest Airlines”. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.37-43. ISSN:1177-4576 [Traducido de Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2006). Book review: “The Southwest Airlines way”. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.1-7. ISSN:1177-4576]
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.45-53. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Why would anybody need a Knowledge Management Edition™? -you may wonder. Let me give you several reasons:
You have read an article and you now need to synthesise its main ideas but you could really spare the time of doing it yourself.
You would like to have a ready-to-go quick summary of the main message of the article for future referencing, without the need to read the whole thing again.
Or you are reading an article in a foreign language and you want to reduce the time spent in translating it without loosing track of its main ideas.
Or you like the idea of having both the entire contents of an article and a shorter version of it, all in the same edition.
Or you started reading and article but grew desperate of the length of its contents, details, redundancies, statistical results, etc.
Or you would like to read several articles to keep up-to-date in science but you do not actually like reading at all.
Or you read an article before and you would like to revise its main ideas without having to read the whole article again.
Or you would like to read as many articles as possible for your studies and this edition allows you to go through all those that you would like to.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during July 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.55-62. ISSN:1177-4576.
(20061010) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576, year 2006, pages 55-62 Available online at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during July 2006 by Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2006)
School of Aviation, Massey University, New Zealand
Correspondent: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected]
Abstract This article continues a bibliographic series that documents monthly indicators for aviation management and aviation performance in New Zealand. The bibliography mainly collects links to aviation news on daily newspapers, and to aviation safety indicators maintained by the Civil Aviation Authority and the Transport Accident Investigation Commission. However, other sources are also possible, depending on their relevance. The bibliography is wide in its scope, thus, it may be more representative of aviation performance indicators that have caught the attention of New Zealanders than of indicators with a direct impact on New Zealand’s aviation sector. Notwithstanding this, the reader wanting to keep updated on what’s going on in the aviation sector in New Zealand may find this thematic bibliography of relevance. During the month of July 2006, the most important aviation performance indicators that caught the attention of New Zealand’s media were the following (in order of number of articles devoted to each of them): airport performance and weather conditions affecting airport performance (especially fog at Auckland International Airport), Air New Zealand’s performance and miscellaneous news in regards to internal issues in the airline, incidents management (especially by the CAA) and reports by the TAIC, miscellaneous news in regards to Airbus-EADS- BAE, and international aviation accidents. Furthermore, three incidents were logged into CAA-NZ’s Occurrence Reporting database: two regarding light aircrafts and one regarding a helicopter, none with either serious injuries or damages to report. © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
Keywords Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand.
Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Knowledge Management Edition™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
56 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
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Space
TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH Research proposal, project... Pilot study Methodology paper Exploratory study Results paper, recommendations… Confirmatory study ; Thematic bibliography Replicating study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY
Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire Compilation & interpretation Interview New theory Test/Scale DESIGN Observation Flexible/Qualitative designs Content analysis/Data archives Case study SAMPLING Ethnographic study Grounded Theory study Anecdote/-s Other (biographical, Case/-s phenomenological…) Convenient sample Representative sample Fixed/Quantitative design Correlational DATA ANALYSIS Comparative Qualitative analysis Field research Univariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Bivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Experimental GENERALIZATION ANCHORS
; New Zealand ; Aviation management ; Aviation efficiency ; Aviation health, safety and the environment
Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to professional proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. However, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 57
Thematic bibliography: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&ObjectID=10389519. aviation news in New ROWAN Juliet (2006). Cessna's mini-nosedive Zealand during July 2006. triggers major callout. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-03. At 1 July 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= BOOKER Jarrod (2006). Air NZ refuses cash 114&ObjectID=10389462. for historic plane. The New Zealand Herald, 4 July 2006 2006-07-01. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= McNAUGHTON Maggie (2006). Fog forces 556&ObjectID=10389234. flights to be diverted. The New Zealand Herald, DANN Liam (2006). Air NZ says profit back on 2006-07-04. At track after fare increases. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-07-01. At 113&ObjectID=10389605. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NEELY Jason (2006). Airbus A380 anything 113&ObjectID=10389206. but plain sailing for Forgeard. The New Zealand NZPA (2006). Wellington Airport reopens as Herald, 2006-07-04. At fog lifts. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-01. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 113&ObjectID=10389550. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006). Air NZ to appeal decision on 556&ObjectID=10389270. employees' internet use. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-04. At 3 July 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ m?o_id=5&ObjectID=10389684. (2006-07-02a). Report Ref. 06/2451: Light 5 July 2006 aircraft incident; no injuries; no damages. CAA- NZ, 2006-07-03. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, CASTLE Stephen (2006). Europe warns Accidents & Incidents, Weekly Accidents airlines about penalties for emissions. The New Reports. Zealand Herald, 2006-07-05. At CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= (2006-07-02b). Report Ref. 06/2450: Light 556&ObjectID=10389829. aircraft incident; no injuries; no damages. CAA- NEELY Jason (2006). BAE plans swift decision NZ, 2006-07-03. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, on Airbus stake. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- Accidents & Incidents, Weekly Accidents 07-05. At Reports. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= FILDES Nic (2006). Forgeard and Humbert 556&ObjectID=10389862. quit aerospace firm EADS. The New Zealand 6 July 2006 Herald, 2006-07-03. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= CHENG Derek & NZPA (2006). Lower North 556&ObjectID=10389489. Island braced for more rain. The New Zealand McKENZIE-MINIFIE Martha (2003). Star Herald, 2006-07-06. At power gives wings to Shanghai push. The New http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Zealand Herald, 2006-07-03. At 114&ObjectID=10389982. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006). Report into Queenstown plane 113&ObjectID=10389430. crash disputed. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- NZPA (2006). Flights diverted due to fog at 07-06. At Auckland Airport. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-07-03. At 665&objectid=10390041. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). EasyJet fails to derail air 114&ObjectID=10389481. merger. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-06. REUTERS (2006). BAE says Airbus stake value At set at €2.75 billion. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-07-03. At 113&ObjectID=10389933.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during July 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.55-62. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 58 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
TRANSPORT ACCIDENT 12 July 2006 INVESTIGATION COMMISSION, TAIC- NZ (2005-08-10). Report ref. 05-008: Cessna NZHERALD (2006). Jump jet just edges out Audi on runway. The New Zealand Herald, U206G, ZK-WWH, loss of control on take-off, 2006-07-12. At Queenstown Aerodrome, 10 August 2005. TAIC- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZ, 2006-07-06. At 556&ObjectID=10390792. http://www2.taic.org.nz/InvDetail/05-008.aspx. NZPA (2006). CAA not keen on coroner's call 7 July 2006 for GPS in small aircraft. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-12. At NZPA (2006). Alert after birdstrike on aircraft. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-07. At 556&objectid=10390941. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&ObjectID=10390173. 13 July 2006 8 July 2006 CRAWLEY John (2006). US wants passenger info before overseas flights. The New Zealand POLJIAK Vesna (2006). UK and Australia Herald, 2006-07-13. At dump flight restraints. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-07-08. At 556&objectid=10391118. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= DANN Liam (2006). Air NZ to cut routes and 113&ObjectID=10390294. reduce capacity. The New Zealand Herald, 9 July 2006 2006-07-13. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). Plane with 200 passengers 113&objectid=10390997. crashes in Russia. The New Zealand Herald, LADKI Nadim (2006). Israel attacks Beirut 2006-07-09. At airport, Israeli town hit. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-07-13. At 556&ObjectID=10390445. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 10 July 2006 114&objectid=10391126. HARRIS Catherine (2006). Hamilton plane 14 July 2006 business takes flight. The New Zealand Herald, NEWSTALK ZB (2006a). Fog clears from 2006-07-10. At Auckland airport. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-07-14. At 556&ObjectID=10390583. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= STOYANOV Ivan (2006). Russia opens probe 114&objectid=10391237. into plane crash. The New Zealand Herald, NEWSTALK ZB (2006b). Lomu back for more. 2006-07-10. At The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-14. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf 665&objectid=10390580. m?o_id=5&ObjectID=10391275. 11 July 2006 RADIO AUSTRALIA (2006). Airline makes job hopefuls pay for interviews. The New CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ Zealand Herald, 2006-07-14. At (2006-07-11). Report Ref. 06/2598: Helicopter http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= incident; no injuries; no damages. CAA-NZ, 113&objectid=10391282. 2006-07-11. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, Weekly Accidents 16 July 2006 Reports. WOULFE Catherine (2006). Air NZ ordered to NZHERALD (2006). Pakistan plane crashes. pay up over internet sackings. The New Zealand The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-11. At Herald, 2006-07-16. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf 665&objectid=10390695. m?o_id=5&ObjectID=10391507.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 59
18 July 2006 25. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NEELY Jason (2006). Airbus plans new planes 113&objectid=10392882. as it chases soaring rival. The New Zealand NZPA (2006). CAA's comments over crash still Herald, 2006-07-18. At unclear. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-25. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 556&ObjectID=10391696. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZHERALD (2006). Fog disrupts flights at 556&objectid=10392906. Auckland airport. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-18. At 26 July 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006a). Virgin Blue 'looking at domestic 114&objectid=10391803. flights in NZ'. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- SMITH Michael (2006). Royalty, actors sign up 07-26. At for Virgin space flights. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-07-18. At 556&ObjectID=10393164. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006b). Decline in passengers numbers 113&objectid=10391835. at Auckland airport in June. The New Zealand 19 July 2006 Herald, 2006-07-26. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006). Fog-hit flyers stuck in seats for 114&ObjectID=10393187. hours. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-19. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 27 July 2006 114&ObjectID=10391949. NZHERALD (2006). Jetstar connects to Asia. 21 July 2006 The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-27. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf FOLEY Kevin (2005). Explosives deal boosts m?o_id=169&ObjectID=10393219. Macquarie. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07- 21. At 29 July 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= CHEN Lynn (2006). Chinese film star finds 114&objectid=10392228. paradise in New Zealand. The New Zealand HOULAHAN Mike (2006). CAA unable to stop Herald, 2006-07-29. At fatal charter flight, MPs told. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf Herald, 2006-07-21. At m?o_id=5&ObjectID=10393509. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= KING Stephanie (2006). Flying high with 556&objectid=10392271. Versace. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-29. NZPA (2006). Millionaire pilot blamed for At crash that killed him and wife. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-07-21. At 556&objectid=10393492. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006). Air NZ Koru Club member says 556&objectid=10392359. car taken for joyride. The New Zealand Herald, 25 July 2006 2006-07-29. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= HEMBRY Owen (2006). Airport boost stirs 113&objectid=10393552. fears of higher charges. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-25. At 31 July 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= DANN Liam (2006a). Air NZ adding more 114&objectid=10392795. 'premium economy' seating. The New Zealand INDEPENDENT (2006). BA Air Miles may Herald, 2006-07-31. At plug pension gap. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-07-25. At 556&objectid=10393741. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= DANN Liam (2006b). Landing prices shock Air 113&objectid=10392763. NZ. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07-31. At NZHERALD (2006). United Airlines soars back http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= into profit. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-07- 113&objectid=10393750.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during July 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.55-62. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 60 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management Space
2. Sources of knowledge about Aviation in New Zealand1: • CAA-NZ, The Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, accessible at www.caa.govt.nz. The CAA is the main source of information for aviation safety performance, but also for regulatory management of the New Zealand aviation macro-system. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation management and performance are the “Accidents and incidents” tab and the “What’s new” tab. • NZHERALD, The New Zealand Herald, accessible at www.nzherald.co.nz. Newspapers in New Zealand have the particularity of being linked to a region, and none can be found that is linked to the nation itself. “The New Zealand Herald”, for example, is the newspaper of Auckland, the northern part of New Zealand. Notwithstanding this, the most important newspapers in New Zealand will reflect similar news in a relatively similar way. Therefore, “The New Zealand Herald” has been singled out as a main reference because it covers well aviation events at national and international levels (thus, its reliability), and it is relatively easy to access and navigate online (thus, its convenience as a source of information for readers outside New Zealand). • STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND, accessible at www.stats.govt.nz/default.htm. This is the only source of information available so far regarding overall aviation efficiency performance in New Zealand. Under the heading “Tourism and migration” it is possible to find statistics for international passenger traffic per airport or by airport of embarkation, for example. It does not offer a good deal of information on aviation nor updated one (statistics are available for ended years only), but it is a starting point. • TAIC-NZ, Transport Accident Investigation Commission, accessible at www.taic.org.nz. The TAIC is an independent body that investigates transport accidents and incidents with significant implications for safety. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation safety performance are the “Aviation” tab and the “News” tab. Because the TAIC is an investigative body for serious accidents and incidents, the information that it provides is limited to those incidents that the TAIC investigates (thus, it does not offer a complete picture of aviation safety performance) and is substantially delayed in time (thus, it is not a good indicator for prompt feedback on aviation safety performance).
1 These sources are offered here primarily for their knowledge value, not for commercial or other purposes (although links to the selected sources may be given if they are available). Sources related to the topic in question but which offer no relevant knowledge or offer redundant knowledge have been skipped. These sources are ordered alphabetically according to the first author's surname or source name. The first date after the author/source refers to the date the original work was done, first copyrighted or first published. The title of the work follows. Finally, the location where to find such work is given, for example a webpage or a publishing company –which also includes relevant information such as country of publication, publication year, ISBN number, etc.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 61
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Management Space
3. Who’s who. Author’s updated CV.
Dr. Jose D Pérezgonzález joined the School of Aviation at Massey University (New Zealand) in June 2006. Much of his research up to date has been with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group in Ireland, participating in several European-funded research projects. His research expertise ranges from aviation efficiency to health and safety management in organisational settings, and is especially interested in policy, reporting and auditing systems, health and safety management, and knowledge management systems. Nowadays, he is promoting the idea of Knowledge Management Editions™, and is founder and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. He is also setting the basis for a Centre of Excellence for Aviation in New Zealand, at Massey University. Among the recent projects which he is developing are the following: an awareness campaign regarding aviation management, efficiency and safety in New Zealand; a meta-analysis of aviation safety legislation at international levels; and a meta-analysis of communication models in the available literature. The author’s list of recent publications and reports on aviation is as follows: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.45-53. ISSN:1177-4576.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during July 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.55-62. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 62 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management
Space 4. Which & where.
School of Aviation at Massey University, New Zealand. Updated CV:
The School of Aviation is part of the College of Business, based both in the Turitea Campus and the Milson Flight Centre at Palmerston North International Airport. It offers bachelor with honours in Air Transport Piloting and Aviation Management, and masters and doctorate degrees in Aviation Management. The School is relatively new (it was established in 1990) and its research curriculum is only starting to grow now. A sample of the School’s recent publication list follows: • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.45-53. ISSN:1177-4576.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
PETROVICH Andrey [perevodchik] & Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ [koordinator] (2006). Obzor sistemi audita predlojenniy EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.63-76. ISSN:1177-4576. [Perevedeno iz Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576].
(20061020) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576 год 2006, страницы 63-76 Доступно он-лайн на www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Обзор системы аудита, предложенной EASA Part-145 Выполнен Андреем ПЕТРОВИЧ [переводчик] & Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ [координатор] (2006)
Школа Авиации, Университета Massey , Новая Зеландия.
Переведено из PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576.
Отзывы и вопросы на русском языке направлять: Андрей Петрович адрес электронной почты [email protected] Correspondence in English: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected]
Резюме. Требования о внедрении системы качества во всех сертифицированных организациях по техническому обслуживанию самолетов, работающих в соответствии с законодательством Европейского Авиационного Агенства по Безопасности, регулирует проверку соблюдения стандартов обслуживания самолетов и компонентов, а так же качества организационных процедур, для обеспечения летной годности и правильных методов обслуживания, обеспечивая этим безопасность воздушного судна, экипажа, пассажиров и сторонних наблюдателей. В эти требования давно не вносились существенные изменения, по крайней мере с 2001 года, что скорее подчеркивает завершенность этих правил. Система аудита -необходимая составляющая часть общей макро-системы обратной связи в организации, и играет решающую роль в нахождении и исправлении рисков, до того как эти риски станут причиной авиационного происшествия. Система аудита необходима для поддержания летной годности самолета и его безопасности. Хотя правила аудита относительно совершенные и повсеместно применяемые организациями по техническому обслуживанию, еще есть место для улучшения. Следовательно у этой статьи две основных цели: провести критический обзор системы качества, предложенной EASA путем сравнения этой системы с системой управления аудитом (являющейся прототипом последней), и предложение рекомендаций для новых требований эффективной системы управления аудитом в пределах EASA Part-145.A.65 (или скорее рекомендованной Part-145.A.67). © 2006 выполнено Jose D. Pérezgonzález (редактор). Все права защищены. © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
Ключевые слова для поиска Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического обслуживания.
© 2006 выполнено Jose D. Pérezgonzález (редактор). Knowledge Management Edition™ и сопутствующий логотип являются торговой маркой J.D. Pérezgonzález. Все права защищены. Ни одна часть этой публикации не может быть воспроизведена,сохранена или распространена в любой форме электронной,механической,в форме фотокопий,записи или любой другой форме без предварительного письменного разрешения редактора. Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Издание Управления Знаниями™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor. 64 Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического обслуживания.
Knowledge Management Space
TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH Research proposal, project, etc. Pilot study Methodology paper ; Exploratory study ; Results paper, recommendations… Confirmatory study
Bibliography Replicating study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY
Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire ; Compilation & interpretation Interview New theory Test/Scale Observation DESIGN ; Content analysis/Data archives Flexible/Qualitative designs Case study SAMPLING Ethnographic study Anecdote/-s Grounded Theory study Other (biographical, ; Case/-s phenomenological…) Convenient sample Representative sample Fixed/Quantitative design Descriptive DATA ANALYSIS Correlational Descriptive analysis Comparative ; Qualitative analysis Field research Bivariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Experimental
GENERALIZATION ANCHORS ; EASA Part-145 regulations ; Aircraft Maintenance Organisations ; JAA JAR-145 regulations ; Quality systems ; Aviation regulations Part 145
Общее заявление: Автор этой работы заверяет что это подлинная работа, отражающая понимание автором тем затронутых в книге. Информация содержащаяся в статье предназначена для получения знаний, а не для коммерческого, личного или других целей. Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
Заявление для читателей: Эта работа не была одобрена для чтения; поэтому некоторые грамматические, синтаксические или лингвистические ошибки могут быть обнаружены при чтении. Исходя из опыта, большинство читателей будут в состоянии понять написанное не смотря на ошибки; следовательно эти ошибки не должны задержать или каким-либо другим образом помешать публикации этих материалов потому как содержание и значения не искажены. Не смотря на предыдущее утверждение, эта работа была пересмотрена на предмет нахождения и исправления как можно большего количества ошибок. Читатель может извинить за те ошибки которые не были найдены. Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to professional proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. However, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
Школа Авиации Университета Massey , Новая Зеландия http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического 65 обслуживания.
Обзор системы аудита, аудит в пределах системы. Во-вторых, AMC 145.A.65(c)(2) далее определяют роль предложенной EASA Part- качественной системы обратной связи 145. работающей в двух направлениях: обеспечивая осознание ответственным персоналом уровня соблюдения организацией правил и 1. Введение. управление корректирующими действиями для Эта работа продолжает задание начатое в устранения обнаруженных недостатков. предыдущей статье, которая исследовала Система качества EASA’s [особенно если систему отчетности о происшествиях, успешно брать в рассчет более детально описанные примененную EASA Part-145 (смотри AMC 145.A.65(c)] вписывается относительно Pérezgonzález et al., 2005). Следуя схожей хорошо в систему управления аудитом (СУА) логике и структуре, эта статья исследует (смотри иллюстрацию 1) спроектированную и систему аудита с успехом применяемую в этом действующую в проекте ADAMS-2 (например же своде правил и рекомендаций. в Pérezgonzález et al., 2003; Baranzini et al., a EASA Part-145.A.65(c) точно определяет 2002; Corrigan et al., 2002). регулирование системы качества в Эта система может быть определена как сертифицированных организациях по ремонту функциональная система управления, которая, и техническому обслуживанию воздушных в соответствии с Pérezgonzález (2005), b судов (MROs) . Тем не менее другие части показывает три основные черты. Существует регулирования, относящиеся к качеству могут группа элементов, которые скоординированы быть найдены в разных частях Part-145, где они вместе, формируя целый блок (систему). Эта и должны быть. В соответствии с EASA Part- система трансформирует серии входящих 145.A.65(c), эта система качества будет данных в предопределенные продукты, и состоять из независимого аудита [Part- управляя двумя вещами – этой 145.A.65(c)(1)] и качественную систему трансформацией и эффективностью самой обратной связи для информирования системы. Наконец, описание и анализ системы ответственного персонала этой организации о сфокусированы скорее на назначении и правильном и своевременном исправлении процессе, чем на физических и процедурных найденных аудиторами недостатков [Part- чертах (это представляет функциональный 145.A.65(c)(2)]. подход). Есть много способов благодаря которым Функциональная система управления система качества может быть улучшена, когда аудитом разработанная в проекте ADAMS-2 приемлемые средства соответствия (AMC, основана на трех основных ресурсах Acceptable Means of Compliance) приняты во информации, составляющих регулирующие внимание. В первую очередь, AMC требования для организаций технического 145.A.65(c)(1) определяют общие понятия, цель обслуживания и ремонта MROs (то есть JAA’s и границы независимого аудита, включая JAR-145 Amendment 4, 2001), эмпирические установление образчиков продукции, условия и результаты относительно сходства систем время аудита и персонала, ответственного за проверки документов и отчетности четырех MROs в Европе (ADAMS-2 research project), и теоретическая и эмпирическая поддержка из a Из-за недавней трансформации Joint Aviation литературы о процессах умственной Authority (JAA) в European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) с деятельности и создания систем (например von очень небольшими отличиями между JAR-145 (Amendment 5, Bertalanffy, 1968; Cortés et al., 1974; Rummler & 2003) и EASA Part-145 (2004), этот обзор сфокусирован на EASA’s правилах и рекомендациях. Хотя JAA еще существует, Brache, 1995; Skyttner, 1996). Дальнейшая ссылки будут делаться на два агенства рассматривая дальнейшее оценка модели была произведена на двух развитие. Следовательно, ссылки на JAA и JAR сделаны других MROs не участвовавших в проекте относительно прошлого, тогда ссылки на EASA сделаны относительно настоящих правил и рекомендаций (если другое не ADAMS-2. сказано в тексте). Полученная в результате система b Компетентный орган определяет эти организации как сертифицированные организации по техническому управления аудитом была задумана как общая обслуживанию (ОТО), но индустриальный сектор предпочитает карта процесса, которая могла быть определение организации по техническому обслуживанию и использована для оценки системы аудита ремонту (OТОиР). Последнее определение и будет использовано в этой работе. MROs для того чтобы оценить их
ПЕТРОВИЧ Андреем [переводчик] & Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ [координатор] (2006). Обзор системы аудита, предложенной EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.63-76. ISSN:1177-4576. [Переведено из Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576]. Доступно он-лайн на www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 66 Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического обслуживания.
функциональную планировку, эффективность этой работе. Первая проблема, которую управления проверками безопасности и необходимо решить это более ясно определить соблюдение правил установленных EASA c. границы роли и пределов системы качества, и Исходя из этих оценок могут быть сделаны предложение о специальном и полном соответствующие рекомендации для параграфе для системы проверки улучшения этой системы и производственные документации и отчетности. Вторая проблема показатели могут быть установлены для состоит в необходимости упорядочения любых оценки эффективности этих предложенных несоответствий относительно трансформации изменений. требуемой системы проверки в систему Основная система управления аудитом управления аудитом (СУА). Это будет сделано (иллюстрация 1) представлена посредством улучшения специального последовательностью из 12 шагов (то есть параграфа по аудиту и дополнение его любыми операций) в проведение аудита: (1) проверка другими правилами и рекомендациями документов и отчетности; (2) относящимися к данной цели. Третья проблема документирование, оценка и предварительное относится к общей оценке настоящих правил и расследование; (3) оповещение внешних рекомендаций, после которой автор осмелев агенств (включая Управление); (4) ается предложить то, что еще может быть расследование происшествий; (5) анализ сделано для превращения системы проверки в тенденций; (6) рапорт о найденных функционально эффективную систему недостатках, проведение оценки рисков и управления аудитом. Эти три проблемы теперь выработка рекомендаций; (7) внедрение будут рассмотрены последовательно. рекомендаций и осуществление корректировочных действий; (8) наблюдение за 2. Роль и пределы системы внедряемыми рекомендациями; (9) контроль за качества. своевременным внедрением рекомендаций; (10) оценка внедренных изменений и действий; Роль и пределы системы качества в EASA (11) завершающий этап внедрения изменений; Part-145 в некоторой степени вводят в и (12) обратная связь и обучение внутри заблуждение, так как внедряемые правила не организации. предоставляют четкого определения системы Если сравнить требования EASA к системе качества и что эта система означает. Только качества с этой основной картой, многие из AMC 145.A.65(c)(1) вносят ясность, что этих операций совпадают, особенно если основные две цели системы это гарантия что приняты во внимание приемлемые средства организация производит безопасный продукт и соответствия AMC 145.A.65(c). Более того эти гарантия что организация соответствует требования были едва ли изменены как требованиям EASA Part-145. Однако минимум с 2001 года (JAR-145, Amendment 4), использование понятия “система качества” в что еще более подчеркивает завершенность и действительности похоже относится к двум приемлемость рекомендаций и правил в различным актуальным проблемам: секторе авиационного технического качественные практики (такие как обслуживания. Следовательно рекомендации в независимый аудит), и организационной этой работе будут сфокусированы на философии качества (отраженной в политике предложении небольших изменений для качества и безопасности). Давайте рассмотрим создания более понятного набора правил и обе проблемы по очереди. рекомендаций относительно системы аудита. С одной стороны, Part-145.A.65(c) отражает Три основных проблемы нацелены на практичность системы качества. Эта часть улучшение понимания и внедрения реальных определяет, что роль этой системы следить за правил и рекомендаций а так же соответствием воздушных судов, компонентов предоставление функциональной системы, и процедур для того чтобы гарантировать способной исправлять найденные в результате хорошее техобслуживание и летную проверки недостатки будут представлены в пригодность роль так же предусматривает обратную связь для оповещения двух сторон: персонала ответственного за корректирующие c Это верно для времени, когда использовался проект ADAMS-2, Система управления аудитом оценивала соответствие MRO’s требованиям JAA.
