LEGISLATION FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN AFRICA: PREPARING AND DELIVERING EVIDENTIARY REQUIREMENTS

Hon.Hon. NjokiNjoki NdunguNdungu PurposePurpose ofof thethe ActAct

TheThe purposepurpose ofof thethe SexualSexual OffencesOffences ActAct is:is: „ ToTo addressaddress thethe risingrising problemproblem ofof raperape andand sexualsexual assaultsassaults inin thethe KenyaKenya byby introducingintroducing aa comprehensivecomprehensive lawlaw reformreform withwith regardregard toto raperape andand sexualsexual assault.assault. „ ToTo introduceintroduce stifferstiffer andand enhancedenhanced penaltiespenalties forfor offendersoffenders PurposePurpose ofof thethe ActAct

„ ToTo redefineredefine thethe crimecrime ofof raperape toto include:include: „ pedophilia „ aggravated rape „ male on male rape „ revised age of consent „ statutory rape „ sexual harassment „ child trafficking „ offences by persons in positions of authority „ deliberate infection of HIV/AIDS „ gang rape „ drug rape PreviousPrevious LawLaw

„ Previously,Previously, lawslaws relatedrelated toto raperape andand sexualsexual violenceviolence werewere spreadspread throughthrough the,the, „ PenalPenal Code,Code, „ CriminalCriminal ProcedureProcedure CodeCode „ CriminalCriminal AmendmentAmendment ActAct „ EvidenceEvidence Act.Act. PurposePurpose ofof thethe ActAct

„ ToTo provideprovide forfor medicalmedical servicesservices forfor raperape victimsvictims „ ToTo provideprovide forfor easiereasier policepolice reportingreporting „ ToTo provideprovide forfor methodsmethods ofof postpost--convictionconviction monitoringmonitoring ofof repeatrepeat offenders/sexualoffenders/sexual predators.predators. „ ToTo introduceintroduce minimumminimum sentencing.sentencing. TheThe KenyanKenyan ParliamentParliament

„ SinceSince independence,independence, thethe SexualSexual OffencesOffences ActAct isis thethe firstfirst gendergender relatedrelated ActAct toto bebe passedpassed inin Parliament.Parliament. „ ThereThere hashas beenbeen attemptsattempts toto passpass thethe AffirmativeAffirmative ActionAction Bill,Bill, EqualityEquality BillBill andand thethe FamilyFamily ProtectionProtection (Domestic(Domestic Violence)Violence) BillBill whichwhich havehave beenbeen rejected.rejected. „ ThisThis isis becausebecause ofof thethe malemale dominateddominated parliamentparliament thatthat doesdoes notnot seesee thethe needneed ofof suchsuch laws.laws. LobbyLobby forfor SupportSupport

„ ConsultativeConsultative meetingsmeetings heldheld with,with,

„ Police & AG „ Medical Fraternity „ Non-Governmental Organizations „ Media „ Religious leaders „ Member of the Public (electorate) „ Members of parliament (Committee on Legal Affairs) „ Regrettably Judiciary not involved ChallengesChallenges ofof thethe processprocess

„ ExpensiveExpensive processprocess ofof researchresearch andand draftingdrafting thethe BillBill „ MisconceptionMisconception ofof certaincertain sectionssections toto thethe extentextent thatthat theythey hadhad toto bebe removedremoved fromfrom thethe BillBill e.g.e.g. castration.castration. „ LackLack ofof resourceresource commitmentcommitment fromfrom traditionaltraditional donorsdonors andand hadhad toto sourcesource fromfrom thethe privateprivate sectorsector „ TheThe malemale dominateddominated parliamentparliament ridiculingridiculing thethe BillBill „ StiffStiff structuredstructured oppositionopposition ofof thethe BillBill fromfrom malemale membersmembers ofof parliamentparliament SCHEDULE OF OFFENCES AND PUNISHMENTS UNDER THE SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT.

PROVISION OFFENCE SENTENCES Section 3 Rape Imprisonment for not less than 10 years and may be enhanced to Imprisonment for Life. Section 4 Attempted Rape Imprisonment for not less than 5 years and may be enhanced to Imprisonment for Life. Section 5 Sexual Assault Imprisonment for not less than 10 years and may be enhanced to Imprisonment for Life. Section 6 Compelled Or Induced Imprisonment for not less than 5 Sexual Acts years Section 7 Acts that Cause Imprisonment for not less than 10 Penetration or Indecent years acts done within the view of a Child or a Mentally Disabled person Section 8 Defilement •Of a child of 11 years or less imprisonment for life •Of a child of 12-15 years imprisonment of not less than 20 years •Of a child of 16 – 18 years imprisonment of nnotot less tthanhan 15 years Section 9 Attempted Defilement Imprisonment of not less than 10 years Section 10 Gang Rape Imprisonment for not less than 15 years and may be enhanced to Imprisonment for Life.

