Economy CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

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02 Economy CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

16 - At the time of the 2011 census Ireland was in the middle of recession. The nation’s debt stood https://www.pwc.ie/services/ at 120% of annual output, there was a 15% unemployment rate and the country was locked tax/fiscal-focus/fiscal-focus-in- sights/2016-fiscal-focus-econom- out of international capital markets. Between 2011 and 2016 indicators suggested substantial ic-health-check-for-ireland.html. economic improvement. Employment levels, earnings and personal consumption increased.16

17 - In March 2018 OECD research indicated that the Irish economy will continue to expand A tightening labour market is when unemployment is falling, thereby over the next two years, albeit at a more sustainable rate. The labour market is projected to reducing job vacancies and increas- tighten17 further to an unemployment rate of around 5.5%, raising consumer prices by more ing wages. than 2% in 2019. This will lead to slowing of household consumption, while rising property

18 - prices are expected to continue to drive private construction development. For more information please see: http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/ The OECD research indicates that the economy will be greatly helped if Irish firms are Ireland-2018-OECD-economic-survey-overview.pdf. supported to increase their productivity. This research recommends an increase in the level of access young firms have to development funding.18 19 - Carried out every 5 years since the The OECD report highlights comparatively low employment levels amongst young low 1970s (apart from 1991). Response rate in 2016 was 95%. educated persons in Ireland and recommends connecting social benefits to well-enforced job search requirements. The OECD report also highlights comparatively higher gender inequalities in the national employment profile.

CORK CITY’S BUSINESS ECONOMY

In 2016 every business in Cork City was invited to participate in the Employment and Land Use Survey.19 Results show that between 2011 and 2016 job growth increased by 9.3% across the city (an average of 1,333 new jobs per month) and that growth was 8.4% higher in the city than the State.

Employment change and growth in Cork City differs significantly throughout the city. The following map of the six geographic sectors of the city:

Figure 14: . SIX GEOGRAPHIC SECTORS IN CORK CITY'S ADMINISTRATIVE AREA (SOURCE: EMPLOYMENT AND LAND USE SURVEY 2016) Farranree Glanmire

Mayfield Knocknaheeny North East

North West Tivoli

Sunday's Well City Centre South Docks Blackrock

Carrigrohane Glasheen Mahon South East

South West South Central

Ballyphehane Togher

Rochestown Douglas Doughcloyne

0 1 2

Kilometers

79 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

20 - Less than 11% of the total job growth between 2011-2016 in the city occurred in the city centre. As they employ less than 10 people. The majority of new jobs, over 86%, (5,774), were created in the city’s South West and South East sectors. New jobs in the city’s North West and North East sectors accounted for less than 12% (740 jobs) of the overall growth rate.

While the 2016 Labour Market Survey (CSO) showed growth of just 11% in the city centre, it is likely that this trend will continue to see a major shift as companies are increasingly looking to locate in city centres. The area of new office space in the city centre since that time, both completed and occupied and under development, is useful. Recent and current development of premium office space in the city centre include:

»» 25,300 m2 completed (One Albert Quay and Capitol)

»» 36,820 m2 under construction (Navigation Square and 85-86 South Mall)

»» 65,000 m2 approved (Horgan’s Quay and Copley Street)

The businesses in One Albert Quay currently employ 950 (capacity 1,400). The Capitol is home to 200 employees (capacity 350). Phase One of Navigation Square and 85-86 South Mall are both fully let.

The five largest employment sectors in the city are; Human Health and Social Work Activities (17%); Retail (13%); Administrative and Support Service Activities (11%); Education and Professional (9%) and Scientific and Technical Activities (9%). The survey used an indicator called a ‘Location Quotient’ (LQ) to measure the city’s specialisation in a particular sector relative to the State. LQ results show that Cork City ‘specialises’ in Administrative and Support Services, Professional, Scientific Activities, Public Administration and Defence, Human Health and Social Work, Information and Communication, and Education. Administrative and Support Service Activities saw the greatest expansion in employment from 2011 to 2016.

Most businesses in the city (74%) are described as ‘micro enterprises.’20 They employ an average of 4 people, which is 15% of the city’s workforce. These businesses are mainly Retail but span all economic sectors and almost half are in the centre of the city. 19 organisations employ over 500, a total of 27,000 people (35%) of the city’s workforce. These businesses are mainly located in the South West of the city but are also found in all six sectors.

The Local Enterprise Office Cork (LEO), acts as the first stop shop for business, and provides a range of services and supports for micro and small enterprises in Cork City. In 2017 alone, the LEO Cork City approved grant aid of €519,562 to 37 companies, as well as delivering over 60 training and networking events for 821 businesses. 240 owner/managers availed of mentoring and business advice clinics and 32 companies of the Trading Online Voucher Scheme which supports businesses in driving their online marketing and sales presence.

80 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

As part of its remit the LEO Cork City continues to drive awareness of entrepreneurship through programmes such as the second level Cork Schools Enterprise Programme aimed at Transition Year students and Ireland’s Best Young Entrepreneur (IBYE) for individuals aged 18 to 35.

Other supports, such as the Lean for Micro and Technical Assistance Grant for Micro Exporters (TAME), are delivered to prepare companies and build resilience to mitigate for the impact of Brexit. Currently the LEO also manages two EU Projects aimed at Food and Digital Start Ups in order to increase the level and number of export businesses.

In February 2018 Cork Urban Enterprises Clg. (CUEL) submitted an application to Enterprise Ireland’s Regional Enterprise Development Fund and was approved €700,000 towards the upgrade of Ballyvolane Enterprise Centre, now known as the “Northside for Business Campus.” Over the next three years CUEL will oversee the development of the campus and a full suite of capability building programmes to drive enterprise and innovation on the north side of Cork City. The centre will also host the National Family Business and Succession Planning Programme, which aims to ensure the survival and growth of the many family businesses we have, not just in the Cork Region, but nationally.

Table 45: Employers with Over 500 Staff (Source: Cork City Employment and Land Use Survey, 2016)

Organisations

Abtran HSE Bon Secours Hospital

Alcon Technology Ireland Ltd HSE Cork University Hospital

Apple (3 locations) HSE Mercy Hospital

Boston Scientific (Cork) Ltd HSE Saint Finbarr’s Hospital

Cope Foundation (Middle Glanmire Road) HSE South Infirmary-Victoria University Hospital

Cork City Council Musgrave’s Retail Partners Ltd

Cork County Council Starwood Hotels and Resorts

Cork Institute of Technology The Defence Forces

EMC University College Cork

VoxPro

Since 2011, 636 new businesses have started to trade in Cork City, most of them in the Retail and Accommodation/Food Service sectors. The industries associated with the highest job numbers created, however, have been in Information and Communication and Professional, Scientific and Technical sectors.