Школа Авиации Университета Massey , Новая Зеландия http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического 67 обслуживания.
3 Оповещение внешних агенств 2 1 Проверка Документирование и оценка (отделом 4 Расследование происшествий качества) Предварительное расследование 6 Рапорт о найденных недостатках, Проверка оценки рисков и рекомендаций (третьими организациями) 5 Анализ тенденций
12 Обратная связь и обучение внутри 8 Контроль времени для 7 Внедрение рекомендаций организации произведения корректировочных действий Осуществление корректировочных действий Действия да произведены? нет
Получение сообщения о 11 произведенных действиях Завершающий этап внедрения изменений 10 9 Оценка предпринятых действий Механизм контроля
Проблема устранена? да нет
Иллюстрация 1: Основная система управления аудитом .
действия для устранения несоответствия и используя определения отраженные в персонала ответственного за то что бы эти Экспозиции Организации по Техническому корректирующие действия были произведены Обслуживанию (ЭОТО) таких как:“процедуры надлежащим образом и в срок. AMC и система качества, разработанные 145.A.65(c) расширяет эти функции. организацией в соответствии с 145.A.25 до Дальнейшая индикация практичности 145.A.90” [см. Part-145.A.70(12)]. Это более системы качества разрознена по все частям широкое толкование понятия “системы правил и рекомендаций. Поэтому, вторая роль качества” поддерживается в AMC 145.A.75(b). системы качества заключается в возможности В этом более широком смысле, отношение к слежения за собой (например деятельность системе качества проявляется в независимого аудита и обратная связь) для того организационной философии качества чтобы гарантировать эффективное отражаясь в ее политике и процедурах функционирование [Part-145.A.30(c)]. Третья (которые конечно включают те процедуры и роль системы качества это выдача политику, которые более тесно связаны с сертификатов авторизации для персонала, как аудитом и обратной связью). определено в Part-145.A.35(i). Следовательно если рассматривать С другой стороны, Part-145.A.75(b) качественные практики в узком понимании, то определяет, что одна из привилегий система качества ограничена определенным сертифицированных организаций по персоналом и возможно ограничена одним техобслуживанию и ремонту “выполнять отделом в организации (например отделом техобслуживание […] в других организациях, качества). В расширенном понимании, система система качества которых является частью качества в действительности охватывает всю системы качества организации”. Хотя эта организационную деятельность (включая даже система качества может быть понята как смежные организации). Это более широкое текущий аудит и процедура обратной связи в понимание относится к философии качества и данной организации, больший смысл был бы
ПЕТРОВИЧ Андреем [переводчик] & Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ [координатор] (2006). Обзор системы аудита, предложенной EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.63-76. ISSN:1177-4576. [Переведено из Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576]. Доступно он-лайн на www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 68 Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического обслуживания.
не ограничивает роль и границы системы нахождение недостатков внешними качества аудитом конкретного элемента. аудиторами такими как Управление ГА (т.е. Если это более широкое значение будет наблюдение осуществляемое компетентными избрано, то альтернативная концепция организациями) а так же оператором (т.е. необходима по отношению к тем качественным наблюдение третьими организациями). Далее практикам в EASA Part-145. Вариант записи, исправление и заверение всех предложенный здесь ссылается на них как найденных недостатков должны быть “система аудита”. Второе предложение это произведены этой организацией в соответствии создание специального параграфа для этой с той же самой процедурой что и для системы аудита, который будет ясно отделять внутреннего аудита (который будет последний от системы качества. Это представлен позже). разделение видится необходимым для того Обсуждение этой системы качества чтобы точно сформулировать существование заслуживает отдельной работы, и поэтому не независимой системы аудита как часть будет сделано здесь. Вкратце, однако, параграф производственного процесса в организации. В описываемый систему качества остался бы на то же время это поможет выделить практику своем прежнем месте; таким образом аудита из системы качества таким образом предлагаемые изменения к секции (c) в предотвращая заблуждение, что единственная правилах читались бы следующим образом (в роль системы качества это аудит соответствия данной работе приведена не переведенная с и снабжение ответственного агента английского языка версия): полученной информацией (в действительности организация системы оповещения о 145.A.65 Safety and quality policy, происшествиях должна быть задачей для maintenance procedures and quality system. системы качества, такой же как и выдача сертификатов [например Part-145.A.35(i)] ). […] (c) The organisation shall establish Вкратце автор осмеливается предложить a quality system which will ensure the оставить Part-145.A.65 для регулирования following: • It monitors organisational compliance широкой системы качества и создать новый with aircraft / aircraft component параграф, Part-145.A.67, для регулирования standards and procedures as specified практики независимого аудита. Давайте in Part-145.A.67(a). рассмотрим это предложение. • It monitors compliance with Part-145 from 145.A.25 to 145.A.90. • It monitors the performance of the 2.1. Специальный и завершенный auditing system itself in order to параграф для системы качества. ensure its effective and efficient Роль системы качества заключается в functioning, as specified in Part- 145.A.30(c). наблюдении за всей организацией для того • It liaises with a similar quality чтобы обеспечить летную годность воздушного system at the competent Authority, as судна и/или его компонентов обслуживаемых specified in Part-145.B.30, and third организацией. Эта система качества будет так organisations, if so required. же поддерживает связь с внешними • It manages the occurrence management организациями (например между system specified in Part-145.A.60. • It issues certification authorisations компетентным органом и оператором) с той же for staff, as specified in Part- целью. 145.A.35(i). Границы системы будут расширены, чтобы включить соответствующие секции 2.2. Специальный и завершенный содержащие как точные формулировки, так и параграф для системы аудита. не выраженные прямо инструкции. Таким Как было сказано раньше предлагается образом система качества могла заключать в создать отдельный параграф, который себе такую деятельность, как инспекции (т.е. специализированно имеет дело с системой наблюдение производимое операционным аудита в организации. Это система, которая отделом) и организационные проверки (т.е. поддерживает практики аудита, систему наблюдение осуществляемое отделом обратной связи с предоставлением информации качества). Она бы так же заключала в себе полученной в результате аудита, и исправление
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Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического 69 обслуживания.
найденных недостатков. Эта система изменения к правилам для управления аудитом формирует часть организационной системы и системе обучения читались бы следующим качества и управляется независимым отделом образом: (например отдел качества). Новый параграф мог бы читаться так: 145.A.67 Audit Management.
145.A.67 Audit Management. The organisation shall establish an internal audit management system (AMS) The organisation shall establish an which enables the following: internal auditing system that includes • Independent audits in order to monitor the following: compliance with required aircraft / • Independent audits in order to monitor aircraft component standards and compliance with required aircraft / adequacy of the procedures to ensure aircraft component standards and that such procedures invoke good adequacy of the procedures to ensure maintenance practices and airworthy that such procedures invoke good aircraft / aircraft components. In the maintenance practices and airworthy smallest organisations the independent aircraft / aircraft components. In the audit may be contracted to another smallest organisations the independent organisation approved under this Part audit may be contracted to another or to a person with appropriate organisation approved under this Part technical knowledge and proven or a person with appropriate technical satisfactory audit experience. knowledge and proven satisfactory • The collection of findings reports [as audit experience; and described in AMC 145.A.67(a)(10)d]; • A quality feedback reporting system to the evaluation of those reports [e.g. the person or group of persons as specified in Part-145.A.95]; the specified in 145.A.30(b) and assessment and extraction of those ultimately to the accountable manager findings reportable to the Authority that ensures proper and timely and other relevant organisms [e.g. as corrective action is taken in response specified in Part-145.A.60(a), and to reports resulting from the similar in intention to Part- independent audits established to meet 145.A.45(c)]; further investigation of paragraph (1). those findings whose aetiology is not known [as described in AMC
145.A.67(b)(c)(2)e]; data analysis to Соответственно относящиеся приемлемые identify adverse trends in the средства соответствия (AMC) и findings; the construction of рекомендательные материалы (GM, Guidance recommendations; the implementation of Material) так же отражали бы предлагаемые suitable corrective and/or preventive actions [as described in AMC изменения (см. следующую секцию как 145.A.67(b)(c)(2), implied in Part- пример). 145.A.67(c)f, and similar in intention to AMC 145.A.60(b)(3)]; the monitoring 3. Трансформирование of such implementation [as described in AMC 145.A.67(b)(c)(4)g, and implied системы аудита EASA в in Part-145.A.67(c)]; and the систему управления аудитом assessment of the implementation for its effectiveness in addressing the (СУА): от аудита к управлению. findings [e.g. similar in intention to Если бы предложенные выше рекомендации Part-145.A.45(d)]. • It includes a method to circulate the по созданию специальных параграфов были information as necessary. As, for внедрены, система аудита EASA все еще не example, a quality communication была бы совершенной. Для усиления роли system to feedback the person or group системы аудита в обеспечении безопасной деятельности и соответствия организации требованиям, EASA Part-145 могла бы d AMC 145.A.67(a)(10) в соответствии с определить систему аудита в такой манере, рекомендациями сделанными в этой работе. Они могут быть чтобы отразить систему управления аудитом, найдены как AMC -145.A.65(c)(1)(10) в EASA правилах. e AMC 145.A.67(b)(c)(2) могут быть найдены как AMC- разработанную в проекте ADAMS-2 (см. 145.A.65(c)(2)(2) в EASA правилах. иллюстрацию 1), и систему управления f Part-145.A.67(c) может быть найдена как Part- 145.A.65(c)(2) в EASA правилах. происшествиями, описанную в Pérezgonzález et g AMC 145.A.67(b)(c)(4) могут быть найдены как AMC al. (2005). Таким образом, предлагаемые 145.A.65(c)(2)(4) в EASA правилах.
ПЕТРОВИЧ Андреем [переводчик] & Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ [координатор] (2006). Обзор системы аудита, предложенной EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.63-76. ISSN:1177-4576. [Переведено из Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576]. Доступно он-лайн на www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 70 Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического обслуживания.
of persons specified in Part- адекватные процедуры гарантирующие 145.A.30(b) and ultimately to the хорошее техническое обслуживание и летную accountable manager that ensures proper and timely corrective action is годность [Part-145.A.65(c)(1)]. В целом эти две taken in response to reports resulting исходные [которые далее описаны в AMC from the independent audits 145.A.65(c)(1)] покрывают деятельность, established to meet paragraph (1). процедуры, рабочие практики и соответствие с • As for reporting to the Authority, the Part-145 правилами. following paragraphs apply: Part- 145.A.60(a),(c),(d),(e) [it may also Следовательно, по отношению исходных к include GM 145.A.60(a),(c)]. процессу аудита, они кажутся завершенными и четко определены, поэтому на данном этапе не AMC и GМ секции так же отражали бы эти так много можно предложить для улучшения изменения следующим образом: системы.
AMC 145.A.65(a), AMC 145.A.65(b), AMC 4.2. Процесс аудита (шаг 1 на 145.A.65(b)(2), and AMC 145.A.65(b)(3) иллюстрации 1). would remain unchanged, as they refer to the Так же как это было для исходных, процесс quality system. аудита хорошо организован, даже если он • AMC 145.A.65(c)(1) Safety and quality произведен с приемлемыми средствами policy, maintenance procedures and соответствия. Фактически AMC 145.A.65(c)(1) quality system, would change to AMC 145.A.67(a) Audit management. описывает приемлемые средства соответствия • AMC 145.A.65(c)(2) Safety and quality относительно того как производить аудит, policy, maintenance procedures and когда и что проверять. Далее GМ quality system, would change to AMC 145.A.65(c)(1) приводят пример рабочего плана 145.A.67 (b)(c) Audit management. аудита который был бы приемлем для этой • GM 145.A.65(c)(1) Safety and quality policy, maintenance procedures and цели. quality system, would change to GM Следовательно по отношению к аудиту как 145.A.67(a) Audit management. таковому не чего обсуждать то же.
4.3. Организация Записей (шаг 2) . 4. Улучшая полученную СУА: Этот шаг нацелен на сбор и оценку навстречу физическим и информации после аудита в организации. процедурным требованиям. Адекватная система аудита должна гарантировать, что рапорт завершен и Эта секция предлагает критический обзор содержит аккуратную информацию, и должна настоящих правил EASA Part-145 протоколировать эти рапорты как надлежащую относительно аудита для того чтобы входящую информацию в СУА. обнаружить какие дальнейшие требования Любопытно, что EASA устанавливает нужны для улучшения системы аудита. Этот правила для записей по техническому обзор рассматривает правила EASA Part- h обслуживанию [см. Part-145.A.55], и только 145.A.65(c) [включая AMC 145.A.65(c), и GM описывает приемлемые средства соответствия 145.A.65(c)], в свете AMC разработанных в для записи аудита [AMC 145.A.65(c)(2)(5)], проекте ADAMS-2 (см. иллюстрацию 1). даже когда тип задачи вовлеченный в процесс записи практически одинаковый в обоих 4.1. Исходные. случаях. EASA в правилах определяет два основных В целом хорошо организованная система исходных требования для системы управления записи гарантировала бы, что информация аудитом (СУА): соответствие с требуемыми к содержащаяся в любом аудиторском отчете , воздушному судну/компонентам стандартам и записана полностью, в соответствии с законом, и понятна для дальнейшего использования. Так же это должно быть гарантировано, что физический отчет хранится в соответствии с h Для этой секции, может быть менее запутанно для читателя если в работе используются существующие правила правилами. (например 145.A.65), вместо рекомендованных для отдельного параграфа 145.A.67, который обсуждался ранее.
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Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического 71 обслуживания.
4.4. Оповещение Компетентного организационном уровне чем показывает Органа (шаг 3). анализ происшествий. И снова, правила, EASA не только не прописала четко, но и не существующие для оповещения о установила правила, какие найденные происшествиях [Part-145.A.60(b)] недостатки представляют интерес для своевременны. Рекомендации сделанные в Компетентного Органа. Хотя, это очевидно, Pérezgonzález et al. (2005) относительно что серьезные недостатки должны быть необходимости приведения анализа тенденций вскрыты во время аудита. Это правда, что об к уровню EASA так же смотрятся таких недостатках вероятно был бы подан своевременными и здесь. рапорт как о происшествии [как то относящийся к Part-145.A.60]. Однако, такая 4.7. Полученные данные и неопределенность могла бы легко исправлена в рекомендации (шаг 6). правилах, например как рекомендовано в В EASA не прописана проблема подачи секции 3 выше. Более специализированные рапорта о полученных данных и рекомендации относительно подачи рапортов рекомендациях в приемлемой манере. С одной Компетентному Органу схожие с теми, стороны существуют ссылки сделанные для которые описаны в Pérezgonzález et al. (2005). составления рапорта о полученных результатах [AMC 145.A.65(c)(1)(10)] так же как 4.5. Расследование (шаг 4). циркуляция таких рапортов [AMC В EASA не определена проблема 145.A.65(c)(2)(3)]. Однако, эти ссылки указаны расследования найденных недостатков в как средства соответствия, а не правила, адекватной манере. Там есть только краткий следовательно они могут быть пересмотрены комментарий, что все найденные недостатки ОТОиР. С другой стороны ничего не сказано о должны быть тщательно расследованы в выработке рекомендаций . соответствии с AMC 145.A.65(c)(2)(2). И снова, есть правила для подачи рапорта о Не смотря на то, что это может быть случай, происшествиях, так же как и рекомендации который в соответствии с правилами уже ранее сделанные для улучшения системы расследуется как происшествие [Part-145.A.60] рапортов (например Pérezgonzález et al., 2005), может быть относящийся к расследованию по могут быть применены к этому шагу то же. итогам аудита. Таким образом рекомендации Следовательно этот рапорт может содержать касающиеся этого вопроса сделанные для оценочные результаты и любую другую правил расследования происшествий в EASA относящуюся к делу информацию, полученную (см. Pérezgonzález et al., 2005) в равной мере в процессе оценки полученных результатов относятся и сюда. [Part-145.A.60]. Они так же могут Следовательно все расследования должны предоставлять разработку рекомендаций для включать оценку относящейся к делу исправления найденных недостатков. информации по отношению к обнаруженным недостаткам, так же как и уместной 4.8. Внедрение корректировочных информации о условиях и оценке результатов, действий (шаг 7) и наблюдение и которые известны организации. Кроме того, контроль за этими действиями (шаги адекватная СУА потребовалась бы для 8 и 9). дальнейшего расследования не очевидных или Внедрение, наблюдение и контроль над вновь обнаруженных недостатков. корректировочными действиями адресованных к любой проблеме безопасности найденной во 4.6. Анализ Тенденций (шаг 5). время аудита скорее предполагается, чем В ЕASA не прописана проблема анализа прописано в настоящих правилах [Part- тенденций по отношению к найденным 145.A.65(c)(2)]. Это правда, что они были недостаткам. Однако, анализ тенденций не прописаны в AMC 145.A.65(c)(2); однако это только так же ценен для найденных не правила, а средства соответствия и ОТОиР недостатков так же как и для происшествий, но могут пересмотреть их. Следовательно еще и периодическая природа аудита может в единственная рекомендация, предложенная по действительности доказать большую этому поводу это переделать параграфы 3 и 4 надежность такого вида анализа на из AMC в правила.
ПЕТРОВИЧ Андреем [переводчик] & Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ [координатор] (2006). Обзор системы аудита, предложенной EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.63-76. ISSN:1177-4576. [Переведено из Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576]. Доступно он-лайн на www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 72 Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического обслуживания.
4.9. Оценка корректировочных 4.11. Обратная связь и обучение действий (шаг 10). внутри организации (шаг 12). В EASA не прописана процедура оценки EASA Part-145.A.65(c)(2) так же требует что корректировочных действий. Однако бы была организована система обратной связи существующие правила Part-145.A.45(d) для того чтобы информировать ответственный неотъемлемо подразумевают этот шаг, когда персонал и определенного управляющего о требуется доказательство качества изменений любых недостатках найденных во время аудита произведенных в инструкциях по и их исправлении. техническому обслуживанию. Однако, адекватная СУА так же Дух этого параграфа может быть легко информировала бы оставшийся персонал в принят и похожие требования могут быть организации и делилась бы этой информацией внесены в систему аудита. Такие требования с другими ТООиР. Это бы создало будут гарантией, что произведенное действие возможность для процесса производственного реально устраняет проблему и/или обучения как внутри так и между- предотвратит возникновение проблемы в организационного обучения ( например путем будущем. Эта оценка должна производится обмена этиологией редких недостатков или независимым отделом (таким как отдел обменом одобренными методами исправления качества), и должна так же гарантировать определенных недостатков). эффективность действий при повторной инсталляции этой системы до требуемого 5. Выводы. уровня безопасности, или в альтернативном Система аудита необходима и является случае при быстром внедрении нового плана. составляющей частью общей макро системы обратной связи внутри организации и играет 4.10. Завершение корректирующих решающую роль в управлении безопасностью. действий (шаг 11). EASA (как прежде делала JAA) признает В правилах не определено ясно когда важность аудита и в данное время прекращать корректировочные действия по разрабатывает специальные рекомендации для недостаткам выявленным во время аудита.. системы качества, которая будет внедрена во Part-145.A.65(c)(2) подразумевает, что это всех одобренных EASA организаций по должно быть сделано, когда выполнены техническому обслуживанию. Такая система правильные корректировочные действия в может производить независимый аудит и срок. Однако этот шаг не был адекватно информировать ответственный персонал в прописан. Модель СУА описанная здесь организации о любых недостатках и их рассматривает завершение корректировочных исправлении. Эти авиационные требования действий (и в конечном счете самого аудита), редко менялись в последние несколько лет – должно произойти когда корректирующие факт который подчеркивает относительную действия были оценены и возвращение завершенность этой системы аудита в системы до требуемого уровня безопасности Европейских авиационных правилах и гарантировано. Европейском секторе авиационного Далее, заключительный отчет должен так технического обслуживания. Однако, есть еще же быть обязательным , и должен место для улучшения этой системы, особенно гарантировать, что вся относящаяся к делу для трансформирующихся сегодня требований информация тщательно запротоколирована в функционально эффективную систему отдельным файлом (включая найденные управления аудитом. Такие улучшения были недостатки, результаты оценки, предметом этой статьи, которая обсудила рекомендации,предпринятые корректирующие правила аудита установленные EASA с действия и возвращение системы к фокусом на структурном обозрении безопасному уровню). По существу, предложенной системы. Статья так же необходимы рапорт и запись всей критически пересмотрела некоторые явные существенной информации относящейся к недостатки существующих правил, и обнаруженным во время аудита недостаткам и предложила методы избежать их. Однако, из-за их устранение. того, что изменения могут занять много времени, и возможно сильное противление
Школа Авиации Университета Massey , Новая Зеландия http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического 73 обслуживания.
этим изменениям в растущем EASA, эта статья PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). An alternative была составлена таким образом, который way of managing health & safety (Knowledge ™ может рекомендовать изменения от настоящей Management Edition ). Pergonomas/Lulu Press (USA), схемы аудита к системе управления аудитом на 2005. ISBN/EAN: 9781411634312. уровне организации. Таким образом PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D, Nick McDONALD & Elaine SMITH (2005). A review of the occurrence последовательность статьи представляет reporting system proposed by EASA Part-145. Safety порядок, в котором будущие изменения могут Science, 2005, vol.43, issue 8, pp.559-570. быть введены в употребление. DOI:10.1016/j.ssci.2005.08. 011. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D, Marie WARD, Daniele 6. Ссылки. BARANZINI, Paul LISTON & Nick McDONALD (2003). Organisational and operational performance BARANZINI Daniele, Siobhán CORRIGAN, Jose D assessment. Deliverable 3.2.1 to the European PÉREZGONZÁLEZ & Marie WARD (2002). Tools Commission, ADAMS-2 Project no GRD1-2000-25751, for organisational analysis. Deliverable 1.4.2 to the WP 3.2. Trinity College Dublin (Ireland), 2003. European Commission, ADAMS-2 Project no GRD1- RUMMLER Geary A & Alan P BRACHE (1995). 2000-25751, WP 1.4. Trinity College Dublin (Ireland), Improving performance. How to manage the white 2002. space on the organization chart (2nd Ed). Jossey-Bass BERTALANFFY Ludwig von (1968). General Publishers (San Francisco, USA), 1995. ISBN: System Theory. Foundations, development, 0787900907. applications. Allen Lane (London, UK), 1968. ISBN: SKYTTNER Lars (1996). General Systems Theory. 0713901926. An introduction. Macmillan Press (UK), 1996. ISBN: CORRIGAN Siobhán, Daniele BARANZINI, Jose D 0333618335. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, Marie WARD & Nick McDONALD (2002). Methodology for organisational analysis. Deliverable 1.4.1 to the European 7. Список Сокращений. o Commission, ADAMS-2 Project n GRD1-2000-25751, ADAMS-2 – Система Ориентированная на WP 1.4. Trinity College Dublin (Ireland), 2002. Человека для Диспетчеризации Воздушных CORTÉS Fernando, Adam PRZEWORSKI & John Судов и Безопасного Технического D SPRAGUE (1974). Systems analysis for social scientists. John Wiley & Sons (New York, USA), 1974. Обслуживания (проект GRD1-2000-25751, ISBN: 0471175099. разработан в программе GROWTH 2000 с EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY, финансовой поддержкой от European EASA (2004). Retrieved from Commission Directorate General for Science,
ПЕТРОВИЧ Андреем [переводчик] & Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ [координатор] (2006). Обзор системы аудита, предложенной EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.63-76. ISSN:1177-4576. [Переведено из Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576]. Доступно он-лайн на www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 74 Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического обслуживания.
