Draft Environmental Impact Assessment

DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT of THE PROPOSED SAND MINING IN AN AREA OF 23.30 ha BY TELANGANA STATE MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED, GOVERNMENT OF TELANGANA MOTHE SAND REACH GODAVARI RIVER, MOTHE VILLAGE, BURGAMPAHAD MANDAL, BHADRADRI KOTHAGUDEM DISTRICT, TELANGANA STATE

1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT 2. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN 3. COMPLIANCE OF TERMS OF REFERENCE 4. ANNEXURES

Terms of Reference: SEIAA/TS/OL/BKGM-09/2019-193, dt. 03.12.2019 Monitoring Period : December 2019 – February 2020 Project Cost : ₹. 35 Lakhs

Project No. 0820-01-04 August, 2020

Submitted By Studies and Documentation By M/s. Telangana State Mineral Development TEAM Labs and Consultants Corporation Limited B-115 to 117& 509, Annapurna Block, House No. 6-2-915, 4th Floor, Rear block, Aditya Enclave, Ameerpet, HMWSSB premises, Khairathabad, Hyderabad-500 038 Hyderabad - 500004. Phone: 040-23748 555/616,

040-23323150 Telefax: 040-23748666 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

SUBMITTED TO TELANGANA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, REGIONAL OFFICE, KOTHAGUDEM MOTHE SAND REACH GODAVARI RIVER, MOTHE VILLAGE, BURGAMPAHAD MANDAL, BHADRADRI KOTHAGUDEM DISTRICT, TELANGANA STATE BY TELANGANA STATE MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED, GOVERNMENT OF TELANGANA

1. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

Studies and Documentation By Submitted By TEAM Labs and Consultants M/s. Telangana State Mineral Development B-115 to 117 & 509, Annapurna Block, Corporation Limited House No. 6-2-915, 4th Floor, Rear block, Aditya Enclave, Ameerpet,

HMWSSB premises, Khairathabad, Hyderabad-500 038

Hyderabad - 500004. Phone: 040-23748 555/616,

040-23323150 Telefax: 040-23748666 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

SUBMITTED TO TELANGANA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, REGIONAL OFFICE, KOTHAGUDEM TELANGANA STATE MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED House No. 6-2-915, 4th Floor, Rear block, HMWSSB premises, Khairathabad, Hyderabad – 500004. Phone 040-23323150

UNDERTAKING BY THE PROPONENT

“This is to undertake that I/we own the contents Mothe Sand Reach by Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation Limited at Godavari River at Mothe village, Burgampahad mandal, Bhadradri Kothagudem district, Telangana State of the EIA Report. If at any stage, it is observed or brought to the notice of the SEAC / SEIAA, Telangana State, that the contents of the EIA report pertaining to this project have been copied from other EIA reports, the project shall be summarily rejected and I will initiate the process afresh including conduct of public hearing. Further, I am liable for any action initiated by the Authority as deemed fit.”

Ref: TC/TSMDCY/EC/PH-1 dt. August 05, 2020

UNDERTAKING BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT

“This is to undertake that the information and data of the EIA Report was prepared by our organization viz., M/s. TEAM Labs and Consultants. if at any stage, it is observed or brought to the notice of the SEAC/ SEIAA, Telangana State that the contents of the EIA report pertaining to this project have been copied from other EIA reports, the project shall be summarily rejected and I am liable for any action initiated by the Authority to delist our name from the list of the accredited consultants.”

Thanking you

Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 12.0 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED Declaration by Experts Contributing to the EIA

I, hereby, certify that I was a part of the EIA team in the following capacity that developed the above EIA.

EIA coordinator:

Name: M.S.Reddy

Signature and Date: August 05, 2020

Period of involvement: December 2019 to till date

Contact information: Team Labs and Consultants, B115 - 117, 509, Aditya Enclave, Ameerpet, Hyderabad 500038.

Functional area experts:

Functi Involvement S. Name of the Signature and date onal (period and task**) No. expert/s areas Period of involvement: December 2019 till date 1 AP M. Srinivasa Site visit, Design of AAQ network, supervision Reddy of AAQ monitoring, Compilation of emissions and characteristics, assessment of impacts due to the proposed project, identification of mitigation measures, preparation of EMP for AP, Preparation of monitoring plan for AP. 2 SHW M. Srinivasa Site visit, Characterization of solid wastes, Reddy storage, and disposal plan for various solid wastes, assessment of impacts due to the proposed project, identification of mitigation measures, preparation of EMP for SHW. 3 RH M. Srinivasa Site visit, assessment of hazop reports, Reddy identification of sources of hazards, assessment of storages proposed in comparison with statutory regulations and calculation of FETI to assess the scope of risk assessment, preparation of isopleths for various scenarios as part of consequence analysis, identification of mitigation measures preparation of disaster management plan. 4 WP G.V.Reddy Site visit, identification of monitoring stations, supervision of sampling, Characterization of effluent, effluent treatment, assessment of impacts due to the proposed project, identification of mitigation measures, preparation of EMP for WP, Preparation of monitoring plan for WP.

ii -1 Team Labs and consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

5 SE G.V.Reddy Site visit, primary and secondary data collection of the impact area, assessment of impacts due to the project on socio economic status and project economy, preparation of CSR plan, Preparation of SE part of EIA report. 6 EB I. Sivarama Site visit, primary and secondary data collection Krishna related to ecology and biodiversity, assessment of impacts based on IAIA guidelines, preparation of mitigation measures and preparation of green belt plan and cost estimate, preparation of EB part of EIA report. 7 HG G.V.A. Identification of water sheds of the area by Ramakrishna preparing the drainage map, assessment of ground water potential of the site and impact area, preparation of rain water harvesting plan, assessment of impacts due to ground water abstraction and mitigation measures. 8 SC D. Sundar Identification of soil sampling locations and Rao characterization of the soils, interpretation of soil

analysis reports, assessment of impacts due to spillages, accidental releases of chemicals, effluents etc., and mitigation measures. 9 AQ M. Srinivasa Assisting AP FAE in identifying the AAQ Reddy monitoring stations by providing normal climatological and other historical data, Identification of Micrometeorological data monitoring station, supervision of met data collection using Automatic weather station, Preparation of emission details, Air quality impact prediction modeling, Calculation of work room concentrations of solvents using box model, Assessment of results and preparation of isopleths, assisting the AP FAE and EIA coordinator in preparation of EMP. 10 LU G.V.A. Preparation of land use land cover map using Ramakrishna satellite imagery, ground truth study, assessing the impacts due to project.

ii -2 Team Labs and consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Declaration by the Head of the accredited consultant organization/ authorized person

I, G.V. Reddy hereby, confirm that the above-mentioned experts prepared the EIA report for Mothe Sand Reach. I also confirm that the consultant organization shall be fully accountable for any mis-leading information mentioned in this statement.

Signature:

Name : G.V. Reddy

Designation: Director

Name of the EIA consultant organization: Team Labs and Consultants

NABET Certificate No: S. No. 158 of List ‘A’ – Accredited EIA Consultant Organizations complying with Version 3 of the Scheme - as on Rev. 89, July 11, 2020.

ii -3 Team Labs and consultants

MOTHE SAND REACH GODAVARI RIVER, MOTHE VILLAGE, BURGAMPAHAD MANDAL, BHADRADRI KOTHAGUDEM DISTRICT, TELANGANA STATE BY TELANGANA STATE MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED, GOVERNMENT OF TELANGANA

3. COMPLIANCE OF TERMS OF REFERENCE

SUBMITTED BY STUDIES AND DOCUMENTATION BY

M/s. Telangana State Mineral Development TEAM Labs and Consultants

Corporation Limited B-115 to 117 & 509, Annapurna Block, th House No. 6-2-915, 4 Floor, Rear block, Aditya Enclave, Ameerpet, HMWSSB premises, Khairathabad, Hyderabad-500 038. Hyderabad - 500004. Phone: 040-23748 555/616, 040-23323150 Email: [email protected] Telefax: 040-23748666

Email: [email protected]

SUBMITTED TO TELANGANA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, REGIONAL OFFICE, KOTHAGUDEM

Mothe Sand Reach Compliance of TOR

Compliance of Terms of Reference Introduction

Compliance for the TOR letter Issued by SEIAA, Telangana state, Govt of India, vide letter no. SEIAA/TS /OL/BKGM-09/2019 - 193, dt. 03.12.2019

Compliance of Terms of Reference

S. No Terms of Reference Compliance 1. The Tor will not be operational till such time Noted, the project proponent complies with all the statutory requirements and judgement of Hon’ble supreme court dated the 2nd august 2017 in writ petition (Civil) no. 114 in the matter of common cause versus Union of India and Ors. 2. Department of mining & geology, state Government shall ensure that mining operation shall not commence till the entire compensation levied for illegal mining paid by the project proponent through their representative Department of mining & geology in strict compliance of judgement of Hon’ble supreme court dated the 2nd august 2017 in writ petition (Civil) no. 114 in the matter of common cause versus Union of India and Ors. 3. Year-wise production details since 1994 should In principle of sand reach allotment be given, clearly stating the highest production order was obtained by M/s. TSMDC achieved in any one year prior to 1994. It may Ltd., by The Assistant Director of also be categorically informed whether there Mines and Geology, Bhadradri had been any increase in production after the Kothagudem vide letter no. EIA Notification, 1994 came into force w.r.t. the 1298/SAND/2016, dt.16.08.2018 highest production achieved prior to 1994. The (Enclosed as Annexure-1). It is a fresh production details need to submit since mine applying for Environmental inception of mine duly authenticated by clearance Department of mines & geology, State government. 4. A copy of the document in support of the fact Lease memos order is enclosed in EIA that the Proponent is the rightful lessee of the report. mine should be given. 5. All documents including approved mine plan, The mining plan was approved by the EIA and public hearing should be compatible deputy director of mines and geology with one another in terms of the mine lease (DDMG), Warangal, Government of area, production levels, waste generation and Telangana state, vide Letter No. its management and mining technology and 118/MP-2/KMM/2019, dt. 03.05.2019 should be in the name of the lessee. for a production capacity of Sand mining – 233000 m3/year. EIA report is C-1 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Compliance of TOR

S. No Terms of Reference Compliance prepared for same extent, same method of mining, same production, waste generation and its management. The final EIA report is submitted after Public hearing. Mine lease area is 23.30 ha, Mining technology, Production capacity is presented in chapter-2.0 of EIA report. 6. All corner coordinates of the mine lease area, Corner coordinates of the mine lease superimposed on a High-Resolution Imagery / area is superimposed on Survey of toposheet, topographic sheet, geomorphology India topo sheet and presented in and geology of the area should be provided. chapter-1 of EIA report. Land use and Such an Imagery of the proposed area should land cover of the area is presented in clearly show the land use and other ecological chapter-3.0 of EIA report. features of the study area (core and buffer zone). 7. Information should be provided in Survey of Land use and land cover of the area is India Toposheet in 1:50,000 scale indicating presented in chapter-3.0 of EIA report. geological map of the area, geomorphology of land forms of the area, existing minerals and mining history of the area, important water bodies, streams and rivers and soil characteristics. 8. Details about the land proposed for mining The present mining lease area is activities should be given with information as granted to TSMDC. They prepared and to whether mining conforms to the land use approved the Environment Policy. policy of the State; land diversion for mining Objective and Responsibility of the should have approval from State land use policy are presented in Environment board or the concerned authority. Management Plan. 9. It should be clearly stated whether the The present mining lease area is proponent company has a well laid down granted to an independent Environment Policy approved by its Board of entrepreneur. He has prepared and Directors? If so, it may be spelt out in the EIA approved the Environment Policy. report with description of the prescribed Objective and Responsibility of the operating process / procedures to bring into policy are presented in Environment focus any infringement / deviation / violation Management Plan. of the environmental or forest norms / conditions? The hierarchical system or administrative order of the Company to deal with the environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the EC conditions may also be given. The system of reporting of non- compliances / violations of environmental norms to the Board of Directors of the Company and/or shareholders or stakeholders at large may also be detailed in the proposed safeguard measures in each case should also be provided . C-2 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Compliance of TOR