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2.1 Cork City Economic Initiatives

CORK CITY CENTRE THE CITY CENTRE STEERING GROUP

The City Centre is the ‘Healthy Heart’ of Cork, essential This group is made up of the senior management of Cork to the well-being of the wider region and the country as a City Council and focuses on the implementation of the whole. It is also the city’s front window, playing the central Cork City Centre Strategy. The City Centre is separated role in its economic, social and cultural identity. The city into six character areas or quarters with a member of senior creates a network where economic activity prospers and management responsible for a specific area along with communities work together to inspire and enable Cork to an area planner. further itself. It is this combination and interaction between people and place that is the critical element to the success of urban life in our city. CITY CENTRE FORUM

Recognising this, the Cork City Centre Strategy (2014) The Forum is an important operational element of the sets out clear aims to revitalise the City Centre through process and has developed practical projects. Action plans improvement and development, better management based and progress reports are produced each year to help realise upon a partnership of key stakeholders, and increasing these aims. All progress is based on collaboration between the marketing of the City Centre’s offer. Building on the the people who work and live in Cork, who are proud of Strategy’s aims, three new groups were formed and are their city and want to make it an attractive, prosperous and actively working to ensure that opportunities are maximised welcoming place.21 and the City Centre achieves and hopefully surpasses its A key instrument in the Economic Development Unit in enormous potential: Cork City Council is the Economic Development Fund (EDF). The EDF was set up (1% of rates, which is approximately CORE PARTNERSHIP €600,000) in 2012 and builds on the significant work in areas such as energy, innovation and telecommunications. Cork City Council has drawn together key stakeholders Initiatives are also developed through the Cork Area including Cork Chamber, Cork Business Association, Gardai Strategic Plan (CASP) structures, ensuring that the impact and Bus Eireann, as well as representatives from the retail of the city, as the economic driver of the region, will be and hospitality sectors in the city, to form CORE. The maximised. A similar fund is operated by Cork County partnership takes an overall strategic view towards the Council and both initiatives are jointly funding some actions. management and promotion of all aspects of city life.

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21 - Since 2016, the EDF has been aligned with the Economic Development Strategy set out in http://corkcitycentre.ie/wp-con- tent/uploads/2018/03/CCC_Revit- Chapter 3 of the Cork City Development Plan 2015, particularly the six identified drivers alisation-brochure_Low-res.pdf. of competitiveness:

1. Economic Diversity 4. Connectivity

2. Innovation 5. Placemaking

3. Skills and Human Capital 6. Strategic Governance

The EDF is also framed to implement the Strategies, Objectives and Actions set out in the Cork City Local Economic and Community Plan (LECP). The LECP organised its economic plans under the six drivers of competitiveness listed above. Thus, this report should be considered in conjunction with the LECP Implementation Plan.

The EDF also supports actions set out in the South West Action Plan for Jobs, an initiative of the Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation, with multiple stakeholders in the enterprise sector in the city.

The effectiveness of the EDF will be determined by the projects it supports, which in turn will be dependent on the quality of these projects. Thus, the EDF supports projects that are strategic in nature and supported by other stakeholders/partners of Cork City Council.

The fund supports a number of areas:

Innovation and entrepreneurship

The IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Programme and SPRINT programme are operated by UCC. They are university campus-based incubators and accelerator programmes for graduates and postgrads/post doctorates developing innovative and research based products and services with a view to commercialising and spinning out. The key objectives are enabling graduates and postgraduates and post doctorate research students to start their own businesses and create employment in the Cork region, creating jobs and contributing to economic growth. IGNITE provides graduates with the full range of services to enable business start-up success, including business incubation space, business training, one-to-one mentoring, access to UCC’s research expertise and coaches on campus and regular networking events.

The Sprint programme is an accelerator type programme operated by UCC to mentor and assist postgraduate and post doctorate researchers to commercialise their research and Intellectual Property which emanates from the numerous high end research programmes in UCC including Tyndall, MaREI and INFANT & IERC. This is a collaborative initiative between University College Cork (UCC), Cork City Council, Cork County Council and the Cork County and City Local Enterprise Offices. It is strongly supported by the business and entrepreneur community.

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CorkBIC Growth Pathway programme Energy Cork is an industry-driven cluster pursuing co- ordinated actions to strengthen enterprise and employment CorkBIC is a not for profit foundation (European-wide) within the energy sector. The initiative is supported by which provides mentoring and services to the Cork City Council and Cork County Council through their entrepreneurial community. It has operated accelerator respective Economic Development Funds. programmes, offers incubation space at the National Software Campus, where it is based, and is part of Angel Taste Cork is an initiative jointly supported by Cork City & Venture Capital Networks (HBAN). It has been operating and County Councils and their respective Local Enterprise various programmes for a few years, which have been Offices, arising from a recognition that a strong, diverse and supported jointly by City Council and County Council along vibrant food business community exists across Cork. An with Bank of Ireland. These have recently been amalgamated integrated food strategy - ‘Taste Cork 2021’- was formulated into a single programme called Growth Pathway, which to nurture and develop the sector and sustain its long-term consists of three events: The Entrepreneur Experience; growth. The strategy is informed and guided by industry Venture Academy/International Conference; and Showcase, partners, highlighting the following areas as critical to which are mentoring services/programmes provided to the future success of the Cork food sector: start-up and scale-up companies in the city region with a view to making them investor ready. These programmes have resulted in a significant success rate and in bringing 1. Provision of long term structured supports and start-ups through scaling, resulting in investment of Venture educational programmes for food businesses Capital funds and the creation of jobs and High Potential and artisan food producers in Cork. Start-ups for further investment by Enterprise Ireland 2. Identification of local, national and international routes and other Venture Capital investment funds. to market and the provision of support for producers Cork Innovates, now in its sixth year, has the key role in to achieve success in their relevant target markets. promoting entrepreneurship and integrating the objectives 3. Education of consumers, retailers and foodservice of the key stakeholders in the innovation ecosystem, to understand the importance of locally produced including UCC & CIT, Cork Chamber, CorkBIC and Enterprise food, thus facilitating an economic model which will Ireland, along with entrepreneurs. both contribute to the local economy and act as a job Cork City Council and Cork County Council have jointly creation generator. led the development of the new Cork Place Brand, in 4. The development of Cork’s food tourism sector and cooperation with a wide range of stakeholders including establishing Cork as Ireland’s leading food destination. UCC, CIT, Cork Airport, Port of Cork, Cork Chamber, Cork Business Association, Ibec, IDA Ireland, Enterprise Ireland, Fáilte Ireland and Visit Cork. ‘We are Cork’ is a partnership bringing together all the stakeholders in the Cork Region under one brand. This new brand for Cork will help tell the EU Projects big picture of why Cork is a great place to live, work, study, visit, invest and do business in. The City Council has instigated a position of EU Projects Officer with a view to increasing engagement in EU projects to leverage funds from Horizon 2020, Interreg, ESPON and Other Supports other EU funding programmes. It also supports membership of key EU organisations such as the Covenant of Mayors, The Rates Incentive Scheme provides a grant in lieu of rates Confederation of Atlantic Arc Cities, and ICLEI Local (up to 50%) for niche companies located in areas of vacancy Governments for Sustainability, which support EU projects. and dereliction along the historic spine of the city.

84 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

2.2 Social Enterprise

A Social Enterprise can be defined as ‘an enterprise that trades for a social/societal purpose, where at least part of its income is earned from its trading activity, is separate from government, and where the surplus is primarily re-invested in the social objective’ (Forfás Definition 2013).

According to a 2018 CPA (Certified Public Accountants) Report, Social Enterprise accounts for about 6% of GDP across the EU. It also notes that if Ireland’s social enterprise sector were to approach mean EU levels, it is estimated that there would be approximately 65,000 jobs in social enterprises; which could grow to 100,000 jobs.

