DOCSLIB.ORG

Lubna Naser Eddin OGS Approved Dissertation.Pdf (1.645Mb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

QATAR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES QATAR’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT: THE ERA OF SHEIKH HAMAD BIN KHALIFA AL-THANI 1995-2013 BY LUBNA NASER EDDIN A Dissertation Submitted to the College of Arts and Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in PhD in Gulf Studies June 2021 © 2021. Lubna Naser Eddin. All Rights Reserved COMMITTEE PAGE The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Lubna Naser Eddin defended on 19/05/2021. Dr. Mahjoob Zweiri Dissertation Supervisor Dr. Eltigani Rahma Dissertation Co- Supervisor Dr. Amr Al Azm Committee Member Dr. Ioannis Konstantinidis Committee Chair Dr. Sultan Barakat External Examiner Approved: Ibrahim AlKaabi, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ABSTRACT EDDIN, LUBNA, N. Doctor of Philosophy: June 2021, Gulf Studies Title: Qatar’s Foreign Policy Towards the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The era of Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani 1995-2013 Supervisors of Dissertation: Mahjoob, Zweiri. Eltigani, A. Rahma The purpose of this research is to examine the objectives, tools, and features of Qatari foreign policy regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict during the reign of Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (1995–2013). It also explores to what extent Qatar has overcome its constraints as a small state located between two regional rival powers (Saudi Arabia and Iran) and become an influential player in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Ultimately, it analyzes Qatar’s official position towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through utilizing the speeches of Sheikh Hamad and Qatar’s soft power instruments. Since Qatar’s involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was only through its soft power, the theoretical framework of the research is centered around the soft power theory. The research uses a qualitative methodology that employs the case study approach. In collecting the data, the research uses both primary and secondary resources, the former include the speeches of Sheikh Hamad, Qatari government documents, UN resolutions as well as interviews, whereas the latter include books, peer-reviewed journals, internet web sites, research centers’ reports and semi-official newspapers. The data analysis shows that Qatar’s position as a small state located between two large powers prompted it to protect its security by following a hedging strategy. ii The analysis also demonstrates that Qatar’s security dilemma became more pressing after the Gulf War of 1991, Al-Khafus border dispute in 1992, and the coup attempt on Qatar in 1996. Qatar’s involvement in the conflict aims to support Palestinians, advance the peace process and to play a regional role. Qatar has been in support of the Palestinian rights, has demanded the Israeli withdrawal from the 1967 territories, and has promoted the establishment of a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. Additionally, the research finds out that Qatar’s involvement in the conflict is due to several reasons. The first one is protecting its national security and sovereignty. The second reason is Qatar’s solidarity with Arab and Muslim causes. The third reason is playing a regional role through mediation. The research has also demonstrated that Qatar had a great influence on the conflict. This is evident by the role of Al Jazeera in raising awareness of the Israeli aggression against the Palestinians, the financial aid to Palestinians and mediation between Fatah and Hamas. Al Jazeera is Qatar’s strongest soft power tool. It exposed the Israeli aggression, but at the same time gave a voice to the Israelis on its screen. Financial aid is another soft power tool aimed at elevating the Palestinian suffering, easing the tension between Hamas and Israel and promoting Qatar. However, this tool provides short term solutions. Mediation to wield influence is Qatar’s third soft power tool; however, it didn’t succeed to end the split between Fatah and Hamas. The research also finds out that Qatar’s position towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is not always in line with the GCC. Qatar’s stance is also not in line with the small state traditional security strategies. Furthermore, the study finds out that in its involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, it is obvious that Qatar’s foreign policy iii has certain features. These are mainly the support of Arabic and Islamic identity, the support of peaceful resolutions and international law, the support of political Islamic movements, visionary, determined and initiative leadership, divergence from the GCC, and Pragmatism. The potential contribution of this research is advancing the debate on the role of small states in regional and international politics and the opportunities and challenges that these states face in their foreign policy and the relationship between security and size. In addition, furthering the research on small wealthy states in the Gulf region and their foreign policy decisions. Moreover, exploring how a small state uses soft power to exert influence and filling a knowledge gap regarding Qatar’s foreign policy towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over the entirety of Sheikh Hamad’s reign. The research is particularly useful for scholars and students of Middle Eastern studies, foreign policy analysis and international relations. iv DEDICATION To my parents, Nadia and Ibrahim For their endless love, encouragement, and prayers v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the following people, without whom I would not have been able to complete this research, and without whom I would not have made it through my PhD degree! First and most of all, I would like to thank my beloved parents for their inspiration, encouragement and support. Special thanks for my beloved husband, Marwan for his unlimited support, advice and guidance. I also would like to thank my children, Kamal, Kayan and Bayan for their love and support. I would like also to express my sincere gratitude to my siblings, Adli, Alaa, Lara, Fadi and Ala’a for their unconditional love and support. From the bottom of my heart, I would like to say big thank you for my supervisors, Dr. Mahjoob Zweiri and Dr. Eltigani Rahma for their dedicated support, continued guidance and overall insights which made this an inspiring rich experience for me. A special and genuine thank you is dedicated to Dr. Abdul Jabbar Said, the Head of the Quran and Sunnah Department at Qatar University, for his support and help in contacting people in Palestine and abroad. My gratitude to Dr. Bashir Al-Shirawi, the former ambassador of Qatar to South Africa for many valuable discussion sessions and provision of scientific material that enriched this work. vi Finally, many thanks to all the professors of the Gulf Studies Department at Qatar University and to all the people I interviewed who have enriched this work. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 Qatar and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict ................................................................... 6 Articulating the research problem, questions, and objectives .................................. 12 Research questions ................................................................................................... 13 Research objectives .................................................................................................. 13 Significance of the research ..................................................................................... 13 Dissertation roadmap................................................................................................ 16 Research methodology ............................................................................................. 17 Data collection.......................................................................................................... 20 Primary resources ..................................................................................................... 20 Sheikh Hamad’s speeches .................................................................................... 20 The Qatari government and GCC, Arab, and world agencies .............................. 21 Interviews ............................................................................................................. 21 UN resolutions ...................................................................................................... 22 Data analysis ......................................................................................................... 22 Research ethics ......................................................................................................... 27 viii Literature review ...................................................................................................... 27 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • TAPE SUBJECT LOG NAMELIST Chronological Review Boldface = Deceased Revised 8 December 2003