S. No Terms of Reference Compliance 10. Issues relating to Mine Safety, including Occupational Safety and Health subsidence study in case of underground measures are presented in EIA report,. mining and slope study in case of open cast Subsidence is not anticipated as it is an mining, blasting study etc. should be detailed. open cast mining activity. The proposed safeguard measures in each case should also be provided. 11. The study area will comprise of 10 km zone The study area considered is 10 km around the mine lease from lease periphery around the periphery of mine lease and the data contained in the EIA such as area. NO Waste generation during waste generation etc should be for the life of plan period. the mine / lease period. 12. Land use of the study area delineating forest Land use and land cover map of the area, agricultural land, grazing land, wildlife study area is presented in chapter-3 of sanctuary, national park, migratory routes of EIA report. There is no national park, fauna, water bodies, human settlements and wildlife sanctuary within 10 km of the other ecological features should be indicated. mine lease periphery. Land use plan of Land use plan of the mine lease area should be the mine lease area is presented in prepared to encompass preoperational, chapter 2.0. operational and post operational phases and submitted. Impact, if any, of change of land use should be given. 13. Details of the land for any Over Burden Dumps No over burden dump area is outside the mine lease, such as extent of land envisaged. area, distance from mine lease, its land use, R&R issues, if any, should be given. 14. A Certificate from the Competent Authority in The proposed mine lease area is a the State Forest Department should be government revenue land, no forest provided, confirming the involvement of forest land is involved. land, if any, in the project area. In the event of any contrary claim by the Project Proponent regarding the status of forests, the site may be inspected by the State Forest Department along with the Regional Office of the Ministry to ascertain the status of forests, based on which, the Certificate in this regard as mentioned above be issued. In all such cases, it would be desirable for representative of the State Forest Department to assist the Expert Appraisal Committees. 15. Status of forestry clearance for the broken-up The proposed mine lease area is a govt area and virgin forest land involved in the land, no forest land is involved and no Project including deposition of net present permission is required from them. value (NPV) and compensatory afforestation (CA) should be indicated. A copy of the forestry clearance should also be furnished. 16. Implementation status of recognition of forest The proposed mine lease area is a rights under the Scheduled Tribes and other government revenue land and the area

C-3 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Compliance of TOR

S. No Terms of Reference Compliance Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of does not belong to scheduled tribes Forest Rights) Act, 2006 should be indicated. and other traditional forest dwellers. 17. The vegetation in the RF / PF areas in the Vegetation and flora of the core zone study area, with necessary details, should be and buffer zone are presented in given. chapter-3.0 of EIA report. 18. A study shall be got done to ascertain the There is no wildlife sanctuary within impact of the Mining Project on wildlife of the 10km radius of the lease periphery and study area and details furnished. Impact of the there is no wild animal movement in project on the wildlife in the surrounding and core and buffer zone. There is no any other protected area and accordingly schedule-I flora and fauna present in detailed mitigative measures required, should the 10km radius from the mine lease be worked out with cost implications and periphery. submitted. 19. Location of National Parks, Sanctuaries, There is no Ecologically sensitive area Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Corridors, like National Park, Wildlife/Bird Ramsar site Tiger /Elephant Reserves (existing sanctuary, Biosphere Reserve, Wildlife as well as proposed), if any, within 10 km of Corridor, Tiger/Elephant Reserve and the mine lease should be clearly indicated, Critically Polluted area within the 10 supported by a location map duly km radius of the mine lease periphery. authenticated by Chief Wildlife Warden. Necessary clearance, as may be applicable to such projects due to proximity of the ecologically sensitive areas as mentioned above, should be obtained from the Standing Committee of National Board of Wildlife and copy furnished. 20. A detailed biological study of the study area Biological study of the study area [core [core zone and buffer zone (10 km radius of the zone and buffer zone (10 km radius of periphery of the mine lease)] shall be carried the periphery of the mine lease)] is out. Details of flora and fauna, endangered, conducted. Flora and fauna of the endemic and RET Species duly authenticated, study area separately for core and separately for core and buffer zone should be buffer zone is presented in chapter-3.0 furnished based on such primary field survey, of EIA report. clearly indicating the Schedule of the fauna present. In case of any scheduled-I fauna found in the study area, the necessary plan along with budgetary provisions for their conservation should be prepared in consultation with State Forest and Wildlife Department and details furnished. Necessary allocation of funds for implementing the same should be made as part of the project cost. 21. Proximity to Areas declared as 'Critically There is no Critically Polluted area Polluted' or the Project areas likely to come within the 10 km radius of the mine under the 'Aravali Range', (attracting court lease periphery. restrictions for mining operations), should also be indicated and where so required, clearance certifications from the 'prescribed Authorities, C-4 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Compliance of TOR

S. No Terms of Reference Compliance such as the SPCB or State Mining Dept. should be secured and furnished to the effect that the proposed mining activities could be considered. 22. R&R Plan/compensation details for the Project The proposed mine lease area has no Affected People (PAP) should be furnished. settlements and hence R&R of village While preparing the R&R Plan, the relevant does not arise. The mining lease area State/National Rehabilitation & Resettlement does not belong to any scheduled area Policy should be kept in view. In respect of SCs and other weaker sections of the /STs and other weaker sections of the society society. in the study area, a need-based sample survey, family-wise, should be undertaken to assess their requirements, and action programmes prepared and submitted accordingly, integrating the sectoral programmes of line departments of the State Government. It may be clearly brought out whether the village(s) located in the mine lease area will be shifted or not. The issues relating to shifting of Village(s) including their R&R and socio-economic aspects should be discussed in the report. 23. One season (non-monsoon) [ i.e. March – May The baseline study was carried out in (Summer Season); October to December (post the months of December 2019 - monsoon season); December to February February 2020. The monitoring (winter Season)] primary baseline data on locations are covered all the directions ambient air quality as per CPCB Notification of in the study area. 2009, water quality, noise level, soil and flora and fauna shall be collected and the AAQ and other data so compiled presented date-wise in the EIA and EMP Report. Site-specific meteorological data should also be collected. The location of the monitoring stations should be such as to represent whole of the study area and justified keeping in view the pre-dominant downwind direction and location of sensitive receptors. There should be at least one monitoring station within 500 m of the mine lease in the pre-dominant downwind direction. The mineralogical composition of PM10, particularly for free silica, should be given. 24. Air quality modeling should be carried out for ISCST3 model is used for Air quality prediction of impact of the project on the air modeling for prediction of impact on quality of the area. It should also take into air quality including vehicle account the impact of movement of vehicles for movement for transportation of transportation of mineral. The details of the mineral, input parameters is presented model used and input parameters used for in chapter-4.0 of EIA report, page no. modeling should be provided. The air quality 4-18. Predicted and cumulative contours may be shown on a location map concentrations are presented in C-5 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Compliance of TOR

S. No Terms of Reference Compliance clearly indicating the location of the site, chapter-4.0 of EIA report. location of sensitive receptors, if any, and the habitation. The wind roses showing predominant wind direction may also be indicated on the map. 25. The water requirement for the Project, its Water requirement for the project is availability and source should be furnished. A 11.7 KLD which shall be drawn from detailed water balance should also be Mothe village/ storm water storage. provided. Fresh water requirement for the Water balance details are presented in Project should be indicated. chapter-2.0 of EIA report. 26. Necessary clearance from the Competent Rainwater stored in the working area Authority for drawl of requisite quantity of will be used for dust suppression and water for the Project should be provided. greenbelt development. Domestic water is drawn from Mothe village/ storm water storage. 27. Description of water conservation measures Rain water will be diverted into proposed to be adopted in the Project should working area by constructing drains to be given. Details of rainwater harvesting store and use for dust suppression and proposed in the Project, if any, should be greenbelt development. Details are provided. presented in Environment management plan. 28. Impact of the project on the water quality, both The ground water level is 16 m depth surface and groundwater should be assessed at outside the lease area and the and necessary safeguard measures, if any maximum depth of the mine is 68 m. required, should be provided. There is no surface water bodies are having in and around the mine lease area. Hence there is no impact on surface and ground water quality. However, the existing water quality analysis results are presented in chapter-3.0. 29. Based on actual monitored data, it may clearly The ground water level is 16 m depth be shown whether working will intersect at outside the lease area. Hence there is groundwater. Necessary data and no intersect on ground water is documentation in this regard may be provided. observed. In case the working will intersect groundwater table, a detailed Hydro Geological Study should be undertaken and Report furnished. The Report inter – alia, shall include details of the aquifers present and impact of mining activities on these aquifers. Necessary permission from Central Ground Water Authority for working below ground water and for pumping of ground water should also be obtained and copy furnished. 30. Details of any stream, seasonal or otherwise, No river is passing through the mine passing through the lease area and lease area. No modification / diversion

C-6 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Compliance of TOR

S. No Terms of Reference Compliance modification / diversion proposed, if any, and are required. the impact of the same on the hydrology should be brought out. 31. Information on site elevation, working depth, The mining activity is carried out from groundwater table etc. Should be provided western part to towards eastern both in AMSL and BGL. A schematic diagram direction. may also be provided for the same. 32. A time bound Progressive Greenbelt Green belt development plan is Development Plan shall be prepared in a presented in Environment tabular form (indicating the linear and Management Plan. quantitative coverage, plant species and time frame) and submitted, keeping in mind, the same will have to be executed up front on commencement of the project. Phase wise plan of plantation and compensatory afforestation should be charted clearly indicating the area to be covered under plantation and the species to be planted. The details of plantation already done should also be given. The plant species selected for greenbelt should have greater ecological value and should be of good utility value to the local population with emphasis on local and native species and the species which are tolerant to pollution. 33. Impact on local transport infrastructure due to The number of truck trips required the Project should be indicated. Projected shall be 893 no’s per day. There shall increase in truck traffic as a result of the Project not be any adverse impact due to in the present road network (including those increased traffic as the existing outside the Project area) should be worked out, connecting road has low traffic indicating whether it is capable of handling the density. incremental load. Arrangement for improving the infrastructure, if contemplated (including action to be taken by other agencies such as State Government) should be covered. Project proponent shall conduct Impact of transportation study as per Indian Road Congress Guidelines. 34. Details of the onsite shelter and facilities to be Site services and other details are provided to the mine workers should be presented in chapter-2.0 of EIA report. included in the EIA report. 35. Conceptual post mining land use and Conceptual Plan is presented in Reclamation and Restoration of mined out chapter-2.0 of EIA report. areas (with plans and with adequate number of sections) should be given in the EIA report. 36. Occupational Health impacts of the Project Occupational Safety and Health should be anticipated and the proposed measures are presented in EIA report. preventive measures spelt out in detail. Details Frequency of Health Monitoring

C-7 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Compliance of TOR

S. No Terms of Reference Compliance of pre-placement medical examination and presented in EIA report. periodical medical examination schedules should be incorporated in the EMP. The project Specific occupational health mitigation measures with required facilities proposed in the mining area may be detailed. 37. Public health implications of the Project and Pre placement medical examination related activities for the population in the will be conducted and the periodical impact zone should be systematically medical examination will be conducted evaluated and the proposed remedial measures to the mine workers. Details are should be detailed along with budgetary presented in EIA report. allocations. 38. Measures of socio-economic significance and Socio economic development influence to the local community proposed to including CER activities is presented in be provided by the Project Proponent should Environment Management Plan. be indicated. As far as possible, quantitative dimensions may be given with time frames for implementation. 39. Detailed environmental management plan The environment management plan is (EMP) to mitigate the environmental impacts presented in chapter 10.0. which, should inter-alia include the impacts of change of land use, loss of agricultural and grazing land, if any, occupational health impacts besides other impacts specific to the proposed Project. 40. Public hearing points raised and commitment Draft EIA report, Public hearing of the project proponent on the same along commitment will be incorporated in with time bound action plan with budgetary Final EIA report. provisions to implement the same should be provided and also incorporated in the final EIA/EMP Report of the Project. 41. Details of litigation pending against the project, No court case is pending against the if any, with direction /order passed by any project. Court of Law against the project should be given. 42. The cost of the project (capital cost and The capital cost of the project is Rs.35 recurring cost) as well as the cost towards lakhs and the cost towards EMP is 4.64 implementation of EMP should clearly be spelt Lakhs. The recurring cost for EMP is out. 1.39 lakhs/annum. 43. A risk Assessment report and disaster Disaster management plan presented management plan shall be prepared and in Chapter 7.0. included in the EIA / EMP report. 44. Benefits of the project if the project is The projects benefits are presented in implemented should be spelt out. The benefits Chapter 8.0 of the project shall clearly indicate environmental, social, economic, employment potential, etc.