In Cork City there is a vibrant Social Enterprise sector with strong potential for growth and an increasing interest in the role of social enterprises at a local government level. The Social Enterprises in the city range from circular economy enterprises like Boomerang which recycles old mattresses to STEAM Education which provides educational programmes on science, technology, engineering, maths and art to primary school children. There are also many others including Deaf Enterprises, Churchfield Community Trust, Meitheal Mara, and Northside Community Enterprise. Cork City Council has digitally mapped the Social Enterprises in the city and this can be viewed here:

http://corkcity.maps.arcgis.com/home/index.html

85 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

2.3 Principal Economic Status

The following table illustrates the Principal Economic Status 50.1%. From 2011 to 2016 the ‘at work’ population in the city of the population (numbers and percentage changes) in Cork recovered well to almost pre-recession figures (46.9%) but City from 2006 to 2016. remained low compared to both the City and Suburbs and the State rates of 51.5% and 53.4% respectively. This can be The greatest proportion of Cork City’s population (48.3%), somewhat explained by Cork City’s relatively high proportion aged 15+, were ‘at work’ in 2006 and the majority were male of students (an almost 4.0% higher proportion than the (56.0%). The recession began in 2008 and by 2011 the largely State). In 2016 there were 37,586 third level full-time male unemployment rate almost doubled from 6.4% to students attending UCC, CIT and Cork College of Commerce. 12.1% (the construction sector was significantly negatively This is equivalent to 21.7% of the city’s day-time population. affected by the recession) and the working population fell to 42.3% in Cork City, substantially lower than the State rate of

Table 46: Persons Aged 15 and Over by Economic Status 2006 to 2016, Cork City (Source: CSO)

2006 % Change 2011 % Change 2016

At work 48892 -11.9% 43062 17.2% 50483

Looking for first job 1087 -6.6% 1015 -9.5% 919

Unemployed 5317 111.6% 11251 -28.7% 8024

Student 14251 5.0% 14962 9.4% 16374

Looking after 11415 -21.3% 8982 -14.9% 7641 home and family

Retired 13409 13.9% 15279 11.2% 16997

Unable to work 6487 3.2% 6697 0.3% 6716

Other 396 22.5% 485 16.1% 563

Labour force 54.6% 54.4% 55.2% participation rate

86 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

Principle Economic Status for population aged 15+ in Cork City 2006, 2011 and 2016 Figure 15: Principal Economic Status of the Population Aged 15yrs + PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC STATUS Cork City, 2006 to 2016 OF THE POPULATION (15YRS +) OF CORK CITY FROM 2006 TO 60.0% 2016 (SOURCE: CSO) 50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0% At Work Looking for Unemployed Student Looking aer Retired Unable to Other First Regular havin glost or home/family work due to Job given up permanent previous job sickness or disability

Cork City 2006 Cork City 2011 Cork City 2016

Table 47: Comparative Percentages of the Population by Principal Economic Status, Cork City (Source: CSO)

Principal Economic Status for the population of Cork City 2006 2011 2016

At Work 48.3% 42.3% 46.9%

Looking for First Regular Job 1.1% 1.0% 0.9%

Unemployed having lost or given up previous job 5.3% 11.1% 7.4%

Student 14.1% 14.7% 15.2%

Looking after home/family 11.3% 8.8% 7.1%

Retired 13.2% 15.0% 15.8%

Unable to work due to permanent sickness or disability 6.4% 6.6% 6.2%

Other 0.4% 0.5% 0.5%

87 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

Principal Economic Status for population aged 15+ in Cork City, Cork City and Suburbs and the State in 2016 Figure 16: Principal Economic Status for Population Aged 15yrs + PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC STATUS Cork City, Cork City and Suburbs and the State, 2016 FOR POPULATION AGED 15YRS+ CORK CITY, CORK CITY AND 60.0% SUBURBS AND THE STATE, 2016 (SOURCE: CSO) 50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0% At work Looking for Unemployed Student Looking aer Retired Unable to Other First Regular havin glost or home/family work due to Job given up permanent previous job sickness or disability

Cork City Cork City and Suburbs State

Table 48: Comparative Percentages of the Population by Principal Economic Status for Cork City, Cork City and Suburbs and the State, 2016 (Source: CSO)

Principal Economic Status 2016 City And Suburbs State

At Work 46.9% 51.5% 53.4%

Looking for First Regular Job 0.9% 0.7% 0.8%

Unemployed having lost or given up previous job 7.4% 6.3% 7.1%

Student 15.2% 14.2% 11.4%

Looking after home/family 7.1% 7.3% 8.1%

Retired 15.8% 14.2% 14.5%

Unable to work due to permanent sickness or disability 6.2% 5.3% 4.2%

Other 0.5% 0.5% 0.4%

88 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

22 - The second highest proportion of Cork City’s population were retired in 2016. The number The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. of retired people increased between 2006 and 2016 from 13.2% to 15.8% of the overall population. In 2016 Cork City had a higher retired population than the City and Suburbs 23 - (14.2%) and the State (14.5%). This is partly due to its age profile: Cork City has higher https://tilda.tcd.ie/publications/ reports/pdf/w3-key-findings-re- proportions of those aged 65+ than the City and Suburbs and the State. port/TILDA%20Wave%203%20 Key%20Findings%20report. Being ‘Older’ is often considered in terms of ‘dependency’ but research by Trinity College Dublin pdf, (9). (TILDA22) presents findings that show that ‘contrary to perceptions, the over-whelming direction 24 - of transfers of time and financial assistance is to children and grandchildren.’23 The research https://tilda.tcd.ie/publications/ found that older people are contributing valuable (and quantifiable) childcare assistance reports/pdf/w3-key-findings-report/TILDA%20Wave%203%20 to grandchildren and facilitating labour market participation for parents. Persons aged 50+ Key%20Findings%20report.pdf. are also described as the ‘backbone’ of Ireland’s volunteer structure with more than 50% volunteering during the previous year. An activity which helps both the volunteer and receiver.24

Those EDs with the highest proportions of retired persons in 2016 were Fair Hill B, Bishopstown D, Turners Cross D, Montenotte B and Glasheen C. In 2006, 2011 and 2016 Fair Hill B had the highest retired population, the highest population aged 65+, the highest old age dependency ratios and in 2016 had one of the highest proportions of those ‘unable to work due to sickness or disability,’ the highest widowed population, a high deprivation score, high proportion of those with disabilities, among lowest proportion of professional workers and highest for unskilled and was among the highest for divorce. The EDs of Togher B, Montenotte B and Glasheen C are among those with consistently high proportions of retired and older individuals.

Since 2011 the overall populations of Fair Hill B and Montenotte B have been decreasing whilst Bishopstown D and Glasheen C have been marginally increasing. Turners Cross D has a relatively low density whilst Shandon B and Sunday’s Well B, with low proportions of retired individuals, are amongst the most densely populated EDs . EDs with low proportions of ‘Retired,’ South Gate A, Centre A, St. Patrick’s A, are among those with the highest proportions of 15-64 year olds. South Gate A has one of the highest proportions of single people and the lowest proportion of retired individuals. In 2016, 88.8% of its population was aged between 15-64.