    TAPE SUBJECT LOG NAMELIST Chronological Review Boldface = Deceased Revised 8 December 2003

    NIXON PRESIDENTIAL MATERIALS STAFF TAPE SUBJECT LOG NAMELIST Chronological Review Boldface = deceased Revised 8 December 2003 A Prince [AAge] of Denmark: 806 Aaron, Henry L. (“Hank”): 55, 476, 488, 797 Aaronson, J. Hugo: 581 Abad, Francis L.: 602 Abate, Joseph: 453 Abbitt, Watkins M.: 15, 581 Abbott, Samuel A. (“Sammy”): 249 Abdulla, Abdul R.: 116 Abdnor, E. James: 744 Abel, I[lorwith] W[ilbur]: 15, 21, 63, 64, 72, 79, 81, 110, 111, 120, 128, 146, 269, 301, 336, 337, 479, 530, 531, 532, 534, 540, 541, 551, 553, 587, 591, 599, 610, 622, 623, 640, 679, 698, 706, 794 Abernathy, Ralph: 539 Abernethy, Robert G.: 27, 575, 754 Abernethy, Thomas G.: 6, 55, 134, 492, 581 Ablard, Charles D.: 102 Ablum, Floyd: 1 Abourezk, James: 486 Abplanalp, Robert H.: 11, 17, 24, 31, 42, 137, 140, 190, 220, 251, 274, 285, 311, 330, 339, 344, 347, 353, 450, 455, 462, 464, 466, 513, 518, 520, 571, 576, 584, 597, 599, 649, 653, 660, 662, 666, 695, 702, 705, 722, 724, 725, 734, 739, 745, 747, 759, 760, 798 Abrahams, Albert E.: 82, 96, 376, 571 Abrams, Gen. Creighton W., Jr.: 1, 4, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 31, 32, 50, 61, 62, 131, 133, 149, 151, 181, 189, 191, 246, 255, 298, 299, 317, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 354, 367, 368, 371, 374, 449, 451, 456, 457, 458, 459, 462, 464, 465, 467, 468, 470, 471, 472, 474, 476, 477, 478, 481, 482, 484, 498, 500, 504, 505, 507, 508, 511, 518, 520, 522, 529, 540, 543, 547, 548, 549, 558, 571, 574, 575, 635, 647, 648, 652, 655, 665, 673, 681, 685, 700, 701, 702, 703, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 713, 715,
  • Sifting Antiquity on the Temple Mount Sifting Project Temple Mount Sifting Project Investigates Temple Mount Soil