Knowledge Management
Space
8. Источники информации на тему Европейская авиация Приведенные ниже ссылки позволят вам использовать веб-сайты нескольких важных организаций, которые имеют дело с Европейской авиацией. Большинство этих сайтов информируют скорее об организационной структуре и деятельности, чем даут углубленные знания о авиации. Не смотря на это они являются основными источниками правил и рекомендаций, особенно по авиационной безопасности в Европе.
• EUROCONTROL веб-сайт адрес: www.eurocontrol.int/index1.html Eurocontrol это организация по безопасности гражданской и военной Аэро Навигации в пределах Европы.
• EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY (EASA) веб-сайт адрес: www.easa.eu.int Это основной веб-сайт для ссылок в этой работе, так как это не только веб-сайт с нормативными документами для Европы, но еще и портал для веб-сайтов других Национальных Авиационных Компетентных Органов, особенно тех кто является членом Европейского Союза.
• EUROPEAN CIVIL AVIATION CONFERENCE (ECAC) веб-сайт адрес: www.ecac-ceac.org The European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) это агенство без права регулирования, целью которого является пропаганда безопасности, эффективности и надежности гражданского воздушного транспорта в Европе. Это агенство имеет близкие связи с International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
• JOINT AVIATION AUTHORITY (JAA) веб-сайт адрес: www.jaa.nl JAA был предшественником EASA, от которого EASA унаследовало настоящие требования и переделало их в правила и рекомендации. Хотя JAA становится менее важным органом авиационного контроля для Европейских государств, эта организация еще остается авторитарным органом для других Европейских государств, кто не является членом Европейского Союза. В конце концов JAA будет полностью поглощено EASA, но до тех пор это важный источник ссылок на авиационные документы в Европе.
1 Ссылки предложенные здесь в первую очередь для получения знаний, а не с коммерческой целью (хотя ссылки для коммерческого использования могут быть даны, если эта опция доступна). Ссылки расположены в алфавитном порядке в соответствии с первой буквой фамилии автора. Первая цифра после имени автора относится ко времени окончания работы над книгой, получения авторских прав или первой публикации. Затем следует название работы и наконец место, где работа может быть найдена, например веб-страница или издательская компания, которая в свою очередь включает страну, год публикации и ISBN номер.
Школа Авиации Университета Massey , Новая Зеландия http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического 75 обслуживания.
Knowledge Management
Space
9. Кто есть кто. Резюме переводчика и автора работы.
Андрей Петрович инженер-механик по эксплуатации летательных аппаратов и двигателей закончил Государственный Иркутский Технический Университет в 1998г. Имею опыт работы в Гражданской авиации, в качестве борт оператора самолета Ан-12 налет 4500 часов. В настоящее время прохожу курс обучения в Школе Авиации Massey Университета, в Новой Зеландии по специальности Пилот Линейных Авиалиний третьего года обучения. Перевод выполнен как часть программы углубленного изучения Человеческого Фактора в управленческом секторе авиации.
Доктор Хозе Перезгонзалес получил докторскую степень вместе с наградой за отличие от Doctor Europeus – в Университете La Laguna (Испания) в Январе 2005, научная работа проводилась в двух местах: в Университете Ghent (Бельгия) и Trinity Колледж в Дублине (Ирландия). Его исследовательская и преподавательская карьера проходила в Ирландии в двух учебных заведениях: Trinity College Dublin и Dublin Institute of Technology. Сейчас он продолжает свою карьеру в Школе Авиации Университета Massey (Новая Зеландия). Большая часть его исследований проходили с Aerospace Psychology Research Group, где он принимал участие в нескольких исследовательских проектах финансируемых Европейскими агенствами. Его исследовательская деятельность охватывает темы от авиационной эффективности до вопросов здоровья и безопасности в организационных структурах, особое внимание в его исследованиях уделено вопросам внутриорганизационной политики, системам аудита и оповещения, управление системами защиты здоровья и безопасности, и системы управления знаниями. В настоящее время он расширяет идеи Knowledge Management Editions™, и планирует выпускть свой собственный журнал с одноименной тематикой и философией. Он так же планирует создать Centre of Excellenceдля Авиации в Новой Зеландии при Университете Massey . Лист недавних публикаций автора: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during July 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.55-62. ISSN:1177-4576.
ПЕТРОВИЧ Андреем [переводчик] & Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ [координатор] (2006). Обзор системы аудита, предложенной EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.63-76. ISSN:1177-4576. [Переведено из Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576]. Доступно он-лайн на www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 76 Система качества; Система управления Аудитом; EASA Part-145; JAR-145 Amendment 5; Одобренная система технического обслуживания.
Knowledge Management Space
10. Что и где.
Школа Авиации в Massey Университете, Новая Зеландия. Резюме:
Школа Авиации это часть Бизнесс Колледжа, базирующаяся в двух местах в студенческом городке the Turitea (Авиационный Менеджмент), и the Milson Flight Centre at Palmerston North International Airport. Эта школа предлагает степень бакалавра для Линейных пилотов и в Авиационном Менеджменте, а так же степени мастера и доктора в Авиационном Менеджменте. Школа относительно новая (она была основана в 1990 году) и ее исследовательский обьем работ только сейчас начинает расти. Примеры недавних публикаций: • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during July 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.55-62. ISSN:1177-4576.
Школа Авиации Университета Massey , Новая Зеландия http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during August 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.77-88. ISSN:1177-4576.
(20061110) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576, year 2006, pages 77-88 Available online at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during August 2006 by Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2006)
School of Aviation, Massey University, New Zealand
Correspondent: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected]
Abstract This article continues a bibliographic series that documents monthly indicators for aviation management and aviation performance in New Zealand. The bibliography mainly collects links to aviation news on daily newspapers, and to aviation safety indicators maintained by the Civil Aviation Authority and the Transport Accident Investigation Commission. However, other sources are also possible, depending on their relevance. The bibliography is wide in its scope, thus, it may be more representative of aviation performance indicators that have caught the attention of New Zealanders than of indicators with a direct impact on New Zealand’s aviation sector. Notwithstanding this, the reader wanting to keep updated on what’s going on in the aviation sector in New Zealand may find this thematic bibliography of relevance. During the month of August 2006, the most important aviation performance indicators that caught the attention of New Zealand’s media were the following (in order of number of articles devoted to each of them): terrorism (especially the UK bomb plot and its aftermath effects on aviation and air travel, but also other terror-linked incidents at international and national levels); miscellaneous news regarding international aviation (specially financial issues, and safety incidents); the falling and renaissance of Origin Pacific airlines; Auckland International Airport performance (including weather conditions); and Air New Zealand’s performance and miscellaneous news in regards to operations and flight checks. Furthermore, six incidents were logged into the CAA-NZ’s Occurrence Reporting database: two regarding hang gliders (both with serious injuries), one regarding a parachutist (with minor injuries), another two regarding helicopters (one with serious damages, but neither with serious injuries), and a final one regarding a light aircraft (with serious damages but not injuries). TAIC-NZ also published, at least, an accident investigation report during this period. © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
Keywords Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand.
Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Knowledge Management Edition™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
78 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management
Space
TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH Research proposal, project... Pilot study Methodology paper Exploratory study Results paper, recommendations… Confirmatory study ; Thematic bibliography Replicating study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY
Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire Compilation & interpretation Interview New theory Test/Scale DESIGN Observation Flexible/Qualitative designs Content analysis/Data archives Case study SAMPLING Ethnographic study Grounded Theory study Anecdote/-s Other (biographical, Case/-s phenomenological…) Convenient sample Representative sample Fixed/Quantitative design Correlational DATA ANALYSIS Comparative Qualitative analysis Field research Univariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Bivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Experimental GENERALIZATION ANCHORS
; New Zealand ; Aviation management ; Aviation efficiency ; Aviation health, safety and the environment
Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to professional proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. However, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 79
Thematic bibliography: Retrievable from http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= aviation news in New 556&objectid=10394723. Zealand during August 7 August 2006 2006. CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ 1 August 2006 (2006-01-30). Report Ref. 06/2891: hang glider incident; serious injuries; no damages. CAA-NZ, REUTERS (2006). US airline returns to profit. 2006-08-07. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-01. At Accidents & Incidents, Weekly Accidents http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Reports. 113&objectid=10393971. CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ 2 August 2006 (2006-07-14). Report Ref. 06/2887: hang glider incident; serious injuries; serious damages. HARRISON Michael (2006). UK carrier CAA-NZ, 2006-08-07. At Ryanair feeling the pinch. The New Zealand http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, Herald, 2006-08-02. At Weekly Accidents Reports. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= DANN Liam (2006). Air NZ's Singapore sling is 113&objectid=10394169. a '$60m gift' to rival. The New Zealand Herald, NIESCHE Christopher (2006). Auckland 2006-08-07. At International Airport to get new chairman. The http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-02. At 556&objectid=10394865. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2001). Helicopter death blamed on poor 114&objectid=10394089. work. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-07. At 4 August 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10394901. FALLOW Brian (2006). Airlines admit 'code NZPA (2006b). Oamaru regains commercial share' is joint business. The New Zealand Herald, flights. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-07. 2006-08-04. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10394469. 556&objectid=10394957. NZHERALD (2006). Training in the fog. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-04. At 8 August 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= HOULAHAN Mike (2006). Move to stop terror 114&objectid=10394560. raids on New Zealand's travellers. The New NZPA & NEWSTALK ZB (2006). Fog finally Zealand Herald, 2006-08-08. At lifts at Auckland airport. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-08-04. At 113&objectid=10395088. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). Security scare returns US- 114&objectid=10394500. bound airliner to London. The New Zealand 5 August 2006 Herald, 2006-08-08. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= CUMMING Geoff (2006). Saudi student pilot 113&objectid=10395131. in the wrong place at the wrong time. The New SUGA Masumi (2006). Fuel levies, wage cuts Zealand Herald, 2006-08-05. At help Japan Air cut loss 30pc. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-08-08. At 556&objectid=10394559. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= DEARNALEY Mathew (2006). Fog disrupts 113&objectid=10395038. travel and could be back. The New Zealand YING Tian (2006). Air China may slash share Herald, 2006-08-05. At sale. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-08. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10394704. 113&objectid=10395039. NZPA (2006). Flying Kiwi lands on highway. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-05.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during August 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.77-88. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 80 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
9 August 2006 11 August 2006 DANN Liam (2006). Origin seeks more capital AGENCIES (2006). NZ tightens airline security to deal with competitive skies. The New Zealand after terror plot. The New Zealand Herald, Herald, 2006-08-09. At 2006-08-11. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10395268. 556&objectid=10395668. REUTERS (2006a). Virgin tries text cure for in- McNAUGHTON Maggie (2006a). Bride-to-be flight boredom. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- faces terrorism hurdle before wedding. The New 08-09. At Zealand Herald, 2006-08-11. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10395342. 556&objectid=10395660. REUTERS (2006b). Brazilian jet lands safely McNAUGHTON Maggie (2006b). Origin staff after door falls off. The New Zealand Herald, face job losses, passengers in limbo. The New 2006-08-09. At Zealand Herald, 2006-08-11. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10395353. 556&objectid=10395666. NZPA (2006a). Air NZ accuses Origin Pacific of 10 August 2006 'abandoning' passengers. The New Zealand NZPA (2006). NZ flight passengers could face Herald, 2006-08-11. At delay after terror threat. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-08-10. At 113&objectid=10395690. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006-07-10). Man who made bomb joke 113&objectid=10395612. 'in court on bad day'. The New Zealand Herald, NZPA & NZHERALD (2006). Origin Pacific 2006-08-11. At suspends operations. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-08-10. At 556&objectid=10395737. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006c). Passengers still up in the air 113&objectid=10395615. over Origin tickets. The New Zealand Herald, REUTERS (2006a). Britain says it foils 'mass 2006-08-11. At murder' plane bomb plot [video clip]. The New http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Zealand Herald, 2006-08-10. At 113&objectid=10395768. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA, REUTERS & NZHERALD (2006). 113&objectid=10395577. New Zealand passengers feel impact of UK alert REUTERS (2006b). US raises security threat [audio report]. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- level for all commercial aircraft. The New 08-11. At Zealand Herald, 2006-08-10. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10395667. 556&objectid=10395599. PARKINSON Gary, Susie MESURE & REUTERS (2006c). BAA says no plans to close Michael HARRISON (2006). Terror plot puts Heathrow. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08- European airlines into tailspin. The New 10. At Zealand Herald, 2006-08-11. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10395601. 113&objectid=10395684. TRANSPORT ACCIDENT REUTERS (2006a). US airlines stay on long- INVESTIGATION COMMISSION, TAIC- term recovery path, despite setbacks. The New NZ (2005-05-03). Report ref. 05-006: Fairchild- Zealand Herald, 2006-08-11. At Swearingen SA227-AC Metro III ZK-POA, Loss http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= of control and in-flight break-up, near Stratford, 113&objectid=10395680. Taranaki province. TAIC-NZ, 2006-08-10. At REUTERS (2006b). UK names suspects in http://www2.taic.org.nz/InvDetail/05-006.aspx. transatlantic airline bomb plot. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-11. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10395799.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 81
ROBERTS Genevieve (2006). Timeline: Foiled 14 August 2006 terror plot. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08- 11. At CALDER Simon (2006). Stringent security, long waits and third of flights cancelled. The http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-14. At 556&objectid=10395687. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 12 August 2006 113&objectid=10396072. CARRELL Severin & Sophie GOODCHILD CLEAVE Louisa (2006). Security screws turn (2006). Anti-terror police in for the long haul. at airport. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-12. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-14. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10396077. 556&objectid=10395881. DANN Liam (2006). Aircraft plant shows off DANN Liam (2006). Terrorism scare shaves Air pace of China. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- NZ price. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-12. 08-14. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10396045. 113&objectid=10395907. GIBSON Anne (2006). Air NZ readies for FOX Andrea (2006). Pero poised to repeat headquarters shift. The New Zealand Herald, Origin rescue effort. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-14. At 2006-08-12. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10396043. 556&objectid=10395841. INDEPENDENT (2006). Terrorist suspects ROWAN Juliet & NZPA (2006). Extra pain for good British boys. The New Zealand Herald, Origin clients. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- 2006-08-14. At 08-12. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10396074. 113&objectid=10395863. NZPA (2006). Freightways to conduct due THOMPSON Wayne (2006). Government diligence on Origin. The New Zealand Herald, seeks costs for huge expansion of Ohakea Air 2006-08-14. At Base. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-12. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10396103. 556&objectid=10395861. REUTERS (2006). Ryanair asks for ease on TREVETT Claire (2006). Passengers' long security. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-14. haul before leaving the ground. The New At Zealand Herald, 2006-08-12. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10396156. 556&objectid=10395882. SMITH Michael (2006). Airlines to cut more 13 August 2006 Heathrow flights amid security row. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-14. At COOK Stephen (2006). Facing up to security in http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZ after UK terror plot. The New Zealand 113&objectid=10396146. Herald, 2006-08-13. At TREVETT Claire (2006). NZ Muslims wary of http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= retaliation, security checks 'to ease' [audio 556&objectid=10395973. report]. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-14. MAJENDIE Paul (2006). UK rejects foreign At policy link to terror attack threat. The New http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Zealand Herald, 2006-08-13. At 556&objectid=10396087. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10395976. 15 August 2006 SLADE Maria (2006). Travel gets tougher after McNAUGHTON Maggie (2006). Air travel terror threat. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- security rules eased. The New Zealand Herald, 08-13. At 2006-08-15. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10395988.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during August 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.77-88. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 82 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10396252. 556&objectid=10396609. NZHERALD (2006). Mobile call ends British NZHERALD (2006). Qantas to set up new Airways flight. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- freight business. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- 08-15. At 08-17. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10396220. 556&objectid=10396605. SILVER Eric (2006). Flying under the eagle RADIO AUSTRALIA (2006). Qantas profit eyes of El Al's famed high security. The New plummets 30 per cent. The New Zealand Herald, Zealand Herald, 2006-08-15. At 2006-08-17. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10396216. 556&objectid=10396708. REUTERS (2006a). UK police seek extra time 16 August 2006 to quiz suspects. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- HEMBRY Owen (2006). Pero's 'hands tied' 08-17. At over Origin freight division. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-08-16. At 113&objectid=10396624. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006b). 'Panic attack' causes 113&objectid=10396386. security alert on US-bound flight. The New NEWSTALK ZB (2006). Salvage hopes for Zealand Herald, 2006-08-17. At Origin Pacific. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 08-16. At 113&objectid=10396663. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 18 August 2006 113&objectid=10396519. NZHERALD (2006). Botswana meets bidders BINNING Elizabeth & NZPA (2006). Axe for national airline. The New Zealand Herald, raised over 100 Air NZ finance staff. The New 2006-08-16. At Zealand Herald, 2006-08-18. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10396376. 113&objectid=10396798. REITER Chris (2006). Virgin America causing CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ turbulence in US airspace. The New Zealand (2006-08-17). Report Ref. 06/3096: helicopter Herald, 2006-08-16. At incident; no injuries; serious damage. CAA-NZ, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-08-18. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, 113&objectid=10396463. Accidents & Incidents, Weekly Accidents REUTERS (2006a). New suspect held in UK Reports. plane bomb plot. The New Zealand Herald, DANN Liam (2006). Origin founder still 2006-08-16. At hopeful. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-18. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 556&objectid=10396468. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006b). Mountain of luggage left as 113&objectid=10396783. passengers fly out of Britain. The New Zealand HEMBRY Owen (2006). Fuel headwind buffets Herald, 2006-08-16. At Qantas earnings. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-08-18. At 556&objectid=10396469. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10396782. 17 August 2006 PETERSON Kyle (2006). Bomb plot a 'mere AGENCIES (2006). Runaway, 12, beats high blip' for business travel. The New Zealand security to board plane. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-18. At Herald, 2006-08-17. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10396950. 113&objectid=10396651. REUTERS (2006a). China's flag carrier is LYNN Matthew (2006). Time, risk, crowded feeling lucky. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- skies - good reasons to kick flying addiction. The 08-18. At New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-17. At
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 83 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 08-22. At 113&objectid=10396769. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006b). Sydney plane evacuated 113&objectid=10397433. over suspicious device. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-18. At 23 August 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= CLEMENT Barrie (2006). Strict baggage rules 556&objectid=10396801. cause disharmony with musicians. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-23. At 19 August 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006). Qantas increases its fuel 114&objectid=10397662. surcharge. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08- CROFT Adrian (2006). Aircraft terror suspects 19. At in court. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-23. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 113&objectid=10397026. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). Sick bag note causes airliner 556&objectid=10397579. bomb scare. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08- NZPA (2006). Australian company buys 19. At Hamilton plane maker. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-08-23. At 113&objectid=10397041. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10397693. 20 August 2006 REUTERS (2006a). Virgin Blue profit up GIBSON Anne (2006). Stiassny's big issues. almost 13 per cent. The New Zealand Herald, The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-20. At 2006-08-23. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10396995. 113&objectid=10397691. RADIO AUSTRALIA (2006). Safety demanded REUTERS (2006b). China detains Australian for Sydney baggage handlers. The New Zealand for airline bomb threat. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-20. At Herald, 2006-08-23. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10397137. 113&objectid=10397696. 21 August 2006 24 August 2006 AKBAR Arifa (2006). Passengers refuse to fly DANN Liam (2006). Airport baulks at linking unless Muslims disembark. The New Zealand its shares with energy stocks. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-21. At Herald, 2006-08-24. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10397284. 114&objectid=10397783. CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ KIONG Errol & Wynne GRAY (2006). All (2006-08-20). Report Ref. 06/3115: parachutist Blacks trial device in bid to overcome jet lag. incident; injuries but no serious; no damages. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-24. At CAA-NZ, 2006-08-21. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, 556&objectid=10397762. Weekly Accidents Reports. NZPA (2006a). Air Nelson ups capacity after Origin Pacific demise. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-24. At 22 August 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ 556&objectid=10397828. (2006-08-22). Report Ref. 06/3134: helicopter NZPA (2006b). Auckland Airport reports incident; no injuries; no damages. CAA-NZ, reduced profit. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- 2006-08-22. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, 08-24. At Accidents & Incidents, Weekly Accidents http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Reports. 114&objectid=10397848. REUTERS (2006). US airlines back off from NZPA (2006c). Air NZ flights cancelled for fare increases. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- safety checks. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during August 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.77-88. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 84 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
08-24. At FOX Andrea (2006). Clashing styles led to http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= airline exit, says Pero. The New Zealand Herald, 556&objectid=10397911. 2006-08-28. At REUTERS (2006). 12 arrested as US plane http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= turned back [+ video]. The New Zealand Herald, 556&objectid=10398336. 2006-08-24. At REUTERS (2006). FedEx and pilots announce http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= tentative deal. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- 556&objectid=10397818. 08-28. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 25 August 2006 556&objectid=10398426. GREGORY Angela (2006). Immigration 29 August 2006 screening reduces unwanted visitors. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-25. At DANN Liam (2006a). Be patient, Origin tells http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= creditors. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-29. 556&objectid=10397931. At LESKE Nicola (2006). Dutch to free arrested http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= passengers. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08- 113&objectid=10398528. 25. At DANN Liam (2006b). Airport monopoly 'hurts http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= tourism'. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-29. 113&objectid=10398015. At NEWSTALK ZB (2006). Air NZ checks give all http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= clear. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-25. At 556&objectid=10398529. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= EIMER David (2006). Packing a punch with the 556&objectid=10397989. peanuts. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-29. NZPA (2006). Air NZ profit devastated by fuel At prices, other costs. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-08-25. At 556&objectid=10398483. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006a). Failed airline asks creditors for 113&objectid=10397994. more time. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08- REUTERS (2006). Dutch arrest 12 on US plane 29. At bound for India. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 08-25. At 113&objectid=10398576. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006b). Airline loses paralympian's leg. 113&objectid=10397967. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-29. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 26 August 2006 113&objectid=10398581. DANN Liam (2006). Fuel costs burn off Air NZ NZPA (2006c). Paralympian Horan's leg found. profits. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-26. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-29. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10398709. 556&objectid=10398145. 30 August 2006 SEBA Erwin (2006). Man held at Houston Airport in dynamite scare. The New Zealand DALEY James (2006). Aer Lingus float given Herald, 2006-08-26. At all clear. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-30. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 113&objectid=10398174. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10398704. 28 August 2006 McNAUGHTON Maggie (2006). Auckland CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ Airport rolls back the Bluecoats. The New (2006-08-26). Report Ref. 06/3196: light Zealand Herald, 2006-08-30. At aircraft incident; no injuries; serious damage. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= CAA-NZ, 2006-08-28. At 114&objectid=10398749. http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, NEWSTALK ZB (2006). Wellington Airport Weekly Accidents Reports. denies excessive charges. The New Zealand
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 85
Herald, 2006-08-30. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10398807. REUTERS (2006). UK charges three more suspects in airline bomb probe. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-30. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10398805. 31 August 2006 McKENZIE-MINIFIE Martha (2006). Air NZ takes a different route. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-31. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10398890. NZHERALD (2006). Fire at Tokyo airport injures workers. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- 08-31. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10398946. NZPA (2006). Origin Pacific to resume charter flights. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-31. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10399067. REUTERS (2006). Canadian pilot locked out of cockpit during flight. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-08-31. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10399007.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during August 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.77-88. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 86 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management Space
2. Sources of knowledge about Aviation in New Zealand1: • CAA-NZ, The Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, accessible at www.caa.govt.nz. The CAA is the main source of information for aviation safety performance, but also for regulatory management of the New Zealand aviation macro-system. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation management and performance are the “Accidents and incidents” tab and the “What’s new” tab. • NZHERALD, The New Zealand Herald, accessible at www.nzherald.co.nz. Newspapers in New Zealand have the particularity of being linked to a region, and none can be found that is linked to the nation itself. “The New Zealand Herald”, for example, is the newspaper of Auckland, the northern part of New Zealand. Notwithstanding this, the most important newspapers in New Zealand will reflect similar news in a relatively similar way. Therefore, “The New Zealand Herald” has been singled out as a main reference because it covers well aviation events at national and international levels (thus, its reliability), and it is relatively easy to access and navigate online (thus, its convenience as a source of information for readers outside New Zealand). • STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND, accessible at www.stats.govt.nz/default.htm. This is the only source of information available so far regarding overall aviation efficiency performance in New Zealand. Under the heading “Tourism and migration” it is possible to find statistics for international passenger traffic per airport or by airport of embarkation, for example. It does not offer a good deal of information on aviation nor updated one (statistics are available for ended years only), but it is a starting point. • TAIC-NZ, Transport Accident Investigation Commission, accessible at www.taic.org.nz. The TAIC is an independent body that investigates transport accidents and incidents with significant implications for safety. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation safety performance are the “Aviation” tab and the “News” tab. Because the TAIC is an investigative body for serious accidents and incidents, the information that it provides is limited to those incidents that the TAIC investigates (thus, it does not offer a complete picture of aviation safety performance) and is substantially delayed in time (thus, it is not a good indicator for prompt feedback on aviation safety performance).