Table 49: EDs with the Highest Proportions of Retired Persons (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Fair Hill B 28.5% Fair Hill B 31.3% Fair Hill B 32.6%

Togher B 26.8% Glasheen C 25.9% Bishopstown D 29.1%

Gurranebraher C 21.9% Montenotte B 25.6% Turners Cross D 26.1%

Farranferris C 21.9% Togher B 24.2% Montenotte B 26.1%

Turners Cross B 21.7% Browningstown 24.1% Glasheen C 26.0%

89 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

Table 50: EDs with the Lowest Proportions of Retired Persons (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

South Gate A 3.9% South Gate A 3.4% South Gate A 3.4%

Bishopstown A 5.6% Shanakiel 7.4% St. Patrick's A 7.1%

Knocknaheeny 5.7% Gillabbey A 7.6% Shandon B 7.1%

Fair Hill C 5.8% Centre A 7.8% Centre A 7.6%

Shanakiel 5.9% Mahon B 7.8% Sundays Well B 7.7%

25 - The third greatest proportion of the population aged 15+ in 2016 in Cork City were students Please see Education section of (15.2%), an increase since 2006. There were a greater proportion of students in the city than this report for further information. in the City and Suburbs (14.2%) and the State (11.4%) in 2016.

Since 2006 the proportion of students has increased by 14.9% in the city with the greatest increase between 2011 and 2016. The increasing numbers in Cork City are likely due to the extensive and expanding educational sector.25 There is no remarkable disparity between the ratio of male to female students. A nominal imbalance, favouring females, in 2006, almost equalised by 2016.

7.1% of Cork City’s population, aged 15+, were looking after home/family in 2016.. Although the vast majority of them are female (93.5%), since 2006 a greater proportion of males are taking up this role. In 2006, 3.2% of males were looking after home/family and in 2016 their proportion more than doubled to 6.5%. The numbers in this category ‘looking after home and family’ significantly changed from 2006 to 2016 from 11,415 to 7,641 persons respectively. The State-wide proportion in 2016 (8.1%) is higher than Cork City’s (7.1%). The proportion across the State also decreased between 2011 and 2016 but to a slightly lesser extent than Cork City. 7.3% in the City and Suburbs were looking after home/family in 2016.

EDs with the highest proportions of those looking after home/family were Fair Hill A, Browningstown, Turners Cross D, Togher A and Fair Hill C. Browningstown has the lowest unemployment level, whereas Fair Hill C, Fair Hill A and Togher A suffer high unemployment, have high proportions unable to work and who finished education before the age of 15.

EDs with low proportions who look after home and family are characterised as having high percentages of single individuals. Bishopstown A, Gillabbey B and Gillabbey C have high student populations. Between 2011 and 2016, Bishopstown A and Gillabbey C increased their population density by 67.6% and 40.6% respectively. The population of Bishopstown A (located furthest west within the city boundary) increased from 1,326 to 2,223 between 2011 and 2016 with no appreciable differences between the number of males and females (although females marginally outnumber males). Bishopstown A also has the highest affluence score in 2016. Gillabbey C and Centre A also score high on affluence.

90 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION AGED 15+ THAT ARE LOOKING

AFTER HOME/FAMILY, 2016 ± Figure 17: % Population by ED Less than 3% PERCENTAGE OF THE 3% to 7% POPULATION AGED 15+ THAT 7% to 11% ARE LOOKING AFTER HOME/ 11% to 15% Greater than 15% Fairhill/ Gurranabraher/ FAMILY, 2016 (SOURCE: CSO) Farranree Rapid Areas Blackpool/The Glen/Mayfield Blackpool/The Glen Mayfield Fairhill/Gurranabraher/Farranree Knocknaheeny/Hollyhill/Churchfield

Mahon Knocknaheeny/ Togher Hollyhill/ Churchfield

Cork City Boundary

Mahon

Togher

0 0.5 1 2

Kilometers Source: Esri, HERE, Garmin, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS user community

Table 51: EDs with the Highest Proportions Looking After Home and Family, 2016 (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Fair Hill A 18.6% Mayfield 13.6% Fair Hill A 11.9%

Mayfield 17.5% Fair Hill A 13.1% Browningstown 11.6%

Turners Cross D 17.3% Ballyphehane A 12.9% Turners Cross D 10.9%

Knocknaheeny 17.1% Browningstown 12.8% Togher A 10.8%

Blackpool A 16.9% Togher A 12.7% Fair Hill C 10.6%

Table 52: EDs with the Lowest Proportions Looking After Home and Family (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

South Gate A 2.7% South Gate A 3.0% Bishopstown A 3.0%

South Gate B 4.0% St. Patrick's B 3.2% Gillabbey B 2.9%

Centre A 4.3% Centre A 3.2% Centre A 2.7%

Centre B 4.7% Gillabbey C 3.3% Gillabbey C 2.7%

St. Patrick's A 5.0% St. Patrick's A 3.4% St. Patrick's B 2.6%

91 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION AGED 15+ THAT ARE UNABLE TO WORK DUE TO SICKNESS OR DISABILITY, 2016 ± Figure 18: % Population by ED Less than 3% PERCENTAGE OF THE 3% to 5% POPULATION AGED 15+ 5% to 7% 7% to 9% THAT ARE UNABLE TO Greater than 9% Fairhill/ Gurranabraher/ Farranree WORK DUE TO SICKNEESS Rapid Areas Blackpool/The Glen/Mayfield Blackpool/The Glen OR DISABILITY, 2016 Mayfield Fairhill/Gurranabraher/Farranree (SOURCE: CSO) Knocknaheeny/Hollyhill/Churchfield

Mahon Knocknaheeny/ Togher Hollyhill/ Churchfield

Cork City Boundary

Mahon

Togher

0 0.5 1 2

Kilometers Source: Esri, HERE, Garmin, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS user community

The proportions of Cork City’s population ‘unable to work due to permanent sickness or disability’ is showing a positive, if marginal, decreasing trend. Although the actual number in this group increased by 229, their proportion decreased from 6.4% in 2006 to 6.2% in 2016. Cork City’s percentage is the highest compared to the City and Suburbs (5.3%) and the State at (4.2%). Figure 18 illustrates the geographical spread of those unable to work due to sickness or disability. Concentrations of this population are evident in RAPID areas of the city where in a number of EDs more than one in 10 of those aged 15+ are unable to work.

92 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

The EDs with the highest proportions of ‘unable to work’ were Gurranebraher E, Knocknaheeny, Gurranebraher A, Fair Hill B and Mayfield. These EDs have high proportions of unskilled persons and are RAPID areas. Knocknaheeny and Fair Hill B have seen their populations decrease since 2011 and are the most deprived EDs in Cork City/score highest for deprivation.

The EDs with the lowest proportions of those unable to work: Gillabbey C, Glasheen A, Glasheen B, Browningstown and Mardyke, are largely made up of students and single persons and all score relatively high in terms of affluence.