Section 11 Indecent Act with a Child Imprisonment for not less than 10 years Section 11A Indecent Act with an Adult Imprisonment of two years or fine of Kshs 50,000/- Section 12 Promotion of Sexual Imprisonment for not less than 5 Offences with a Child years or a fine of not less than 500,000 Kenyan Shillings. Section 13 Child Trafficking Imprisonment for not less than 10 years, and if a Juristic person a fine of not less than 2 Million Kenyan Shillings. Section 14 Child Imprisonment for not less than 10 years, and if a Juristic person a fine of not less than 2 Million Kenyan Shillings. Section 15 Child Imprisonment for not less than 10 years. Section 16 Child Pornography Imprisonment for not less than 6 years, or to a fine of not less than 500,000 Kenyan Shillings, or both. Section 17 Exploitation of Prostitution Imprisonment for not less than 5 years, or to a fine of not less than 500,000 Kenyan Shillings, or both. Section 18 Trafficking for Sexual Imprisonment for not less than 15 Exploitation years, or to a fine of not less than 2 Million Kenyan Shillings, or both.

Section 19 Prostitution of Persons with Imprisonment for not less than 10 Mental Disabilities years, and if a Juristic person a fine of not less than 2 Million Kenyan Shillings. Section 20 Incest by Male Persons Imprisonment for not less than 10 years Section 21 Incest by Female Persons Imprisonment for not less than 10 years Section 23 Sexual Harassment Imprisonment for not less than 3 years, or to a fine of not less than 100, 000 Kenyan Shillings. Section 24 Sexual Offences relating to Imprisonment for not less than 10 Position of Authority and years persons in position of Trust Section 26 Deliberate transmission of Imprisonment for not less than 15 years HIV or any other life but may be enhanced to life. threatening Sexually Transmitted Disease

Section 27 Administering Substance Imprisonment for not less than 10 years with Intent Section 28 Distribution of Substance A Juristic Person can be fined for not by a Juristic Person less than 5 Million Kenyan Shillings, or the imprisonment of its Directors for not less than 10 years, or both.

Section 29 Cultural and Religious Imprisonment for not less than 10 years Sexual Offences Section 30 Non Disclosure of Imprisonment for not less than 3 years, Conviction of Sexual or to a fine of not less than 50, 000 Offences Kenyan Shillings, or both. ImplementationImplementation

„ S 46 and 47 - Government is the implementer of the Act: There is a National Taskforce on the Implementation of the Sexual Offences Act

„ Working with the „ Judiciary „ ProsecProsecutionsutions (AG) „ Police „ Medical officers (Ministry of Health Services) „ Prisons „ EducatiEducationon Ministry „ Social Services Ministry

* To develop policies, rules and regulations for implementation of the Act. „ Also identifying areas to be amended in the Sexual Offences Act. EvidentiaryEvidentiary requirementsrequirements

„„ BestBest practicespractices „„ onon thethe „„ AfricanAfrican ContinentContinent PrivacyPrivacy andand ProtectionProtection

„ NoNo automaticautomatic rightright toto withdrawwithdraw „ InIn CameraCamera ProceedingsProceedings (video(video link/link/ witnesswitness protectionprotection box)box) „ RestrictionsRestrictions onon publishingpublishing thethe identityidentity ofof thethe victimvictim „ UsingUsing anan intermediaryintermediary „ RapeRape ShieldShield „ LegalLegal AssistanceAssistance –– SouthSouth AfricaAfrica „ SexualSexual OffencesOffences CourtsCourts –– SouthSouth Africa/NamibiaAfrica/Namibia CareCare andand TreatmentTreatment