1 These sources are offered here primarily for their knowledge value, not for commercial or other purposes (although links to the selected sources may be given if they are available). Sources related to the topic in question but which offer no relevant knowledge or offer redundant knowledge have been skipped. These sources are ordered alphabetically according to the first author's surname or source name. The first date after the author/source refers to the date the original work was done, first copyrighted or first published. The title of the work follows. Finally, the location where to find such work is given, for example a webpage or a publishing company –which also includes relevant information such as country of publication, publication year, ISBN number, etc.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 87
Knowledge
Management Space
3. Who’s who. Author’s updated CV.
Dr. Jose D Pérezgonzález joined the School of Aviation at Massey University (New Zealand) in June 2006. Much of his research up to date has been with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group in Ireland, participating in several European-funded research projects. His research expertise ranges from aviation efficiency to health and safety management in organisational settings, and is especially interested in policy, reporting and auditing systems, health and safety management, and knowledge management systems. Nowadays, he is promoting the idea of Knowledge Management Editions™, and is founder and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. He is also setting the basis for a Centre of Excellence for Aviation in New Zealand, at Massey University. Among the recent projects which he is developing are the following: an awareness campaign regarding aviation management, efficiency and safety in New Zealand; a meta-analysis of aviation safety legislation at international levels; and a meta-analysis of communication models in the available literature. The author’s list of recent publications and reports on aviation is as follows: ПЕТРОВИЧ Андреем [переводчик] & Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ [координатор] (2006). Обзор системы аудита, предложенной EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.63-76. ISSN:1177-4576 [Переведено из Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576].
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during August 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.77-88. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 88 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management
Space 4. Which & where.
School of Aviation at Massey University, New Zealand. Updated CV:
The School of Aviation is part of the College of Business, based both in the Turitea Campus and the Milson Flight Centre at Palmerston North International Airport. It offers bachelor with honours in Air Transport Piloting and Aviation Management, and masters and doctorate degrees in Aviation Management. The School is relatively new (it was established in 1990) and its research curriculum is only starting to grow now. A sample of the School’s recent publication list follows: • ПЕТРОВИЧ Андреем [переводчик] & Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ [координатор] (2006). Обзор системы аудита, предложенной EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.63-76. ISSN:1177-4576 [Переведено из Jose D PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN: 1177-4576].
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during September2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.89-98. ISSN:1177-4576.
(20061120) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576, year 2006, pages 89-98 Available online at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during September 2006 by Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2006)
School of Aviation, Massey University, New Zealand
Correspondent: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected]
Abstract This article continues a bibliographic series that documents monthly indicators for aviation management and aviation performance in New Zealand (see, for example, Pérezgonzález, 2006). During the month of September 2006, the most important aviation performance indicators that caught the attention of New Zealanders were the following (in order of available pieces of information devoted to each of them). Firstly, aviation incidents at national levels. Six incidents were logged into the CAA-NZ’s Occurrence Reporting database: one regarding a hang glider, another regarding a paraglider, a third one regarding a microlight aircraft, two incidents regarding light aircrafts, and one incident regarding a helicopter (neither serious injuries nor damages were reported for any of those incidents). Furthermore, another two incidents caught the attention of the media, but no registry in the CAA database was found: one of the incidents was in regards to a light aircraft, and the second was in regards to a medium aircraft on a scheduled flight to Christchurch, and with 99 people onboard (no injuries or damages were reported by the media for any of those two incidents). Secondly, five reports released in September (at least, one of them released by TAIC-NZ) also caught the attention of the media. Thirdly, five international accidents. Fourthly, the aftermath of the UK bomb plot and its effect on aviation and air travel. Fifthly, the resignation of CAA’s top manager. Sixthly, planned fees and other miscellaneous news regarding Auckland International airport. Seventhly, the aftermath of the Air New Zealand and Qantas codeshares proposal. Eighthly, the aftermath of Mike Pero and Origin Pacific. And ninthly, some reminiscent news on the Airbus A-380. © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
Keywords Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand.
Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Knowledge Management Edition™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
90 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management
Space
TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH Research proposal, project... Pilot study Methodology paper Exploratory study Results paper, recommendations… Confirmatory study ; Thematic bibliography Replicating study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY
Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire Compilation & interpretation Interview New theory Test/Scale DESIGN Observation Flexible/Qualitative designs Content analysis/Data archives Case study SAMPLING Ethnographic study Grounded Theory study Anecdote/-s Other (biographical, Case/-s phenomenological…) Convenient sample Representative sample Fixed/Quantitative design Correlational DATA ANALYSIS Comparative Qualitative analysis Field research Univariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Bivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Experimental GENERALIZATION ANCHORS
; New Zealand ; Aviation management ; Aviation efficiency ; Aviation health, safety and the environment
Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to professional proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. However, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 91
Thematic bibliography: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10399742. aviation news in New NZHERALD (2006b). Auckland Airport relaxes Zealand during September security restrictions. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-05. At 2006. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 1 September 2006 113&objectid=10399768. REUTERS (2006). Spy plane reported fire BENNETTO Jason (2006-08). Asian student in before Afghan crash. The New Zealand Herald, plane 'mutiny' is convicted fraudster. The New 2006-09-05. At Zealand Herald, 2006-09-01. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 665&objectid=10399822. 113&objectid=10399187. 6 September 2006 2 September 2006 CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ HAWKE'S BAY TODAY (2006). Bomber (2006-09-02). Report Ref. 06/3340: hang glider crew's secret mission for Jackson. The New incident; no serious injuries; no damages. CAA- Zealand Herald, 2006-09-02. At NZ, 2006-09-06. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Accidents & Incidents, Weekly Accidents 556&objectid=10399275. Reports. 4 September 2006 HARRISON Michael (2006). Airbus downsizes super-jumbo chief. The New Zealand Herald, NZHERALD (2006). NZer caught with heroin 2006-09-06. At at Sydney airport. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-09-04. At 556&objectid=10399902. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). El Al wings clipped. The 114&objectid=10399658. New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-06. At NZPA (2006a). Beechcraft planes cleared. The http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-04. At 113&objectid=10399931. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10399581. 7 September 2006 NZPA (2006b). Criticised civil aviation boss to HOULAHAN Mike (2006a). Two more quit quit. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-04. At CAA – maybe. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 09-07. At 556&objectid=10399649. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006a). Plane fire toll put at 28. 556&objectid=10400121. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-04. At HOULAHAN Mike (2006b). CAA set for new http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= faces at top. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09- 556&objectid=10399537. 07. At REUTERS (2006b). Qatar Airways resuming http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Beirut flights despite blockade. The New 556&objectid=10400248. Zealand Herald, 2006-09-04. At McKENZIE-MINIFIE (Martha 2006). Airport http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= bids to keep new fees secret. The New Zealand 113&objectid=10399608. Herald, 2006-09-07. At 5 September 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10400087. HOULAHAN Mike (2006). Decision to quit REUTERS (2006). Airlines and EU official was mine, says aviation head. The New Zealand oppose total liquid ban. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-05. At Herald, 2006-09-07. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10399751. 113&objectid=10400151. NZHERALD (2006a). Plane-plot men in court via video link. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- 09-05. At
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during September 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.89-98. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 92 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
8 September 2006 NZPA (2006b). Coroner links pilot's drug use to death of NZ family. The New Zealand Herald, REUTERS (2006). EU postpones decision on 2006-09-12. At liquids on planes. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-09-08. At 556&objectid=10400856. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= THORNTON Philip (2006). Economic effects 556&ObjectID=10400324. of 9/11 'surprising'. The New Zealand Herald, NZHERALD (2006). Landing-fee decision two 2006-09-12. At weeks off. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-08. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 113&objectid=10400915. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10400290. 13 September 2006 9 September 2006 BINNING Elizabeth (2006). Passengers jump for it as plane fills with smoke. The New Zealand NZPA (2006). Two charged in copter crash. The Herald, 2006-09-13. At New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-09. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10401062. 665&objectid=10400445. BOOKER Jarrod (2005). Faulty maintenance 10 September 2006 caused Murchison copter crash. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-13. At FISHER David (2006). Baggage handlers and http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= cleaners sacked in Auckland airport sting. The 556&objectid=10400985. New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-10. At CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= (2006-09-10). Report Ref. 06/3430: paraglider 556&objectid=10400611. incident; no injuries; no damages. CAA-NZ, 12 September 2006 2006-09-13. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, Weekly Accidents CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ Reports. (2006-09-10). Report Ref. 06/3385: light NZHERALD (2006). Two survive helicopter aircraft incident; no serious injuries; no serious crash. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-13. At damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-09-12. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, 665&objectid=10401071. Weekly Accidents Reports. NZPA (2003). Fuel leak cause of Tauranga CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ pilot's fatal US crash. The New Zealand Herald, (2006-09-12). Report Ref. 06/3401: helicopter 2006-09-13. At crash; no serious injuries; no serious damages. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf CAA-NZ, 2006-09-12. At m?o_id=500463&ObjectID=10400981. http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, TWOSE Helen (2006). Pero retreats from Weekly Accidents Reports. Origin Pacific freight purchase. The New NZHERALD (2006). Flight disruption after Zealand Herald, 2006-09-13. At emergency landing. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-09-12. At 113&objectid=10401006. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&ObjectID=10400894. 14 September 2006 NZPA (2005). Fatal helicopter crash blamed on HICKMAN Martin (2006). Britain's ban on in- incorrectly assembled rotor. The New Zealand flight hand luggage to be lifted. The New Herald, 2006-09-12. At Zealand Herald, 2006-09-14. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&ObjectID=10400928. 556&objectid=10401279. NZPA (2006a). Life goes on for son of Kiwi who NZPA (2006a). Faulty lever inspected just days fought back on United Flight 93. The New before emergency landing. The New Zealand Zealand Herald, 2006-09-12. At Herald, 2006-09-14. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10400851. 556&objectid=10401288.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 93
NZPA (2006b). Helicopter manslaughter 18 September 2006 accused to appear in court next month. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-14. At REUTERS (2006). Nigerian military plane crashes with 17 on board. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-09-18. At 556&objectid=10401296. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). Branson says security 665&ObjectID=10401789. crackdown cost Virgin. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-14. At 19 September 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10401274. REUTERS (2006). No deal in new EU-US air TRANSPORT ACCIDENT data talks. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-19. INVESTIGATION COMMISSION, TAIC- At NZ (2006-04-13). Report ref. 06-002: Piper PA http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 23-250 Aztec, ZK-FMU, wheels-up landing, 556&objectid=10401974. Napier Aerodrome. TAIC-NZ, 2006-09-14. At 20 September 2006 http://www2.taic.org.nz/InvDetail/06-002.aspx. BLOOMBERG (2006). Giant headache, but 15 September 2006 Airbus needs A380. The New Zealand Herald, INDEPENDENT (2006). Warning of more 2006-09-20. At Airbus delays. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 09-15. At 556&objectid=10402048. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). US air fares surge to 5-year 556&objectid=10401333. highs. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-20. At NZPA (2006). Origin Pacific to wind up. The http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-15. At 113&ObjectID=10402157. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 21 September 2006 113&objectid=10401419. RAMSAY Heather (2006). Gliding above NZHERALD (2006). RAAF contract for Air Rotorua. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-15. New Zealand arm. The New Zealand Herald, At 2006-09-21. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10400557. 556&ObjectID=10402243. NZPA (2006). No flow-on for fuel price. The 16 September 2006 New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-21. At NZHERALD (2006). Pilot makes forced http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf landing on beach. The New Zealand Herald, m?o_id=5&ObjectID=10402251. 2006-09-16. At 22 September 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10401589. HARRISON Michael (2006). Branson makes TWOSE Helen & Anne GIBSON (2006). Pero stand over environment. The New Zealand joins freight fray as Origin flies into sunset. The Herald, 2006-09-22. At New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-16. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10402468. 113&ObjectID=10401558. REUTERS (2006). Fears of further Superjumbo delays. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-22. 17 September 2006 At GIBSON Anne (2006). Mike Pero spreads his http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= wings and takes flight. The New Zealand Herald, 556&objectid=10402405. 2006-09-17. At STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND (2006-09). http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf Statistics report: external migration August 2006. m?o_id=145&ObjectID=10401507. New Zealand’s Statistics Official Agency, 2006- 09-22. At http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/081A4B E4-A531-4E83-8ADF-
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during September 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.89-98. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 94 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
6B124632D6A6/0/externalmigrationaug06hotp.p http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= df. 556&objectid=10402911. NZPA (2006b). Pilot escapes injury after 23 September 2006 microlight crash landing. The New Zealand KEOWN Jenny (2006). Air NZ reports slight Herald, 2006-09-26. At drop in passenger numbers. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-09-23. At 665&objectid=10403036. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). US to let air travellers carry 556&objectid=10402564. some liquids. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- McKENZIE-MINIFIE Martha (2006). Court 09-26. At blocks airline's 'public interest' bid to reveal http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= planned airport fees. The New Zealand Herald, 556&ObjectID=10403004. 2006-09-23. At 27 September 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10402563. ROWAN Juliet (2006). Sunbathers flee as plane hits beach. The New Zealand Herald, 25 September 2006 2006-09-27. At NZPA & NZHERALD (2006). Plane circles http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Wellington as fog closes airport. The New 556&objectid=10403150. Zealand Herald, 2006-09-25. At NZPA (2006). Fog clears at Auckland airport http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= after delays. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09- 114&objectid=10402818. 27. At RADIO AUSTRALIA (2006). Nepal helicopter http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= search hampered by weather. The New Zealand 113&objectid=10403219. Herald, 2006-09-25. At 28 September 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 665&objectid=10402862. FALLOW Brian (2006). Emirates landing REUTERS (2006a). Nepalese minister and aid rights in NZ 'not under threat' . The New staff in missing helicopter. The New Zealand Zealand Herald, 2006-09-28. At Herald, 2006-09-25. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10403303. 556&objectid=10402754. McKENZIE-MINIFIE Martha (2006). Bliss at REUTERS (2006b). US detains Venezuela's airport after OE. The New Zealand Herald, Foreign Minister at airport. The New Zealand 2006-09-28. At Herald, 2006-09-25. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10403291. 114&objectid=10402755. NZHERALD (2006). Venezuela's Foreign Minister protests over detainment. The New 26 September 2006 Zealand Herald, 2006-09-28. At CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= (2006-09-26). Report Ref. 06/3588: microlight 114&objectid=10403365. aircraft incident; no serious injuries; no serious 29 September 2006 damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-09-26. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, BOOKER Jarrod (2006). Minister has no Weekly Accidents Reports. qualms grounding fine-dodgers. The New FALLOW Brian (2006). Transport Ministry Zealand Herald, 2006-09-29. At puts pressure on Emirates. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-09-26. At 114&objectid=10403488. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ 556&objectid=10402930. (2006-09-29). Report Ref. 06/3623: light NZPA (2006a). Chopper operators' feud 'put aircraft incident; no serious injuries; no serious lives at risk'. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09- damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-09-29. At 26. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, Weekly Accidents Reports.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 95
NZPA (2006). Bad blood spurred pilot's complaint. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09- 29. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10403466.
30 September 2006 DANN Liam (2006). Airport's overseas arrivals down again. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09- 30. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10403679. NZPA (2006). Air NZ to outsource 70 jobs in finance to Fiji in 2007. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-30. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10403699. REUTERS (2006a). Brazil planes collide over Amazon, 155 missing. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-09-30. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 665&objectid=10403728.
References PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.45-53. ISSN:1177-4576.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during September 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.89-98. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 96 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management Space
2. Sources of knowledge about Aviation in New Zealand1: • CAA-NZ, The Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, accessible at www.caa.govt.nz. The CAA is the main source of information for aviation safety performance, but also for regulatory management of the New Zealand aviation macro-system. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation management and performance are the “Accidents and incidents” tab and the “What’s new” tab. • JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE ADVANCEMENT & INTEGRATION, accessible at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI. This journal may become an important source of information on aviation performance in New Zealand if the current series is continued. This is so because the CAA-NZ only provides information on registered accidents six weeks in retrospect. After that period, the information disappears, and there is no manner of accessing those indicators until the CAA publishes a report (or accident brief) on the accident once their investigation is concluded. This could take several months or years. The journal, however, keeps a record of those indicators in the published articles, thus increasing its importance as referential source. • NZHERALD, The New Zealand Herald, accessible at www.nzherald.co.nz. Newspapers in New Zealand have the particularity of being linked to a region, and none can be found that is linked to the nation itself. “The New Zealand Herald”, for example, is the newspaper of Auckland, the northern part of New Zealand. Notwithstanding this, the most important newspapers in New Zealand will reflect similar news in a relatively similar way. Therefore, “The New Zealand Herald” has been singled out as a main reference because it covers well aviation events at national and international levels (thus, its reliability), and it is relatively easy to access and navigate online (thus, its convenience as a source of information for readers outside New Zealand). • STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND, accessible at www.stats.govt.nz/default.htm. This is the only source of information available so far regarding overall aviation efficiency performance in New Zealand. Under the heading “Tourism and migration” it is possible to find statistics for international passenger traffic per airport or by airport of embarkation, for example. It does not offer a good deal of information on aviation nor updated one (statistics are available for ended years only), but it is a starting point. There are also related statistics on migration published every month or so, comparing a given month against the same month a year earlier. • TAIC-NZ, Transport Accident Investigation Commission, accessible at www.taic.org.nz. The TAIC is an independent body that investigates transport accidents and incidents with significant implications for safety. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation safety performance are the “Aviation” tab and the “News” tab. Because the TAIC is an investigative body for serious accidents and incidents, the information that it provides is limited to those incidents that the TAIC investigates (thus, it does not offer a complete picture of aviation safety performance), and is substantially delayed in time (thus, it is not a good indicator for prompt feedback on aviation safety performance). Furthermore, TAIC does not date the release of a given report, which makes difficult to say since when such reports may start having an impact on aviation safety.
1 These sources are offered here primarily for their knowledge value, not for commercial or other purposes (although links to the selected sources may be given if they are available). Sources related to the topic in question but which offer no relevant knowledge or offer redundant knowledge have been skipped. These sources are ordered alphabetically according to the first author's surname or source name. The first date after the author/source refers to the date the original work was done, first copyrighted or first published. The title of the work follows. Finally, the location where to find such work is given, for example a webpage or a publishing company –which also includes relevant information such as country of publication, publication year, ISBN number, etc.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 97
Knowledge
Management Space
3. Who’s who. Author’s updated CV.
Dr. Jose D Pérezgonzález joined the School of Aviation at Massey University (New Zealand) in June 2006. Much of his research up to date has been with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group in Ireland, participating in several European-funded research projects. His research expertise ranges from aviation efficiency to health and safety management in organisational settings, and is especially interested in policy, reporting and auditing systems, health and safety management, and knowledge management systems. Nowadays, he is promoting the idea of Knowledge Management Editions™, and is founder and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. He is also setting the basis for a Centre of Excellence for Aviation in New Zealand, at Massey University. Among the recent projects that he is developing are the following: an awareness campaign regarding aviation management, efficiency and safety in New Zealand; a meta-analysis of aviation safety legislation at international levels; and a meta-analysis of communication models in the available literature. 4 The author’s list of recent publications in regards to the awareness campaign on aviation management, efficiency and safety in New Zealand is as follows: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during August 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.77-88. ISSN:1177-4576.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during September 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.89-98. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 98 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management
Space 4. Which & where.
School of Aviation at Massey University, New Zealand. Updated CV:
The School of Aviation is part of the College of Business, based both in the Turitea Campus and the Milson Flight Centre at Palmerston North International Airport. It offers bachelor with honours in Air Transport Piloting and Aviation Management, and masters and doctorate degrees in Aviation Management. The School is relatively new (it was established in 1990) and its research curriculum is only starting to grow now. A sample of the School’s recent publication list follows: • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during August 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.77-88. ISSN:1177-4576.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
ZHANG Heng [yi] & PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [zhengli] (2006). Ping EASA Part-145 guizhangzhong miaoshu de shenhetixi. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.99-110. ISSN:1177-4576. [Yi zi: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576].
(20061130) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576 2006 年, 99-110 页 电子版本： www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
评 EASA Part-145 规章中描述的审核体系 张恒 [译] 与 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D. [整理] (2006) 新西兰 梅西大学 航空学院
[译自 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576].
联络人（中文）：张恒，电子邮件: [email protected] Correspondence in English: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; E-mail: J.D. [email protected]
摘要 欧洲航空安全机构（EASA）的规章要求航空器维护单位的质量体系中，均需按照标准建立各自的审核体 系，以确保严格的维护程序在各单位得以良好的执行，使航空器及其部件的维护达到应有标准。质量审核体 系可以确保航空器在良好的维护下保有良好的适航性，从而使航空器、机组人员、乘员及其他公众的安全得 到保证。相关的规章至少从 2001 年来都没有进行过较大的修订，这从一个侧面反映了现行规章的成熟。审 核体系作为维护单位的综合质量反馈宏系统（overall feedback macro-system）中的不可或缺的一环，扮演着 发现并及时纠正潜在事故风险的关键角色。也就是说审核体系对管理航空器适航性及其运行安全具有不可或 缺的价值。 尽管现行的关于建立审核体系的要求标准大体上比较成熟，在航空器维护单位中也被广泛接受，但这并 不代表不存在继续改进的空间。因此，本文的主要意图在于：一，籍与审核管理体系（AMS，audit management system）的原型模型做出比较，评论 EASA 提出的质量体系规章；二，在现有的 EASA Part- 145.A.65 的基础上，为建立更有效的审核管理体系规章而需要的新要求提供指引（或推荐增加 Part-145 A.67）。 © 2006 著作权 Jose D. Pérezgonzález (编). 版权所有. © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
关键词 质量体系；审核管理体系；EASA Part-145; JAR-145 第五修正稿; 经认可的民用航空器维护维修单位.
著作权 © 2006 Jose D. Pérezgonzález (编). 知识管理版本™ 及其相关标示乃Jose D. Pérezgonzález 之注册商标。版权所有。除获得编者书 面许可外，本文内容禁止被重新制作、存于检索系统或以电子拷贝、印刷品、复印件等任何形式传播。 Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). 知识管理版本™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
感谢
感谢罗天慧, 袁俊杰, 米照晗和俞达协助检查本翻译.