Table 53: EDs with the Highest Proportions of Those Unable to Work (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Tramore A 14.7% Knocknaheeny 13.8% Gurranebraher E 12.7%

Gurranebraher A 14.6% Farranferris B 13.4% Knocknaheeny 12.7%

Churchfield 13.8% Churchfield 12.6% Gurranebraher A 12.6%

Farranferris B 13.0% Gurranebraher A 12.4% Fair Hill B 11.4%

Knocknaheeny 12.9% Gurranebraher C 12.2% Mayfield 11.1%

Table 54: EDs with the Lowest Proportions of Those Unable to Work (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Bishopstown A 0.7% Bishopstown A 1.0% Gillabbey C 0.7%

Mardyke 1.7% Glasheen B 1.4% Glasheen A 1.8%

Browningstown 2.3% Gillabbey C 1.5% Glasheen B 2.0%

Glasheen B 2.3% Mardyke 1.8% Browningstown 2.0%

South Gate A 2.4% Browningstown 2.5% Mardyke 2.1%

93 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

2.4 Industry of Employment

Industry of Employement, 2016 Figure 19: Industry of Employment INDUSTRY OF EMPLOYMENT Cork City and the State, 2016 FOR MALES AND FEMALES IN CORK CITY AND THE STATE, 40.0% 2016 (SOURCE: CSO) 35.0%

30.0%

25.0%

20.0%

15.0%

10.0%

5.0%

0.0% Agriculture Building and Manufacturing Commerce and Transport and Public Professional Other forestry and construction industries trade communications administration services ﬁshing

Cork City Males State Males Cork City Females State Females

26 - The highest proportions of those at work in Cork City were employed in the Professional The highest proportion (28.8%) Services sector in 2016.26 These types of occupations include accountants, solicitors, in 2006 worked in the Commerce and Trade sector. engineers, architects and professionals working in scientific research and development organisations.27 In 2006 around 1 in 6 individuals worked in this sector and increased to over 27 - 1 in 4 (25.1%)28 by 2016. The 2011 State proportion remained the same in 2016 at the slightly 2016 Employment and Land Use Survey, Cork City. lower rate of 23.5%. In 2006, females outnumbered males by almost 3:1 but this margin has been closing since and now stands at 2:1. 28 - The same proportion as the Across Cork City, areas with the highest levels of persons employed in Professional Services City and Suburbs. tend towards the South West of the City - Bishopstown and Glasheen. This area of the city houses UCC, CIT’s main campus and the Cork Business and Technology Park.

The EDs with the highest proportions of those employed in Professional Services in 2016 were: Glasheen A, Bishopstown E, Sundays Well A, Bishopstown D and Glasheen B. Bishopstown E and Glasheen B are amongst those with the highest proportions with Honours Bachelor’s degrees, professional qualifications, or both. 94 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION AT WORK THAT ARE

EMPLOYED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICES, 2016 ± Figure 20: % Population by ED PERCENTAGE OF THE Less than 20% 20% to 25% POPULATION AT WORK THAT ARE 25% to 30% EMPLOYED IN PROFESSIONAL 30% to 35% Greater than 35% Fairhill/ Gurranabraher/ SERVICES, 2016 (SOURCE: CSO) Farranree Rapid Areas Blackpool/The Glen/Mayfield Blackpool/The Glen Mayfield Fairhill/Gurranabraher/Farranree Knocknaheeny/Hollyhill/Churchfield

Mahon Knocknaheeny/ Togher Hollyhill/ Churchfield

Cork City Boundary

Mahon

Togher

0 0.5 1 2

Kilometers Source: Esri, HERE, Garmin, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS user community

Table 55: EDs with the Highest Proportions Employed in Professional Services (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Gillabbey C 24.1% Glasheen A 50.8% Glasheen A 39.8%

Bishopstown A 19.3% Bishopstown D 41.5% Bishopstown E 39.1%

Knockrea A 15.9% Sundays Well A 41.2% Sundays Well A 37.3%

Ballinlough A 15.4% Bishopstown E 40.9% Bishopstown D 35.6%

Centre A 15.4% Bishopstown B 40.3% Glasheen B 35.3%

Table 56: EDs with the Lowest Proportions Employed in Professional Services (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Blackpool A 0.0% Shandon A 12.3% Shandon B 16.8%

Churchfield 0.0% Centre A 15.2% Blackpool B 16.4%

City Hall A 0.0% Commons 17.0% Centre B 15.8%

Fair Hill B 0.0% Ballyphehane A 17.4% Shandon A 15.6%

Farranferris A 0.0% Shandon B 17.6% Centre A 14.9%

95 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

29 - COMMERCE AND TRADE In discussing data about ‘Type of Industry’ the category of ‘other’ This sector employed the second highest proportion of those at work in 2016 across the is excluded’ from analysis. city, the City and Suburbs and the State.29 Employment in this sector has been falling for the period under review in Cork City. In 2006 the biggest share of the workforce was employed in this sector (28.8%). By 2011 and 2016 the proportions reduced to 23.5% and 22.4% respectively. Of the three geographies, Cork City, the City and Suburbs and the State, Cork City had the lowest proportion working in this sector in 2016, followed by the City and Suburbs at 23.7% and the State at 23.9%.

The EDs with the highest proportion of their workforce employed in this sector in 2016 were Tramore A, Pouladuff A, Ballyphehane B, Mahon C and the Lough. These EDs are for the most part adjacent to each other South and East of the City Centre. Ballyphehane B and Pouladuff A have high proportions (close to 50%) with highest education of lower secondary and these EDs have the highest proportions of skilled manual workers in the City.

Table 57: EDs with the Highest Proportions Employed in Commerce and Trade (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Browningstown 50.6% Ballyphehane A 32.3% Tramore A 31.9%

Bishopstown A 45.6% Tramore B 31.8% Pouladuff A 30.6%

Ballinlough C 44.9% Knockrea A 30.7% Ballyphehane B 30.4%

Bishopstown C 44.4% Ballyphehane B 30.4% Mahon C 30.2%

Ballinlough B 44.0% Mahon C 30.3% The Lough 29.2%

Table 58: EDs with the Lowest Proportions Employed in Commerce and Trade (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Farranferris B 0.0% Shandon B 16.1% Blackpool B 16.8%

Gurranebraher B 6.3% Blackpool A 16.2% St. Patrick's A 16.3%

Fair Hill A 9.5% Fair Hill B 16.8% Farranferris A 16.2%

Turners Cross C 9.5% Centre B 17.0% Shandon A 15.9%

Gurranebraher E 10.3% The Glen A 17.1% Shandon B 14.4%

96 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION AT WORK THAT ARE EMPLOYED IN COMMERCE AND TRADE, 2016 ± Figure 21: % Population by ED PERCENTAGE OF THE Less than 18% 18% to 21% POPULATION AT WORK THAT 21% to 24% ARE EMPLOYED IN COMMERCE 24% to 27% Greater than 27% Fairhill/ Gurranabraher/ AND TRADE, 2016 (SOURCE: CSO) Farranree Rapid Areas Blackpool/The Glen/Mayfield Blackpool/The Glen Mayfield Fairhill/Gurranabraher/Farranree Knocknaheeny/Hollyhill/Churchfield

Mahon Knocknaheeny/ Togher Hollyhill/ Churchfield

Cork City Boundary

Mahon

Togher

0 0.5 1 2

Kilometers Source: Esri, HERE, Garmin, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS user community

30 - MANUFACTURING https://www.ibec.ie/IBEC/BA.nsf/ vPages/Business_Sectors~manufac- Manufacturing is the second largest employer in Ireland employing 159,000 people. 82% turing-ireland/$file/Ibec_Manufac- turing_Ireland_Brochure_2016.pdf. of the 4,000 manufacturing companies are based outside the Dublin region30 and 71% of all manufacturers export. This industry is the third most prominent employment sector in Cork 31 - City and includes large producers such as Apple, Boston Scientific, Heineken and Dulux, 2016 Employment and Land Use Survey, Cork City. as well as small-scale enterprises.31

The manufacturing sector in Cork shows a stable employment record with the same proportion employed in 2006 as in 2016 (13.9%). The city has a lower proportion than the City and Suburbs (15.1%) and is higher than the State (11.4%), which experienced a fall of 0.2% since 2011.