C-8 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Compliance of TOR

S. No Terms of Reference Compliance 45. The activities and budget earmarked for Noted, Rs.0.7 lakhs proposed for CER Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) activities shall be as per Ministry's O.M No 22-65/2017- IA. II (M) dated 01.05.2018 and the action plan on the activities proposed under CER shall be submitted at the time of appraisal of the project included in the EIA/EMP Report. 46. The Action Plan on the compliance of the Noted, enclosed recommendations of the CAG as per Ministry's Circular No. J-11013/71/2016-IA.I (M), dated 25.10.2017 needs to be submitted at the time of appraisal of the project and included in the EIA/EMP Report. 47. Compliance of the Ministry's Office Noted Memorandum No. F: 3-50/2017-IA.III (Pt), dated 30.05.2018 on the judgment of Hon'ble Supreme Court, dated the 2nd August, 2017 in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 114 of 2014 in the matter of Common Cause versus Union of India needs to be submitted and included in the EIA/EMP Report. General Guidelines i The EIA document shall be printed on both Noted sides, as for as possible. ii All documents should be properly indexed, Noted page numbered. iii Period/date of data collection should be clearly Noted indicated. iv Authenticated English translation of all Noted material in Regional languages should be provided. v The letter/application for EC should quote the Noted MOEF&CC file No. and also attach a copy of the letter prescribing the TOR. vi The copy of the letter received from the SEIAA Noted, enclosed on the TOR prescribed for the project should be attached as an annexure to the final EIA-EMP Report. vii The final EIA-EMP report submitted to the Noted SEIAA must incorporate the issues mentioned in TOR. The index of the final EIA-EMP report, must indicate the specific chapter and page no. of the EIA-EMP Report where the specific TOR prescribed by SEIAA. Questionnaire related to the project (posted on MOEF&CC website) with all sections duly filled in shall also be submitted at the time of applying for EC. viii Grant of ToR does not mean grant of EC. Noted C-9 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Compliance of TOR

S. No Terms of Reference Compliance ix The status of accreditation of the EIA consultant with NABET/QCI shall be specifically mentioned. The consultant shall certify that his accreditation is for the sector for which this EIA is prepared. x On the front page of EIA/EMP reports, the Noted, complilied name of the consultant/consultancy firm along with their complete details including their accreditation, if any shall be indicated. The consultant while submitting the EIA/EMP report shall give an undertaking to the effect that the prescribed ToRs (ToR proposed by the project proponent and additional ToR given by the MoEF&CC) have been complied with and the data submitted is factually correct (Refer MoEF&CC Office memorandum dated 4th August, 2009). xi While submitting the EIA/EMP reports, the Noted name of the experts associated with/involved in the preparation of these reports and the laboratories through which the samples have been got analysed should be stated in the report. It shall clearly be indicated whether these laboratories are approved under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and the rules made there under (Please refer MoEF&CC Office Memorandum dated 4th August, 2009). The project leader of the EIA study shall also be mentioned. xii All the ToR points as presented before the State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) shall be covered. xiii The above ToR should be considered for Noted preparation of EIA Report in addition to all the relevant information as per the 'Generic Structure of EIA' given in Appendix III and III A in the EIA Notification, 2006 & its subsequent amendments. xiv The consultants involved in preparation of EIA Noted, enclosed / EMP report after accreditation with Quality Council of India/National Accreditation Board of Education and Training (QC1/NABET) would need to include a certificate in this regard in the EIA/EMP reports prepared by them and data provided by other Organization(s) / Laboratories including their status of approvals etc., vide Notification dt. 19.07.2013 of the MoEF&CC. C-10 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Compliance of TOR

S. No Terms of Reference Compliance xv The project proponent shall submit the detailed Noted final EIA/EMP prepared as per ToRs, to the SEIAA / SEAC for considering the proposal for Environmental Clearance within 3 years, as per the O.M. No.J-11013/41/2006-IA-ll(l) (P) dt 08.10.2014 of the MoEF&CC, GoI. xvi The prescribed ToRs would be valid for a Noted period of three years for submission of the EIA/EMP Reports

C-11 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Sand and gravel which are known as aggregate are the highest used material after water on the planet. Sand a granular material with particle size ranging from 150 micron to 4.75 mm in diameter is a product of erosion due to wind and water flow of weathered or worn out particles of rocks. Sand requirement and consumption is contingent on development of infrastructure and housing. Telangana state consumed about 20 million tons of sand in 2017. The source of sand in Telangana state is mainly from 2 major river basins of Godavari and Krishna. River systems ideally have three zones, production zone, sediment transfer zone and deposition zone. The deposition zones of various drains, streams, rivers are a major source for sand. The accretion rates of sand vary for both rivers depending on length of free flow of water, irrigation projects, rain fall, gradient of flow etc.

Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation Limited, obtained mine lease for Mothe sand reach to extract Ordinary Sand by manual mining over an extent of 23.30 ha in Godavari River bed at Mothe village, Burgampahad mandal, Bhadradri Kothagudem district, Telangana State.

1.2 Purpose of the Report

NGT directions, classify mine lease areas of 5 - 25 ha as category B2 at par with B1, and stipulate a three-stage process of scoping, public consultation and appraisal by State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) to issue prior environmental clearance. 1-1 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

The proposal is prepared for obtaining environmental clearance as per the Minor Mineral Concession Rules issued by Industries & Commerce (Mines-I) Department, vide G. O. Ms. No. 154 dated 15.11.2012, Mines and Minerals sand policy revised orders issued vide G.O. Ms. No. 186 dated 17.12.2013, Mines and minerals sand policy amendments vide G. O. Ms. No. 63 dated 22.02.2014, Mines and Minerals new sand policy-2014 vide G. O. Ms. No. 95 dated 28.8.2014, Mines and Minerals New sand mining policy 2014 for Telangana State vide G.O.Ms. No. 38 dated 12.12.2014, and WALTA rules, 2004 in compliance with orders of the Hon’ble Supreme Court dated 27.02.2012 & 07.05.2012 and MoEFCC, GOI, New Delhi Office Memo No. L- 11011/47/2011-IA. II (M), dt. 18.05.2012. Mines and Minerals regulation of new sand mining policy, 2014 of TSSMR 2015 vide G. O. Ms. No. 3, dt. 08.01.2015. In G. O. Ms. No. 95, dt. 28.08.2014 mentions that the collector submits the list of machinery for excavation of sand and accordingly proposed to extract the sand using suitable machinery.

Accordingly scoping for preparation of environmental impact assessment (EIA) was done by the state expert appraisal committee (SEAC), which issued terms of reference vide Letter No. SEIAA/TS/OL/BKGM-09/2019 - 193, dt.03.12.2019.

1.3 Brief Background of the Project

In principle of sand reach allotment order was obtained by M/s. TSMDC Ltd., by The Assistant Director of Mines and Geology, Bhadradri Kothagudem vide letter no. 1298/SAND/2016, dt.16.08.2018. The mining plan was approved by the deputy director of mines and geology (DDMG), Warangal, Government of Telangana state, vide Letter No. 118/MP-2/KMM/2019, dt. 03.05.2019 for a production capacity of Sand mining – 233000 m3/year. The capital cost of the proposed activity of mining is Rs. 35 Lakhs.

1.4 Mining Method

The proposed extraction from the specified sand bearing area will be carried out by open excavation with manual method and the sand shall be scooped and loaded to tractor manually.

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1.5 Mine Location

The sand reach has dimensions of 991.5 m of length, 235 m of width (23.3 ha), and it proposed to mine up to 1 m depth only. The sand reach is located in the floodplain of Godavari river at a distance of 40 m from the stream and 256 m away from river bund. The salient features of the mine lease location are presented in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Salient features of the mine lease location

Description Remarks M/s. Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation Name of the Project (s) Limited., Godavari River bed, Mothe Village, Burgampahad Location of the Project Mandal, Bhadradri Kothagudem District, Telangana State. Project / Activity 1(a) Category (A/B1/B2) B1 New / Expansion / Modernization New project Product Ordinary Sand @ 233000 m3/year Capital Cost, ₹ 35 Lakhs Legal Status of the Company Govt. Ownership / Occupancy TSMDC Land Use Pattern (Forest, Agricultural, Grazing, Barren etc.) Godavari River bed – 23.30 ha Latitudes (North) 17° 42'00.76 to 17° 42'40.38" N Longitudes (East) 80°53'24.66" to 80°53'33.30"E Survey of India sheet No E44O13 (65 C/13) Elevation above Mean Sea Level (AMSL), m 42 Seismic zone Seismic Zone: II as per IS: 1893 North : Godavari River East : Godavari River Site surroundings West : Godavari River South : Godavari River Nearest Village Mothe Village – 1.3 km - NW direction Access to site Site connecting – West direction Road access Sarapaka to Mondikunta road – 1.8 km –W direction Nearest Town Bhadrachalam –3.5 km – S direction District Head quarters Bhadradri Kothagudem –33 km – SW direction Nearest Railway station Pandurangapura RS – 13.3 Km – W direction Nearest airport RGI Airport – 264 km – SW direction Nearest Port Krishnapatnam Port – 254 km – SE direction

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Description Remarks Edulla Vagu - 1.7 km - NW direction Pedda Vagu - 3.5 km - SW direction Turubaka Vagu - 3.8 km - NE direction Water Bodies in buffer area Uruvai Canal - 7.6 km - NW direction Kinnerasani River - 7.6 km - S direction Domala Vagu - 8.6 km - SW direction Presence of Water Bodies in Core Area Godavari River Kistasagar RF - 1.2 km - W direction Bhadrachalam RF - 4.3 km - E direction Tunkicheruvu RF - 6.0 km - NE direction Reserve Forest Pamuleru RF - 9.2 km - SE direction Burguvayi RF - 9.2 km - SE direction Raiguda A RF - 9.4 km - SE direction Inter-state boundary and international boundary Nil within 10 km Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 Nil within 10 km Eco-sensitive areas as notified under section 3 of the E (P) Act, 1986 Nil within 10 km Critically polluted areas as identified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, Nil within 10 km Defence Installation Nil within 10 km This land is non-agriculture vacant land and does not involve forest land except some shrubs. The Geo coordinates of the mine lease area are presented in Table 1.2. The mine lease area sketch is presented in Figure 1.2. The site photographs are presented in Figure 1.3.

Table 1.2The Geo coordinates of the mine lease area

Location latitude, N longitude, E 17°42'01.45" 80°53'24.66" 17°42'40.38" 80°53'25.79" ML area 17°42'26.59" 80°53'33.30" 17°42'00.76" 80°53'32.54" Ramp point Start 17°42'59.93" 80°53'16.78" End 17°42'29.67" 80°53'25.46"

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1.6 Environmental Impact Assessment

Sand extraction shall be by open excavation with manual method and the sand shall be scooped and loaded to tractor manually results mainly in dust and noise emissions apart from dust from haulage roads connected to approach road. The mining activity shall also have other detrimental environmental impacts necessitating mitigation measures. TSMDC is conscious of their responsibility towards the society in minimizing the pollution load due to this project and accordingly decided to carry out the Environmental Impact Assessment to identify negative and positive impacts and to delineate effective measures to control and mitigate environmental pollution in addition to identifying effective measures to address residual impacts. TSMDC appointed M/s. Team Labs and Consultants for the preparation of environmental impact assessment report for Mothe sand reach.

The EIA report was prepared on the basis of TOR obtained from SEIAA, TG vide letter no. SEIAA/TS/OL/BKGM-09/2019 - 193, dt. 03.12.2019. The baseline data for preparation of this report was collected during December 2019 – February 2020.

Field team of M/s. Team labs and Consultants worked in the study area during December 2019 – February 2020 and base line data for various environmental components i.e., air, water, soil, noise and flora and fauna and socio economic status of people was collected in a circular area of 10 km radius by taking the mine lease area as the center point to assess the existing environmental status as per the guidelines specified by MoEFCC, GOI. The other studies such as socio-economic profile, land use pattern is based on secondary data collected from various Government agencies and validated through primary surveys. This report presents results of environmental impact assessment study along with environment management plan, necessary to contain/mitigate identified environmental impacts of the project.

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Figure 1.1 Mine Lease area Location and study area map

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Figure 1.2 Mine Lease Area Boundary map

Figure 1.3 Mine lease area photographs

1.7 Scope of EIA Studies

The definition of impact given by International Association of Impact Assessment (IAIA) “The difference between what would happen with the action and what would happen without it” was adopted for this study. Environmental impact assessment study involves three basic components; identification, prediction and evaluation of impacts. The scope of EIA report is based on the TOR obtained from SEIAA –Telangana State. The report is prepared in conformity of WALTA act, and Sustainable sand mining management guidelines 2016, MoEFCC. Brief scope of EIA study is as follows;

 An intensive reconnaissance and preliminary collection of environmental information to plan field study.