    Sifting Antiquity on the Temple Mount Sifting Project Temple Mount Sifting Project Investigates Temple Mount Soil

    Sifting Antiquity on the Temple Mount Sifting Project Temple Mount Sifting Project investigates Temple Mount soil Sacred to Jews, Christians and Muslims, the Temple Mount in Jerusalem is today a contested site. Archaeological excavations are not allowed here, though one project—the Temple Mount Sifting Project—has been analyzing soil that came from the Temple Mount since 2004. Preserved as a nearly rectangular man-made platform, the Temple Mount stretches 36 acres—equivalent to about 28 football fields. Located in the current Old City of Jerusalem, the site was where King Solomon built the First Temple in the 10th century B.C.E., where the Second Temple was erected in Aerial view of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. 516 B.C.E., and where King Herod rebuilt the Temple and Photo: Andrew Shiva’s photo is licensed under expanded the Temple Mount in 19 B.C.E. The Temple Mount CC-BY-SA 3.0. is the holiest site in Judaism. The Temple Mount has been a Christian pilgrimage site since at least the fourth century C.E., when the Pilgrim of Bordeaux chronicled his journey through the Holy Land. The Jerusalem Temple is referenced several time in the New Testament—it is where Jesus drove out merchants and overturned the money-changers’ tables to cleanse the Temple (Mark 11:15–19; Matthew 21:12–17; Luke 19:45– 48). At the southern end of the Temple Mount (Arabic: Haram al-Sharif, or “Noble Sanctuary”) sits al-Aqsa Mosque (“the farthest mosque”)—the third holiest site in Islam—where in Islamic tradition the prophet Muhammad was transported from Mecca on the Night Journey, and at the center of the Temple Mount is the Dome of the Rock, a gold-domed shrine commemorating the site where Muhammad ascended to heaven (Sura 17:1).
  • Israel 2019 International Religious Freedom Report

    Israel 2019 International Religious Freedom Report

    ISRAEL 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary This section covers Israel, including Jerusalem. In December 2017, the United States recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. It is the position of the United States that the specific boundaries of Israeli sovereignty in Jerusalem are subject to final status negotiations between the parties. The Palestinian Authority (PA) exercises no authority over Jerusalem. In March 2019, the United States recognized Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights. A report on the West Bank and Gaza, including areas subject to the jurisdiction of the PA, is appended at the end of this report. The country’s laws and Supreme Court rulings protect the freedoms of conscience, faith, religion, and worship, regardless of an individual’s religious affiliation, and the 1992 “Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty” protects additional individual rights. In 2018, the Knesset passed the “Basic Law: Israel – The Nation State of the Jewish People.” According to the government, that “law determines, among other things, that the Land of Israel is the historical homeland of the Jewish people; the State of Israel is the nation state of the Jewish People, in which it realizes its natural, cultural, religious and historical right to self-determination; and exercising the right to national self-determination in the State of Israel is unique to the Jewish People.” The government continued to allow controlled access to religious sites, including the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif (the site containing the foundation of the first and second Jewish temple and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque).
  • The 4Th Unaoc Forum 11•13 December, 2011 – Doha, Qatar