The EDs with the highest proportions employed in Manufacturing in 2016 were Shandon A, Gurranebraher E, Fair Hill B, Fair Hill A and Gurranebraher A. These EDs are on the North West side of Cork City and, apart from Shandon A, are designated as RAPID areas. Fair Hill B has a high proportion of retired, and those unable to work. Gurranebraher E also has a high proportion unable to work. Gurranebraher A, Gurranebraher E, Fair Hill B and Fair Hill A are amongst the EDs with the highest proportions of ‘unskilled.’

97 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION AT WORK THAT ARE EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 2016 ± Figure 22: % Population by ED PERCENTAGE OF THE Less than 10% 10% to 13% POPULATION AT WORK THAT ARE 13% to 16% EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING 16% to 19% Greater than 19% Fairhill/ Gurranabraher/ INDUSTRIES, 2016 (SOURCE: CSO) Farranree Rapid Areas Blackpool/The Glen/Mayfield Blackpool/The Glen Mayfield Fairhill/Gurranabraher/Farranree Knocknaheeny/Hollyhill/Churchfield

Mahon Knocknaheeny/ Togher Hollyhill/ Churchfield

Cork City Boundary

Mahon

Togher

0 0.5 1 2

Kilometers Source: Esri, HERE, Garmin, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS user community

Table 59: EDs with Highest Proportions Employed in Manufacturing (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Blackpool A 18.8% Fair Hill B 21.2% Shandon A 23.0%

Pouladuff A 16.7% Gurranebraher A 19.7% Gurranebraher E 21.9%

The Lough 16.2% Shandon A 19.7% Fair Hill B 20.6%

Farranferris C 15.8% Togher B 19.5% Fair Hill A 19.4%

Greenmount 15.5% Fair Hill C 18.8% Gurranebraher A 19.2%

Table 60: EDs with Lowest Proportions Employed in Manufacturing (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Gillabbey B 0.0% Gillabbey B 6.3% Bishopstown A 9.6%

Gurranebraher E 0.0% Evergreen 8.1% The Lough 9.5%

Mardyke 0.0% Browningstown 8.3% Mayfield 9.2%

Pouladuff B 2.3% Mardyke 8.4% Gillabbey B 9.2%

Farranferris A 3.2% Glasheen B 9.0% Knockrea B 8.9%

98 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

32 - BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION https://www.esri.ie/pubs/ JACB201418.pdf (John Fitzgerald). 9.9% of Cork City’s population was employed in this sector in 2006. As a result of the recession in 2008 the construction industry effectively collapsed32 and by 2011 employment in this sector fell to 3.6% of the city’s total and remained at that level until 2016. In 2016 Cork City had a marginally lower proportion employed in construction relative to both the City and Suburbs (4.0%) and the State (5.1%).

The EDs with the highest proportions employed in the Building and Construction Sector in 2016 were Gurranebraher B, Gurranebraher A, Fair Hill A, The Glen B and Ballyphehane A. The Glen B, Gurranebraher A and Fair Hill A have high proportions of ‘skilled manual.’

Table 61: EDs with Highest Proportions Employed in Building and Construction (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 GEOGDESC %

Gurranebraher E 62.1% Gurranebraher B 7.5% Gurranebraher B 8.4%

Gurranebraher A 44.4% Pouladuff A 6.9% Gurranebraher A 8.0%

Blackpool A 43.8% Knockrea B 6.5% Fair Hill A 7.9%

Gurranebraher B 43.8% Fair Hill A 6.5% The Glen B 7.3%

Farranferris C 42.1% Turners Cross D 6.0% Ballyphehane A 7.3%

Table 62: EDs with Lowest Proportions Employed in Building and Construction (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Shandon B 9.4% Centre A 1.3% Centre A 1.3%

Sundays Well B 9.5% Sundays Well B 1.5% Centre B 1.3%

South Gate A 10.2% Shandon A 1.6% Gillabbey C 1.3%

Centre A 10.3% Glasheen A 1.6% Shandon B 1.2%

Mardyke 10.8% Centre B 1.7% Sundays Well B 0.6%

99 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

This was the fourth greatest employment sector in Cork City in 2016 and the proportion who worked in this industry almost doubled in the 10 years under review. The sector encompasses a wide variety of types of organisations and skill levels and includes: Iarnród Eireann, Bus Eireann, taxis, An Post, telecommunications, software publishing and data processing. In 2016 almost one in 10 workers were employed in this sector. The City and Suburbs had a marginally higher proportion of 9.7% and the State was lower at 8.5%.

This sector demands varied skills, education levels and experience from those who work in it. This diversity of skill need is reflected in the differing characteristics of EDs from which employees originate. EDs with the highest proportions in 2016 were Gillabbey A, Commons, Shandon A, Gurranebraher E and City Hall A. A high proportion of Gurranebraher E’s population were unskilled, as it was with Ballyphehane B at the other end of this scale (lowest proportions employed in this sector). Mardyke, Gillabbey B and Glasheen B have high student levels, as does Gillabbey A.

Table 63: EDs with Highest Proportions Employed in Transport and Communications (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Farranferris B 46.2% Shandon A 17.6% Gillabbey A 14.4%

Ballyphehane B 33.3% Commons 15.5% Commons 14.2%

Greenmount 29.3% Turners Cross D 14.8% Shandon A 14.2%

Knocknaheeny 26.6% Farranferris A 14.5% Gurranebraher E 12.5%

Farranferris C 26.3% Blackpool B 12.7% City Hall A 12.2%

Table 64: EDs with Lowest Proportions Employed in Transport and Communications (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Bishopstown A 0.0% Mardyke 2.8% Mardyke 6.7%

Gillabbey C 0.0% Glasheen A 4.1% Ballyphehane B 5.8%

Tramore A 0.0% Bishopstown B 4.6% Gillabbey B 5.8%

Tramore B 1.3% Bishopstown A 4.7% Sundays Well A 5.3%

City Hall B 1.4% Sundays Well B 5.3% Glasheen B 4.9%

100 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

This is the fifth greatest employment sector in Cork City and includes employment in Cork City Council, The Defence Forces, Central Statistics Office, Revenue Commissioners, An Garda Síochána, Department of Justice and Equality, Department of Social Protection, hospitals and Third Level Institutes. In Cork City, the City and Suburbs, and the State, employment in this sector stands at 4.1%, 4.4% and 5.3% respectively. Cork City had a relatively low proportion in 2016 but during the recession this sector grew from 4.1% in 2006 to 4.9% in 2011 at a time when ‘construction’ and ‘commerce and trade’ were falling. These results may indicate that as the economy recovers, public service and administration is a less attractive employment sector.

The EDs with the highest proportions working in Public Administration in 2016 were Blackpool B, Bishopstown A, Fair Hill A, Tramore B and Knockrea B. These EDs very in their characteristics, Fair Hill A has a high proportion of ‘unskilled’ whereas Bishopstown A, Knockrea B and Tramore B have high proportions of ‘skilled’ individuals. Knockrea B has the second highest proportion of Professional workers.

Table 65: EDs with Highest Proportions Employed in Public Administration (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Gillabbey B 5.4% Turners Cross C 9.3% Blackpool B 8.2%

Togher A 3.6% Blackpool B 8.7% Bishopstown A 8.1%

Shandon B 3.1% Fair Hill A 8.2% Fair Hill A 7.9%

Turners Cross A 2.9% Turners Cross B 8.0% Tramore B 7.3%

South Gate A 2.0% Farranferris B 7.9% Knockrea B 7.1%

The EDs with the lowest proportions working in Public Administration in 2016 were Commons, Centre B, South Gate A, Sundays Well B and Shandon A. South Gate A, Centre B, Shandon A and Sundays Well B have the highest population whose nationality is not Irish. South Gate A and Shandon A are relatively densely populated whereas Commons is one of the least densely populated.