 Field studies to collect preliminary information, particularly on the quality of the physical environment. Experienced scientists and engineers will collect the data.

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 Base line data generation and characterization of air, water, soil, noise, vegetation and socio-economic status of the people in the 10-kilometer radius area (impact zone) over a period of three months.

 A thorough study of the mining activity including provisions for pollution control, and environmental management that includes prediction of impacts and relevant mathematical modeling.

 Preparation of Environment Management plan for the present mine suggesting suitable methods for mitigating and controlling the pollution levels.

 Environmental monitoring plan is suggested for monitoring the pollution loads due to mining activity in the ML area, and in the surrounding impact area to ensure compliance with the statutory requirements and to check adequacy of environment management measures adopted.

 The reporting format shall follow the generic structure mentioned in the SO.1533 dt. 14.9.2006 and its amendments.

1.8 Clearance requirement for the project

The statutory approvals required for this project and the applicability of various acts which consider environmental management are presented in Table 1.3.

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Table 1.3 Required Approvals and Applicable statutes

Responsible Ministries or Legal Instrument (Type, Reference, Year) Applicability Remarks Bodies Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Central Pollution Control Yes Consent to establish and to operate need Act, 1974 and amendments Board (CPCB), and to be obtained Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Telangana State Pollution Yes Consent to establish and to operate need 1981 and amendments Control Board (TSPCB). to be obtained Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rule Yes Prescribed noise standards to be adopted 2000 and amendments and followed Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Yes Cess levy and returns to be submitted Cess Act, 1974 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and Government of Telangana No Mine lease area does not consist of any amendments State (GoTG) and forest land area. Government of India (GOI) Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and National Board of Wildlife No No sanctuary, or national park located amendments (NBWL). within 10 km radius Ancient Monuments and Archaeological sites Archaeological Survey of No No archaeological monument within 300 &Remains Act, 1958 and amendment India m of the mine lease area boundary. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Central and State Pollution Yes Authorization for hazardous waste Handling) Rules, 1989 and amendments Control Board (CPCB/SPCB) storage, transport and disposal must be obtained. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and Central government nodal Yes Prior environmental clearance vide SO amendments agency, MoEFCC can 1533 dt. 14.9.2006 has to be obtained. The delegate to state departments project is categorized as B, as the ML area of environment is less than 100 ha vide sr. no. 3 a of the schedule. Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency Central / State Government No No displacement of People and no in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and acquisition of land. ML area is Resettlement Act, 2013 and amendments government land, leased out by GoTG.

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Responsible Ministries or Legal Instrument (Type, Reference, Year) Applicability Remarks Bodies Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, Controller of Mines or the Yes Implementation of mine plan including 1988 as amended Chief Controller of Mines environmental management must be assured. The Metalliferous Mines Regulations, 1961 Government of India (GOI), Yes Annual Return for the year ending on the DGMS 31st December. Mine Plan approved vide Letter No. 118/MP-2/KMM/2019, dt. 03.05.2019 Telangana State Panchayat Extension to Govt of Telangana State No The ML area does not fall under notified Scheduled Areas Rules, 2011 scheduled area. Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002, GOTG Govt of Telangana State Yes Permission to be obtained for removing (WALTA, act 2002) trees and also for establishing/registering the bore well. The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 State Transport Authority Yes Pollution under control certification for all vehicles plying in and out of the mine lease area. The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 Insurance Company Yes Insurance against liability to give relief in the event of injury or fatality and damage to property due to the proposed mining activity.

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CHAPTER 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.0 Introduction Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation Limited (TSMDC), proposes to extract sand by open excavation over an extent of 23.30 Ha in Godavari River at Mothe Village, Burgampahad Mandal, Bhadradri Kothagudem District, Telangana State. In principle sand reach allotment order was given to M/s. TSMDC Ltd., by The Assistant Director of Mines and Geology, Bhadradri Kothagudem vide letter no. 1298/SAND/2016, dt. 23.07. 2018.Mining Plan was approved by the Deputy Director of Mines and Geology, Warangal region vide Lr.No.118/MP-2/KMM/2019, dt. 03.05. 2019.Terms of reference for preparing the EIA report as part of obtaining prior environmental clearance for a production capacity of ordinary sand of 233000 m3 was obtained vide letter no. SEIAA/TS/OL/BKGM-09/2019 - 193, dt. 03.12.2019 from Telangana state Level Environmental Impact Assessment Authority. The Capital cost of the proposed activity of mining is 35 lakhs. The details of mining activity, production details and other concepts as envisaged in the approved mining plans are presented in the following pages. The details of Mine Lease area (MLA) are presented in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Details of Mine Lease Area Lease Survey State and District Mandal Village Area, ha number Telangana & Bhadradri Burgampahad Mothe 23.3 River Bed Kothagudem

2.1 Land use pattern of the mine lease area(Terms of reference No. 10) is the mine lease area is 23.3 ha meant active mining and services. The details of land use are presented in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Land use pattern of the Mine Lease Area

S. No Purpose Extent, Ha 1 Area under quarrying 23.3 Total 23.3

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2.2 Geology of the area

2.2.1 Topography The Godavari river width at the sand reach lease area is 1385 m in this sand reach area, with a 4 m height sand bed in the right bank. The river flow is NW – SE with gentle slope.

2.2.2 Regional Geology The proposed sand bearing area forms in Eastern part of Pranahita – Godavari Valley, which is a repository of thick succession of Meso – Neo Proterozoic Sedimentary rock overlain by upper gondwana formation. The proterozoic sediments occur as linear belt in NW – SE trending for at 350 Km from Bhadrachalam in SE to Chandrapuram and beyond in North – West. This Meso – Neo Proterozoic belt of eastern side of Pranahita – Godavari valley referred as Albaka Super Group. The stratigraphy of Purana formation of Albaka Super Group is as follows (Sreenivasa Rao 2001)

The NW – SE trending Godavari River in this area is underlain 3,000 M thick late carboniferous to early permian to cretaceous sediments, grouped under kota formation locally called Manuguru Block. This kota formation in this are represented by large scale, cross bedded sandstone along with plant fossil at lower part and dinosaur fossil bearing limestone in the middle and overlain by sandstone

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and clay formations. Thick river alluvium of perennial Godavari river of recent age spread all over valley.

2.2.3 Local Geology In the applied lease area, most of part is covered with sand. In the applied lease area vicinity of rocks type consists of sandstones, and shales. The sand deposit in the applied lease area is brought in form from the up-river basin in where rock types like sandstones, which contributes as a source to sand in the river.

The proposed open excavation area is demarcated initially on the ground with reference to Revenue boundary pillars. Later the topographical survey of the area was carried out by GPS giving geo co-ordinates. The depth of the sand was Probed with Probing Rods for delineating the depth of sand which varies 4 – 6 m.

Based on topographical survey and geological features, collected from the surface and trial pits, the Geological Plan is prepared on 1: 2000 Scale with 1 M contour interval. The geological plan and cross sections are presented in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Geological plan and cross sections

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2.3 Reserves

As entire reach is flat bedded open deposit with an average thickness of 4 to 6m. The entire proposed sand bearing area is occupied by the single litho unit sand deposit with flat configuration. Hence, volumetric method is adopted for estimation of reserves to an average depth of 1m.

Table 2.3 Reserves Estimation Description Quantity Total area considered 233000 m2 Thickness considered for quarrying the ordinary sand 1 m Volume of ordinary sand 233000 m3 Life of the mine: Mineable reserves/No. of working days=233000/365=638.35 or say 638 m3 Proposed production per day = 638m3

2.4 Mining Technology

The proposed extraction from the specified sand bearing area will be carried out by open excavation with manual method and the sand shall be scooped and loaded to tractor manually. During the plan period it is proposed to exploit the ordinary sand from the total area of 233000 m2 to an average depth of 1 m. In the event of excavation by mechanized means, permission from the District WALTA Authority is to be obtained on a condition that there will not be any impact on ground water table. 2.5 Production

It is proposed to produce the ordinary sand from the Southern boundary of sand reach area during the plan period ORDINARY SAND During the plan period 233000 m3 of Ordinary Sand production will be obtained by excavating an area of 233000 m2 with a bench of 1m Height from Southern boundary of the Sand Reach. The mining advances Northwards.

Table 2.4 Production for Plan Period Area, m2 Bench Height, m Volume, m3 233000 1 233000

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Figure 2.2 Year wise Working Plan and working cross sections

2.6 Machinery Requirement

In the event of excavation by mechanized means, permission from the District WALTA Authority is to be obtained on a condition that there will not be any impact on ground water table. The traffic increase due to this mining activity shall result in 182 tractor truck trips or 73 truck trips.

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2.7 Employment Potential

The proposed method of mining is opencast manual method. Workers are required for loading of waste material and general purpose only. The employment potential is presented in Table 2.5.

Table 2.5 Employment Potential

S. No. Category No’s 1. Mining Supervisor 1 2. Mining Labour 213 3. Ramp Maintenance Labor 5 Total 219

2.8 Site Services

The site services will be provided by the lessee. Office, First Aid and Rest sheds of temporary nature will be constructed near the ramp of specified sand bearing area.

2.9 Fire Fighting Facilities

First aid Kit is proposed in the office Room, 24 hours Commander Jeep, 2 fire gas cylinders and 10 fire Buckets will be available in the site for use during emergency. primary health center is located at Moti which is at a distance of 1.0 km. Fire station and police station are located at Badrachalam and are well connected by roads. The 108 Ambulance services provided by the local authorities may be utilized by lessee during medical emergency.

2.10 Water Requirement (Terms of Reference No. 24)

Water requirement for the mine is mainly for maintaining green belt/avenue plantation, water for dust suppression on the haulage roads to mitigate dust emissions and for domestic purposes. The total water requirement is 11.7 KLD shall be drawn from Mothe village. The water requirement is presented in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6 Water balance

S. No Water Usage Quantity, KLD 1 Water sprinkling on haul roads 1.0 2 Domestic @ 45 Ltr/Head 9.9 3 Green Belt development 0.8 Total 11.7

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2.11 Wastewater Generation

The generation of wastewater is from domestic source only; it is expected to be approximately 7.9 KLD, which is sent to septic tank followed by soak pit. The ground water is at 15 m outside the mine lease. A low head diesel pump unit will be deployed for dewatering the working mine, if necessary in case of water ingress.

2.12 Waste Generation and management

No waste dumps will be proposed. There is no topsoil and no mineral rejects are anticipated except small quantity of silt/silty clay, which invariably gets deposited as crust material on the bed profile. The same shall be scrapped and carefully stored for depositing in the upper terraces earmarked for plantation purpose after the recession of flood/flash floods.

2.13 Reclamation and Rehabilitation

In river bed mining the mining pits created due to extraction of the river bed material are left as such for being aggraded in the following monsoon season. The replenishment process is natural as the discharge flowing in the rivers invariably carries sediment load / bed load (15% of sediment load) while passing over the river bed depression (basin) caused due to mining, gets deposited as in the gentle bed slope segment of river section the flow velocity is very low. Thus, backfilling plan of the riverbed pit is neither required nor it is envisaged under the management plan. However, the quantity of scrapped crust material (clay) which is in excess of the quantity required for plantation purpose in upper terraces shall be deposited in the riverbed pit.

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CHAPTER 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Introduction

Impact is defined as “The difference between what would happen with the action and what would happen witout it” by International Association of Impact Assessment. Hence establishing the current status as base line is an integral aspect of preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment Report. Baseline data reflects the present status of environment before the initiation of any activity of the proposed mining project. The possible effects due to proposed mining activity are estimated and superimposed on the compiled baseline data subsequently to assess environmental impacts.

The study was conducted in the impact area; 10 km radius area surrounding the Mine Lease area (MLA) during December 2019 - February 2020. Studies were undertaken to generate baseline data of micrometeorology, ambient air quality (AAQ), water quality (ground and surfce water), noise levels, flora and fauna, land use and land cover, soil quality and socio-economic status of the community.

3.2 Land Environment

Land and soil constitute basic components of the physical environment. The miningactivitymay cause changes in land, land use, soil and denudation processes in different intensities contingent on spatial proximity of the activity and receptors. Land and soil may get intensely altered within the mine lease area, and to some extent within 2km radius and to a lesser extent upto 10 km radial distance due to development of the mining activity.