    The 4Th Unaoc Forum 11•13 December, 2011 – Doha, Qatar

    THE 4TH UNAOC FORUM 11•13 DECEMBER, 2011 – DOHA, QATAR PARTICIPANT BOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS • Welcome message of Her Highness Sheikha Moza Bint Nasser 6 • Welcome message of Jorge Sampaio 8 INTRODUCTION 10 UNAOC 14 PROGRAM 18 Day 1 – SUNDAY, DECEMBER 11TH, 2011 22 • Opening and Plenary Session 23 • Awards Ceremony for Intercultural Innovation 24 • Breakout Sessions 26 • Action Network Sessions 29 • Special Session – UNAOC 31 Day 2 – MONDAY, DECEMBER 12TH, 2011 32 • Lab Sessions 33 • Plenary Session 36 • Breakout Sessions 37 • Action Network Sessions 39 • Comitments Session 41 • Lab Sessions 43 Day 3 – TUESDAY, DECEMBER 13TH, 2011 46 • Plenary Session 47 • Breakout Sessions 48 • Action Network Sessions 50 • Special Program 52 Let’s doh’ART 76 • Program 78 • Artists & Exhibitions 80 PARTNERS 82 • Media 82 • International Organizations 88 • Qatari Non Governmental Organizations 98 • Partners of the Forum Sessions 102 PRACTICAL INFORMATIONS 104 PARTICIPANT BOOK - 4TH UN ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATIONS FORUM 5 HER HIGHNESS SHEIKHA MOZA BINT NASSER Ambassador, Alliance of Civilizations The Alliance can rise to the challenges of our changing times - human dignity, democracy, justice, and fairness for all. ur world, today, faces and fairness for all. Only in this way enormous challenges can we further universal human rights, O which can only be met enhance development and contribute by building a culture of dialogue to the achievement of the Millennium between civilizations; one that Development Goals’ Agenda. is based on cultural understanding and intercultural dialogue and which This is why Qatar is a committed fosters social progress and shared partner of the United Nations Alliance prosperity, cohesion, and a lasting of Civilizations and warmly welcomes peace.
  • Download Country Report

    Download Country Report

    Religious Freedom in the World ISRAEL Report 2021 ISRAEL RELIGIONS 1.3% 5.2% Other Agnostics 2.0% 20.8% Christians Muslims Population Area 8,713,559 22,072 Km2 70.7% GDP per capita GINI INDEX* Jews 33,132 US$ 39.0 *Economic Inequality and political equality of all its citizens without distinction LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FREEDOM OF RELIGION of race, creed, or sex; will guarantee full freedom of con- AND ACTUAL APPLICATION science, worship, education, and culture; will safeguard Since its independence in 1948, Israel has defined itself the sanctity and inviolability of shrines and Holy Places of as a Jewish and democratic state.1 Jews around the world all religions; and will dedicate itself to the principles of the 6 who meet certain criteria are entitled to become citizens Charter of the United Nations.” 2 of the state. In 1967, Israel conquered East Jerusalem, The Israeli Supreme Court has ruled that the Basic law the West Bank, Gaza and the Golan Heights. To the pres- on Human Dignity and Liberty is the basis of fundamental ent day, these territories are disputed and the UN General freedoms such as religion.7 Assembly, the UN Security Council, and the International In July 2018, the Israeli parliament, the Knesset, passed Court of Justice consider them to be under occupation, a controversial law, titled the ‘Basic Law: Israel as the Na- and Israel’s settlements are accordingly deemed illegal.3 tion-State of the Jewish People’,8 which says: “The Land Sunni Arab Palestinians are the biggest non-Jewish group of Israel is the historical homeland of the Jewish people, in the country.
  • Mamluk Architectural Landmarks in Jerusalem