101 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

Table 66: EDs with Lowest Proportions Employed in Public Administration (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Ballinlough A 0.0% Centre B 1.0% Commons 1.3%

Ballinlough B 0.0% Gillabbey A 1.2% Centre B 1.2%

Ballyphehane A 0.0% Mardyke 1.4% South Gate A 1.1%

Ballyphehane B 0.0% Shandon A 1.5% Sundays Well B 1.1%

Bishopstown D 0.0% South Gate A 2.1% Shandon A 0.6%

Persons at work by Industry, 2006 -2016, Cork City Figure 23: Persons at Work by Industry PERSONS AT WORK BY Cork City, 2006 - 2016 INDUSTRY CORK CITY,

2006 TO 2016 (SOURCE: CSO) 35.0%

30.0%

25.0%

20.0%

15.0%

10.0%

5.0%

0.0% Agriculture Building and Manufacturing Commerce and Transport and Public Professional Other forestry and construction industries trade communications administration services ﬁshing

2006 2011 2016

102 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

2.5 Unemployment

33 - The negative effects of unemployment can be multidimensional. A study carried out by https://www.ul.ie/research/blog/ the University of Limerick (2016) found that unemployed persons are more depressed, ul-research-shows-how-stress-unemployment-gets-inside-body. stressed, stigmatised and report poorer physical health than those who are employed.33

34 - Research conducted in Ireland, the ‘Growing up in Ireland Study,’ examined the effect ESRI, Irish Research shows the of the recession on families and children. The study found that economic strain caused by harmful effects of the recession on Irish Children, growing up in Ireland unemployment and falling incomes puts pressure on parents/partners relationships. survey, 2015. The research suggested that poor relationships can undermine children’s mental health affecting their anxiety levels and can contribute to difficult behaviour at home and at school 35 - Cork City Profile, 2014. with the potential for serious consequences: ‘Anxious, unhappy children do worse in school, often with long-term consequences for both wealth and health.34 36 - http://files.nesc.ie/nesc_reports/ Across the State, the rate of unemployment more than doubled between 2006 and 2011.35 en/NESC_134_Social_Dimensions_ Exec_Summary.pdf. Many employment sectors were negatively affected but males working in the construction sector, particularly those with low skills bore the brunt of the decline. The recession also caused 37 - the emigration of those who had recently come to Ireland to work but also young Irish people.36 https://www.irishtimes.com/ business/economy/irish-and-span- ish-recoveries-took-rather-differ- In the middle of 2012, Ireland’s economic recovery began.37 In 2017 Ireland was described as ent-routes-1.3047376. having the fastest growing economy in Europe38 and one of the consequences of this is falling unemployment. Between 2011 and 2016 Ireland’s unemployment rate decreased by 30% with 38 - https://www.irishtimes.com/ males accounting for 81.1% of this decrease. Across the State in 2011 the unemployment rate business/personal-finance/not- stood at 19% and this reduced to 12.9% by 2016.39 Looking at the difference between male and feeling-the-economic-recovery- you-re-not-alone-1.3164113. female unemployment there was a large disparity between the sexes: the 2011 unemployment rate for men was 22.3% whilst that for women was much lower at 15.0%. However, the male rate 39 - fell significantly to 13.7% in 2016 and the female rate fell slightly to 12.0%. Statbank, EZ005: Rates for Labour Force Participation and Unem- ployment 2011 to 2016 by Sex, Age For 2006, 2011 and 2016 Cork City’s unemployment rates stood at 6.4%, 12.1% and 8.3% Group, County and City, Detailed respectively. Unemployment for males in the city increased from 8.0% in 2006 to 16.1% in 2011 Marital Status, Census Year and Statistic. falling to 10.3% in 2016. The rate for females was 4.7% in 2006, increasing to 8.2% in 2011, reducing to 6.4% in 2016. State-wide in 2016 the male and female rates were 9.3% and 6.6% respectively.

103 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION AGED 15 AND OVER THAT ARE UNEMPLOYED OR LOOKING FOR THEIR FIRST REGULAR JOB, 2016 ± Figure 24: % Population by ED PERCENTAGE OF THE Less than 3% 3% to 7% POPULATION AGED 15 OR OVER 7% to 11% THAT ARE UNEMPLOYED OR 11% to 15% Greater than 15% Fairhill/ Gurranabraher/ LOOKING FOR THEIR FIRST Farranree Rapid Areas REGULAR JOB, 2016 Blackpool/The Glen/Mayfield Blackpool/The Glen Mayfield Fairhill/Gurranabraher/Farranree (SOURCE: CSO) ) Knocknaheeny/Hollyhill/Churchfield

Mahon Knocknaheeny/ Togher Hollyhill/ Churchfield

Cork City Boundary

Mahon

Togher

0 0.5 1 2

40 - In 2018 unemployment continues to fall. The seasonally adjusted rate in February was 6%, https://www.rte.ie/news/busi- down from 7.3% in February 2017, the lowest level since May 2008. For those aged 15-24 ness/2018/0227/943902-unemployment-rate-continues-to-fall- (youth unemployment) the rate remained high at 13.2% this February.40 according-to-CSO/. Figure 24 illustrates that areas of high unemployment are concentrated in the RAPID areas of Knocknaheeny/Churchfield and Blackpool/The Glen/Mayfield.

The following two tables illustrate the EDs with the highest and lowest proportions of unemployed. In the main, the same EDs feature each census year. The tables illustrate that the unemployment rate increased considerably between 2006 and 2011 and largely recovered between 2011 and 2016.

Most EDs with the highest proportions of unemployed are designated RAPID areas and those that aren’t are located around the north inner city. The RAPID EDs featured also have relatively high proportions of those who describe themselves as ‘un-skilled,’ with low educational attainment, living in high social housing neighbourhoods with high proportions of people with disabilities. Knocknaheeny, Farranferris B, Mayfield and The Glen A are also amongst the most deprived EDs in Cork City.

The EDs with the lowest proportions of unemployed also remain consistent over the censuses. Some of these EDs are designated as affluent, Bishopstown A, Gillabbey C, Knockrea A and Browningstown with education levels of third level degree or higher, likely demonstrating an association between higher education, affluence and employability. A number of EDs with high employment levels also have high proportions of students: Bishopstown A, Gillabbey C and Gillabbey B.

104 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

Table 67: Unemployed or Looking for First Regular Job, Highest Proportions, (% of Those Aged 15+) (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

The Glen A 14.6% Knocknaheeny 23.8% Knocknaheeny 18.2%

Knocknaheeny 13.9% The Glen A 23.0% Mayfield 16.8%

Mayfield 12.3% Farranferris A 20.6% The Glen A 16.5%

Farranferris B 12.1% Gurranebraher C 20.2% Farranferris B 14.9%

Gurranebraher B 11.7% Mayfield 19.5% Blackpool A 14.3%

Table 68: Unemployed or Looking for First Regular Job, Lowest Proportions (% of Those Aged 15+) (Source: CSO)

2006 % 2011 % 2016 %

Knockrea A 2.1% Gillabbey C 3.0% Browningstown 2.2%

Gillabbey C 2.1% Browningstown 4.3% Tramore B 2.6%

Browningstown 2.2% Bishopstown A 4.4% Gillabbey C 2.9%

Gillabbey B 2.3% Tramore B 4.5% Mahon C 3.0%

Bishopstown D 2.4% Tramore A 4.8% Bishopstown A 3.1%

41 - LIVE REGISTER The Register also numerates those in receipt of a number of other Live Register figures are compiled from data returned from each local office to the Central statutory entitlements. Statistics Office by the Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection (DEASP).