100 质量体系；审核管理系统；EASA Part-145; JAR-145 修正; 经认可的民用航空器维护维修单位
Knowledge Management Space
TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH Research proposal, project, etc. Pilot study Methodology paper ; Exploratory study ; Results paper, recommendations… Confirmatory study
Bibliography Replicating study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY
Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire ; Compilation & interpretation Interview New theory Test/Scale Observation DESIGN ; Content analysis/Data archives Flexible/Qualitative designs Case study SAMPLING Ethnographic study Anecdote/-s Grounded Theory study Other (biographical, ; Case/-s phenomenological…) Convenient sample Representative sample Fixed/Quantitative design Descriptive DATA ANALYSIS Correlational Descriptive analysis Comparative ; Qualitative analysis Field research Bivariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Experimental
GENERALIZATION ANCHORS ; EASA Part-145 regulations ; Aircraft Maintenance Organisations ; JAA JAR-145 regulations ; Quality systems ; Aviation regulations Part 145
本文内容包含了编者的原创工作，仅作知识交流用途，请勿作他用。 Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
致读者: 本文并没有经过同行评审，也许尚存各种语法或遣词上的错误。一般来说这不影响您完全理解文章的内容。时间仓促，如有错误之 处，万望读者海涵。 Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to professional proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. However, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
航空学院 新西兰 梅西大学 http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
质量体系；审核管理系统；EASA Part-145; JAR-145 修正; 经认可的民用航空器维护维修单位 101
评EASA Part-145 规章中描述的 核管理体系（AMS ， audit management system,）有着颇多的相似之处。 审核体系 根据 Pérezgonzález (2005)，此体系具有的三 大特征，使之符合成为功能性管理体系的标 1. 导言. 准：一，整体（整个质量体系）由各子部分互 本文继续了作者此前对 EASA Part-145 的未 相协调组成；二，此体系的运作可被看作为一 完成的研究工作。继对事故报告系统部分的评 连串的放入体系的因素转化成预设的结果过 论后（见 Pérezgonzález et al., 2005），本文按 程，而系统同时管理此转化过程及保证系统本 照相似的逻辑和结构对 EASA Part-145 规章中 身运作的有效性；三， 对此系统的描述及解析 关于审核体系的内容作出探讨。 将集中体现其功能及运作，而不是其组织结构 EASA Part-145.A.65(c)a乃关于管理经认可航 或程序上的特征。(这体现了“功能性有效”的 空器维护及维修单位(MROs)之质量体系的章节 思路). b。除此之外，我们还能在Part-145 的其他许多 ADAMS-2 计划根据下述的三个来源，发展 地方找到许多关于质量体系的内容。 根据 出了其功能性审核管理体系：一，职能机构对 EASA Part-145.A.65(c)的要求, 质量体系应包括 于维护维修单位的管理规章（如 JAR-145 独立审核[Part-145.A.65(c)(1)] 以及内部的质量 Amendment 4, 2001）；二, 欧洲四个维护维修 回馈报告体系[Part-145.A.65(c)(2)]。质量回馈 单位审核系统的实践经验结果中所显示的共性 报告体系可使在相关负责人员可以及时获悉在 ( 见 ADAMS-2 研究计划) ；三，系统思考 审核过程发现的问题已得到及时且正确的解决 （systems thinking）及 流程再造 （process re- [Part-145.A.65(c)(2)]。 engineering）论著中的理论及实验经验。(例 当 可接受的遵从方式（acceptable means of 如： von Bertalanffy, 1968; Cortés et al., 1974; compliance ，AMC）也被考虑在内时，有许多 Rummler & Brache, 1995; Skyttner, 1996)。此 方法可使质量体系得到进一步的完善。首先， 外，此体系还基于没有参与 ADAMS-2 计划的 AMC 145.A.65(c)(1) 除列明了独立审核的定 另外两家维护维修单位的实践经验，得到进一 义、目的外，还对独立审核的范围——包括取 步的论证。 样、审核的条件及时机、实施审核的人选等一 由此而发展出来的审核管理体系（AMS）的 系列细节也作出了规定。其次，AMC 目的在于为维护维修单位提供一个通用的审核 145.A.65(c)(2)进一步阐明了质量回馈报告系统 系统评估流程。其评估的内容包括功能规划、 所扮演的角色——一，使相关人员得悉整个单 安全审核的有效性及保证其审核系统符合 c 位遵从规章的综合程度；二，管理发现问题后 EASA的规定 。 在这样的评估下提出的相应建 的补救过程。 议可帮助改善审核系统，与此同时，可以通过 EASA 的质量体系 （尤其是据更为详细的 设立一系列指标来检测做出这些改进的效果。 AMC 145.A.65(c)所提出的）与“ADAMS-2 计 如图（一）所示，通用审核管理体系 划”(见. Pérezgonzález et al., 2003; Baranzini et （AMS）的审核流程包含十二个步骤：(1) 审 al., 2002; Corrigan et al., 2002) 设计并验证的审 核； (2) 记录管理、评估及初步调查； (3) 对外 报告（包括向管理机关）；(4)事件调查；(5) 趋向分析； (6)发布结论、作风险评估并提出改 进建议; (7) 纠正错误并施行改进建议；(8) 监测 改进的过程；(9) 监控本应施行（却因为种种原 a 虽然现在欧洲航空安全机构（EASA）已取代欧洲联合航空署 因而缺失）之操作；(10) 评估施行过程； (11) （JAA）成为欧盟国家的主要航空管理机关，但JAR- 结束审核周期; (12) 反馈和总结。 145(Amendment 5, 2003)与EASA Part-145 (2004)只有细微的差 别。本文主要着眼于现行的EASA规章进行讨论。尽管JAA依然存 在，但除另有说明外，本文凡提及JAA或JAR时，所指乃过去JAA 作为欧洲主要航空管理机关时期之规章；提及EASA时，所指乃 EASA取代JAA之后成为欧洲主要航空管理机关的时期之规章。 b 管理机关一般将其管理的此类单位定义为 “航空器维护单位” （approved maintenance organisations, AMO）；本文将使用 但业界更习惯的“航空器维护及维修单位” （maintenance and c 在ADAMS-2 计划开展时, JAA尚未被EASA取代，也就是说其时 repair organisations, MRO）之定义。 所指的是JAA的规定。
张恒 [译] 与 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [整理] (2006). 评 EASA Part-145 规章中描述的审核体系。Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.99-110. ISSN: 1177-4576 [译自 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576]. 电子版本： www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 102 质量体系；审核管理系统；EASA Part-145; JAR-145 修正; 经认可的民用航空器维护维修单位
3 对外报告（包括向管理机关等 ） 2 1 记录管理、及评估 内部审核 4 深入调查
初步调查 6 发布结论、作风险评估 并提出改进建议 外部审核 5 趋向分析
12
反馈和学习 8 7 筹划改进措施 监控改进过程 施行改进
完成? 是 不是 报告改进执行情况 11 审核周期结束 10 9 评估施行过程 执行监控机制
解决? 是 不是
图（一），审核管理体系（AMS）
这个通用流程事实上与 EASA 对质量体系的 2.质量体系的角色及管理范围. 运作要求相当吻合，当把 AMC 145.A.65(c)部 在 EASA Part-145 中，质量体系的角色及管 分也考虑在内时更是如此。 再者，这些要求相 理范围，是一个常常让人产生误解的问题。 当长的一段时间以来都没有经过修订（至少从 EASA Part-145 中关于规章贯彻的部分并没有 2001 年的 JAR-145, Amendment 4 以来），这说 为“质量体系”做出明确的定义。但 AMC 明了相关规章和现行之审核体系相当成熟并在 145.A.65(c)(1)中就阐明了质量系统的两个基本 业界被广为接受。基于这样的理由，本文往后 目标：一，确保维护产品的安全性；二，确保 的内容将集中在推荐一些小的改进，以期可以 相关维护维修单位遵从 EASA part-145 的规 得到一套更完善的关于相关审核体系的规章。 定。事实上，现行规章中“质量系统”之概 为了使相关规章得到更好的理解和贯彻；同时 念，可以解读出两种不同的涵义：一，质量管 为了建立可以更好地管理审核结果的功能性系 理实践（例如进行独立审核等实践操作）； 统，本文接下来将着重探讨以下三方面：一， 二，各机构的质量理念（反映在维护维修单位 对审核系统角色与管理范围一个更清晰的界定 的安全质量规定、方针等）。接下来我们将依 并提议将关于审核体系的内容独立出来，自成 次就这两方面展开探讨。 完整而详细的章节； 二，解决由将审核系统规 在一方面，AMC Part-145.A.65(c)反映了质 范化为审核管理系统（AMS）过程中而带来的 量系统的实际操作。它指出质量系统的角色是 内容覆盖的衔接问题。就此，我们需要进一步 航空器及其部件和操作程序的监控者，其目的 完善关于审核系统的独立章节，同时借助其章 是保证飞行器可以得到良好的维护和确保飞行 节中的相关内容作为补充；三，一个对现有规 器的适航性。这个角色同时意味着质量系统对 章的综合评估。试图归纳出现有系统值得改进 维修维护人员两方面的责任做出监管和及对他 的地方，使现有审核系统的各部分分工更明 们作出反馈：确保对不符合要求的操作做出修 确、更“功能上高效”的审核管理体系。 接下 来文章将逐一就这三个方面展开。
航空学院 新西兰 梅西大学 http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
质量体系；审核管理系统；EASA Part-145; JAR-145 修正; 经认可的民用航空器维护维修单位 103
正；及确保修正可被及时且恰当地得以执行。 持现有的 Part-145.A.65 的广义的质量系统规章 AMC 145.A.65(c)较详细地说明了这些功能。 外，设立一个新的章节——Part145.A.67，管理 更多对于质量系统自身实践实务的描述散布 独立审核的实际施行。以下我们将依次就这两 在规章的许多地方。我们可以从中看到为了确 部分探讨这个提议。 保质量系统自身的高效运作，质量系统所扮演 的第二个角色：对自身运作表现的监控者 (例 2.1.一个明确而完全的关于质量体系的章节 如，监控独立审核及反馈的表现)[Part- 质量体系监管整个维护维修单位的运作，确 145.A.30(c)]。 根据 145.A.35(i)所提到的那样， 保该单位维护维修下之保证航空器或/及航空器 质量系统还扮演了第三个角色：为相关维护维 部件的适航性。质量体系统当与其它外部机构 修员工签发上岗认可。 （如管理当局和航空公司）协作以达到这样的 另一方面，Part-145.A.75(b)规定了经认可的 目的。 维护维修单位的其中一个特权是 “在其自身质 质量体系的范围将被扩大，以至包括了现有 量体系下，可于另一维护维修单位安排维护维 规章中或直接或间接的涉及所有相关部分。也 修工作”。这里的质量体系也许可以被看作是 就是说，质量体系将同时包含运作检查（由操 其审核及反馈程序，但被理解为该维护维修单 作部门本身执行）及审核（由内部相对独立的 位的“维护（维修）单位说明文件 审核部门管理）两个部分。这也将包含来自外 （Maintenance Organisation Exposition，MOE） 部机构的任何审核发现，如来自管理当局（如 也许更贴切一些，正如 Part-145.A.70(12)描述 民航主管机构）和飞行器运营者（独立的外部 的那样：“（MOE 就是）在 145.A.25 到 机构）。此外，质量体系将依照同内部审核体 145.A.90 的要求下建立的操作程序及质量系 系（下文中将提到这个概念）一致的标准对审 统”。 AMC 145.A.75(b)中也认可这种相对更 核的进行记录、更正和查证。关于质量体系内 为广义的理解。在这样的广义理解之下，质量 容的讨论足以自成一篇，这里就不再详述了。 体系同时包含了维护维修单位的质量管理理 简单说来，关于质量体系的内容当在提议中的 念 ，具体表现在组织方针及操作程序上（当 规章里位置不变；设想中的 145.A.65 (c)小节如 然，这包括了那些直接涉及质量审核及回馈的 下： 方针和操作程序）。 从质量体系的狭义理解上说，质量管理实践 145.A.65 Safety and quality policy, maintenance procedures and quality 也许只限定于特定的人员或特定的某一部门 system. （如质量监控部门）。从广义上的理解看，质 量体系实际上覆盖了整个维护维修单位的运作 […] (c) The organisation shall establish a quality system which will ensure the （甚至包括了所有外发承包商）。这样的广义 following: 理解代表了一整套安全质量理念，而并不是将 • It monitors organisational compliance 质量体系的作用局限于对某部分操作的审核过 with aircraft / aircraft component standards and procedures as specified 程上。 in Part-145.A.67(a). 在这样的广义理解之下，建议应当为 EASA • It monitors compliance with Part-145 from 145.A.25 to 145.A.90. Part-145 当中的提到这些质量管理实践的部分 • It monitors the performance of the 提出一个额外的定义：“审核体系”。同时， auditing system itself in order to 建议在规章中建立一个更明确、更完整的段 ensure its effective and efficient functioning, as specified in Part- 落——以将“审核体系”和“质量管理体系” 145.A.30(c). 区分开来。这样的区分可以让维护维修单位内 • It liaises with a similar quality 的独立审核部门的角色更加清晰。同时，这可 system at the competent Authority, as specified in Part-145.B.30, and third 以促使审核部分同质量体系隔离开来 ，这样做 organisations, if so required. 就有效防止了人们产生质量体系仅等同于审核 • It manages the occurrence management 及提供反馈信息的误解。 （事故报告系统管理 system specified in Part-145.A.60. 与向维护维修人员签发授权认可等一样，也应 • It issues certification authorisations for staff, as specified in Part- 属于质量管理系统的一部分，见 Part- 145.A.35(i). 145.A.35(i)）。 简单说来，本文的建议是在维
张恒 [译] 与 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [整理] (2006). 评 EASA Part-145 规章中描述的审核体系。Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.99-110. ISSN: 1177-4576 [译自 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576]. 电子版本： www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 104 质量体系；审核管理系统；EASA Part-145; JAR-145 修正; 经认可的民用航空器维护维修单位
2.2. 明确而完全的关于审核体系的章节. 系。建议 EASA Part-145 的关于审核管理及自 正如上文提及的那样，本文建议在规章内加 我学习体系的章节可被修改如下： 入关于审核体系的独立部分。这将是维护维修 145.A.67 Audit Management. 单位中执行审核实践、提供信息反馈及修正建 议的体系。这部分功能作为质量体系中的一部 The organisation shall establish an internal audit management system (AMS) 分，由独立的部门所管辖（如质量管理部 which enables the following: 门）。设想的这个部分是： • Independent audits in order to monitor compliance with required aircraft / 145.A.67 Audit Management. aircraft component standards and adequacy of the procedures to ensure The organisation shall establish an that such procedures invoke good internal auditing system that includes maintenance practices and airworthy the following: aircraft / aircraft components. In the • Independent audits in order to monitor smallest organisations the independent compliance with required aircraft / audit may be contracted to another aircraft component standards and organisation approved under this Part adequacy of the procedures to ensure or to a person with appropriate that such procedures invoke good technical knowledge and proven maintenance practices and airworthy satisfactory audit experience. aircraft / aircraft components. In the • The collection of findings reports [as smallest organisations the independent described in AMC 145.A.67(a)(10) d ]; audit may be contracted to another the evaluation of those reports [e.g. organisation approved under this Part as specified in Part-145.A.95]; the or a person with appropriate technical assessment and extraction of those knowledge and proven satisfactory findings reportable to the Authority audit experience; and and other relevant organisms [e.g. as • A quality feedback reporting system to specified in Part-145.A.60(a), and the person or group of persons similar in intention to Part- specified in 145.A.30(b) and 145.A.45(c)]; further investigation of ultimately to the accountable manager those findings whose aetiology is not that ensures proper and timely known [as described in AMC corrective action is taken in response 145.A.67(b)(c)(2) e ]; data analysis to to reports resulting from the identify adverse trends in the independent audits established to meet findings; the construction of paragraph (1). recommendations; the implementation of suitable corrective and/or preventive 据此，可接受的遵从方式（ actions [as described in AMC Acceptable 145.A.67(b)(c)(2), implied in Part- Means of Compliance, AMC ）及指导文件 145.A.67(c) f , and similar in intention （Guidance Material, GM）也从而应根据设想 to AMC 145.A.60(b)(3)]; the monitoring of such implementation [as described 中的改变而相应做出改动（下文将举例说 g in AMC 145.A.67(b)(c)(4) , and implied 明）。 in Part-145.A.67(c)]; and the assessment of the implementation for its effectiveness in addressing the 3.“ 审 核系统 ”到 “ 审 核管理系统 （ findings [e.g. similar in intention to ） Part-145.A.45(d)]. Audit Management System, AMS ” • It includes a method to circulate the 的转变：从审核到管理. information as necessary. As, for example, a quality communication 倘若按照上文提议的那样，为审核系统部分 system to feedback the person or group 设立独立的段落，这样 现行的相关部分 of persons specified in Part- EASA 145.A.30(b) and ultimately to the 内容并不足以清楚描述这样的一个审核体系。 为了强化审核系统的角色——包括确保航空安 全及维护维修单位对安全标准的严格执行， EASA Part-145 可参照 ADAMS-2 计划提出的审 d AMC 145.A.67(a)(10) 乃本文设想中之的章节；现行规章中相关 核管理体系模型（audit management system 的内容见AMC-145.A.65(c)(1)(10) e model，见图一）及 Pérezgonzález 等学者 2005 AMC 145.A.67(b)(c)(2)——见现行AMC-145.A.65(c)(2)(2) f Part-145.A.67(c)——见现行Part-145.A.65(c)(2) 年提出的事故管理体系模型来描述审核管理体 g AMC 145.A.67(b)(c)(4)——见现行AMC 145.A.65(c)(2)(4)
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质量体系；审核管理系统；EASA Part-145; JAR-145 修正; 经认可的民用航空器维护维修单位 105
accountable manager that ensures 现有规章对于这个部分的描述完整而清晰， proper and timely corrective action is taken in response to reports resulting 目前并没有需要特别修改的地方。 from the independent audits established to meet paragraph (1). 4.2. 审核流程 (图一中的“step 1”). • As for reporting to the Authority, the following paragraphs apply: Part- 同第一部分一样，关于这部分的内容编排得 145.A.60(a),(c),(d),(e) [it may also 当，包括当审核流程作为一种可接受的遵从方 include GM 145.A.60(a),(c)]. 式时。事实上 AMC 145.A.65(c)(1)具有对于适 航性验证审核流程的详细描述，包括应该在何 AMC 和 GM 的相应章节内也反映了这些改 时由何方审核、应该如何审核和应该审核什么 变： 等。此外，GM 145.A.65(c)(1)还提供了一份可 • AMC 145.A.65(a), AMC 145.A.65(b), AMC 作实际应用的审核计划供参考。 145.A.65(b)(2), and AMC 145.A.65(b)(3) would remain unchanged, as they refer to the 因此，这部分内容同样没有太多需要修改的 quality system. 地方。 • AMC 145.A.65(c)(1) Safety and quality policy, maintenance procedures and 记录管理 quality system, would change to AMC 4.3. (step 2). 145.A.67(a) Audit management. 这一步相关的内容是审核结果的采集和评 • AMC 145.A.65(c)(2) Safety and quality 估。完备的审核体系应确保审核报告的完整和 policy, maintenance procedures and quality system, would change to AMC 准确，并将这些审核结果记录以做为上文提到 145.A.67 (b)(c) Audit management. 审核体系中的“输入”部分内容加以记录。 • GM 145.A.65(c)(1) Safety and quality 奇怪的是， 规章中有关于飞行器保养 policy, maintenance procedures and EASA quality system, would change to GM 记录的要求，但对于审核记录却仅描述了其可 145.A.67(a) Audit management. 接受的遵从方式[AMC 145.A.65(c)(2)(5)]。即便 对于这两种记录的处理方法基本上并没有太大 4. 完善就此所产生的审核管理体系 区别。 （AMS）——加入具体的操作及程序 一般而言，良好的记录管理当确保审核记录 要求： 中的信息均完整、清晰且易于理解，以便于日 后查询。与此同时，记录载体本身也应被妥善 这部分将借助 计划所提出的 ADAMS-2 AMS 保存。 体系（见图一），评论EASA Part-145.A.65(c) 的相关规章（包括AMC 145.A.65(c), and GM 4.4.对管理机构报告（step 3). 145.A.65(c)）。希望可借此发现有可使审核系 EASA 规章并无直接提及或间接暗示怎么样 统得以完善的其他所需要求h。 的审核发现应提交管理机构。然而审核的过程 4.1.输入（Inputs） 确实可能会发现一些严重的问题，并可作为事 故或事故征兆上报相关的管理机构（从而与 EASA 在规章中规定了审核体系中两种类型 Part-145.A.60 相关）。可就正如本文第 3 部分 的主要“输入”：遵从航空器 航空器部件的维 / 中所设想的那样，在规章中可对此部分内容做 护标准；以及恰当的运作程序确保良好的维护 出更明确的规定。更有针对性的关于事故报告 维修操作并保证航空器的适航性。一般而言， 系统的建议，可参见 Pérezgonzález 等人 这两种“输入”[AMC 145.A.65(c)(1)中有进一 （2005）另文中的内容。 步更详细的描述]包括航空器维护维修单位所提 供的产品服务、日常运作程序及对于 Part-145 4.5.调查 (step 4). 规章的遵守程度。 EASA 并未就此问题费太多的笔墨，仅大略 地规定应当在 AMC 145.A.65(c)(2)(2)的约束下 调查所有审核发现。
但是，EASA 规章中关于事故调查的部分 h 为了不令读者迷惑，本部分将使用现行规章中的编号（如 145.A.65 ） ， 而并不会采用上文中提及的尚在设想中的 （见 Part-145.A.60）也许对于审核发现的调查 145.A.67。
张恒 [译] 与 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [整理] (2006). 评 EASA Part-145 规章中描述的审核体系。Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.99-110. ISSN: 1177-4576 [译自 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576]. 电子版本： www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 106 质量体系；审核管理系统；EASA Part-145; JAR-145 修正; 经认可的民用航空器维护维修单位
具有相关性。所以另文中对于 EASA 之事故管 然 AMC 145.A.65(c)(2)包括了相关的内容，但 理规章所做出的建议（见 Pérezgonzález 等, 是这只是可接受的遵从方式的一部分，而非正 2005）在此同样适用。 式的 EASA 规章，所以可能被维护维修单位所 也就是说，所有调查当将所有有关的信息纳 忽略。 入考虑，如涉及到任何审查发现、外部条件、 因此，最好的解决方法是将 AMC 的第三和 评估结果等所有可知得信息。此外，好的审核 第四段内容加入到 EASA 规章中。 管理体系（AMS）当确保任何新的及尚存疑问 的审核发现得以彻底调查。 4.9. 对改正措施的评估 (step 10). EASA 并不直接介入管理这个方面。然而现 4.6.趋势分析 (step 5). 有规章（Part-145.A.45(d)） 规定维护维修单位 EASA 规章并没有包含对审核发现进行趋势 须证明任何操作上的改变都是正当且有效的— 分析的内容。但正如趋势分析在分析事故或事 —这间接地规定了任何改正措施应该得到适当 故征兆中的作用一样，对审核发现的趋势分析 的评估。 同样具有重要意义——事实上，因为审核本身 这部分规章的精神和要求可以很容易被直接 的周期性特点，对审核发现做周期性趋势分析 移植到针对审核体系得规章中去。对改正措施 也许对于维护维修单位来说更有意义。规章中 的恰当的评估将确保改正措施可确实地起到作 事故报告系统部分关于趋势分析的内容在这里 用，并预防同样的问题再次发生。这项评估的 再一次同样适用（见 Part-145.A.60(b)）。因此 工作的执行者（一个独立的部门，例如质量管 Pérezgonzález 等人（2005）在另文中就事故报 理部门），应确保改正措施可使运作可达到应 告系统做出的关于将趋势分析写入 EASA 规章 有安全标准，否则可提出新的整改执行计划。 的建议，在这里同样适用。 4.10. 整改过程的结束 (step 11). 4.7.结果及建议 (step 6). 规章中并无明确指出应当何时正式结束对于 EASA 规章并没有对这个问题做出适当的规 审核发现的整改过程。Part-145.A.65(c)(2)间接 定。虽说在相关文件中有提及审核的结果报告 的提到，当改正措施被正确、及时地贯彻后， 应当被提交至管理机构（ AMC 整改过程便可划上句号。但这样的规定并不充 145.A.65(c)(1)(10) ） 并予发布（ AMC 分。这里的审核管理体系模型提出整改过程的 145.A.65(c)(2)(3)）。但是这部分的内容是作为 结束（以及最终整个审核报告本身），应以改 可接受的遵从方式的一部分出现，而不是 正措施被评估后并确认运作达到了应有的安全 EASA 规章本身的一部分，所以很容易被维护 标准为标志。 维修单位所忽略。再者，没有任何地方提及关 此外，当确保所有与审核相关的内容以一份 于提出建议的内容。 综合报告的形式得以妥善归档保存（包括审核 和之前的许多部分一样，针对这方面的规章 发现、调查结果、改善建议、改正措施以及最 在管理事故报告系统部分业已存在，而 终的运作是否达到安全标准等）。也就是说， Pérezgonzález 等人（2005）在另文中也就此方 必须记录存档并向管理机构报告所有与审核结 面问题如何改进事故报告系统提出了建议，这 果及改正措施相关的信息。 些建议在这里同样适用。也就是说，审核报告 应包括审核的评估结果以及其他任何与分析审 4.11. 反馈及组织学习（organisational 核结果有关的信息（Part-145.A.60）。同时审 learning）(step 12). 核报告应针对审核结果提供尽可能详尽的建 EASA Part-145.A.65(c)(2)要求维护维修单位 议。 中设立沟通反馈机制，用于知会相关人员及责 任经理任何的审核发现和相应的整改措施。 4.8. 改正措施 (step 7) 及相关监控 (steps 然而，恰当的审核管理体系（AMS）可使维 8 and 9). 护维修单位中所有的人员得到相应的反馈；甚 就审核结果的改正措施及相关监控这个问 至把审核中发现的问题及处理经验通报至其他 题，现行规章并没有作出特别明确的规定 维护维修单位。从而提升单位乃至整行业处理 （Part-145.A.65(c)(2)），而仅有间接提及。虽
航空学院 新西兰 梅西大学 http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
质量体系；审核管理系统；EASA Part-145; JAR-145 修正; 经认可的民用航空器维护维修单位 107
问题的能力（例如通过通报罕见问题的成因； JOINT AVIATION AUTHORITY, JAA (2001). 或共享改正某方面问题的经验等）。 Joint Aviation Requirements, JAR-145, approved maintenance organisations (amendment 4). Global Engineering Documents (Colorado, USA). 5. 结语 JOINT AVIATION AUTHORITY, JAA (2003). Joint Aviation Requirements, JAR-145, approved 质量审核体系是飞行器维护维修单位之综合 maintenance organisations (amendment 5). Global 质量反馈宏系统（overall feedback macro-system）中 Engineering Documents (Colorado, USA). 不可或缺的一部分，它在安全管理上扮演了至关重 JOINT AVIATION AUTHORITY, JAA (2005). 要的角色。EASA（正如 JAA 过去所做的那样） 强 Retrieved from
张恒 [译] 与 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [整理] (2006). 评 EASA Part-145 规章中描述的审核体系。Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.99-110. ISSN: 1177-4576 [译自 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576]. 电子版本： www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 108 质量体系；审核管理系统；EASA Part-145; JAR-145 修正; 经认可的民用航空器维护维修单位
Knowledge Management Space
8. 欧洲的航空管理机构: 这里是一些欧洲主要的民航组织的网站，它们基本上都分别介绍了各自的结构主要功能。在这 些网站中，尽管也许您并找不到太多深入探讨民航及民航安全的资料，但至少可以让您对欧洲民 航安全管理体系有一个较全面的认识。
• EUROCONTROL —— www.eurocontrol.int/index1.html Eurocontrol 是欧洲的航空管制组织。和中国民航管制部门不同的是，它同时管理欧洲各国空军 的空中交通活动。
• 欧洲航空安全机构（EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY ， EASA ） —— www.easa.eu.int EASA 正逐渐彻底取代 JAA 成为欧洲的主要航空管理机构。在 EASA 的网站您还能找到指向 其他国家，尤其是欧洲各国民航管理机构的链接。这也是本文最主要的参考资料来源。
• 欧洲民航会议（EUROPEAN CIVIL AVIATION CONFERENCE，ECAC）—— www.ecac- ceac.org ECAC 以非管理者的身份在欧洲致力于促进民用航空交通的安全、效率和可持续发展。ECAC 与国际民航组织（International Civil Aviation Organisation，ICAO）有十分紧密的合作关系。
• 欧洲联合航空署（JOINT AVIATION AUTHORITY，JAA）—— www.jaa.nl JAA 乃 EASA 的前身，EASA 继承了 JAA 的大部分运行要求并逐步发展出现在的 EASA 规 章。JAA 现在仍然完全负责欧盟国家以外的欧洲国家的航空管理事务（欧盟成员国归 EASA 管 理）。尽管 JAA 最终将被 EASA 完全取代，但是目前您依然可以在 JAA 的网站找到许多关于 欧洲航空的重要资料。
航空学院 新西兰 梅西大学 http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
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Knowledge Management
Space 9. 关于译者及作者
本文译者张恒（Zhāng Héng）从新西兰梅西大学（Massey University, New Zealand）航空管理系（Aviation Management）毕业。此前曾于澳门直升机场 / 香港港联直升机公司（Macau Heliport / HeliExpress / East Asia Airlines）工作。 在开始尝试翻译航空类文章前，曾于中国海运船务代理公司（China Shipping Agent）东莞分公司的员工提供海事英语培训课程。
此前的译有： 本文作者何塞·皮尔冈萨雷斯博士（Dr. Jose D Pérezgonzález）曾在比利时根特大学 （Ghent University, Belgium）和爱尔兰的圣三一学院（Trinity College, Ireland）作博士 研究；2005 年 1 月获西班牙 University of La Laguna 授予的博士学位。他因使用两门欧 洲语言（英语和他的母语西班牙语——他出生在西班牙的加那利群岛）所做的研究工 作，被授予“欧罗巴博士”（Doctor Europeus）的荣誉称号。 皮尔冈萨雷斯博士在爱尔兰开始他的学术生涯，他曾于著名的圣三一学院（Trinity College Dublin）和都柏林理工学院（Dublin Institute of Technology）作研究学者及任 教。其后他决定将他的学术舞台转移到南半球——新西兰的梅西大学（School of Aviation, Massey University, New Zealand）。 皮尔冈萨雷斯博士最近主要的研究工作都在总部设于都柏林的航空航天心理学研究中心（Aerospace Psychology Research Group）完成，他参与了多个欧盟资助的研究计划。他的研究涉及航空绩效、组织中的 健康与安全管理等等，他最感兴趣的方向是航空安全管理政策、报告及审核体系和知识管理系统。他正在积 极扩展和推广他自己提出的“知识管理版本”之应用，这首先体现在他自己的著作中。 皮尔冈萨雷斯博士的目标是在梅西大学建立一个民用航空研究卓越中心。 皮尔冈萨雷斯博士近期关于民航的著作列表: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during September 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.89-98. ISSN:1177-4576.
