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Latvijas Ārlietu Simtgade 1 LATVIJAS ĀRLIETU SIMTGADE PASAULES DOMA UN LATVIJA LATVIJAS ĀRLIETU SIMTGADE PASAULES DOMA UN LATVIJA “Latvijas ārlietu simtgade: pasaules doma un Latvija” turpina publikāciju sēriju par idejām, darbiem un personībām, kā arī nākotnes scenārijiem Latvijā. Šīs grāmatas uzdevums ir skaidrot pasaules domas ietekmi uz Latviju. Autori aplūko pašnoteikšanās, multilaterālisma, nacionālisma, vadonisma, feminisma, neatzīšanas politikas, “vēstures beigu” un “civilizāciju sadursmes”, legālisma un cilvēktiesību attīstību, kā arī konkrēto ideju ietekmi uz Latviju. Autori: Gints Apals, Daina Bleiere, Edijs Bošs, Džordans T. Kuks, Ineta Lipša, Nils Muižnieks, Aldis Purs, Gunda Reire, Leons Taivāns, Elizabete Vizgunova, Ineta Ziemele Zinātniskie redaktori: Kārlis Bukovskis, Andris Sprūds, Valters Ščerbinskis Projektu atbalsta Latvijas Republikas Ārlietu ministrija un Latvijas Republikas Saeima. Par rakstu saturu atbild to autori. Autoru viedoklis nav uzskatāms par Latvijas Ārpolitikas institūta, projekta atbalstītāju un partneru, citu pārvaldes iestāžu vai struktūru viedokli. Vāka dizains: Mārtiņš Bērziņš Makets: Ieva Straujeviča Tulkojumi no angļu valodas: Santa Pelše Latviešu valodas redaktore: Līga Elizabete Bērziņa ISBN 978-9934-567-45-2 © Rakstu autori, 2019 UDK 327(474.3) © Tulkojumi: Santa Pelše, 2019 La805 © Vāka dizains: Mārtiņš Bērziņš, 2019 © Makets: Ieva Straujeviča, 2019 © Latvijas Ārpolitikas institūts, 2019 3 Saturs Ievads VALTERS ŠČERBINSKIS, ANDRIS SPRŪDS, KĀRLIS BUKOVSKIS ..............................................................5 Pašnoteikšanās un Latvija GINTS APALS ............................................................................................................................................................................8 Multilaterālisms un Latvija GUNDA REIRE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Politiskais nacionālisms un Latvija ALDIS PURS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Robežu saplūšana: demokrātija, vadonisms un Latvija starptautiskajā kontekstā DŽORDANS T. KUKS ......................................................................................................................................................... 60 Feminisms un Latvija INETA LIPŠA, ELIZABETE VIZGUNOVA ..................................................................................................................79 Neatzīšanas politika Latvijas okupācijas jautājumā INETA ZIEMELE.....................................................................................................................................................................93 “Vēstures beigas” un Latvija DAINA BLEIERE ..................................................................................................................................................................108 “Civilizāciju sadursme” un Latvija LEONS TAIVĀNS ................................................................................................................................................................ 126 Liberālie vanagi, reālpolitiķi un legālisti: ārpolitikas ideju tipoloģija Latvijas debatēs par Irākas karu EDIJS BOŠS........................................................................................................................................................................... 139 Cilvēktiesību idejas ietekme uz Latviju NILS MUIŽNIEKS................................................................................................................................................................. 153 Par autoriem ............................................................................................................................................................ 165 Ievads VALTERS ŠČERBINSKIS, ANDRIS SPRŪDS, KĀRLIS BUKOVSKIS Latvijas valstiskums aizsācis otro simtgadi. Neatkarības un valstiskuma stiprināšana ir pastāvīgs un izaicinājumiem bagāts process gan iekšpolitiski, gan starptautiski. Latvijas ārlietu simtgades līdzšinējo publikāciju panākumi ir iedrošinājuši Latvijas Ārpolitikas institūta pētniekus un sabiedrībā zināmus ekspertus turpināt Latvijas ārpolitikas un diplomātijas vēsturei un mūsdienām veltītu radošu un svarīgu aspektu atspoguļošanu un izvērtēšanu. Šoreiz aplūkosim pasaules lielo ideju klātbūtni, ietekmi un mijiedarbību ar Latviju. Lai gan dažkārt šķiet, ka dažādu koncepciju klātbūtne Latvijas politikā ir mazāk jūtama, ar akadēmiski starpdisciplināru pieeju palīdzību paveras interesanta aina, kas no neierasta skatupunkta ļauj mēģināt dziļāk saprast Latvijas ārpolitikas veidošanas iespējas, priekšrocības un trūkumus. Tā ir reizē pamācoša un turpmāku izpēti