42 - The Register is made up of persons under the age of 65 who are ‘signing on’ and includes The QNHS provides national aver- individuals who are claiming Jobseeker’s Benefit (JB) excluding systematic short-term age unemployment figures. workers, and those applying for Jobseeker’s Allowance (JA) with some exclusions.41

The Register is not a register of ‘unemployment’. A person can work for up to three days a week and partake in seasonal or casual work and still be entitled to JA or JB. The figures presented below are described as the ‘Monthly Unemployment Release’ as opposed to the ‘Quarterly Unemployment Release42’ which is measured by the Quarterly National Household Survey (QNHS). Although not a measure of unemployment, Live Register data is valuable because it provides an insight into labour market trends, is published each month and is

105 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

43 - available at ‘local office’ level. The QNHS provides average unemployment figures and https://www.inou.ie/empmeasure/. is published four times a year on a Regional (8 Regions) basis. Cork is in the ‘South West’ region which also includes Kerry.43 44 - Cork City Profile, 2014, page 42. Persons who ‘register’ at a local office may not reside in that office’s precisely delineated geographic area. There are two local offices in Cork City, Hanover Street and Abbeycourt, and registrants at these offices may not necessarily live in Cork City.

In April 2008,44 five months before the recession, 8,969 persons were on the Live Register in Cork City. Within three years, by April 2011, numbers more than doubled and reached 19,606. Between then and 2013 they decreased by approximately 1,000 each year and from 2013 to 2017 they fell to 10,176, relatively close to the pre-recession figure.

The following table shows the Live Register figures and percentage changes from April 2015 to 2017. The results show numbers decreased from 14,220 to 10,176 (highlighted in purple). They show that for those aged under 25, the decrease was greater in the first year than the second (in yellow). Of those aged under 25, male figures decreased to a greater extent than female (green).

Table 69: Cork City Live Register Figures, April 2015 to April 2017 (Source: CSO)

Cork City (Totals) Apr -15 % Change Apr -16 % Change Apr -17

Both sexes Under 25 years 1865 -24.8% 1403 -20.3% 1118

25 years 12355 -12.7% 10785 -16.0% 9058 and over

All ages 14220 -14.3% 12188 -16.5% 10176

Male Under 25 years 1187 -24.8% 893 -21.4% 702

25 years 8180 -13.1% 7108 -17.2% 5882 and over

All ages 9367 -14.6% 8001 -17.7% 6584

Female Under 25 years 678 -24.8% 510 -18.4% 416

25 years 4175 -11.9% 3677 -13.6% 3176 and over

All ages 4853 -13.7% 4187 -14.2% 3592

106 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

45 - YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT Statbank, Seasonally Adjusted Monthly Unemployment by Sex, Age Group. In terms of age and unemployment, nationally, those aged 15-24 years old is the largest

45 46 - age group. https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/ youth-unemployment-still-too-high-dra- Youth unemployment is defined as the number of 15-24-year olds who are unemployed. ghi-459565.html. Since the recession, levels of youth unemployment have fallen across Europe, including

46 47 - Ireland, but they remain too high, generally double the overall unemployment rate. In https://tradingeconomics.com/ireland/ March 2018 the rate in Ireland was 12.5%.47 In Cork (City and County) there were 624 youth-unemployment-rate. young people (aged under 26) in receipt of Jobseeker’s allowance with 0 in receipt of

48 48 - Jobseeker’s Benefit at the end of February 2018. https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/ question/2018-03-22/287/#pq-answers. One of the main concerns on the issue of youth unemployment is that the longer this population remains unemployed, the greater the long-term impact on their careers 49 - 49 https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/re- and quality of life and the recommendation is that a new apprenticeship model should port-highlights-stubbornly-high-youth-un- focus on skills shortages to satisfy job market demands. According to Ibec, due to employment-and-effect-of-dublins-housing-shortage-808159.html (02.10.17). strong employment growth, the Irish market is already experiencing skills shortages in the medium term in a range of sectors primarily in professional occupations across 50 - ICT, Engineering, Science, Health, Business and, to a lesser degree, Construction.50 https://www.ibec.ie/IBEC/Press/ PressPublicationsdoclib3.nsf/vPages/ Newsroom~radical-reforms-needed-to-im- prove-female-participation-09-10-2016/$- file/Labour+Market+Participation+of+- Women+Oct+2016.pdf.

107 CORK CITY PROFILE 2018 SECTION 02 ECONOMY

Labour Force Participation Rate, Cork Cuty, 1996 to 2016 Figure 25: Labour Force Participation Rate CORK CITY, LABOUR FORCE Cork City, 1996 - 2016 PARTICIPATION RATE, 1996-2016

55.2%

54.6% 54.4%

52.2%

51.2% 1996 2002 2008 2014

51 - LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION http://www.CSO.ie/en/media/ CSOie/newsevents/documents/ The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is the number in the labour force (those at work census2016summaryresultspart2/ Chapter_1_Labour_force_participa- or unemployed) expressed as a percentage of the total population aged 15+.51 Of the 31 Local tion.pdf. Authorities in the State, Cork City had the lowest labour force participation rate (55.2%) in 2016, as it had in 2011. The average rate for the State was 61.4% in 2016 (down from 61.9% in 52 - https://www.forbes.com/sites/ 2011) and the highest was Fingal at 68.4%. The LFPR generally increased in Cork City from aparnamathur/2016/05/25/the-con- 1996 to 2016 from 51.2% to 55.2% respectively. Despite this upward trend this is a low LFPR cerning-drop-in-workforce-participation-and-role-of-family-friend- which has implications for the economy: it undermines economic growth, puts pressure on ly-policies/#7f1f11be5c6c. the tax base, and time out of the labour market impacts workers’ future employment earnings and potential due to lost experience.52 International evidence suggests a number of potential 53 - https://www.brookings.edu/ causes for a low LFPR: workers ill-fit for available jobs, unavailability of work (particularly blog/social-mobility-mem- as an increase in trade and technology jobs reduce the demand for a less-skilled workforce, os/2017/02/03/what-we-know-and- dont-know-about-the-declining- principally in the manufacturing sector, and the short supply of able (due to disability) and labor-force-participation-rate/ willing workers.53 (Includes submissions from authors: Nick Eberstadt, Alan Krueger, Ron Haskins, Francine D. Blau, Lawrence Cork City’s low participation rate (compared with the national rate) may be somewhat and M. Kahn). February 3, 2017. tentatively explained by the higher than average proportion of students and those unable to work due to sickness or disability and the marginally higher proportion of retired persons.54 54 - https://www.brookings.edu/blog/ social-mobility-memos/2017/02/03/ Discussion in the United States on how to address their declining LFPR includes: proposals to what-we-know-and-dont-know- tailor education and training programmes geared towards providing skills which the economy about-the-declining-labor-force- participation-rate/ (Includes submis- demands, the reduction of disincentives to work and the encouragement of more women into sions from authors: Nick Eberstadt, the workforce with ‘family-friendly’ policies. Alan Krueger, Ron Haskins, Francine D. Blau, Lawrence M. Kahn). February 3, 2017.

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