张恒 [译] 与 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [整理] (2006). 评 EASA Part-145 规章中描述的审核体系。Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.99-110. ISSN: 1177-4576 [译自 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576]. 电子版本： www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 110 质量体系；审核管理系统；EASA Part-145; JAR-145 修正; 经认可的民用航空器维护维修单位
Knowledge Management Space
10. 关于新西兰梅西大学及其航空学院 -- School of Aviation at Massey University, New Zealand
梅西大学航空学院位于梅西大学在北帕默斯顿（Palmerston North）的主校区。梅西大学是新西兰唯一提供 的航空管理各等级学位以及民用飞行器驾驶学士学位的课程的大学。其航空训练中心曾经或正在为多家亚太 地区包括中国的航空公司培训飞行员。于 1990 年建立的航空学院，作为大学内相对较新的部门，它正在其 领域获得越来越多的成就和声望。 航空学院近期的出版书目: • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during September 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.89-98. ISSN:1177-4576.
航空学院 新西兰 梅西大学 http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during October 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.111-120. ISSN:1177-4576.
(20061210) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576, year 2006, pages 111-120 Available online at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during October 2006 by Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2006)
School of Aviation, Massey University, New Zealand
Correspondent: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected]
Abstract This article continues a bibliographic series that documents monthly indicators for aviation management and aviation performance in New Zealand (see, for example, Pérezgonzález, 2006). During the month of October 2006, the most important aviation performance indicators that caught the attention of New Zealanders were the following (in order of available pieces of information devoted to each of them). Firstly, miscellaneous news regarding airport operation and performance (especially at Wellington, Auckland, and Whenuapai). Secondly, job cuts in Air New Zealand. Thirdly, international accidents and incidents (especially the recent aircraft crash in Brazil). Fourthly, other miscellaneous news on Air New Zealand’s operation and performance. Fifthly, some reminiscent news regarding the Airbus A-380. And sixthly, national incidents and accidents. Four incidents were logged into the CAA-NZ’s Occurrence Reporting database: three regarding light aircrafts (only one reported serious injuries for the pilot, and damages on the aircraft); a fourth occurrence was a tandem paraglider accident, with two people being seriously injured. © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
Keywords Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand.
Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Knowledge Management Edition™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
112 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
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Space
TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH Research proposal, project... Pilot study Methodology paper Exploratory study Results paper, recommendations… Confirmatory study ; Thematic bibliography Replicating study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY
Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire Compilation & interpretation Interview New theory Test/Scale DESIGN Observation Flexible/Qualitative designs Content analysis/Data archives Case study SAMPLING Ethnographic study Grounded Theory study Anecdote/-s Other (biographical, Case/-s phenomenological…) Convenient sample Representative sample Fixed/Quantitative design Correlational DATA ANALYSIS Comparative Qualitative analysis Field research Univariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Bivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Experimental GENERALIZATION ANCHORS
; New Zealand ; Aviation management ; Aviation efficiency ; Aviation health, safety and the environment
Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to professional proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. However, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 113
Thematic bibliography: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10404015. aviation news in New 4 October 2006 Zealand during October KHALIP Andrei (2006). About 50 bodies found 2006 at Brazil plane crash site. The New Zealand 1 October 2006 Herald, 2006-10-04. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). Crash site of passenger jet 556&objectid=10404253. found in Amazon. The New Zealand Herald, NZPA & NEWSTALK ZB (2006). Southerlies 2006-10-01. At cause transport chaos in Wellington. The New http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Zealand Herald, 2006-10-04. At 665&objectid=10403786. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2 October 2006 114&objectid=10404290. OVERSTRAETEN Benoit van & Jason CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ NEELY (2006). Big delays with delivery of (2006-10-01). Report Ref. 06/3641: light Airbus superjumbos. The New Zealand Herald, aircraft incident; no serious injuries; no 2006-10-04. At damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-10-02. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, 556&objectid=10404237. Weekly Accidents Reports. REUTERS (2006). 'We've been hit' - survivor NZHERALD (2006). Cathay Pacific in for long recounts Brazil air collision. The New Zealand haul. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-02. At Herald, 2006-10-04. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10403931. 665&objectid=10404214. NZPA (2006). Wellington Airport again closed by fog. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-02. At 5 October 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= DANN Liam (2006). Air NZ picks up power as 114&objectid=10403955. fuel falls. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-05. REUTERS (2006a). Parachutists find silence At after plane crash. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-10-02. At 556&objectid=10404391. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= LUNA Denise (2006). Business jet at wrong 556&objectid=10403833. altitude in Brazil crash. The New Zealand REUTERS (2006b). Thailand opens Asia's Herald, 2006-10-05. At largest airport. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 10-02. At 556&objectid=10404440. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). Airline reviews A380 delays. 556&objectid=10403904. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-05. At 3 October 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10404348. LIMA Eduardo (2006). Brazil air crash victims' relatives fly over site. The New Zealand 6 October 2006 Herald, 2006-10-03. At REUTERS (2006a). Ryanair makes surprise bid http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= for Aer Lingus. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- 556&objectid=10404077. 10-06. At NZHERALD (2006). Airline quiet on http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= commission raid. The New Zealand Herald, 113&objectid=10404614. 2006-10-03. At REUTERS (2006b). Bolivia's Morales, Saddam http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= on US no-fly list. The New Zealand Herald, 113&objectid=10403993. 2006-10-06. At NZPA (2006). 'Pay or Stay' makes fine-dodger http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= cough up after 19 years. The New Zealand 556&objectid=10404636. Herald, 2006-10-03. At
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during October 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.111-120. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 114 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
7 October 2006 NZPA (2006b). Name suppression lapses in helicopter death case. The New Zealand Herald, DANN Liam (2006). NZX ruling deprives 2006-10-11. At airline's shareholders of vote. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-10-07. At 556&objectid=10405439. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006c). Wellington out to 'bounce' 556&objectid=10404773. Auckland. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-11. 9 October 2006 At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf FOX Andrea (2006). Pero looms as threat to m?o_id=5&ObjectID=10405452. air freight bid. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- NZPA (2006d). Air NZ may axe division with 10-09. At 1675 staff. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-11. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 113&objectid=10404959. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= McCARTHY Angela (2006). The Air New 113&objectid=10405477. Zealand Certificate in Airline Customer Service. REUTERS (2006). Man arrested after The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-09. At Heathrow terminal evacuated. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-10-11. At 113&objectid=10404919. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006). Plane sent into sea by ice, says 114&ObjectID=10405372. coroner. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-09. At 12 October 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006a). Union to investigate Air NZ 556&objectid=10404933. cost-cutting claims. The New Zealand Herald, REUTERS (2006). Emirates buying up Boeing 2006-10-12. At freighters. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-09. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 113&objectid=10405628. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006b). Air New Zealand to begin union 113&objectid=10405008. consultation over jobs threat. The New Zealand 10 October 2006 Herald, 2006-10-12. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= CLEMENT Barrie (2006). BA urged to cap top 556&objectid=10405671. tier benefits. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10- 10. At 13 October 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006). Air NZ 'becoming Air Auckland'. 113&objectid=10405117. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-13. At REGAN James & William EMMANUEL http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= (2006). Airbus chief executive bails out after 100 113&objectid=10405778. days. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-10. At REUTERS (2006). Political pressure grows http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= over jobs at planemaker. The New Zealand 556&objectid=10405205. Herald, 2006-10-13. At 11 October 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10405691. NEWSTALK ZB & NZHERALD (2006). USBORNE David (2006). 'Miracle' survivor Accused in Murchison helicopter-death case escapes death as plane hits her NYC apartment. named. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-11. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-13. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf 665&ObjectID=10405792. m?o_id=500463&ObjectID=10405406. NZPA (2006a). Qantas fined over misleading 16 October 2006 ads. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-11. At DANN Liam (2006). Big growth year for Air NZ. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-16. At 113&objectid=10405293. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&ObjectID=10406039.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 115
NZPA (2006). Origin coffers 'bare' despite 2006-10-20. At assurances. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 16. At 113&objectid=10406730. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf BARRY Rebecca (2006). Online booking a m?o_id=145&ObjectID=10406121. cinch. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-20. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 17 October 2006 113&objectid=10405927. REUTERS (2006). Airbus troubles worry Welsh STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND (2006-10). workers. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-17. Statistics report: external migration September At 2006. New Zealand’s Statistics Official Agency, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-10-20. At 113&objectid=10406288. http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E01C236 2-2BE8-4B52-91A5- 18 October 2006 39A9D973F2DC/0/externalmigrationsep06hotp. BARTLE Victoria (2006). Hot deals: Morocco, pdf Italy, Melbourne. The New Zealand Herald, THOMPSON Wayne (2006). Council claims 2006-10-18. At poll support for fast-tracked Whenuapai airport. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-20. At 113&objectid=10405929. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZPA (2006a). Air NZ workers get ready to 556&objectid=10406778. battle '$15,000 pay cut'. The New Zealand 21 October 2006 Herald, 2006-10-18. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= KEOWN Jenny (2006). Air NZ is faring well 113&objectid=10406359. without cuts. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10- NZPA (2006b). Glider's 600km world record 21. At attempt falls 577km short. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-10-18. At 113&objectid=10406934. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= REUTERS (2006). Qantas won't cancel its 556&objectid=10406448. airbus order. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- REUTERS (2006). BA plans to buy new long- 10-21. At haul aircraft. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 10-18. At 556&objectid=10406917. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 22 October 2006 556&objectid=10406463. PHARE Jane (2006). Air NZ cuts wool outfits. 19 October 2006 The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-22. At CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= (2006-10-18). Report Ref. 06/3861: light 113&objectid=10407047. aircraft incident; no serious injuries; no 23 October 2006 damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-10-19. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, DANN Liam (2006). Free-for-all in tourism has Weekly Accidents Reports. big downside. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- KEOWN Jenny (2006). Airline unhappy over 10-23. At rise. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-19. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10407115. 113&objectid=10406542. INDEPENDENT (2006). Jet forced to avoid NZPA (2006). Air NZ warns 400 airport jobs at collision by diving. The New Zealand Herald, risk. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-19. At 2006-10-23. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10406617. 556&objectid=10407097. 20 October 2006 24 October 2006 AAP (2006). Qantas cuts fuel surcharge on AAP (2006). Virgin Blue set to decide on US international fares. The New Zealand Herald, flights. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-24.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during October 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.111-120. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 116 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
At HEMBRY Owen (2006). Airport looks to Asia http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= for more passengers. The New Zealand Herald, 556&objectid=10407216. 2006-10-26. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 25 October 2006 113&objectid=10407636. CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ KEOWN Jenny (2006). Air NZ predicts bigger (2006-10-24). Report Ref. 06/3870: light profit. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-26. At aircraft accident; pilot (one) seriously injured; http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-10-25. At 113&objectid=10407647. http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, THOMPSON Wayne (2006). North Shore joins Weekly Accidents Reports. Whenuapai airport fan club. The New Zealand HEMBRY Owen (2006). Overseas visitors up, Herald, 2006-10-26. At local numbers down. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-10-25. At 556&objectid=10407653. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 27 October 2006 113&objectid=10407451. INDEPENDENT (2006). Another twist in NZHERALD (2006). Flight Centre results Ryanair saga. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- ahead. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-27. At 10-25. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10407847. 556&objectid=10407394. THOMPSON Wayne (2006). Whenuapai NZPA (2006a). Auckland Airport says net profit airport plan gets boost. The New Zealand Herald, and passengers down. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-27. At 2006-10-25. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10407812. 556&objectid=10407526. REUTERS (2006). Calm returns to East Timor NZPA (2006b). Light plane crashes at capital. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-27. Invercargill airport. The New Zealand Herald, At 2006-10-25. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10407787. 665&objectid=10407545. 30 October 2006 NZPA (2006c). Air NZ to make changes to unprofitable Pacific routes. The New Zealand HARRISON Michael (2006). Strong words fly Herald, 2006-10-25. At over 45 non-flying super-jumbos. The New http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Zealand Herald, 2006-10-30. At 556&objectid=10407563. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10408207. 26 October 2006 NZPA (2006a). NZ airports may come in for AAP (2006). Toll Holdings says outlook remains criticism. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-30. positive. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-26. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10408268. 113&objectid=10407744. NZPA (2006b). Government not stepping into CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ Air NZ dispute, PM says. The New Zealand (2006-10-22). Report Ref. 06/3890: tandem Herald, 2006-10-30. At paraglider accident; two seriously injured; no http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= reported damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-10-26. At 113&objectid=10408279. http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, SHIRBON Estelle (2006). Nigerian Muslim Weekly Accidents Reports. leader among 99 dead in plane crash. The New DA FONSECA Lirio (2006). Violence closes Zealand Herald, 2006-10-30. At Dili airport as two die in gang clashes. The New http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Zealand Herald, 2006-10-26. At 665&objectid=10408258. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= YOUNG Audrey & John ARMSTRONG 556&objectid=10407663. (2006). Save our jobs, say Unions to
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 117
Government. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10- 30. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10408248. 31 October 2006 YOUNG Audrey (2006). PM preaches consultation to Air NZ over outsourcing plans. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-10-31. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10408378.
References PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during June 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.45-53. ISSN:1177-4576.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during October 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.111-120. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 118 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management Space
2. Sources of knowledge about Aviation in New Zealand1: • CAA-NZ, The Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, accessible at www.caa.govt.nz. The CAA is the main source of information for aviation safety performance, but also for regulatory management of the New Zealand aviation macro-system. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation management and performance are the “Accidents and incidents” tab and the “What’s new” tab. • JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE ADVANCEMENT & INTEGRATION, accessible at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI. This journal may become an important source of information on aviation performance in New Zealand if the current series is continued. This is so because the CAA-NZ only provides information on registered accidents six weeks in retrospect. After that period, the information disappears, and there is no manner of accessing those indicators until the CAA publishes a report (or accident brief) on the accident once their investigation is concluded. This could take several months or years. The journal, however, keeps a record of those indicators in the published articles, thus increasing its importance as referential source. • NZHERALD, The New Zealand Herald, accessible at www.nzherald.co.nz. Newspapers in New Zealand have the particularity of being linked to a region, and none can be found that is linked to the nation itself. “The New Zealand Herald”, for example, is the newspaper of Auckland, the northern part of New Zealand. Notwithstanding this, the most important newspapers in New Zealand will reflect similar news in a relatively similar way. Therefore, “The New Zealand Herald” has been singled out as a main reference because it covers well aviation events at national and international levels (thus, its reliability), and it is relatively easy to access and navigate online (thus, its convenience as a source of information for readers outside New Zealand). • STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND, accessible at www.stats.govt.nz/default.htm. This is the only source of information available so far regarding overall aviation efficiency performance in New Zealand. Under the heading “Tourism and migration” it is possible to find statistics for international passenger traffic per airport or by airport of embarkation, for example. It does not offer a good deal of information on aviation nor updated one (statistics are available for ended years only), but it is a starting point. There are also related statistics on migration published every month or so, comparing a given month against the same month a year earlier. • TAIC-NZ, Transport Accident Investigation Commission, accessible at www.taic.org.nz. The TAIC is an independent body that investigates transport accidents and incidents with significant implications for safety. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation safety performance are the “Aviation” tab and the “News” tab. Because the TAIC is an investigative body for serious accidents and incidents, the information that it provides is limited to those incidents that the TAIC investigates (thus, it does not offer a complete picture of aviation safety performance), and is substantially delayed in time (thus, it is not a good indicator for prompt feedback on aviation safety performance). Furthermore, TAIC does not date the release of a given report, which makes difficult to say since when such reports may start having an impact on aviation safety.
1 These sources are offered here primarily for their knowledge value, not for commercial or other purposes (although links to the selected sources may be given if they are available). Sources related to the topic in question but which offer no relevant knowledge or offer redundant knowledge have been skipped. These sources are ordered alphabetically according to the first author's surname or source name. The first date after the author/source refers to the date the original work was done, first copyrighted or first published. The title of the work follows. Finally, the location where to find such work is given, for example a webpage or a publishing company –which also includes relevant information such as country of publication, publication year, ISBN number, etc.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 119
Knowledge
Management Space
3. Who’s who. Author’s updated CV.
Dr. Jose D Pérezgonzález joined the School of Aviation at Massey University (New Zealand) in June 2006. Much of his research up to date has been with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group in Ireland, participating in several European-funded research projects. His research expertise ranges from aviation efficiency to health and safety management in organisational settings, and is especially interested in policy, reporting and auditing systems, health and safety management, and knowledge management systems. Nowadays, he is promoting the idea of Knowledge Management Editions™, and is founder and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. He is also setting the basis for a Centre of Excellence for Aviation in New Zealand, at Massey University. Among the recent projects that he is developing are the following: an awareness campaign regarding aviation management, efficiency and safety in New Zealand; a meta-analysis of aviation safety legislation at international levels; and a meta-analysis of communication models in the available literature. 4 The author’s list of recent publications in regards to the awareness campaign on aviation management, efficiency and safety in New Zealand is as follows: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during September 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.89-98. ISSN:1177-4576.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during October 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.111-120. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 120 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management
Space 4. Which & where.
School of Aviation at Massey University, New Zealand. Updated CV:
The School of Aviation is part of the College of Business, based both in the Turitea Campus and the Milson Flight Centre at Palmerston North International Airport. It offers bachelor with honours in Air Transport Piloting and Aviation Management, and masters and doctorate degrees in Aviation Management. The School is relatively new (it was established in 1990) and its research curriculum is only starting to grow now. A sample of the School’s recent publication list follows: • 张恒 [译] 与 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [整理] (2006). 评 EASA Part-145 规章中描述的审核体系。 Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.99-110. ISSN: 1177-4576 [ 译自 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576].
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Meta-case study: Rabin’s guide to flirting.
Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.121-133. ISSN:1177-4576.
(20061220) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576, year 2006, pages 121-133 Available online at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Meta-case study: Rabin’s guide to flirting by Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2006)
School of Aviation, Massey University, New Zealand
Correspondent: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected]
Abstract This paper presents the results of the first published meta-case study that assesses the potential of Pérezgonzález’s (2006) model as a generic framework that could explain the processes of communication and interrelationship from a social perspective. This paper assesses the goodness of fit of the ideas expressed in Rabin’s book on how to flirt (1993), into that communication model. The object of this paper is neither validating nor endorsing Rabin’s ideas. However, the fact that the information is available in a coherent book which shows relative construct validity makes it a good candidate for this meta-analysis. Therefore, those ideas can be considered available data representing a series of recommendations on how to communicate and interact in social environments. The methodology is based on a content analysis of Rabin’s book. The recommendations contained in the book are categorised according to the element in the communication model they best fit in. The results thus obtained shows that Rabin’s recommendations can be explained by the communication model. Furthermore, when doing so, it also becomes apparent which is the communication (or flirting) model underlying Rabin’s recommendations. Finally, some small adaptations to Pérezgonzález’s model are also made, and necessary clarifications of the scope of the elements “signalling” and “approaching” are made in the discussion section. © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
Keywords Modelling; Communication; Social interaction; Social relationships; Case-study; United States of America.
Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Knowledge Management Edition™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
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TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH
Research proposal, project... Pilot study Methodology paper ; Exploratory study ; Results paper, recommendations… Confirmatory study Thematic bibliography Replicating study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire Compilation & interpretation Interview New theory Test/Scale Observation DESIGN ; Content analysis/Data archives Flexible/Qualitative designs SAMPLING ; Case study Ethnographic study Anecdote/-s Grounded Theory study ; Case/-s Other (biographical, Convenient sample Representative sample phenomenological…) Fixed/Quantitative design DATA ANALYSIS Correlational ; Qualitative analysis Comparative Univariate quantitative analysis Field research Bivariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Experimental GENERALIZATION ANCHORS ; Anglo-Saxon culture ; Communication ; Western culture ; Social interaction ; Social relationships
Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to professional proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. However, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
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Meta-case study: Rabin’s A note to the reader may be necessary at this point: the object of this paper is neither validating guide to flirting. nor endorsing Rabin’s ideas. However, her ideas (as per this book only) will be taken as available 1. Introduction. data representing a series of recommendations on how to communicate in social environments. The This paper presents the results of a meta-case onus of proving the reliability or validity of those study on communication and social relationships, ideas rests on the author of the book or on future specifically on strategies for flirting and research. However, the fact that the information is communicating more successfully in diverse social available in a coherent book which shows good settings. construct validity, makes it a good candidate for Susan Rabin published “How to attract anyone, this meta-analysis. anytime, anyplace” in 1993. This book is marketed as a guidebook to flirting in which she gives a series of recommendations on how to flirt and 2. Methodology. communicate better. Rabin’s book will be the subject of this meta- Rabin shifts between conceptualising flirting as case study. This study means a content analysis of a step in a romantic relationship –i.e. “the first the beliefs and recommendations put forward by positive step for attracting anyone, anytime, Rabin. Namely, those beliefs and anyplace” (p.4)–, to conceptualising it as a quality recommendations will be clustered together of communication –i.e. “flirting has everything to according to the categories of a theoretical model. do with communication. […] It is social Thus, Pérezgonzález’s model of communication intercourse […]. It allows you to act and interact and social relationships (2006) will be used as a without serious intent as you successfully meet and contrasting template, and the fit of Rabin’s ideas to relate to others” (p.2-4). That is, “flirting is the such template will be assessed. fine art of relating to others and allowing others to This is an exploratory research, and no specific relate to you” (p.19-20). The first definition is hypotheses regarding the goodness of fit of more sexually oriented, being part of the mating Rabin’s ideas to the model are advanced. The process. The second definition is more generic, as recommendations contained in Rabin’s book will flirting equals communication. be clustered as pertaining to that element in the Rabin’s ambivalence, although easily accepted communication model they best fit in1. Therefore, from a reader’s perspective, poses a challenge to two main questions will be answered by this the researcher as it is difficult to ascertain whether content analysis. Firstly, do Rabin’s ideas fit into the book –and its recommendations– is self-help Pérezgonzález’s communication model? Secondly, for better dating or self-help for better are there any ideas that the model cannot explain? communicating. Nonetheless, the main covering of A decision regarding the matching of the the book seems to be on flirting as a contents of the book to the communication model communication process, from getting to know will be carried out in the discussion section. somebody to ending an established relationship. Furthermore, if the model proves to be a However, the reader may want to keep in mind reasonable template for Rabin’s ideas, the such ambivalence as it will help understand better discussion will describe those elements in the the recommendations given by the author. communication model that Rabin emphasises. Rabin claims that her recommendations are Finally, any implications of this meta-case based on more than ten years of research and study study on the original theoretical model will also be (p.16), these based both on direct personal discussed, as appropriate. experience, and on vicarious experience by friends and some 2,500 attendees to her workshops and lectures (p.145). This paper is interested in a meta-analysis of
Rabin’s recommendations in order to gather data 1 for testing and validating the model of Several of the techniques can have duplicated functions in the communication model (e.g. most of them help increase your communication introduced in an earlier paper (see attractiveness). These duplicated functions are but a reflection of Pérezgonzález, 2006). natural processes in social settings. In this research, however, I will attempt to reduce duplicity by matching each technique to that single element in the model with which they related more, thus simplifying analysis and interpretation without necessarily loosing accuracy.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, Jose D (2006). Meta-case study: Rabin’s guide to flirting. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. 2006, pp.121-133. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 124 Modelling; Communication; Social interaction; Social relationships; Case-study; USA.
3. Results regarding the The recommendations provided in the book are “surefire strategies” for the purpose (p.19), working up of your according to Rabin. communication. A third core belief is that flirting is natural, not manipulative, and that we are born to flirt (p.17). Thus, the negative social connotations associated 3.1. Your needs, beliefs, and with flirting are not to be considered as such, but strategy. as a positive aspect of our lives. A fourth core belief considers that everything 3.1.1. Your needs. you wear and do communicates who you are and Rabin does not identify any personal needs that how you relate to the world (p.90). This further you must have in order to communicate or relate expands into the following beliefs: that singles better. However, she identifies the process of (read as other people) judge you in the first five flirting itself as a need in today’s (North- minutes after meeting you (p.93), and you never American) society: “It is okay to flirt! In fact, it is get a second chance to make a first impression more than okay; it is necessary in the ‘90s in (p.94). getting to know someone, and is the first positive A fifth core belief –in opposition to some of the step for attracting anyone, anytime, anyplace!” above– considers dating (or, rather, meeting that (p.4). Thus, flirting is not just recommended, it is significant other), a numbers game (p.145). necessary. Even better, flirting is natural –which Finally, a sixth core belief is that flirting can be could be understood as biologically ingrained–, used in any social milieu, including your job. and we are already “flirting” from the time we are Basically, flirting is social communication which born (p.17). Thus, because you are a natural flirt, will enrich your life with interesting people, will Rabin’s book is not so much about teaching you make you more appealing to the people you something new, but about rediscovering and wanted to meet but dared not, will enable you to improving the person you are. accept yourself as you are, will enhance your awareness of others’ needs and give you the 3.1.2. Your beliefs. necessary skill to reduce rejection to a minimum, and will make business a more satisfying place 3.1.2.1. Basic assumptions underlying (p.19). The recommendations provided in the book Rabin’s recommendations. are “surefire strategies (that) will help you to Basic assumptions are beliefs that seem to develop a vital network of friendly contacts, charm underlie Rabin’s implicit model of flirting, rather your way into the job of your dreams, and enable than being proper recommendations. These core you to attract anyone, anytime, anyplace…”(p.19). beliefs represent Rabin’s understanding of flirting. Thus, the remaining recommendations in the book 3.1.2.2. Your beliefs and attitudes. may be nonsense unless the reader “accepts” these This subsection highlights practical beliefs and basic assumptions. attitudes that support some of the techniques and A core belief underlying Rabin’s book is that recommendations in Rabin’s book, but cannot be flirting –either as a mating step or, more generally, considered techniques as such. as social interaction– is all about communication One of those practical beliefs is that in order to (p.2). And, although Rabin does not explicitly talk flirt successfully, you must approach, have the of a communication model, her book is structured right attitude, and take action (p.3, and p.145). The in the sequential pattern in which communication attitudinal component seems to be the one relevant normally occurs: getting to know yourself (ch.1), here, and is expanded in this section, while the getting out of the house (ch.2), managing your remaining two will be expanded in the following body language (ch.3 and ch.5), breaking the ice sections. Although Rabin does not explicitly say and conversing (ch.4), dealing with rejection what the right attitudes are, the following may be (ch.6), and ending a relationship (ch.7). those she refers to. A second core belief is that flirting is a skill Overall, you can change your live if you that can be learnt (despise having your own flirting change your thinking (p.112) –especially in the style). The only conditions are that you are willing direction of the recommendations given in the to learn the proper steps, and that you stop book. skipping the ones you think you don’t need (p.3).
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Modelling; Communication; Social interaction; Social relationships; Case-study; USA. 125
Another attitude is that you can shout your at you. Then, get feedback in the following way: if availability as a single anywhere, if you “consider you’re comfortable with the looks you’re getting, anyplace a meeting place, [...] use [...] anything as you’re doing it right (p.53). conversational kindling, and [...] accept everybody Also, people tend to like people who are like as a potential friend” (p.28). them. Mirroring other people’s behaviours A third important attitude is to be honest to transmits two messages: I like you, and I am like yourself. “When you try to be someone you aren’t, you. The other person may not know you, but they you attract people who aren’t right for you. And know themselves. By mirroring their behaviours, that is always a waste of time, money, and energy” you make yourself more like that person. If you (p.28). can mirror someone in his nonverbal behaviour, Another important attitude is to be proactive. postures and words, you will make a positive Rabin comments on the need for acting upon connection. However, you should not look obvious crushes, rather than merely fantasizing about them in your mimicking, nor mimic their negative (p.138). That is, change your attitudes towards attributes (p.55-58). being more spontaneous, and talk to strangers that Rabin also defends the acquisition of the main intrigue you in the same manner in which you talk attitude of trying again after any rejection to people who you are not sexually interested in (especially when approaching a stranger for the (e.g. the postman, the butcher, etc). Rabin first time). She recommends either trying again encourages the attitude that not talking to that with the same person (although not to the point of stranger is worst than giving the wrong becoming a stalker), or trying again with someone impression, and it is not effective flirting. That is, new –as a manner of continuing playing the game you miss your chance (p.65). of flirting (p.136). Another attitude is that the three fundamental Regarding being rejected (especially in skills that will allow you “to focus on what you personal relationships already established), Rabin want, flirt with confidence, and walk away a also recommends adopting the following winner […] are eye contact, smile savvy, and body philosophy of rejection: rejection is not personal, it language” (p.40). Put it another way: consider that is an opportunity to move forward, you need to 7% of communication is through words, 38% find ways to turn it around, it is not serious, and it through voice tone and timbre, and 55% through is not the end of the world (p.112-120). gestures and body language. Thus, projecting your Regarding you rejecting someone else voice and controlling your body means 93% of (especially in personal relationships already communicative capability (p.61). established), such rejection or break up may be a Another attitude is that body language can necessary and fair thing to do for both partners either beckon others closer or wave them away. when you don’t want to continue in that On the one hand, it is important to know how to relationship (p.140). Furthermore, in order to assess others’ body language (but look for gesture prevent you failing in this regard, Rabin also clusters rather than single gestures –p.87). On the recommends you to believe that neither you are other hand, it is also important for you to be aware responsible for the other person’s reaction to your which message you are sending with your body announcement (p.142), nor you need or will be language, and act accordingly (p.44). universally loved by that person (p.143). Still, About breaking the ice, Rabin says that break up nicely, as keeping your ex-partner on everyone is afraid of speaking first. Thus, most your side may allow you to dip into his pool of people will respond to you if you go first (p.67). friends and acquaintances for future romances And almost anything you say to break the ice is (p.140). okay but being rude, sarcastic or insulting (p.69). 3.1.2.3. Your skills, aptitudes, habits, etc. Thus, take the attitude of being first in opening a line of conversation. This subsection deals with skills, aptitudes and Regarding background work, Rabin says that habits that work in the background of successful flirting may need of forethought and communication and relationships, and which may attention (p.31). Thus, for example, a little bit of be necessary for you to develop. Many of them planning to set a “chance” encounter with an can inform other elements in the model (e.g. attractive stranger can pay off big-time (p.30). attractiveness). However, because what is required Regarding attractiveness, Rabin recommends is some personal work previous to the interaction smiling at others the way you want them to smile or communication, they are rather part of the
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, Jose D (2006). Meta-case study: Rabin’s guide to flirting. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. 2006, pp.121-133. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 126 Modelling; Communication; Social interaction; Social relationships; Case-study; USA. personal baggage of skills and aptitudes in similar purpose are rationalization (p.116), and communicating and interacting. projection (p.116). One of those skills is to know how you flirt – or, as Rabin puts it, to “get to know the kind of flirt 3.2. Your attractiveness, you already are” (p.5)– out of seven flirting types availability, context, and describe in the book. Rabin provides a convenient quiz for the purpose. expectations of approachability. Also as part of knowing yourself is finding out about which places and activities interest you the 3.2.1. Assessing the attractiveness of most (for flirting, you should choose your the other person. favourite places, as you will feel more focused and Rabin gives two recommendations that seem to comfortable in them –p.26). Rabin also provides be targeted to assessing the attractiveness of other precise instructions on how to find out about those people. places and activities. On the one hand, she says that active listening Another recommendation is to practice the can be used as a tool for the assessment of different techniques in the book in order to master attractiveness (i.e. for you to get relevant them. In general, you can do so by watching and information about the other person, and thus studying others, by playing charade with your decide whether you want to go any further with friends and studying their behaviours, and by that person or not –p.101). mimicking target dating scenarios with your On the other hand, Rabin also talks about friends (p.61). pickup signals being given away by women. (Pick More specifically, you can start training your up signals convey availability rather than skills in managing your own attractiveness by attractiveness. However, the signals that Rabin training your smiling in front of a mirror, or by talks about are those linked to preening, which asking a friend about how your smiles come across may convey attraction or sexual tension, but does to them (p.49). You could also study the smiles not necessarily convey availability). Thus, if you that you like in magazine models, and find out are a man, learn how to read behavioural patterns what make them so good (p.49). Or you could that signal she is attracted to you: playing with her study actors in films (p.49). You can train your hair, tossing her head, fidgeting with her skirt, skills in controlling your body language by smoothing her collar, checking her lipstick, videotaping yourself (p.108). You can train your showing an open palm, skirt hiked slightly higher skills on how to break the ice, with acquaintances than before, pouting or licking her lips… (p.58). first, until you feel comfortable enough as to start talking to total strangers (p.68). And you can train 3.2.2. Assessing the availability of the your listening skills with a friend (p.108). other person. Another skill is to be prepared for dating Rabin recommends that, during the interaction, people: prepare business cards, think of meeting you check if the person you’re flirting with is for coffee instead of for alcoholic drinks, think of flirting back (p.45), so that you know how far you lunch instead of dinner if dinner seems too may proceed. intimate, etc (p.37). Rabin even recommends to She further dedicates a long section of her book network social situations when you cannot to telling signals regarding availability of the other handpick who you want to flirt with –i.e. those person for you to approach (and how much to people sure can bring “friends-of-a-friend” approach), and for you to be more intimate (and contacts (p.36). how much so) –p.94-97. Rabin also goes onto giving some more therapeutic techniques for getting over personal 3.2.3. Contextual circumstances. rejections. These are the inventory of your assets (p.121), the Teflon technique (p.122), and the This element is not addressed in the book. reading between the lines technique (p.122). Furthermore, reprogramming your negative 3.2.4. Your personal circumstances. chatterbox (p.126-136) is the using of rational- Although Rabin does not give any direct tips emotive therapy in order to control personal related to environmental circumstances, she does beliefs and feelings when a relationship has been highlight the belief that those places and activities ended by the other person. Other techniques with that interest you the most may be the
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Modelling; Communication; Social interaction; Social relationships; Case-study; USA. 127 recommended for your dating, as you will feel Thus, another recommendation is to tailor your more focused and comfortable in those places communication to such preference (p.59). (p.26). Thus, they help you to relax, calm down While conversing, the following and chill out, positively affecting your interaction. recommendations help manage your attractiveness: Another technique –which Rabin presents as an don’t just talk about yourself, but get to know the attractiveness technique– is to learn to laugh at the other person too (p.73), give compliments freely little foibles that happen to you, instead of letting but sincerely (p.74), personalize the conversation them put you down (p.77). (p.76), show enthusiasm that is contagious (p.76), stop the whining (p.77), don’t criticize or judge 3.3. Deciding on communicating. (p.78), and never interrupt (p.79). Furthermore, active listening is also a way of making you appear 3.3.1. Deciding not to communicate. as more empathetic and caring (p.101). In conversation, men, manage yourself so that This element is not addressed in the book. you don’t come across as one that kisses and tells, patronizes her, only talks about politics, religion or 3.3.2. Deciding for an indirect family problems, wants to find out about her age, communication strategy. and focuses on sex (p.80). Also, let her know that 3.3.2.1. Managing your attractiveness. you are actively listening (p.80). Interestingly enough, Rabin leaves out the Women, manage yourself so that you don’t management of your attractiveness before any come across as one that wants to find out about his interaction occurs. Instead, she mostly focuses on wealth, and only talks about her past, her health, managing your attractiveness during the and her children (p.82). interaction, be this while flirting or while 3.3.2.2. Managing your availability. communicating. Rabin also gives recommendations on how to Recommendations for managing your glances manage your availability (i.e. on how to make are the following: hold your glances long enough, your own luck). but not too long (p.45); don’t look at and away too The foremost recommendation is to get out of quickly –or you will come across as darting or the house (p.23) –for example, to places that sneaky (p.46); stop your glancing at the face, not interest you (p.24). But also to walk to places – any lower (p.46). Winks, raised eyebrows and thus giving yourself more opportunities to meet staring are taboos; thus, use the flirting triangle people on the way (p.24)–, and to separate from technique instead (p.42). your friends while in social situations –so that new The main recommendation for your smiling is people can approach you (p.35). for you to smile but without looking maniacal or Furthermore, issue invitations with your body desperate, nor showing a forever happy face (p.49). language in order to seem approachable (p.89). The main recommendation for your body And monitor your appearance and body language posture is to adopt a good body posture that in order not to give away signals conveying that expresses you feel comfortable and are you are not approachable (p.91). approachable (p.53). Regarding touch, Rabin recommends giving 3.3.3. Deciding for a direct good handshakes (p.99) but, other than that, communication strategy. avoiding any further touching of the other person, especially on first meetings (p.98). 3.3.3.1. Ice-breakers. Regarding voice timbre, Rabin only offers For breaking the ice, you could focus on the women the recommendation of doing a sound five W’s of what is going around you: who is the check (p.82), so that your voice does not come out other person, what are you doing, where are you, as a shrill. ask why things occur, and ask when things occur Recommendations while interacting are those (p.70). aimed to show similarity with the other person, Other conversation openers are recommended such as mirroring nonverbal body language (p.55), in page 84. as well as voice tone and words (p.57). Also, people may feel more stimulated by one sense in 3.3.3.2. Responding to rejection. particular, such as hearing, touching or visualising. 3.3.3.2.1. Fly-away techniques.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, Jose D (2006). Meta-case study: Rabin’s guide to flirting. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. 2006, pp.121-133. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 128 Modelling; Communication; Social interaction; Social relationships; Case-study; USA.
Some recommendations to end (as for flying people feel comfy enough with you that they will away from) a conversation are given as happy open up to you (p.101). endings in page 85 –although Rabin proposed Echoing, the Third ear technique, and them as neutral closings to ensure a good Repeating, rephrasing, and reflecting the impression (thus, for managing your conversation away from you (p.104) are also attractiveness). techniques that work up the other party’s availability while in conversation. 3.3.3.2.2. Try again techniques. Rabin offers two similar techniques for trying again despite rejections to your approach by 4.2. Their approach. strangers: two-out-of-three rejections (p.117), and Rabin also gives some recommendations to nine-out-of-three rejections (p.118). help the other party to approach you. These are wearing a flirting prop (and avoiding negative 3.3.3.3. Working out the relationship. ones, p.32) and wearing other conversational aids 3.3.3.3.1. Conversation keepers. (p.77), which the other person can use as ice- The main recommendation for keeping a breakers or conversation keepers. conversation is asking open-ended questions (p.75). However, more specific recommendations 5. Items that do not fit the for men –when flirting with women– are talking about emotions, or asking for her opinions (p.80). model. More specific recommendations for women –when None. flirting with men– are talking about work, and talking about typical male topics (p.82). 6. Discussion. Rabin also suggests that silence can also be part of the conversation. Thus, be aware of it and use it Three separate issues need to be tackled in the wisely (p.107). discussion of this meta-case analysis: the results of this study, the possible re-interpretation of Rabin’s 3.3.3.3.2. Conversation closings. book according to Pérezgonzález’s model, and the At least one conversation closing that could be possible implications of this exercise on the used when the prospect is to continue the original model of communication. relationship at some later stage, is neutral closing 2 in page 85. 6.1. Results of this study. 3.4. Responding to a direct As introduced earlier, two main research questions needed to be answered by this meta- approach by the other person. analysis. Firstly, do Rabin’s recommendations fit into Pérezgonzález’s communication model? 3.4.1. Acceptance techniques. Secondly, are there any ideas that the latter model This element is not addressed in the book. cannot explain? In regards to the first research question, Rabin 3.4.2. Rejection techniques. does not explicitly offer a model of Rabin recommends the following when communication, but such model appears implicit breaking up a relationship: use “I” messages, be in the structure of her book. Such implicit model brief, use positive messages before or after the fits into Pérezgonzález’s framework. Furthermore, blow, and be kind (i.e. no rudeness, sarcasm or all the techniques and recommendations in the hostility) –p.140-143. book seem to also fit into such framework. In regards to the second research question, there are not ideas which do not fit into the model. 4. Results regarding the Thus, it appears reasonable to conclude that working up of the other party. Rabin’s ideas fit nicely (that is, can be well categorised) into Pérezgonzález’s model. 4.1. Their availability. Rabin recommends some techniques that will help manage the availability of other people. Active listening can be used as a way of making
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6.2. Re-interpretation of Rabin’s communication process. ideas. Overall, there are some 158 recommendations in Rabin’s book when counting techniques, skills How does Rabin’s book stand after this meta- and beliefs. A breakdown of those techniques per analysis? operational category means that 46% of the Illustration 1 schematises the elements in recommendations (i.e. 72) are dedicated to Pérezgonzález’s model covered in Rabin’s book. communicating (including direct communication The upper half of the model –blue boxes– and signalling); 35% of the recommendations (i.e. represents the managing of your own 55) are dedicated to strategy (including needs, communication. It can be appreciated that Rabin beliefs and skills); 12% of the recommendations gives recommendations for all but three elements (i.e. 19) are dedicated to assessing approachability in this section of the communication model, (including assessment of attractiveness, including the perception of the other person’s availability, context and personal information); attractiveness and availability (in the lower part of 4.4% of the recommendations (i.e. 7) are the model). Thus, recommendations cover some dedicated to influencing the other person’s 81% of your participation in the communication communication (at any level); and 2.5% of the process. recommendations (i.e. 4) are dedicated to Furthermore, Rabin also covers two elements responding to others’ approaches. of the lower part of the model –red boxes–, which Furthermore, a breakdown of the same 158 can be considered as managing or influencing the recommendations according to specific elements other person’s communication process. Those in the communication model, shows that there are elements are in regards to facilitating availability eight main elements that Rabin’s techniques by the other person, as well as facilitating his develop in more detail. Firstly, managing your approaching (icebreaking). This represents 12% of attractiveness (as a sender), with some 24% of the the other person’s participation in the recommendations (i.e. 38) dedicated to it.
Illustration 1. The flirting process according to Rabin (1993).
Contextual information Personal information
Do not approach You reject them
Expectations of You accept them Approach Your needs approachability beliefs & skills Signal approachability Fly away Mistake Icebreaking Strategy [Make yourself] Attractive Try again Available Work relationship Icebreaking (keepers & closings) Attractive You’re rejected Available You’re accepted Strategy Signal Mistake Their beliefs, approachability Fly away skills, & their needs Expectations of approachability Approach Try again
Do not approach
Contextual information Personal information
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, Jose D (2006). Meta-case study: Rabin’s guide to flirting. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. 2006, pp.121-133. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 130 Modelling; Communication; Social interaction; Social relationships; Case-study; USA.
Secondly, adopting new practical beliefs and then, implies that signalling refers to both indirect attitudes, with some 16% of the recommendations verbal and non-verbal communication, while (i.e. 25) dedicated to it. Thirdly, developing new approaching refers to both direct verbal and non- skills and aptitudes, with some 15% of the verbal communication. recommendations (i.e. 23) dedicated to it. The communication model actually considers Fourthly, assessing the other person’s availability, the latter interpretation as the correct one. Thus, with some 9% of the recommendations (i.e. 15) signalling is using indirect ways of conveying dedicated to it. Fifthly, ice-breaking, with some what one needs and wants, or work towards 9% of the recommendations (i.e. 15) dedicated to managing other elements in the model (e.g. it. Sixthly, basic assumptions, with some 4% of the attractiveness). These indirect ways can be either recommendations (i.e. 6) dedicated to it. non-verbal or verbal (or, most probably, a Seventhly, managing your availability, with some combination of both). Equally, clear and 4% of the recommendations (i.e. 6) dedicated to it. distinctive gestures can be as direct a Finally, conversation keepers, with some 4% of communication as clear and distinctive the recommendations (i.e. 6) dedicated to it. verbalizations. This breakdown allows the following conclusion: Rabin’s implicit communication 7. Conclusion. model is focused on developing your own communication (versus influencing the other Rabin’s book represents the first published person’s). Eighty percent of your efforts should go meta-case study that assesses the potential of both onto managing your own interaction (namely, Pérezgonzález’s model as a generic framework to managing your attractiveness, ice-breaking, explain the processes of interrelationships and availability, and conversation keepers), as well as communication from a social perspective. The onto managing your beliefs and skills (namely results obtained with this first meta-case study your attitudes and habits towards communication, seem to support such potential. This encourages as well as accepting new basic assumptions further research in a similar line, continuing regarding flirting and communicating in a social exploring other relevant studies on communication milieu). and relationships.