    Mamluk Architectural Landmarks in Jerusalem

    Mamluk Architectural Landmarks 2019 Mamluk Architectural in Jerusalem Under Mamluk rule, Jerusalem assumed an exalted Landmarks in Jerusalem religious status and enjoyed a moment of great cultural, theological, economic, and architectural prosperity that restored its privileged status to its former glory in the Umayyad period. The special Jerusalem in Landmarks Architectural Mamluk allure of Al-Quds al-Sharif, with its sublime noble serenity and inalienable Muslim Arab identity, has enticed Muslims in general and Sufis in particular to travel there on pilgrimage, ziyarat, as has been enjoined by the Prophet Mohammad. Dowagers, princes, and sultans, benefactors and benefactresses, endowed lavishly built madares and khanqahs as institutes of teaching Islam and Sufism. Mausoleums, ribats, zawiyas, caravansaries, sabils, public baths, and covered markets congested the neighborhoods adjacent to the Noble Sanctuary. In six walks the author escorts the reader past the splendid endowments that stand witness to Jerusalem’s glorious past. Mamluk Architectural Landmarks in Jerusalem invites readers into places of special spiritual and aesthetic significance, in which the Prophet’s mystic Night Journey plays a key role. The Mamluk massive building campaign was first and foremost an act of religious tribute to one of Islam’s most holy cities. A Mamluk architectural trove, Jerusalem emerges as one of the most beautiful cities. Digita Depa Me di a & rt l, ment Cultur Spor fo Department for e t r Digital, Culture Media & Sport Published by Old City of Jerusalem Revitalization Program (OCJRP) – Taawon Jerusalem, P.O.Box 25204 [email protected] www.taawon.org © Taawon, 2019 Prepared by Dr. Ali Qleibo Research Dr.
  • Forgotten Rights: the Working and Living Conditions Of

    Forgotten Rights: the Working and Living Conditions Of

    Forgotten Rights THE WORKING AND LIVING CONDITIONS OF MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN JORDAN 1 2 Contents The Working and Living Conditions of Migrant Workers in the Agricultural Sector in Jordan Executive Summary 11 Methodology 28 Tamkeen Research Team 28 Quantitative Study 29 Qualitative Study 30 Chapter 1 Introduction: Overview of the Population of Migrant Workers in 34 Agriculture Brief Historical Perspective on the Presence of Migrant Workers 36 in Agriculture o Urbanisation and Movement of the National Workforce 37 Towards the Service Sector o Major Development of Intensive Agriculture in the 39 Jordan Valley through New Irrigation Planning o Active Governmental Policy for the Recruitment of 40 Egyptian Workers in Agriculture o Repulsion of the National Workforce Towards Manual 41 Work The Current Labour Market of Migrant Workers in Agriculture 42 3 o Work Permits Delivered to Migrant Workers in 42 Agriculture o The Complexity of the Informal Labour Market in the 43 Agricultural Sector . Permit Holders in Irregular Situations 44 . Work Permits Granted vs. Undocumented 46 Workers . Impact of the Influx of Syrian Refugees on the 47 Shape of the Labour Market in Agriculture o Educational Background of Migrant Workers in 48 Agriculture o Areas of Origin of the Workers Interviewed 49 o Age and Family Status 50 o Professional Occupations and Salaries in their Home 51 Country Chapter 2 Part 1: Human Rights and Labour Law Standards 54 Introduction 54 Human and Children’s Rights Standards 56 o Non-Discrimination and Equality as Fundamental 56 Components for the Protection of Human Rights . Non-Discrimination Principle 56 .
  • Expulsion, Displacement, & Arbitrary Persecution in Jerusalem

    Expulsion, Displacement, & Arbitrary Persecution in Jerusalem

    Report of September, 2018 Banned Expulsion, Displacement, & Arbitrary Persecution in Jerusalem during September 2018 Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor October 2018 euromedmonitor.org 1 2 Contents Introduction 5 1. Arbitrary detention and arrest, home raids in Jerusalem 7 1.1 Detention of female child Jenan al-Razem, Mrs. Naema al-Taweel and her husband 7 1.2 Detention without charges: Case of minor Hamza Mu’tasem Qattina 9 1.3 Thursday, Sep. 20th: Mass arrests on background of Jewish holidays 10 1.4 Policy of home raids for arrest 13 1.5 Searching home of minor Yacoub al-Dabbagh, banning him from Al-Aqsa Mosque 15 2. Banning from Al-Aqsa Mosque 16 2.1 Bans on entry to Al-Aqsa Mosque under the Blacklist 16 2.2 Summoning Ayda al-Sidawi, removing her from Al-Aqsa Mosque 18 2.3 Removal by means of military orders: Re-banning Mr. Majid al-Ju’ba from Jerusalem 19 City and the West Bank 3. Cases of assault by beating 21 3.1 Case of Mr. Gheith Gheith: Arbitrary arrest and beating 21 3.2 Case of Mr. Tha’er Abu-Sbeih: Arbitrary arrest and beating 22 3.3 Use of lethal force by Israel’s security forces in Jerusalem: A Legal Perspective 23 4. Israeli settlers’ violations 25 4.1 Settlers’ assault on Mr. Adham Asfour 25 4.2 Settlers’ assault on three young Palestinians 26 4.3 Settlers’ assault on Palestinians and shops in Musrara Neighborhood in Jerusalem 26 4.4 Settlers’ entry to Al-Aqsa Mosque under heavy protection from Israeli forces 28 5.
  • Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Cambridge IT Skills Diploma Qualifies Individuals with Special Needs

    Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Cambridge IT Skills Diploma Qualifies Individuals with Special Needs

    1 2 August - September 2011 3rd General Meeting of the Economic Policy Support Forum Convenes Media Executive Director 3 Roufan Nahhas AROQAE Holds Its Board Meeting in UK 4 Chief Editor Abu-Ghazaleh Participates in Inaugurating Saadiyat Island 4 Ibtisam Awadat TAG-Org, JOHUD Sign MoU 5 Media Coordinator Ghalia Al-Hadidi Abu-Ghazaleh Inaugurates AROQAE’s 3rd Annual Conference 6 Design and Artistic Direction TAG-Org to Develop E-portal to Serve the Palestinian Mutual Market 7 Design & Publications Dept. Abu-Ghazaleh Announces the Official Registration of ASREN [email protected] 9 Mohannad Sheikh Elaiwat Souq Al Quds E-Market Launched 10 Umniah Renews Its Partnership with TAG-Knowledge Jordan Office Building, 11 19 Mecca Street-Um Uthinah TAGSB Celebrates Its Third Master’s Degree Graduates P.O Box: 3966, Amman 11953 Jordan 11 Telephone: (+ 962-6) 5100 600 Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Cambridge IT Skills Diploma Qualifies Fax: (+ 962-6) 5100 601 12 Email: [email protected] Individuals with Special Needs Issued by Media Department at IFRSs Foundation Praises ASCA/ Jordan 13 Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Organization [email protected] Our mission will always be “Serving the Arab world yesterday, today and tomorrow”. Everything we do today is just paving the path for what we will do tomorrow. We are looking forward to more effective developments in what we do and how we do it while the region witnesses more progress towards a knowledge-based society. Talal Abu-Ghazaleh 3 Third General Meeting of the Economic Policy Support Forum Convenes AMMAN - Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Business Forum hosted the third General Assembly meeting of the Economic Policy Support Forum.
  • JORDAN, QATAR, SAUDI ARABIA & OMAN (11Th

    JORDAN, QATAR, SAUDI ARABIA & OMAN (11Th

    JORDAN, QATAR, SAUDI ARABIA & OMAN (11th - 19th March 2013) Gifts received by TRH The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall Jordan To From Description HRH The Prince of Wales HRH Princess Alia bint Al Hussein Twelve bottles of olive oil and a book HRH The Prince of Wales HRH Prince Hassan bin Talal Box of toiletries HRH The Prince of Wales Chief Executive Officer, Rubicon Ceramic figurine of HRH The Prince Group Holding of Wales with Postman Pat and framed animation of HRH The Prince of Wales with Postman Pat HRH The Prince of Wales Director, The Royal Automobile Book Museum HRH The Prince of Wales United Nations World Food Baseball cap Programme HRH The Duchess of HRH Princess Alia bint Al Box of toiletries Cornwall Hussein? HRH The Duchess of HRH Prince Hassan bin Talal Box of toiletries Cornwall HRH The Duchess of Director, The Royal Automobile Two model cars Cornwall Museum HRH The Duchess of Pupils from The Mahis Secondary Craft bracelet Cornwall School for Girls HRH The Duchess of Individual Book Cornwall TRH The Prince of Wales TM The King and Queen of the Book, three glass ornaments and and The Duchess of Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan three trays of baklava Cornwall TRH The Prince of Wales HRH Princess Wijdan Ali Three books, booklet and a and The Duchess of pamphlet Cornwall TRH The Prince of Wales Director, Jerash Tourism Plaque of The Amman Gate and The Duchess of Directorate Cornwall TRH The Prince of Wales United Nations World Food Pair of sleeveless utility jackets and The Duchess of Programme Cornwall Qatar To From
  • [ 1967 ] Appendices