3.2.1 Physiography The details of the mine lease location are presented inTable 3.1. Table 3.1 Details of the mine lease location Description Remarks M/s. Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation Name of the Project (s) Limited., Godavari River bed, Mothe Village, Burgampahad Location of the Project Mandal, Bhadradri Kothagudem District, Telangana State. 3-1 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Description Remarks Project / Activity 1(a) Land Use Pattern (Forest, Agricultural, Grazing, Barren etc.) Godavari River bed – 23.30 ha Latitudes (North) 17° 42'00.76 to 17° 42'40.38" N Longitudes (East) 80°53'24.66" to 80°53'33.30"E Survey of India sheet No E44O13 (65 C/13) Elevation above Mean Sea Level (AMSL), m 42 Seismic zone Seismic Zone: II as per IS: 1893 North : Godavari River East : Godavari River Site surroundings West : Godavari River South : Godavari River Nearest Village Mothe Village – 1.3 km - NW direction Access to site Site connecting – West direction Road access Sarapaka to Mondikunta road – 1.8 km –W direction Nearest Town Bhadrachalam –3.5 km – S direction District Head quarters Bhadradri Kothagudem –33 km – SW direction Nearest Railway station Pandurangapura RS – 13.3 Km – W direction Nearest airport RGI Airport – 264 km – SW direction Nearest Port Krishnapatnam Port – 254 km – SE direction Major Industries (Within 10 km Nil within 10 km radius) Edulla Vagu - 1.7 km - NW direction Pedda Vagu - 3.5 km - SW direction Turubaka Vagu - 3.8 km - NE direction Water Bodies in buffer area Uruvai Canal - 7.6 km - NW direction Kinnerasani River - 7.6 km - S direction Domala Vagu - 8.6 km - SW direction Presence of Water Bodies in Core Area Godavari River Kistasagar RF - 1.2 km - W direction Bhadrachalam RF - 4.3 km - E direction Tunkicheruvu RF - 6.0 km - NE direction Reserve Forest Pamuleru RF - 9.2 km - SE direction Burguvayi RF - 9.2 km - SE direction Raiguda A RF - 9.4 km - SE direction Inter-state boundary and international boundary Nil within 10 km Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 Nil within 10 km

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Description Remarks Eco-sensitive areas as notified under section 3 of the E (P) Act, 1986 Nil within 10 km Critically polluted areas as identified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, Nil within 10 km Defence Installation Nil within 10 km The mine lease area is Mothe village, Burgampahad mandal, Bhadradri Kothagudem district, Telangana state bearing river bed land and does not involve forest land. There no vegetation in the mine lease area. The mine lease area photographs are presented in Figure 3.1. The base map of the study area is presented in Figure 3.2. The roadnetwork map of the study area is presented in Figure 3.3. The forest map of the study area is presented in Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.1 Mine lease areaPhotographs

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Figure 3.2 Base Map of the study area

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Figure 3.3 Road network Map of the Study Area

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Figure 3.4 Map Showing Reserve forests of the study area 3-6 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

3.2.2 Geology

The sand bearing area forms in Eastern part of Pranahita – Godavari Valley, which is a repository of thick succession of Meso – Neo Proterozoic Sedimentary rock overlain by upper gondwana formation. The proterozoic sediments occur as linear belt in NW – SE trending for at 350 Km from Bhadrachalam in SE to Chandrapuram and beyond in North – West. This Meso – Neo Proterozoic belt of eastern side of Pranahita – Godavari valley referred as Albaka Super Group. The stratigraphy of Purana formation of Albaka Super Group is as follows (Sreenivasa Rao 2001).

User Group Delam Sand Stone Felspathic Sand Stone Doli Sand Stone Conglomerate Sand Stone Nambi Formation Breccia with Sand Stone --- Dis Conformity --- Pamunuru Sand Stone Sand Stone Uttapalh Conglomerate Conglomerate --- Dis Conformity --- Venkatapuram Shales & Quartzite rarely Tippapuram Shale Group Dolomite Soma Devara Quartzite Quartzite & Conglomerate --- Fault / Dis Conformity --- Quartzite, Arkose Chert, Cherla Formation Dolomite, Limestone, Shale --- Dis Conformity --- Gneissic Complex The NW – SE trending Godavari River in this area is underlain 3,000 m thick late carboniferous to early permian to cretaceous sediments, grouped under kota formation locally called Manuguru Block. This kota formation in this are represented by large scale, cross bedded sandstone along with plant fossil at lower part and dinosaur fossil bearing limestone in the middle and overlain by sandstone and clay formations. Thick river alluvium of perennial Godavari River of recent age spread all over valley.

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Figure 3.5 Geological map of the study area

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3.2.3 Hydrogeology

The study area is two major formations one of the Semi-consolidated formations, it comprising conglomerates, shales and sandstones of Lower Gondwana Super group and anther one is unconsolidated formation, it comprising river alluvium along riverbanks. Groundwater occurs in unconfined and confined conditions in these formations. These formations form very good aquifer systems and groundwater occurs under water table conditions as well as confined conditions in these aquifer units. In this study area Dug wells and dug-cum bore wells range in the depth between 15-30 m. Along the River both sides depth of ground water level ranged from 5 to 10 m. The yield of dug cum bore wells is around 400-600 LPM. Normally the ground water level will be 10 m during rainy seasons and 20 m depth in summer around the river on banks. Within the stream 4.00 – 6.00 m below the sand in summer. Ground water will not be disturbed as depth of the sand for quarrying is restricted to 1 m from the surface of the sand layer as water table is 2.5 m to 3 m below sand surface. Hydrogeological map of the study area is presented in Figure 3.6.

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Figure 3.6Hydrogeological map of the study area

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3.2.4 Soils (Terms of Reference No. 22)

Soil may be defined as a thin layer of earth’s crust that serves as a natural medium for the growth of plants. It is the unconsolidated mineral matter that has been subjected to and influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as parent materials, climate, organisms and physico-chemical action of wind, water and sunlight, all acting over a period of time. Soil differs from the parent materials in the morphological, physical, chemical and biological properties. Also, soil differs among them in some or all the genetic or environmental factors, therefore, some soils are yellow, some are black, some are coarse textured. They serve as a reservoir of nutrients for plants and crop and also provide mechanical anchorage and favorable tilth.

The soil characteristics include both physical and chemical parameters. M/s. Team Labs and Consultants field team carried out soil survey to assess the soil characteristics of the study area. The land use and land cover map of the study areaispresnted in Figure 3.7.(Terms of Reference No .04, 05 &10)It may be noted that the land use land cover map reflects predominantly forest, agriculture followed by barren lands. The impact area also has a significant percentage of agriculture nature of the impact area, and also its dependence on tank for irrigation. Representative soil sampling was done at various locations and these locations are shown in Figure 3.8. Analytical data of soil samples is presented in Table 3.2.

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Figure 3.7Land Use Land Cover Map of the Study Area 3-12 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 3.8 Soil Sampling Locations

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Table 3.2 Soil Analysis Data

Parameter Unit S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 pH - 7.32 8.02 7.92 7.24 7.65 7.79 7.82 7.45 Electrical Conductivity dS/m 728 928 556 822 502 697 752 628 Bulk Density g/cc 1.11 1.25 1.11 1.05 1.05 1.18 1.05 1.18 Cation-Exchange Capacity cmol(+)/kg 3.02 5.17 4.93 3.24 2.17 2.59 3.99 3.84 Infiltration rate mm/hour 27 27 27 16 29 13 25 26 Porosity % 58 53 58 60 60 56 60 56 Water Holding Capacity % 2.57 5.99 5.42 5.04 5.61 5.13 5.90 4.39 Moisture % 2.70 6.30 5.70 5.31 5.90 5.40 6.21 4.62 Organic Matter % 0.60 2.52 2.70 3.00 2.10 2.40 1.80 1.20 Carbonates % Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Sand % 66 62 76 50 70 48 61 56 Silt % 24 25 14 27 18 35 22 26 Clay % 10 13 10 23 12 17 17 18 Organic Carbon % 0.35 1.46 1.57 1.74 1.22 1.39 1.04 0.70 Nitrogen (as N) % 0.020 0.015 0.016 0.018 0.021 0.014 0.017 0.020 Carbon, Nitrogen Ration - 17.0 97.4 97.9 96.7 57.9 99.4 60.4 34.1 Phosphorus (as P) % 0.196 0.264 0.134 0.264 0.152 0.149 0.172 0.216 Potassium (as K) mg/kg 84 74 84 68 50 38 46 62 Sodium (as Na) mg/kg 196 201 245 152 102 56 164 202 Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 210 460 390 230 180 220 290 320 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/kg 109 219 207 152 85 140 207 146 Calcium, Magnesium ratio - 1.92 2.10 1.89 1.51 2.12 1.57 1.40 2.19 Sodium Absorption Ratio - 2.74 1.93 2.49 1.92 1.56 0.73 1.80 2.35 Chlorides (as Cl) mg/kg 1649 1400 1099 1773 1471 1276 1826 1507 Sulphates (as SO4) mg/kg 88 44 73 95 63 114 82 65 Aluminium (as Al) mg/kg <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 Copper (as Cu) mg/kg <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 894 795 625 813 679 816 745 617

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Lead (as Pb) mg/kg 15 <11 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 13 Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 134 198 176 168 134 162 172 169 Silver (as Ag) mg/kg <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 11 6 9 10 11 17 7 13 Sandy Sandy Sandy Sandy clay Sandy Texture - loam loam loam loam Sandy loam Loam loam Sandy loam S1-Mothe, S2-Chintalagudem, S3-Sarapaka, S4-Etapaka, S5-Kannayyagudem, S6-Iravandi, S7- Nagineniprolu and S8-Bhadrachalam.

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The test results of soil samples collected in the impact area are interpreted referring to the book; “Interpreting soil test results”. The reference tables are presented in Table 3.3. The pH of soil samples ranges from Neutral to moderately alkaline. The cation exchange capacity of the soils is very low. The level of nitrogen of the all samples is very low to low. The calcium magnesium ratio of the samples reflects Mgdeficiencyin 4 samples and mg low in 3 samples. Bulk density of soil of impact varies from 1.05-1.25 g/cc among andy Clay Loam soils (6 samples).The porosity values range from 53-60 % among SandyClay Loam (6 samples). Soil texture is predominantly Sandy Loam. Table 3.3 Soil Test Results – Reference Tables General interpretation of pH Measured Rating for Cation Exchange Capacity pH Range Classification CEC (Cmol)+)/kg <4.5 Extremely Acidic Very low <6 * 4.51 -5.0 Very Strong Acidic Low 6-12 5.1-5.5 Strong Acid Moderate 12-25 5.6- 6.0 Moderately Acid High 25-40 6.1-6.5 Slightly acid Very High >40 6.6-7.3 Neutral Source: Metson (1961) 7.4-7.8 Mildily Alkaline * Soils with CEC less than three are 7.9 -8.4 Moderately Alkaline often low in fertility and susceptible to 8.5-9.0 Strongly Alkaline soil acidification. >9.0 Very Strongly Alkaline Source: Bruce and Rayment (1982). Ca/mg Ratio Base Saturation as a Criterion of Leaching Description Range (%BS) Rating <1 Ca Deficient 70-100 Very Weakly Leached 1-4 Ca (Low) 50-70 Weakly Leached 4-6 Balanced 30-50 Moderately Leached 6-10 Mg (Low) 15-30 Strongly Leached >10 Mg deficient 0-15 Very Strongly Leached Source: Eckert (1987) Source: Metson (1961) Rating of Total Nitrogen Extractable Potassium (K) Rating (% by W) Description K <0.05 Very low low <150 ppm* (< 0.4 meq/100 g soil) 0.05-0.15 Low medium 150–250 ppm (0.4–0.6 meq/100 g soil) 0.15-0.25 Modium high 250–800 ppm (0.6–2.0 meq/100 g soil) 0.25-0.50 High excessive >800 ppm (>2.0 meq/100 g soil) >0.5 Very High Source: Abbott (1989) Source: Bruce and Rayment (1982)

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3.3 Water Environment

The potential for exploitation of ground water resources increases with development of new projects. Mining activity does not consume large quantity of water, and the consumption is mainly domestic followed by water usage for dust suppression. With the increasing industrialization and urbanization, the possibility of contamination of surface water and ground water sources are rapidly increasing. The water resources in the impact area broadly fall into following categories; surface water sources mainly consisting of tanks and ponds and ground water sources of tube wells, dug wells and dug/bore wells which abstract accumulated water in the aquifers in the deeper strata of ground.

3.3.1 Surface Water Resources

The mining activity is proposed in Godavari river bed to extract sand. The impact area has few third order streams joining Godavari river.