„ Orders under S.35- the Minister for Health „ Courts have to rely on circumstantial evidence such as medical reports „ Preservation of evidence is critical – Government Chemist – Forensics Lab „ Establish the relationship between hospitals (medical) and police & prosecutions (criminal justice system) „ Need for guidelines on care and treatment „ Must include counselling and rehabiliation „ Medical treatment should be free/borne by state „ Need for forensic testing & databank „ Penalties for tampering „ Mixed genders of treatment staff „ TerminationTermination ofof PregnancyPregnancy andand AbortionAbortion „ SouthSouth AfricaAfrica –– onon demanddemand „ Benin,Benin, BurkinaBurkina Faso,Faso, Cameroon,Cameroon, Ethiopia,Ethiopia, Zimbabwe,Zimbabwe, Botswana,Botswana, Ghana,Ghana, Liberia,Liberia, Namibia,Namibia, SwazilandSwaziland && TogoTogo –– raperape oror incestincest „ KenyaKenya andand ZambiaZambia –– notnot provided.provided. PreventionPrevention ofof pregnancypregnancy isis byby emergencyemergency contraceptioncontraception HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS andand SexualSexual ViolenceViolence

„ CriminalisationCriminalisation ofof deliberatedeliberate infectioninfection ofof HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS „ LegallyLegally providedprovided samplingsampling ofof suspectsuspect forfor HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS „ ProvisionProvision ofof PEPPEP’’ss andand ARVsARVs wherewhere necessarynecessary „ CareCare andand treatmenttreatment ofof bothboth perpetratorperpetrator andand victimvictim KeyKey indicatorsindicators forfor effectiveeffective implementationimplementation

„ NationalNational PolicyPolicy FrameworkFramework toto securesecure acceptableacceptable andand uniformuniform treatmenttreatment ofof allall sexualsexual relatedrelated offencesoffences

„ InterInter--ministerialministerial andand multimulti--sectoralsectoral implementationimplementation ofof lawlaw andand policypolicy

„ NeedNeed forfor ParliamentParliament toto allocateallocate moremore fundingfunding toto addressingaddressing prevention,prevention, care,care, treatmenttreatment andand rehabilitationrehabilitation ofof SVSV

„ NationalNational policypolicy guidelinesguidelines forfor medicalmedical professionals,professionals, policepolice officers,officers, prosecutionsprosecutions staff,staff, socialsocial servicesservices andand pprisonsrisons SuccessfulSuccessful implementationimplementation contdcontd

„ NeedNeed forfor aa commoncommon curriculumcurriculum forfor trainingtraining ofof thethe criminalcriminal justicejustice andand medicalmedical sectorssectors „ RulesRules andand regulationsregulations forfor JudgesJudges andand MagistratesMagistrates „ NeedNeed forfor ReportingReporting andand feedfeed--backback toto aa coordinatingcoordinating mechanismmechanism „ NeedNeed forfor publicpublic awarenessawareness programmesprogrammes „ NeedNeed toto updateupdate thethe lawlaw throughthrough amendmentsamendments KenyanKenyan ExperienceExperience

„ Judiciary:Judiciary: KenyaKenya WomenWomen JudgesJudges Association/CLICKAssociation/CLICK „ Police:Police: DepartmentDepartment ofof CommunityCommunity PolicingPolicing andand GenderGender (WiLDAF)(WiLDAF) „ MOH:MOH: MedicalMedical ServicesServices andand DeptDept ofof ReproductiveReproductive Health/LVCT/CLICKHealth/LVCT/CLICK „ AG/OfficeAG/Office ofof thethe DPP:DPP: ProsecutionsProsecutions –– DivisionDivision forfor SexualSexual OffencesOffences (WiLDAF/IPAS)(WiLDAF/IPAS) FeedbackFeedback

** LackLack ofof awarenessawareness ofof thethe LawLaw byby bothboth GOKGOK andand publicpublic „ LackLack ofof rulesrules forfor newnew courtcourt proceduresprocedures „ ProblemsProblems withwith attitudesattitudes (victims)(victims) „ ProblemsProblems withwith attitudesattitudes (Bench/Prosecutions)(Bench/Prosecutions) „ CoordinatedCoordinated byby TaskforceTaskforce butbut underunder--fundedfunded oror resourcesresources givengiven toto nonnon--relatedrelated bodiesbodies „ HasHas resultedresulted inin amendmentsamendments toto thethe ActAct SexualSexual violenceviolence andand domesticdomestic violenceviolence

„ ThereThere isis aa closeclose relationshiprelationship betweenbetween thethe 22 formsforms ofof GBV;GBV; worstworst formsforms ofof SVSV areare DVDV casescases „ MoreMore AfricanAfrican countriescountries havehave legislatedlegislated onon SVSV thanthan DVDV (South(,Africa, Mauritius,Mauritius, Namibia,Namibia, ZimbabweZimbabwe && Ghana)Ghana) „ UrgentUrgent NeedNeed forfor legislation,legislation, policypolicy andand guidelinesguidelines onon DVDV EndEnd

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