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THE POST-OLYMPIC SUSTAINABLE USAGE of BEIJING OLYMPIC STADIUMS and the FOREST PARK By

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THE POST-OLYMPIC SUSTAINABLE USAGE OF BEIJING OLYMPIC STADIUMS AND THE FOREST PARK By Ziqi Mao A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Urban and Regional Planning —Master in Urban and Regional Planning 2015 ABSTRACT THE POST-OLYMPIC SUSTAINABLE USAGE OF BEIJING OLYMPIC STADIUMS AND THE FOREST PARK By Ziqi Mao After 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, how to get the Olympic venues and the Forest Park reused in a sustainable way is a problem in front of Beijing government. Some stadiums and some houses in Olympic Village still remain vacant and even abandoned. Making these facilities sustainable reused can save a lot of money and energy. The aim of this study is to find out how to achieve the sustainable development and the post-Olympic sustainable reuse after the Olympic Games. This paper will adopt qualitative research methods including surveys and interviews done with local residents and visitors in the area where the Olympic stadiums and the Forest Park located in order to obtain their opinions and quantitative research methods including stadiums sustainable index to find out the current reused situation of Olympic venues and the Forest Park, the reasons why some stadiums were abandoned after the Games, and the recommendations to improve the current situation to achieve the three Es (economic, social equitable, environmental) of sustainability. Dedicated to my beloved parents, Peilei, my friends, and God iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of Beijing Olympic stadiums and Olympic Forest Park .............................. 1 1.2 Sustainability and Olympic movement ......................................................................... 2 1.3 Research aims and objectives ....................................................................................... 5 1.4 Researchable questions and hypothesis ........................................................................ 6 1.4.1 Researchable questions ....................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 Hypothesis........................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Beijing Olympic Stadiums Literature Review .............................................................. 8 2.1.1 The brief introduction to Beijing Olympic stadiums .......................................... 8 2.1.2 The importance and difficulties of post-Olympic sustainable usage of Beijing Olympic stadiums ........................................................................................................ 9 2.1.3 Several modes of the post-Olympic usage of stadiums .................................... 10 2.1.4 The historical development of the post-Olympic usage of Olympic stadiums . 14 2.1.5 The current reused situation of the Beijing Olympic stadiums after the Games .................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Beijing Forest Park Literature Review ....................................................................... 27 2.2.1 The brief introduction to Beijing Forest Park ................................................... 27 2.2.2 The benefits bought by Olympic Forest Park ................................................... 29 2.2.3 The historical development of the post-Olympic usage of Olympic Forest Park .................................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.4 The sustainable usage of Beijing Olympic Forest Park after the Games .......... 34 Chapter 3 Data and Methodology ............................................................................................ 36 3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 36 3.2 Survey and Interview .................................................................................................. 37 3.2.1 Chosen of Survey Participants .......................................................................... 38 3.2.2 Survey Instruments ........................................................................................... 44 3.2.3 Experts Interviews and Participant Observation ............................................... 45 3.3 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 45 Chapter 4 Study Area ............................................................................................................... 51 4.1 Study Area for Beijing Olympic stadiums .................................................................. 51 4.1.1 The location and basic information of Beijing Olympic stadiums ................... 51 4.1.2 Transportation situations of Beijing Olympic stadiums.................................... 53 4.2 Study Area for Beijing Olympic Forest Park .............................................................. 63 4.2.1 The location and basic information of the Olympic Forest Park ...................... 63 iv 4.2.2 The planning and design of the Forest Park ...................................................... 64 4.2.3 The transportation of Beijing Olympic Forest Park .......................................... 65 Chapter 5 Findings and Discussion.......................................................................................... 69 5.1 Findings and discussion of Beijing Olympic stadiums ............................................... 69 5.1.1 The economic dimension of the usage of Beijing Olympic stadiums after the Games ........................................................................................................................ 76 5.1.2 The social equitable dimension of Beijing Olympic Stadiums and facilities ... 94 5.1.3 Recommendations for Beijing Olympic Stadiums and Facilities ................... 106 5.2 Findings and Discussions of Olympic Forest Park ................................................... 110 5.2.1 Environmental dimension of post-Olympic sustainable usage of the Forest Park .................................................................................................................................. 111 5.2.2 Social equitable dimension of post-Olympic sustainable usage of the Forest Park .......................................................................................................................... 125 5.2.3 Recommendations for Beijing Olympic Forest Park ...................................... 132 Chapter 6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 138 6.1 Review of findings .................................................................................................... 138 6.2 Research recommendations ...................................................................................... 139 6.3 Future research .......................................................................................................... 141 APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 142 APPENDIX A: THE SURVEY ON THE POST-OLYMPIC SUSTAINABLE REUSE OF BEIJING OLYMPIC FACILITIES ................................................................................. 143 APPENDIX B: THE SURVEY ON THE POST-OLYMPIC SUSTAINABLE REUSE OF BEIJING OLYMPIC FACILITIES IN CHINESE .......................................................... 149 APPENDIX C: IRB NOT HUMAN SUBJECTS LETTER ........................................... 154 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 156 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1 the usage of some main venues after Beijing Olympic Games ............................ 22 Table 2 some big sports events hosted by the Olympic stadiums after the Games .......... 23 Table 3 some big commercial performances hosted by the Olympic stadiums after the Games ........................................................................................................................ 24 Table 4 the stadiums open as fitness halls for residents and students living and studying in local area ................................................................................................................ 26 Table 5 the location and basic information of each Olympic stadium .............................. 52 Table 6 the public transportation situation of all the new and renovated stadiums in the Olympic Green ........................................................................................................... 54 Table 7 the public transportation situation of Beijing Workers’ Stadium and Beijing University of Technology Gymnasium ...................................................................... 56 Table 8 the public parking places close to Beijing Workers’
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