3.3.1.1 Surface Water Quality (Terms of Reference No. 27)

In order to have an idea of quality of water flowing in the region, representative water samples were collected and analysed according to IS 2296:1986. The analytical results of water samples drawn from various locations in the study area during monitoring are presented in Table 3.4. The sampling locations of both ground and surface water are presented in Figure 3.10.

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Table 3.4 Surface water Analysis Data

Godavari Parameters Units Method of Analysis IS 2296:1982 River Temperature 26 oC IS:3025 part 09:2002 NS Colour 15 Hazen IS:3025 part 04:2012 300 Turbidity 8.1 NTU IS:3025 part 10:2006 NS pH 8.4 - IS:3025 part 11:2006 6.5-8.5 Total Solids 212 mg/l IS:3025 part 15:2003 NS Total Dissolved Solids 279 mg/l IS:3025 part 16:2006 1500 Total Suspended Solids 17 mg/l IS:3025 part 17:2006 NS Total Hardness 180 mg/l IS:3025 part 21:2009 NS Calcium (as Ca) 32 mg/l IS:3025 part 40:2009 NS Magnesium (as Mg) 24 mg/l IS:3025 part 46:2009 NS Sodium (as Na) 28 mg/l IS:3025 part 45:2003 NS Sodium Absorption Ratio - - (SAR) 1.1 Potassium (as K) 3.5 mg/l IS:3025 part 45:2003 NS Total Alkalinity 119 mg/l IS:3025 part 23:2003 NS Chloride (as Cl) 28 mg/l IS:3025 part 32:2007 NS Sulphates (as SO4) 82 mg/l IS:3025 part 24:2009 600 Nitrate Nitrogen 3.3 mg/l IS:3025 part 34:2009 400

Silica (as SiO2) 0.75 mg/l IS:3025 part 35:2003 50 Fluoride (as F) 0.28 mg/l IS:3025 part 60:2008 NS Residual, Free Chlorine Nil mg/l IS:3025 part 26:2009 1.5 Mineral Oil Nil mg/l IS:3025 part 39:2013 NS Cyanide (as CN) <0.02 mg/l IS:3025 part 27:2003 NS Aluminium (as Al) <0.01 mg/l APHA-3500-Al 0.05 Boron (as B) <0.2 mg/l IS:3025 part 57:2010 0.2 Cadmium (as Cd) <0.002 mg/l IS:3025 part 41:2003 0.01 Hexavalent Chromium <0.03 mg/l IS:3025 part 52:2003 0.05 Copper (as Cu) 0.02 mg/l IS:3025 part 42:2009 1.5 Iron (as Fe) 0.17 mg/l IS:3025 part 53:2009 50 Lead (as Pb) <0.01 mg/l IS:3025 part 47:2009 0.1 Manganese (as Mn) 0.90 mg/l APHA-3500-Mn NS Zinc (as Zn) <0.1 mg/l IS:3025 part 49:2009 15 Dissolved Oxygen 2.9 mg/l Is:3025 Part 38:2003 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand 108 mg/l IS:3025 Part 58:2006 NS BOD 3 days at 27±10C 16 mg/l IS:3025 Part 44:2003 3

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3.3.1.2. Ground Water Resources Ground water is the accumulation of water below the ground surface, caused by rainfall and its subsequent percolation through pores and crevices. Percolated water accumulates till it reaches an impervious stratum consisting of confined clay confined clay or confined rocks. Occurrence of ground water is controlled by landform, structure and lithology. Ground water abstraction is by means of dug wells, dug cum driven wells, and bore wells. Every village has a number of traditional wells large and small. The state authorities have also provided tube wells fitted with hand pump for the drinking water requirement of villages in the study area. Presently the drinking water needs are mostly met from the ground water resources.

3.3.1.3 Quality of Ground Water The representative samples are collected from various dug wells and bore wells in the study area. There area has few bore wells in the vinicity of mine lease area. The ground water in the vinicity may be shallow open wells or handpumps with depth of 2 – 3 m. and quality of shallow well is soft. Unlike saline or hard water in the bore wells, where water drawn from below 10 m. The list of samplesloations is presented inTable 3.5. The analytical results of water samples drawn from various locations in the study area are presented in Table 3.6. The map showing the locations of sample collection is presented in Figure 3.10.

Table 3.5 Locations of groundwater sampling Direction Distance from S. No Location Name form ML area ML Area, km GW-01. Mothe NW 1.3 GW-02. Chintalagudem NE 2.4 GW-03. Sarapaka SW 1.5 GW-04. Etapaka SE 1.9 GW-05. Kannayyagudem NE 3.9 GW-06. Iravandi NW 3.6 GW-07. Nagineniprolu SW 5.4 GW-08. Bhadrachalam SE 3.4

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Figure 3.9 Drainage pattern of the study area

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Figure 3.10 Water Sampling Locations (Ground and Surface water) 3-21 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 3.6 Groundwater Analysis Data IS 10500:2012 Parameters GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 GW-6 GW-7 GW-8 Units Method of Analysis Standard Temperature 26 25 25 27 26 27 28 27 oC IS:3025 part 09:1984 (RA:2017) - Colour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hazen IS:3025 part 04:1983 (RA:2017) 5 Turbidity 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 NTU IS:3025 part 10:1984 (RA:2017) 1 pH 7.01 7.52 7.01 7.39 7.32 7.50 7.26 6.99 - IS:3025 part 11:1983 (RA:2017) 6.5-8.5 Total Solids 887 588 751 684 811 804 921 648 mg/l IS:3025 part 15:1984 (RA:2014) NS Total Dissolved Solids 877 579 742 675 800 795 910 640 mg/l IS:3025 part 16:1984 (RA:2017) 500 Total Suspended Solids 10 9 9.0 9.0 11 9.0 11.0 8 mg/l IS:3025 part 17:1984 (RA:2017) NS

Total Hardness (as CaCO3) 750 291 553 311 535 338 314 348 mg/l IS:3025 part 21:2009 (RA:2014) 200 Calcium (as Ca) 98 82 48 120 131 76 88 98 mg/l IS:3025 part 40:1986 (RA:2014) 75 Magnesium (as Mg) 46 38 28 53 45 36 23 46 mg/l IS:3025 part 46:1994 (RA:2014) 30 Sodium (as Na) 140 88 166 77 107 135 270 120 mg/l IS:3025 part 45:1993 (RA:2014) NS Sodium Absorption Ratio 2.9 2.0 4.7 1.5 2.1 3.2 6.6 2.5 - - - Potassium (as K) 1.8 5.3 99 10 12 45.0 30 45 mg/l IS:3025 part 45:1993 (RA:2014) NS

Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 330 190 630 315 400 275 350 500 mg/l IS:3025 part 23:1986 (RA:2014) 200 Chloride (as Cl) 162 130 160 149 170 124 180 145 mg/l IS:3025 part 32:1988 (RA:2014) 250 Sulphate (as SO4) 112 101 119 98 55 71 79 121 mg/l IS:3025 part 24:1986 (RA:2014) 200

Nitrate Nitrogen (as NO3) 29 31 37 36 35 38 11.0 33 mg/l IS:3025 Part 34:1988 (RA:2014) 45

Silica (as SiO2) 21 27 20 23 25 1.2 2.8 11 mg/l IS:3025 part 35:1988 (RA:2014) NS Fluoride (as F) 0.73 0.49 0.52 0.62 0.61 0.46 0.27 0.39 mg/l IS:3025 part 60:2008 (RA:2013) 1.0 Residual, Free Chlorine <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 mg/l IS:3025 part 26:1986 (RA:2014) 0.20 Mineral Oil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil mg/l IS:3025 part 39:1991 (RA:2014) 0.50 Aluminium (as Al) <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 mg/l APHA:2012-3500 Al 0.03 Arsenic (as As) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 mg/l IS:3025 part 37:1988 (RA 2014) 0.01 Boron (as B) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 mg/l APHA:2012- 4500 B 0.50 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr6+) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 mg/l IS:3025 part 52:2003 (RA:2014) 0.05 Copper (as Cu) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l IS:3025 part 42:1992 (RA:2014) 0.05 Iron (as Fe) 0.21 0.26 0.17 0.25 0.16 0.18 0.13 0.13 mg/l IS:3025 part 53:2003 (RA:2014) 0.30 Manganese (as Mn) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l APHA:2012-3500 Mn 0.10 Mercury (as Hg) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l IS:3025 part 48:1994 (RA:2014) 0.001 Nickel (as Ni) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l IS:3025 part 54:2003 (RA:2014) 0.02 Zinc (as Zn) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l IS:3025 part 49:1994 (RA:2014) 5.0 S1-Mothe, S2-Chintalagudem, S3-Sarapaka, S4-Etapaka, S5-Kannayyagudem, S6-Iravandi, S7- Nagineniprolu and S8-Bhadrachalam.

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3.4 Air Environment

3.4.1 Meteorology

Micro meteorological studies are simultaneously conducted with air quality monitoring. Meteorology plays a vital role in effecting the dispersion of pollutants, discharged into the atmosphere, their transport, dispersion and diffusion into the environment. The meteorological data is useful for interpretation of the baseline information and for model study of air quality impacts predictions. Since meteorological data show wide fluctuations with time, meaningful interpretation can only be drawn from long term and reliable data. India Meteorological Department (IMD), which maintains a network of meteorological stations at several important locations. The nearest IMD station is located at Khammam. The data recorded for IMD station at Khammam is summarized and the salient features of data for the period 1981 – 2010 is presented in Table 3.7.

Extreme weather phenomena;

Highest temperature of 47.20C was observed on May 25, 1947, Lowest Temperature of 9.40C was observed on January 08, 1946, highest rainfall in a day was 299.7 mm, observedon July 10, 1954 and the Highest Rainfall in a month was 561.9 mmobserved in july 1988. While typical wind speeds are observed to range from 1 – 19 kmph.

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Table 3.7 Normal Climatological Table

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3.4.2 Meteorological Station at Mine Lease area

The micro meteorological data at the ML area is collected simultaneously with ambient air quality monitoring. The station was installed at height of 10 meters above the ground level and the same is located in such a way that there are no obstructions facilitating free flow of wind. Wind speed, wind direction, humidity, temperature and rainfall are recorded on hourly basis.Salient features of micro meteorological data collected during study periodare as follows:

1. Wind Direction and Speed:

The hourly wind speed and wind direction observations are computed for the study period and the same are presented in Table 3.8 and the wind rose diagrams are presented in Figure 3.11. The following observations can be made from the collected data;

 There is 4.63 .47% of Calm period is observed during the time of monitoring.

 The predominant wind direction is SSE.

 Other than predominant wind directions of wind from SE and SSW.

 Mostly the wind speeds are observed to be in the range of 1-5 kmph and 5- 10kmph.

The maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity and total rainfall are summarized as below. The salient features are discussed in brief as follows

2) Temperature (in0C)

(a) Maximum: 31.30C (b) Minimum: 22.60C (b) Mean: 25.80C

3) Humidity (in %)

The daily relative humidity values are observed to range between 38to 76%. The mean value of humidity is 56%.

4) Rainfall (in mm)

(a) Maximum: 0.6 mm (b) Minimum: 0 mm

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Table 3.8 Frequency Distribution Wind Direction and Wind Speed

Wind Speed in KMPH Direction Calm 1-5 5-10 10-15 >15 TOTAL N 2.20 1.42 0.46 4.08 NNE 1.42 1.33 0.18 2.93 NE 0.73 0.64 0.05 1.42 ENE 0.73 0.14 0.05 0.92 E 0.92 0.37 0.05 1.33 ESE 1.24 0.78 0.32 2.34 SE 3.34 3.30 1.10 7.74 SSE 8.84 12.27 4.35 0.37 25.82 S 11.08 10.99 2.93 0.05 25.05 SSW 6.55 5.54 0.92 13.00 SW 1.74 0.78 0.09 2.61 WSW 0.69 0.32 1.01 W 1.28 0.60 0.14 2.01 WNW 2.20 0.14 2.34 NW 2.84 0.27 0.05 3.16 NNW 1.19 0.41 0.14 0.05 1.79 Calm 2.47 2.47 Total 2.47 46.98 39.29 10.76 0.50 100.00 (Data Period: December 2019 - February 2020)

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WIND ROSE PLOT: DISPLAY: Wind Speed Direction (blowing from)

NORTH

26.4%

21.1%

15.8%

10.5%

5.27%

WEST EAST

WIND SPEED (m/s)

>= 4.20 2.80 - 4.20 SOUTH 1.40 - 2.80 0.28 - 1.40 Calms: 2.47%

COMMENTS: COMPANY NAME:

Mothe Sand reach 23.30 ha

MODELER: Team Labs and Consultants

CALM WINDS: TOTAL COUNT:

2.47% 2184 hrs.