    [ 1967 ] Appendices

    APPENDIX I ROSTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS (As at 31 December 1967) DATE OF ADMIS- DATE OF ADMIS- MEMBER SION TO U.N. MEMBER SION TO U.N. Afghanistan 19 Nov. 1946 Hungary 14 Dec. 1955 Albania 14 Dec. 1955 Iceland 19 Nov. 1946 Algeria 8 Oct. 1962 India 30 Oct. 1945 Argentina 24 Oct. 1945 Indonesia1 28 Sep. 1950 Australia 1 Nov. 1945 Iran 24 Oct. 1945 Austria 14 Dec. 1955 Iraq 21 Dec. 1945 Barbados 9 Dec. 1966 Ireland 14 Dec. 1955 Belgium 27 Dec. 1945 Israel 11 May 1949 Bolivia 14 Nov. 1945 Italy 14 Dec. 1955 Botswana 17 Oct. 1966 Ivory Coast 20 Sep. 1960 Brazil 24 Oct. 1945 Jamaica 18 Sep. 1962 Bulgaria 14 Dec. 1955 Japan 18 Dec. 1956 Burma 19 Apr. 1948 Jordan 14 Dec. 1955 Burundi 18 Sep. 1962 Kenya 16 Dec. 1963 Byelorussian SSR 24 Oct. 1945 Kuwait 14 May 1963 Cambodia 14 Dec. 1955 Laos 14 Dec. 1955 Cameroon 20 Sep. 1960 Lebanon 24 Oct. 1945 Canada 9 Nov. 1945 Lesotho 17 Oct. 1966 Central African Republic 20 Sep. 1960 Liberia 2 Nov. 1945 Ceylon 14 Dec. 1955 Libya 14 Dec. 1955 Chad 20 Sep. 1960 Luxembourg 24 Oct. 1945 Chile 24 Oct. 1945 Madagascar 20 Sep. 1960 China 24 Oct. 1945 Malawi 1 Dec. 1964 Colombia 5 Nov. 1945 Malaysia2 17 Sep. 1957 Congo (Brazzaville) 20 Sep. 1960 Maldive Islands 21 Sep. 1965 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 20 Sep. 1960 Mali 28 Sep. 1960 Costa Rica 2 Nov. 1945 Malta 1 Dec. 1964 Cuba 24 Oct. 1945 Mauritania 27 Oct.
  • Israel (Includes West Bank and Gaza) 2020 International Religious Freedom Report

    Israel (Includes West Bank and Gaza) 2020 International Religious Freedom Report

    ISRAEL (INCLUDES WEST BANK AND GAZA) 2020 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary The country’s laws and Supreme Court rulings protect the freedoms of conscience, faith, religion, and worship, regardless of an individual’s religious affiliation. The 1992 Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty describes the country as a “Jewish and democratic state.” The 2018 Basic Law: Israel – The Nation State of the Jewish People law determines, according to the government, that “the Land of Israel is the historical homeland of the Jewish people; the State of Israel is the nation state of the Jewish People, in which it realizes its natural, cultural, religious and historical right to self-determination; and exercising the right to national self- determination in the State of Israel is unique to the Jewish People.” In June, authorities charged Zion Cohen for carrying out attacks on May 17 on religious institutions in Petah Tikva, Ashdod, Tel Aviv, and Kfar Saba. According to his indictment, Cohen sought to stop religious institutions from providing services to secular individuals, thereby furthering his goal of separating religion and the state. He was awaiting trial at year’s end. In July, the Haifa District Court upheld the 2019 conviction and sentencing for incitement of Raed Salah, head of the prohibited Islamic Movement, for speaking publicly in favor an attack by the group in 2017 that killed two police officers at the Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount. In his defense, Salah stated that his views were religious opinions rooted in the Quran and that they did not include a direct call to violence.