veicinoša. Tā, iespējams, dos jaunas atziņas un, stimulēs jaunu ideju veidošanu gan pētniecībā, gan praktiskajā ārpolitikā un diplomātijā. Latvijas ārlietu simtgades publikācija apskata lielo ideju ietekmi uz Latvijas valstiskumu un diplomātiju vairākos laika nogriežņos. Krājumu ievada Dr. Ginta Apala eseja par pašnoteikšanās principiem un to ietekmi uz Latvijas veidošanās procesu. Latvijas rašanās lielā mērā bija saistīta ar šo principu deklarēšanu, popularitāti un ietekmi pēc Pirmā pasaules kara. Raksta autors sīkāk analizē un piedāvā savus skaidrojumus sarežģītajam un neviennozīmīgi interpretējamajam jautājumam par jaunu valstu veidošanās tiesiskajiem pamatiem un to piemērošanu Latvijas gadījumam. Amerikāņu vēsturnieks Dr. Džordans Kuks piedāvā sava pētījuma esenci, izmantojot transnacionālā fašisma teorijas piemērošanu autoritārisma laikmetam, pirmkārt, Kārļa Ulmaņa režīmam. Transnacionālais fašisms ir samērā jauna koncepcija, kas palīdz dziļāk izprast starpkaru nedemokrātisko režīmu dabu, kā arī ļauj mums pievērst uzmanību ārpolitisko lēmumu pieņemšanas procesam no netradicionāla skatupunkta. Dr. Alža Pura raksts veltīts nacionālisma koncepcijai un tā mijiedarbībai ar starpkaru Latviju. Nacionālisms ir viens no sarežģītākajām 5 koncepcijām, kuras skaidrošana ir būtiska visa 20. gadsimta norišu interpretācijā. Dažādie nacionālismi radīja noteiktas sekas ārpolitikā un diplomātijā, stiprinot valstu pašpietiekamību, izolāciju un dažkārt arī agresivitāti. Latvijas un pārējo Baltijas valstu gadījumā nacionālisms ir valstu veidošanas pamatā un lielā mērā radīja pamatu to turpmākajai pastāvēšanai. Cik tālu un kāda veida ietekme tam bija Latvijas iekšpolitikā un ārpolitikā pasaules norišu kontekstā? Uz to savā esejā atbildi sniedz A. Purs. Dr. Gundas Reires rakstā iezīmēta multilaterālisma nozīme Latvijas starpkaru ārpolitikas veidošanā. Apspriests tālaika skatījums par multilaterālisma nozīmi – ko autore raksturo kā “mainīgu un pretrunīgu” – no vienas puses, izmantojot Tautu Savienību, lai iekļautos plašākā pasaulē, bet no otras puses, īstenojot ārpolitikas kalkulācijas, mēģinot pieslieties lielvarām un balansējot starp tām (kas nereti noslēdzās ar multilaterālisma principu graušanu). Vienlaikus mūsdienu Latvijai dalība starptautiskajās organizācijās un atbalsts starptautiskajam tiesiskumam ir kļuvis par mūsdienu Latvijas ārpolitikas doktrīnas neatņemamu sastāvdaļu. Ārpolitikas pētniecības kontekstā neparasta var likties feminisma ideju ietekmes pētīšana, īpaši 20. gadsimta starpkaru perioda kontekstā. Autores Dr. Ineta Lipša un Elizabete Vizgunova sniedz faktoloģiski pārliecinošus un savā ziņā provocējošus secinājumus par sieviešu vietu tā laika Latvijas sabiedrībā, politikā un arī iespējām lēmumu pieņemšanā valstij būtiskos jautājumos. Līdzīgi kā citos pētījumos arī šeit nozīmīgs ir konteksts. Kur uz Eiropas feminisma kartes atradās Latvija? Pēc Latvijas okupācijas 1940. gadā valsts starptautisko statusu būtiski ietekmēja Neatzīšanas koncepija. Dr. Ineta Ziemele savā esejā izvērsti analizē ASV īstenotās politikas neatzīšanas procesu un tā juridiski politiskos principus. Iespējams, vairāk nekā jebkurš cits konceptuāls virziens šis ir saistīts ar juridiskajiem ietvariem un dod nopietnu teorētisku atspērienu okupācijas perioda starptautiskās problemātikas izpētē. Beidzoties Aukstajam karam, un, ASV prezidenta Ronalda Reigana vārdiem runājot, sabrūkot “ļaunuma impērijai” PSRS, starptautiskajā politikā radās ilūzijas par konfliktu izbeigšanos. Pazīstamākais šo ideju virzītājs bija amerikāņu politologs Frānsiss Fukujama, kura idejas par vēstures beigām atspoguļoja plašas sabiedrības ekspektācijas pēc bipolārās pasaules sabrukuma. Dr. Daina Bleiere rakstā par šīs koncepcijas ietekmi uz Latviju, reģionu un drošības struktūrām pirmo 6 reizi sniedz intriģējošu analīzi par ietekmīgās pasaules teorētiskās domas klātbūtni Latvijas ārpolitikā. Viena no ietekmīgākajām, populārākajām un šķietami zināmākajām Aukstā kara beigu koncepcijām ir ideju kopums par civilizāciju sadursmi, kuras pazīstamākais pārstāvis bija amerikāņu politologs Semjuels Hantingtons. Šo ļoti daudz diskutēto koncepciju ar jaunu skatījumu no Latvijas skatupunkta papildina Dr. Leons Taivāns. Viņš plašās pasaules kontekstā izvērtē idejas par šķietamiem pasaules grupējumiem civilizācijās, konfliktiem starp tām, sniedz savu vērtējumu koncepcijai un Latvijas vietai tajā. Dr. Edijs Bošs rakstā ieskicē dažādus starptautisko attiecību izpratnes modeļus un to ietekmi uz Latvijas ārpolitikas veidošanu laika posmā, kas pārklājās arī ar Latvijas pēdējiem soļiem dalībai ES un NATO. Debates, kas norisinājās Rīgā pirms lēmuma par Irākas kara atbalstīšanu, ļāvušas identificēt viedokļu
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