AVG. WIND SPEED: PROJECT NO.:

1.55 m/s WRPLOT View - Lakes Environmental Software

Figure 3.11 Wind rose diagram ofminelease area

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3.4.3 Ambient Air Quality Air pollution means the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more combinations thereof in such quantities and of such duration as are or may tend to be injurious to human, plant or animal life or property. Air pollutants include smoke, vapors, soot, fumes, gases, mist, odors, particulate matter, radioactive material or noxious chemicals. Air pollution produces a number of adverse effects including offensive smell, loss of atmospheric clarity, soiling of clothes, building and manufactured goods by smoke and dust. The hazards caused to man, animals, vegetation, environment and climate have been understood in the past decade. The effects of air pollution are briefly discussed below. a) Effect on human beings Air borne spores, pollen grains, virus, bacteria, fungi, fur and hairs cause various allergic reactions, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis and other infections. Sulphur dioxide produces drying of the mouth, scratchy throat and smarting eyes. It also causes chest constriction, headache, vomiting and death from respiratory diseases. Sulphur trioxide, Nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide diffuse in the blood stream. They combine with haemoglobin and reduce its oxygen carrying capacity. Nitrogen oxide in high concentration impairs the functioning of lungs by causing accumulation of water in the air spaces. Hydrocarbons have been reported to cause cancer in man. Hydrogen sulphide causes nausea and irritates eyes and throat. Ammonia attacks upper respiratory passages. Ozone causes dryness of mucous membrane of the mouth, nose and throat. It changes visual capacity, causes headache, pulmonary congestion and oedema. Arsines damage red cells in blood, kidney and cause jaundice. Suspended particles like ash, soot and smoke cause eye irritation, tuberculosis and possible cancer. Fine particles of various metals present in the air cause a number of diseases. Heavy dust fall is one of the major causes of asthma, cough and other diseases of lungs and throat. Lead can damage the brain of young children and may even cause death. It affects the normal functioning of the nervous system in adults. Cadmium is a respiratory poison and may cause high blood pressure and a number of heart diseases. Asbestos fibers have been associated in chronic lung diseases.

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b) Effect on animals Air pollution causes wide spread damage to live-stock. The effect of air pollution on domestic animals living in or near industrial areas is similar to those of human beings. Live stocks ingest various fluorine compounds which fall on fodder crops causing abnormal calcification of bones and teeth. It results in lameness, loss of weight and frequent diarrhea. c) Effect on plants Air pollution has serious harmful effects on plants. Sulphur dioxide causes chlorosis. It results in the death of cells and tissues. Forest trees are worst affected by sulphur dioxide pollutants. Fluorides damage leafy vegetables such as lettuce and spinach. Oxides of nitrogen and fluorides reduce crop yields. Photochemical smog bleaches and blazes foliage of plants. Hydrocarbons cause premature fall of leaves and flower buds, discolouration of sepals and curling of petals. Ozone damages cereals, fruits and cotton crops. It also causes premature yellowing and shedding of leaves. d) Effect on materials The acid rain and photochemical smog affect metals and buildings. Acid rain pollutes the soil and water sources. Acidic products of the air pollutant cause disintegration of textile, paper. Many small industrial units and sources of locomotive pollutants have been sifted to save the famous marble structure, Taj Mahal at Agra. Hydrogen sulphide decolorizes silver and lead paints. Ozone oxidizes rubber goods. e) Aesthetic loss Dust and smoke in the air do not allow us to have a clear view of nature’s beauty and man-made objects. Smoke and foul smells emitted by factories, automobiles, dirty drains and garbage dumps make the urban life discomfortable. Smoking in public places affects the health of not only the smoker but also the non-smoker. f) Change in Climate A change in the earth’s climate due to atmospheric pollution is an alarming global concern. It has been observed that in the recent past, the level of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased from 290 ppm to 330 ppm. Approximately one fourth of this rise has occurred in the past decade. Rapid increase in population, deforestation

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and excessive burning of fossil fuel has been responsible for this increase. It is also predicted that this factor alone could lead to rise in global temperature, causing “Green House Effect” or “Global Warming”. Green House effect may be defined as the progressive warming up the earth surface due to blanketing effect of man-made CO2 in the atmosphere. The thick CO2 layer functions like the glass panel of a green house preventing re-radiation of heat to outer space. A rise of global temperature by more than 2 or 3 0C may lead to the melting of polar ice cap and glaciers. This will cause rise in ocean level and consequent flooding of costal towns and submersion of many oceanic islands. This would also affect the rainfall pattern and productivity of agricultural crops.

With proposed mining activity a range of different pollutants, like PM10 and PM2.5 from mining and transportation, SO2, NOx and CO from fuel combustion in the semi mechanized operations and transportation of mineral, are released into the atmosphere that are dispersed and have a significant impact on neighborhood air environment. Thus, collection of base line data of air environment occupies a predominant role in the impact assessment statement. The ambient air quality status across the study zone forms basis for prediction of the impacts due to the project. The road metal, building stone and gravel quarryproject is located at Mothe village, Burgampahadmandal, Bhadradri Kothagudemdistrict, Telangana state. The data required to asses air quality impacts in and around neighborhood is achieved by designing such a network, which encompasses micro meteorological conditions, quantity and quality of emissions, locations, duration, resources/monitoring technology and operational criteria. The ambient air quality staions were identified considering the above factors. 3.4.4 Scope of Field study The scope of baseline status of the ambient air quality can be assessed through a well-designed ambient air quality stations network. Ambient air quality monitoring of the study area consisting of 10 km radius with the mine lease area as the center point was carried out during the study period of December 2019 - February 2020. The ambient air quality was monitored at Ninelocations spread over entire study area. Figure 3.12presents the locations of nineambient air quality-monitoring

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stations. At each sampling station monitoring was carried out for 24 hours in a day for 2 days a week and for three months during post monsoon season. The

3 parameters studied are Particulate Matter (Size Less than 10µm) or PM10 µg/m ,

3 Particulate Matter (Size Less than 2.5 µm) or PM2.5 µg/m , Sulfur dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen.Sampling period, monitoring and analysis of the above variables is according to the guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQ) is presented in Table 3.9. Table 3.9National Ambient Air Quality Standards Time Weighted Concentration in Ambient Air Pollutant Average IRR ESA Methods of Measurement 3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), μg/m Annual* 50 20 Improved west and Gaeke 24 Hours** 80 80 Ultraviolet fluorescence 3 NitrogenDioxide (NO2), μg/m Annual* 40 30 Modified Jacob & Hochheiser 24 Hours** 80 80 Chemiluminescence Particulate Matter (Size Less Annual* 60 60 Gravimetic, TOEM 3 than 10µm) or PM10, μg/m 24 Hours** 100 100 Beta Attenuation Particulate Matter (Size Less Annual* 40 40 3 than 2.5µm) or PM2.5, μg/m 24 Hours** 60 60 3 Ozone (O3), μg/m 8 hours** 100 100 UV Photometric Chemilminescence 1 hour** 180 180 Chemical Method Lead (Pb), μg/m3 Annual* 0.50 0.50 AAS /ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or 24 hours** 1.0 1.0 equivalent filter paperED - XRF using Teflon filter. Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m3 8 hours** 02 02 Non Dispersive Infra Red 1 hour** 04 04 (NDIR)Spectroscopy 3 Ammonia (NH3), μg/m Annual* 100 100 Chemilminescence 24 hours** 400 400 Indophenol blue method Gas Chromotography based

3 continuous analyzer Benzene (C6H6), μg/m Annual* 05 05 Absorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis Benzo (o) Pyrene (BaP)- Annual* 01 01 Solvent extraction followed by Particulate Phase only, ng/m3 HPLC/GC analysis Arsenic (As), ng/m3 Annual* 06 06 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual* 20 20 equivalent filter paper IRR - Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other Area, ESA- Ecological Sensitive Area (Notified by Central Government) G.S.No.826 (E), dt.16th November, 2009. Vide letter no. F. No. Q-15017/43/2007-CPW. *Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 3-32 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Time Weighted Concentration in Ambient Air Pollutant Average IRR ESA Methods of Measurement 24 hourly at uniform interval. **24 hourly/8/1 hourly monitored values as applicable, shall be complied with 98 percent of the time in a year.2% of time they may be exceeded the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.

3.4.5Description of Sampling Locations

The location of ambient air quality stations is contingent on the meteorological status of the area. Hence the micro meteorological data was collected before initiating the ambient air quality monitoring, and the stations were selected within 10 km of the project site based on wind direction as the mineoperations are limited.Table 3.10 presents the ambient air quality locations and their distances and directions from the mine lease area.

Table 3.10 Locations of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Direction Distance From S. No Location Name form ML area ML area, km AAQ-01. Mothe NW 1.3 AAQ-02. Chintalagudem NE 2.4 AAQ-03. Sarapaka SW 1.5 AAQ-04. Etapaka SE 1.9 AAQ-05. Kannayyagudem NE 3.9 AAQ-06. Iravandi NW 3.6 AAQ-07. Nagineniprolu SW 5.4 AAQ-08. Bhadrachalam SE 3.4

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Figure 3.12Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations

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3.4.6 Ambient air quality status (Terms of Reference No. 22)

The existing baseline levels with respect to Particulate Matter (Size Less than 10µm)

3 3 3 or PM10 µg/m , Particulate Matter (Size Less than 2.5 µg/m ) or PM2.5 µg/m , Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen at 9locations are presented inTable 3.11. The AAQ baseline data observed values are found to be within the prescribed NAAQ standards.

Table 3.11 Summary Ambient Air Quality Status

Pollutant Maximum Minimum Mean 98% Percentile 1) Location: Mothe PM10 43 32 38.69 43 PM2.5 18 13 16.54 18 SO2 12 9 10.38 12 NOx 13 10 11.65 13 2) Location: Chinthalagudem PM10 39 34 37.27 39 PM2.5 17 15 16.19 17 SO2 13 9 11.81 13 NOx 14 9 12.00 14 3) Location: Sarapaka PM10 48 34 42.73 48 PM2.5 18 15 16.88 18 SO2 13 9 11.81 13 NOx 13 9 11.69 13 4) Location: Etapaka PM10 38 34 36.77 38 PM2.5 19 12 16.46 19 SO2 12 9 10.62 12 NOx 12 9 10.42 12 5) Location: Kondayagudem PM10 39 34 36.96 39 PM2.5 17 14 16.04 17 SO2 11 9 10.04 11 NOx 11 9 10.00 11 6) Location: Irravandi PM10 37 34 35.54 37 PM2.5 16 14 15.23 16 SO2 13 9 11.85 13 NOx 13 10 12.15 13 7) Location: Nagineniporlu

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Pollutant Maximum Minimum Mean 98% Percentile PM10 42 34 38.96 42 PM2.5 19 12 17.12 19 SO2 12 9 10.62 12 NOx 14 9 11.35 14 8) Location: Badrachalam PM10 49 34 44.35 40449 PM2.5 17 14 15.81 17 SO2 13 9 10.62 13 NOx 13 9 11.15 13 Note: Pollutant concentrations are presented in µg/m³

Table 3.12 AQI Index Showing the Results of Ambient Air Quality Air quality Associated Health Location AQI Category (Range) index Impacts Mothe 43 Chintalagudem 39 Sarapaka 48 Etapaka 38 Good (0-50) Minimal Impact Kannayyagudem 39 Iravandi 37 Nagineniprolu 42 Bhadrachalam 49

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3.4.7 Noise Environment (Terms of Reference No. 22)

Noise is an unwanted sound without musical quality. Artificial noise impact on environment, grown apace with advancing human civilization. Noise pollution is equally hazardous to environment as air, water and other forms of pollution. Various noise measurement units have been introduced to describe, in a single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up of various frequencies at different loudness levels. The most common scale is, weighted decibel dB (A), and measured as the relative intensity level of one sound with respect to another sound (reference sound).

The impact of noise depends on its characteristics (instantaneous, intermittent or continuous in nature), time of day (day or night) and location of noise source. Table 3.13shows the effects of different noise levels on human beings. The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from noise induced hearing loss to annoying depending on noise levels.

The assessment of noise pollution on neighborhood environment due to the mine was carried out keeping in view, all the considerations mentioned above. The existing status of noise levels is measured at ninelocations at various villages within the study area. Figure 3.13presents noise level monitoring locations. The monitored noise levels are shown in Table 3.14. Noise levels are observed to be with in the prescribed limits of rural and residential areas.