6.3. Implications for the 8. References. communication model. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). A model of communication from a social perspective. Journal of Finally, are there any implications of this Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.23- analysis for the model? Initially, there are no 35. ISSN: 1177-4576. obvious implications of this analysis for the RABIN Susan (1993). How to attract anyone, anytime, model. However, during this first meta-case anyplace. The smart guide to flirting. Plume, New York analysis I have adapted the model so that it can be (USA), 1993. ISBN: 0452270863. better used as a template. I also came across the need to clarify an aspect of the model that may not have been obvious in the previous paper. This clarification is regarding a potential confusion between the decision of signalling and approaching. Two possible interpretations are possible, which may lead to confusion. The first interpretation is to equal signalling with non-verbal communication, and approaching with verbal communication. This interpretation, then, implies that signalling refers to both direct and indirect non-verbal communication, while approaching refers to both direct and indirect verbal communication. The second interpretation is to equal signalling with indirect communication, and approaching with direct communication. This interpretation,
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Modelling; Communication; Social interaction; Social relationships; Case-study; USA. 131
Knowledge Management
Space
9. Sources of knowledge about communication models1: This section will build up on the knowledge management space of the theoretical paper. • KAMINSKI Steven H (2002). Class handout about communication models, retrievable from http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm Kaminski acknowledges that much of the material in this handout is derived from C. David Mortensen’s book (1972), although he has adapted and updated it for this lecture. Therefore, this is a quite comprehensive introduction to several models of communication in a relatively comprehensible language, adequate for those users without an extensive knowledge on communication. • LEE Dick (2006). Developing effective communications. Website retrievable from http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/comm/cm0109.htm Lee offers a snapshot of five models of communication, most of them already covered by Kaminski (2002). • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, Jose D (2006). A model of communication from a social perspective. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.23-35.
1 These references are offered here primarily for their knowledge value, not for commercial purposes (although commercial links to the selected references may be given, if available). The references are ordered alphabetically according to the first author's surname. The first date after the author refers to the date the original work was done, first copyrighted or first published. The title of the work follows. Finally, the location where to find such work is given, for example a webpage or a publishing company –which also includes country of publication, publication year, and ISBN number.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, Jose D (2006). Meta-case study: Rabin’s guide to flirting. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. 2006, pp.121-133. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 132 Modelling; Communication; Social interaction; Social relationships; Case-study; USA.
Knowledge Management Space
10. Who’s who. Author’s updated CV. Dr. Jose D Pérezgonzález joined the School of Aviation at Massey University (New Zealand) in June 2006. Much of his research up to then had been done in Ireland, both with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group, participating in several European-funded research projects, and with Dublin Institute of Technology. His research expertise ranges from aviation efficiency to health and safety management in organisational settings, and is especially interested in policy, reporting and auditing systems, health and safety management, and knowledge management systems. Nowadays, he is promoting the idea of Knowledge Management Editions™, and is founder and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. He is also progressing the basis for a Centre of Excellence for Aviation in New Zealand, at Massey University, which was launched in November 2006. Among the recent projects that he is developing are the following. • A validation of a communication model: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). A model of communication from a social perspective. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.23-35. ISSN:1177-4576.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Modelling; Communication; Social interaction; Social relationships; Case-study; USA. 133
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11. Which & where. School of Aviation at Massey University, New Zealand. Updated CV: The School of Aviation is part of the College of Business, based both in the Turitea Campus and the Milson Flight Centre at Palmerston North International Airport. It offers bachelor with honours in Air Transport Piloting and Aviation Management, and masters and doctorate degrees in Aviation Management. The School is relatively new (it was established in 1990) and its research curriculum is only starting to grow now. A sample of the School’s recent publication list follows: • PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during October 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.111-120. ISSN:1177-4576.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, Jose D (2006). Meta-case study: Rabin’s guide to flirting. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. 2006, pp.121-133. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Why would anybody need a Knowledge Management Edition™? -you may wonder. Let me give you several reasons:
You have read an article and you now need to synthesise its main ideas but you could really spare the time of doing it yourself.
You would like to have a ready-to-go quick summary of the main message of the article for future referencing, without the need to read the whole thing again.
Or you are reading an article in a foreign language and you want to reduce the time spent in translating it without loosing track of its main ideas.
Or you like the idea of having both the entire contents of an article and a shorter version of it, all in the same edition.
Or you started reading and article but grew desperate of the length of its contents, details, redundancies, statistical results, etc.
Or you would like to read several articles to keep up-to-date in science but you do not actually like reading at all.
Or you read an article before and you would like to revise its main ideas without having to read the whole article again.
Or you would like to read as many articles as possible for your studies and this edition allows you to go through all those that you would like to.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during November 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.135-144. ISSN:1177-4576.
(20061222) Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, ISSN: 1177-4576, year 2006, pages 135-144 Available online at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI
Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during November 2006 by Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ (2006)
School of Aviation, Massey University, New Zealand
Correspondent: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ, School of Aviation, Massey University, Turitea Campus, PO Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone: +64 6 3505326; Fax: +64 6 3505536; Email: J.D. [email protected]
Abstract This article continues a bibliographic series that documents monthly indicators for aviation management and aviation performance in New Zealand (see, for example, Pérezgonzález, 2006). During the month of November 2006, the most important aviation performance indicators that caught the attention of New Zealanders were the following (in order of available pieces of information devoted to each of them). Firstly, aviation incidents at national levels. Eight incidents were logged into the CAA-NZ’s Occurrence Reporting database: two regarding light aircrafts (the second one with two fatalities and substantial damages reported), another two regarding helicopters (no injuries or damages reported), another two regarding gliders (one with substantial damage but no injuries; the second with two fatalities), a seventh incident regarding a hang glider (with one person seriously injured), and an eighth incident regarding a gyrocopter (with substantial damages but no injuries reported). The media also dedicated several articles to some of those incidents. The report of an accident occurred back in February was also released by the CAA during November and commented by the media. Secondly, miscellaneous news on Air New Zealand operations, especially on the failure of the Tasman code- share agreement with Qantas, but also on cut jobs and other operational news. Thirdly, miscellaneous news on different (mostly international) airline operations and performance. Fourthly, news on Qantas takeover. Fifthly, terrorism news (especially the aftermath of the London plot, and other terror incidents). Sixthly, international incidents and accidents. Seventhly, miscellaneous news related to the environment. Eighthly, some miscellaneous news on the Airbus A380. And ninthly, some news on air tourism around the icebergs nearing New Zealand coastline. © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). All rights reserved.
Keywords Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand.
Copyright © 2006 by Jose D. Pérezgonzález (as editor). Knowledge Management Edition™ and the accompanying logo are trademarks of J.D. Pérezgonzález. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the editor.
136 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management
Space
TYPE OF WORK RESEARCH APPROACH Research proposal, project... Pilot study Methodology paper Exploratory study Results paper, recommendations… Confirmatory study ; Thematic bibliography Replicating study
THEORETICAL FRAME METHODOLOGY
Personal opinion, review, etc. Survey/Questionnaire Compilation & interpretation Interview New theory Test/Scale DESIGN Observation Flexible/Qualitative designs Content analysis/Data archives Case study SAMPLING Ethnographic study Grounded Theory study Anecdote/-s Other (biographical, Case/-s phenomenological…) Convenient sample Representative sample Fixed/Quantitative design Correlational DATA ANALYSIS Comparative Qualitative analysis Field research Univariate quantitative analysis Non-experimental Bivariate quantitative analysis Quasi-experimental Multivariate quantitative analysis Experimental GENERALIZATION ANCHORS
; New Zealand ; Aviation management ; Aviation efficiency ; Aviation health, safety and the environment
Public notice: The corresponding author of this paper asserts that this is an original piece of work, it reflects the contributor’s understanding of the contents covered, and the information in it contained is provided for its knowledge value and not for commercial, personal or other purposes.
Notice to readers: This paper has not been subjected to professional proof-reading; thus, some errors in grammar, syntax or use of language may be found. However, most readers will be able to understand the meaning of what is said despite such errors; thus, such errors shall not delay or otherwise prevent publication of this material as long as the meaning of the transmitted content is not impaired. Notwithstanding this, the paper has been revised as far as practicable in order to capture and correct as many errors as possible. The reader might forgive those that have not being so captured.
Editor: Dr. Jose D. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ; School of Aviation, Massey University, P.O. Box 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Published by Pergonomas. Printed and distributed by Lulu Press Incorporated. 3131 RDU Center Dr. Suite 210, Morrisville NC 27560, United States of America, http://www.lulu.com. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 919-459-5858 (Lulu.Press or Lulu.com may appear as the publisher in online retailers’ databases). The Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration (ISSN 1177-4576) is published on an ongoing basis as articles become available. No subscription is necessary, and articles can be purchased individually in the format offered, be this electronic or hard copy. Articles can be acquired at http://www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 137
Thematic bibliography: 3 November 2006 aviation news in New INDEPENDENT (2006). Muslim staff sacked as airport terror risk. The New Zealand Herald, Zealand during November 2006-11-03. At 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10408925. 1 November 2006 NZHERALD (2006). New planes for Virgin. IHAKA James (2006). Airline's medicine ban The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-03. At leaves passenger in coma. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-11-01. At 113&objectid=10408954. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 4 November 2006 113&objectid=10408605. NZPA & NEWSTALK ZB (2006). Clark BESTON Anne & Catherine MASTERS 'departure gate' billboard turned down by (2006). Why NZ firms are feeling heat over airport. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-01. global warming. The New Zealand Herald, At 2006-11-04. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf 114&objectid=10408681. m?o_id=5&ObjectID=10409135. REUTERS (2006). No rush on Boeing jumbo DANN Liam (2006). Thwarted Air NZ threatens orders despite Airbus delay. The New Zealand flight cuts. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-04. Herald, 2006-11-01. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10408632. 556&objectid=10409155. NZPA (2006). Plane crash lands but 2 November 2006 parachutists jump to safety. The New Zealand AAP (2006). Tax tourist travel to aid climate, Herald, 2006-11-04. At says Prof. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-02. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 665&objectid=10409172. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 5 November 2006 556&objectid=10408801. HOULAHAN Mike (2006). Fight or flight - NZHERALD (2006). Brazil crash pilots 'in Airport vetoes National 'Sign-gate'. The New prison'. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-05. Zealand Herald, 2006-11-02. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10408757. 665&objectid=10409221. IHAKA James (2006). No hospital records for 6 November 2006 'comatose' airline passenger. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-02. At CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= (2006-11-03). Report Ref. 06/4059: light 113&objectid=10408778. aircraft incident; no serious injuries; no NZHERALD (2006). Royal scare for Dutch reported damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-11-06. At heir. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-02. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Weekly Accidents Reports. 556&objectid=10408795. CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ REUTERS (2006a). United Airlines back in the (2006-11-04). Report Ref. 06/4060: helicopter black. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-02. At incident; no serious injuries; no reported http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-11-06. At 556&objectid=10408709. http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, REUTERS (2006b). Man charged with terror Weekly Accidents Reports. offences after UK airport arrest. The New NZHERALD (2006). Traders target China. The Zealand Herald, 2006-11-02. At New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-06. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 114&objectid=10408819. 556&objectid=10409349.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during November 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.135-144. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 138 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
NZPA (2006). Crash pilot praised. The New CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ Zealand Herald, 2006-11-06. At (2006-11-09). Report Ref. 06/4143: helicopter http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= incident; no serious injuries; no reported 556&objectid=10409351. damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-11-09. At REUTERS (2006). 'Silent jet' could ease airport http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, noise say scientists. The New Zealand Herald, Weekly Accidents Reports. 2006-11-06. At NZPA (2006). Trans-Tasman code share not http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= vital, claims Air NZ. The New Zealand Herald, 556&objectid=10409381. 2006-11-09. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 7 November 2006 113&objectid=10409923. NIKIEL Christine (2006). Air NZ studies REUTERS (2006). Take off, light up on appeal options. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- smokers' airline. The New Zealand Herald, 11-07. At 2006-11-09. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10409467. 113&objectid=10409949. NZPA (2006). Air NZ says new baggage system 10 November 2006 to cut costs. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11- 07. At McCAMMON Belinda (2006). NZers in http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Turkmenistan emergency landing drama. The 113&objectid=10409563. New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-10. At REUTERS (2006). Travellers grapple with new http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= European airport rules. The New Zealand 113&objectid=10410131. Herald, 2006-11-07. At NZPA (2006). Air NZ engineers win US$3m http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= contract from UK airline. The New Zealand 113&objectid=10409523. Herald, 2006-11-10. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 8 November 2006 113&objectid=10410139. HARRISON Michael (2006). United Irish 11 November 2006 airline unlikely. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- 11-08. At HEMBRY Owen (2006). Just can't wait to see http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZ again. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-11. 556&objectid=10409601. At NZHERALD (2006). Fedex cancels Airbus http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= A380 order. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11- 114&objectid=10410273. 08. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 12 November 2006 113&objectid=10409708. ERWIN Miles (2006). Bravery of 'speared' pilot. NZPA & NZHERALD (2006). Air NZ to axe The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-12. At 86 call centre jobs. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-11-08. At 665&objectid=10410353. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10409770. 13 November 2006 REUTERS (2006). Emirates interim profit up CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ 29pc. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-08. At (2006-11-10). Report Ref. 06/4166: glider http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= incident; no serious injuries; substantial 556&objectid=10409599. damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-11-13. At 9 November 2006 http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, Weekly Accidents Reports. BOOKER Jarrod (2006). Union considers DANN Liam (2006). Air traffic 'will keep legal challenge as Air NZ closes call centre. The climbing'. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-13. New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-09. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10409879. 556&objectid=10410410.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 139
NZPA (2006). Infratil profit significantly down. 17 November 2006 The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-13. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= LAMBERT Max (2006). Death crash glider flew from Britain. The New Zealand Herald, 114&objectid=10410486. 2006-11-17. At 14 November 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 665&ObjectID=10411162. NZPA (2006). Air NZ loses appeal over pilots' REUTERS (2006). EU aims to cap airline leave. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-14. At emissions. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-17. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= At 113&objectid=10410600. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= SMITH Michael (2006). BA ups stakes in 'bed 556&objectid=10411136. wars'. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-14. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 18 November 2006 113&objectid=10410632. INDER Richard (2006). Energy assets buoy DANN Liam (2006). Route cut threats may be Infratil result. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- hot air. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-18. At 11-14. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10411353. 114&objectid=10410561. 15 November 2006 20 November 2006 NZPA (2006). Mystery new airline planning CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ domestic flights. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- (2006-11-19). Report Ref. 06/4276: hang glider 11-15. At accident; one person seriously injured; no reported damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-11-20. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, 113&objectid=10410842. Weekly Accidents Reports. THOMASCH Paul (2006). Apple deals let iPod videos play on planes. The New Zealand Herald, NZPA (2006). Flights to Tonga resume as 2006-11-15. At capital stays calm. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-20. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10410856. 113&objectid=10411577. 16 November 2006 21 November 2006 AAP (2006). Terror suspect linked to Kiribati flight-school plot, says FBI. The New Zealand CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ Herald, 2006-11-16. At (2006-11-21). Report Ref. 06/4059: gyrocopter http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= incident; no injuries; substantial damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-11-21. At 556&objectid=10410984. http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ Weekly Accidents Reports. (2006-11-15). Report Ref. 06/4214: glider accident; two fatalities; no reported damages. NZPA (2006). CAA 'keeping an eye on' iceberg tourist flights. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- CAA-NZ, 2006-11-16. At 11-21. At http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Weekly Accidents Reports. 556&objectid=10411767. DANN Liam (2006). Air NZ gives up on Qantas plan. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-16. At STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND (2006-10). http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Statistics report: external migration October 2006. New Zealand’s Statistics Official Agency, 556&objectid=10410952. 2006-11-21. At FLAHERTY Michael & Paritosh BANSAL http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/3259D9C (2006). US Airways makes move for Delta. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-16. At A-0D21-440F-8C2D- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 6B59D94CB02B/0/externalmigrationoct06hotp. pdf. 113&objectid=10411060.
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during November 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.135-144. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 140 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
22 November 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10411968. AAP (2006a). Boeing sees Asia-Pacific taking POLJAK Vesna (2006). Airline soars on off. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-22. At takeover bid. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 23. At 556&objectid=10411871. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= AAP (2006b). Man charged in plot to bomb 113&objectid=10412023. Nadi Airport. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- 11-22. At 24 November 2006 http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= DANN Liam (2006). Air NZ slashes capacity on 114&objectid=10411902. Tasman route. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- NZHERALD (2006). New member of Air NZ 11-24. At board. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-22. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10412221. 556&objectid=10411950. NZPA (2006). Bird's-eye view of icebergs REUTERS (2006a). Six probed in German attracting the crowds. The New Zealand Herald, plane plot. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11- 2006-11-24. At 22. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10412158. 114&objectid=10411831. OTAGO DAILY TIMES (2006). Couple's REUTERS (2006b). Macquarie 'in bidding for plans for iceberg wedding go for a skate. The Qantas'. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-22. New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-24. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/organisation/story.cf http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= m?o_id=500463&ObjectID=10412232. 113&objectid=10411932. 25 November 2006 23 November 2006 BOOKER Jarrod (2006). Quieter aircraft for AAP (2006). Qantas takeover to test law, claims tourist spots. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11- expert. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-23. 25. At At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10412322. 556&objectid=10412067. NZPA (2006). Two killed in Northland plane DANN Liam (2006). Pacific Blue to go own crash. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-25. At way. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-23. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 665&objectid=10412425. 113&objectid=10411997. HARRISON Michael (2006). Airbus may end 26 November 2006 up grounded if superjumbo fails to take off. The DANN Liam (2006). Airport boss has calm New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-23. At hand on controls. The New Zealand Herald, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 2006-11-26. At 556&objectid=10412038. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NEWSTALK ZB (2006). Qantas staff worried 556&objectid=10412376. about their jobs. The New Zealand Herald, ERWIN Miles & Rebecca LEWIS (2006). Two 2006-11-23. At die in air crash. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 11-26. At 113&objectid=10412085. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= NZHERALD (2006). Kiwis snap up flights. The 665&objectid=10412476. New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-23. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 27 November 2006 113&objectid=10412051. AAP (2006). Qantas takeover could be all on O'ROURKE Simon (2006). Turbulence over $5 within two weeks. The New Zealand Herald, charge to fly out of Hamilton. The New Zealand 2006-11-27. At Herald, 2006-11-23. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10412549.
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CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, CAA-NZ http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= (2006-11-24). Report Ref. 06/4354: light 556&ObjectID=10413117. aircraft accident; two fatalities; substantial REUTERS (2006a). One dead, one missing in damages. CAA-NZ, 2006-11-27. At Black Hawk crash off Fiji. The New Zealand http://www.caa.govt.nz, Accidents & Incidents, Herald, 2006-11-30. At Weekly Accidents Reports. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= DANN Liam (2006). Wings clipped on Tasman 665&ObjectID=10413139. flying options. The New Zealand Herald, 2006- REUTERS (2006b). Radiation traces found on 11-27. At two BA planes in probe. The New Zealand http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= Herald, 2006-11-30. At 556&objectid=10412543. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= IHAKA James (2006). Passenger in crash 113&objectid=10413151. plane wanted to hitch home. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-27. At References http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic 665&objectid=10412594. bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during NZPA (2006). Blind spots blamed for planes' June 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & mid-air collision. The New Zealand Herald, Integration, 2006, pp.45-53. ISSN:1177-4576. 2006-11-27. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10412648.
28 November 2006 NZHERALD (2006). 38 die in Iranian military plane crash. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11- 28. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 665&objectid=10412730. NZPA (2006). Direction goes from sea to air. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-28. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 556&objectid=10412696. 29 November 2006 AAP (2006). Qantas takeover may threaten national security. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-29. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10413009. DEARNALEY Mathew (2006). Air NZ cuts up rough over union's use of airline's logo. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-29. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10412915. REUTERS (2006). Australia's Toll to hold on to Virgin Blue stake. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-29. At http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id= 113&objectid=10412896. 30 November 2006 NZHERALD (2006). Air-sport extravaganza. The New Zealand Herald, 2006-11-30. At
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during November 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.135-144. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 142 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management Space
2. Sources of knowledge about Aviation in New Zealand1: • CAA-NZ, The Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, accessible at www.caa.govt.nz. The CAA is the main source of information for aviation safety performance, but also for regulatory management of the New Zealand aviation macro-system. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation management and performance are the “Accidents and incidents” tab and the “What’s new” tab. • JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE ADVANCEMENT & INTEGRATION, accessible at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI. This journal may become an important source of information on aviation performance in New Zealand if the current series is continued. This is so because the CAA-NZ only provides information on registered accidents six weeks in retrospect. After that period, the information disappears, and there is no manner of accessing those indicators until the CAA publishes a report (or accident brief) on the accident once their investigation is concluded. This could take several months or years. The journal, however, keeps a record of those indicators in the published articles, thus increasing its importance as referential source. • NZHERALD, The New Zealand Herald, accessible at www.nzherald.co.nz. Newspapers in New Zealand have the particularity of being linked to a region, and none can be found that is linked to the nation itself. “The New Zealand Herald”, for example, is the newspaper of Auckland, the northern part of New Zealand. Notwithstanding this, the most important newspapers in New Zealand will reflect similar news in a relatively similar way. Therefore, “The New Zealand Herald” has been singled out as a main reference because it covers well aviation events at national and international levels (thus, its reliability), and it is relatively easy to access and navigate online (thus, its convenience as a source of information for readers outside New Zealand). • STATISTICS NEW ZEALAND, accessible at www.stats.govt.nz/default.htm. This is the only source of information available so far regarding overall aviation efficiency performance in New Zealand. Under the heading “Tourism and migration” it is possible to find statistics for international passenger traffic per airport or by airport of embarkation, for example. It does not offer a good deal of information on aviation nor updated one (statistics are available for ended years only), but it is a starting point. There are also related statistics on migration published every month or so, comparing a given month against the same month a year earlier. • TAIC-NZ, Transport Accident Investigation Commission, accessible at www.taic.org.nz. The TAIC is an independent body that investigates transport accidents and incidents with significant implications for safety. The two sections that are most informative in regards to aviation safety performance are the “Aviation” tab and the “News” tab. Because the TAIC is an investigative body for serious accidents and incidents, the information that it provides is limited to those incidents that the TAIC investigates (thus, it does not offer a complete picture of aviation safety performance), and is substantially delayed in time (thus, it is not a good indicator for prompt feedback on aviation safety performance). Furthermore, TAIC does not date the release of a given report, which makes difficult to say since when such reports may start having an impact on aviation safety.
1 These sources are offered here primarily for their knowledge value, not for commercial or other purposes (although links to the selected sources may be given if they are available). Sources related to the topic in question but which offer no relevant knowledge or offer redundant knowledge have been skipped. These sources are ordered alphabetically according to the first author's surname or source name. The first date after the author/source refers to the date the original work was done, first copyrighted or first published. The title of the work follows. Finally, the location where to find such work is given, for example a webpage or a publishing company –which also includes relevant information such as country of publication, publication year, ISBN number, etc.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand 143
Knowledge
Management Space
3. Who’s who. Author’s updated CV.
Dr. Jose D Pérezgonzález joined the School of Aviation at Massey University (New Zealand) in June 2006. Much of his research up to date has been with the Aerospace Psychology Research Group in Ireland, participating in several European-funded research projects. His research expertise ranges from aviation efficiency to health and safety management in organisational settings, and is especially interested in policy, reporting and auditing systems, health and safety management, and knowledge management systems. Nowadays, he is promoting the idea of Knowledge Management Editions™, and is founder and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration. He is also setting the basis for a Centre of Excellence for Aviation in New Zealand, at Massey University. Among the recent projects that he is developing are the following: an awareness campaign regarding aviation management, efficiency and safety in New Zealand; a meta-analysis of aviation safety legislation at international levels; and a meta-analysis of communication models in the available literature.
4 The author’s list of recent publications in regards to the awareness campaign on aviation management, efficiency and safety in New Zealand is as follows: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during October 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.111-120. ISSN:1177-4576.
4 Recent publications in regards to the meta-analysis of aviation safety legislation are the following: 张恒 [译] 与 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D [整理] (2006). 评 EASA Part-145 规章中描述的审核体系。Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.99-110. ISSN: 1177-4576 [译自 PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2005). A review of the auditing system proposed by EASA Part-145. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.9-21. ISSN:1177-4576].
PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during November 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.135-144. ISSN:1177-4576. Available at www.lulu.com/Journal-KAI 144 Aviation; Management; Efficiency; Health; Safety; Environment; New Zealand
Knowledge Management
Space 4. Which & where.
School of Aviation at Massey University, New Zealand. Updated CV:
The School of Aviation is part of the College of Business, based both in the Turitea Campus and the Milson Flight Centre at Palmerston North International Airport. It offers bachelor with honours in Air Transport Piloting and Aviation Management, and masters and doctorate degrees in Aviation Management. The School is relatively new (it was established in 1990) and its research curriculum is only starting to grow now. A sample of the School’s recent publication list on aviation follows: WILLIAMS Alan (2005). Developing strategies for the modern international airport. East Asia and beyond. Ashgate (London, UK), 2006. PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Thematic bibliography: aviation news in New Zealand during October 2006. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.111-120. ISSN:1177-4576.
A sample of the School’s recent publication list on areas other than aviation follows: PÉREZGONZÁLEZ Jose D (2006). Meta-case study: Rabin’s guide to flirting. Journal of Knowledge Advancement & Integration, 2006, pp.121-133.
School of Aviation Massey University, New Zealand http://aviation.massey.ac.nz