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Figure 3.13Noise Monitoring Locations 3-38 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 3.13Effects on Human Beings at Different Noise Levels Source Noise Level Db(A) Effects Large Rocket Engine (nearby) 180 Threshold of Pains Hydraulic Press (1 m) 130 Maximum vocal 120 Jet take off (60 m) effort Automobile Horn (1m) 120 Construction Noise 110 Jet Take off (600 m) 110 Shout, Punch, Press, Circular Saw 100 Very annoying Heavy Truck (15m), Farm 90 Prolonged exposure Machinery, Lathes, Sports Car, Noisy endangers hearing 80 Machines Automobile (15m) loss Annoying Freeway Traffic (15m) 70 Telephone is difficult, Loud Conversations 60 Living Room in Home 50 Quiet Power Station (15m) 50 Bed Room in Home 40 Soft Whisper (5m) 30 Very quiet Tick of Wall clock (1m) 30 Low radio Reception 20 Whisper 20 Rattling of Leaves by Breeze 10 Barely audible 0 Threshold of hearing

Table 3.14Equivalent Noise levels in the study area

Equivalent Noise Direction Distance From S.No Location Levels dB(A) form ML area ML area, km Leqday Leqnight N-1 Mothe NW 1.3 49 36 N-2 Chintalagudem NE 2.4 48 40 N-3 Sarapaka SW 1.5 49 38 N-4 Etapaka SE 1.9 48 37 N-5 Kannayyagudem NE 3.9 47 38 N-6 Iravandi NW 3.6 48 37 N-7 Nagineniprolu SW 5.4 46 37 N-8 Bhadrachalam SE 3.4 49 36 Note:Daytime is reckoned in between 6.00 a.m to 10.00 p.m. Nighttime is reckoned between 10.00 p.m to 6.00 a.m.

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3.4.8 Traffic Study Traffic study was conducted during three alternative days including a holiday to arrive at peaktraffic hours. Peak traffic was observed during 8 – 9 AM consisting of mainly passangers traffic was carried on Kothvalasa to Pendurthi road. Graphical representation of peak traffic is presented in Figure 3.14. The maximum PCUs observed in an hour are 82. The composition of the peak hour traffic in PCU.

Figure 3.14 Peak Hour Traffic 3.5Socio Economic Environment Project development reflects in social development, i.e., growth in infrastructure facilities, growth in employment rates, increased demands for housing, and other amenities etc., which will have a bearing on the socio-economic status.

Socio-economic survey is conducted to ascertain the existing socio-economic status to compare the same with the developments due to the project. Baseline data of demographic characteristics-occupational status, literacy, health status and the access to infrastructure facilities for social development in the project area has been studied from the primary data collected from census department by M/s. Team Labs and Consultants.

Demographic characteristics of the study area falling within 10 km radius of the mine lease area have been compiled to assess the pre-project socio-economic status. Secondary data has been collected from various government agencies i.e., chief

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planning officer, Burgampahad Bhadradri Kothagudemdistrictand other government departments of forestry, irrigation etc., and Mandal Development Offices of the relevant government departments. Census 2011 data was complied and presented as follows.

3.5.1 Demography

The study area falls under the following mandals; Burgampahad, Bhadrachalam, and Aswapuram in Bhadradri Kothagudemdistrict. Study area comprises of 34 revenue villages and 11 hamlets.

3.5.2 Population Distribution

The population distribution of the study area is presented in Table 3.15.The population density in the study area is morereflecting the semi urbannature. The total population of the area is 138895 consisting of 69255 males and 69640 females. The population of the scheduled castes is 23908 consists of 11793 males and 12115 females, while the scheduled tribe population is 29730 consists of 14836 males and 14894 females, which is 17.21 % and 21.40 % of the total population respectively. The male (50.14%) population is more compared to Female (49.86%) population in the study area.

Table 3.15Population Distribution – Study Area

kms Total Category 0-3 3-5 5-7 7-10 Total Population 27459 61463 3271 46702 138895 Total Population – Male 13882 30432 1648 23293 69255 Total Population – Female 13577 31031 1623 23409 69640 Population <6 years 3016 6359 337 4811 14523 Male <6 years 1528 3259 173 2379 7339 Females < 6years 1488 3100 164 2432 7184 Scheduled Caste Population - Total 5622 9257 416 8613 23908 Male – SC 2786 4523 206 4278 11793 Female – SC 2836 4734 210 4335 12115 Scheduled Tribe Population Total 4380 8433 549 16368 29730 Male – ST 2161 4136 273 8266 14836 Female – ST 2219 4297 276 8102 14894

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Figure 3.15Population distribution of the study area

3.5.3 Literacy

Census operations consider a person who is above six years old and who can write and read as literate. Table 3.16 presents literacy levels in the study area.The population below six years old is 14523 consisting of 7339 males and 7184 females, which is 10.46% of the study area population. The percentage of literacy level in the study area among males is 77.75 and 64.86 among females. It may be observed that the literacy level among females is comparatively less than males.

Table 3.16Literacy - Study Area

kms Total Category 0-3 3-5 5-7 7-10 Total Population 27459 61463 3271 46702 138895 Total Population – Male 13882 30432 1648 23293 69255 Total Population – Female 13577 31031 1623 23409 69640 Population <6 years 3016 6359 337 4811 14523 Male <6 years 1528 3259 173 2379 7339 Females < 6years 1488 3100 164 2432 7184 Total Literates 18189 43594 2013 24851 88647 Male –Literates 9981 23072 1116 13972 48141 Female – Literates 8208 20522 897 10879 40506 Total Illiterates 9270 17869 1258 21851 50248 Male –Illiterate 3901 7360 532 9321 21114 Female – Illiterate 5369 10509 726 12530 29134

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Figure 3.16Literacy of Study Area

3.5.4 Employment/Occupation

Work is defined as participation in any economically productive activity – Physical/ mental. The work force is classified into three categories:a) main workers, b)marginal workers and c) non-workers. Main workers are those who work for a substantial part of the year for a living such as salaried employees, agricultural labor etc. Marginal workers are that who worked the previous year but has not worked for a substantial part of this year. Non-workers constitute students, house wives, dependents; pensioner’s etc. Table 3.17presents the population distribution for employment.

It may be observed that a majority of the study area population falls in the non workercategoryamong 54.02% of the total population and the marginal workers from about 9.72% of the total population. The male female difference is also significant in all the regions and in all the categories. There are few females among the workers where as there are more non workers and marginal workers among females.

Table 3.17 Employment – Study Area

kms Total Category 0-3 3-5 5-7 7-10 Total Population 27459 61463 3271 46702 138895

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kms Total Category 0-3 3-5 5-7 7-10 Total Population – Male 13882 30432 1648 23293 69255 Total Population – Female 13577 31031 1623 23409 69640 Total Workers 11971 24620 1710 25558 63859 Total Workers – Male 8130 17042 1043 13905 40120 Total Workers – Female 3841 7578 667 11653 23739 Total Main Workers 8900 19355 1374 20731 50360 Main workers – Male 6679 14250 853 11850 33632 Main Workers – Female 2221 5105 521 8881 16728 Total Marginal Workers 3071 5265 336 4827 13499 Marginal Workers – Male 1451 2792 190 2055 6488 Marginal Workers – Female 1620 2473 146 2772 7011 Total Non-Workers 15488 36843 1561 21144 75036 Non-Workers – Male 5752 13390 605 9388 29135 Non-Workers – Female 9736 23453 956 11756 45901

Figure 3.17 Employment of Study Area

The main workers are further classified into; Total cultivators: those who engage a single worker or his family member to cultivate land for payment in money, kind or share; Agricultural labor: those who work in other’s lands for wages; household workers: workers involved in manufacturing and processing industries in the house hold industries; and other services; Livestock, forestry, fishing and allied activities; Workers involved in mining and quarrying; Workers involved in manufacturing and processing industries in the house hold industries,Non house hold industries, construction workers, workers in trade and commerce,Workers involved in transport, storage and communication and other services: government employees,

3-44 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report teachers, priests, artists etc. Table 3.18 presents the main workers distribution among study area population. It may be observed that over 15.17 % of the study area population is involved in cultivation or agriculture labor, followed by other services to the tune of 16.61% reflecting on the proximity to kothavalasa, which is the administrative center and mining area. Significant differences are observed among the male and female workers, Female workers are found to be less among all categories of workers.

Table 3.18 Main Workers - Study Area

Kms Total Category 0-3 3-5 5-7 7-10 Total Population 27459 61463 3271 46702 138895 Total Population – Male 13882 30432 1648 23293 69255 Total Population – Female 13577 31031 1623 23409 69640 Total Main Workers 8900 19355 1374 20731 50360 Main workers – Male 6679 14250 853 11850 33632 Main Workers – Female 2221 5105 521 8881 16728 Total Cultivators 352 756 343 3923 5374 Cultivators – Male 267 600 280 2948 4095 Cultivators- Female 85 156 63 975 1279 Total Agriculture Labor 2320 3970 781 13996 21067 Agriculture Labor – Male 1148 2036 374 6726 10284 Agriculture Labor – Female 1172 1934 407 7270 10783 Total Household Workers 146 437 31 228 842 Household Workers – Male 123 296 23 158 600 Household Workers – Female 23 141 8 70 242 Total Others 6082 14192 219 2584 23077 Others – Male 5141 11318 176 2018 18653 Others – Female 941 2874 43 566 4424

3.5.5 Living Standards and Infrastructure Sustainable development of any area is dependent not only the population but also on the availability of infrastructure which leads to better living standards. The infrastructure facilities are essential in providing education, awareness, health, communication, potable water, transport etc. The standards of living are the sum of the availability of the infrastructure to the subject community, wide variations in terms of income, economic conditions and patterns of spending.

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The infrastructure facilities available in the impact zone are reflecting the rural nature of the entire study area.

I. Educational Facilities The educational facilities available in the rural areas are meager, despite the proximity to urban area of Pendurthi. There are 20 primary schools, 28 middle schools and 2 high schools in the study area. There is no junior college within the impact area.The higher educational need of the population is met by Bhadrachalam.

II. Health facilities The medical and health facilities available in the rural area of the impact zone are inadequate; there are 1 Primary Health Centre, 2Primary Health Sub Centre and nochild welfare centers and 3Registered Private Medical Practitionerscenters in the entire area. While the urban area has a number of health facilities including a teaching hospital. The health needs of the population in this area are met by quacks and other semi qualified persons.

III. Availability of Potable Water The entire population in this area is dependent on ground water for drinking purposes.

IV. Transport and Communication Transport is essentially provided by the Telangana stateState Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC). Most of the study area has excellent road network in all the villages, which has kacha roads. TSRTC bus facility is available for all the villages. However, it is observed that a number of private transport vehicles are observed in the area connecting them to Bhadrachalam.

V. Sources of Energy and Availability The primary source of energy in the study area is electricity, and the entire study area has electricity for agriculture and domestic purpose. The Bhadrachalamarea has LPG facility for their cooking purpose. A significant number of people in the urban area are also dependent on Kerosene for cooking purposes, which is contingent on the vagaries of public distribution system. A majority of the rural area

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is mostly dependent on LPG gas, dried cow dung cakes, wood from roadside trees for their domestic energy needs.

VI. Post and Telegraph facilities There are 14 post offices in the area and no post and Telegraph office in the study area. Phone facilities however are extended to most of the villages.

VII. Housing Census defines the house hold as a group of persons living together and sharing their meals from a common kitchen. The number of households in the impact zone is 38072. The density of the households is approximately four. The traditional houses made up of mud walls and covered by dry common grass and leaves of bourses are commonly found in the rural area, which are not considered puce houses. The government has been augmenting the housing standards by constructing housing colonies for various weaker sections of the society.

3.5.6Land Utilization Land use patterns can be prepared on the basis of revenue records though it is not an exact indicator of the actual use of the land at a given time. Land use is presented under the heads of area under forest cover irrigated land, area under cultivation and cultivable wasteland in Table 3.19.

Table 3.19Land Utilization Pattern

kms Total Category 0-3 3-5 5-7 7-10 Area,ha Forest Area (in Hectares) 1257 696 576.6 2546.9 5076 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (in Hectares) 29 79.18 0 1906.57 2014.75 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area (in Hectares) 0 74 0 577.88 651.88 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area (in Hectares) 0 169 0 594.13 763.13 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area (in Hectares) 323.9 137.1 0 726.85 1187.85 Culturable Waste Land Area (in Hectares) 20 445 0 1371.58 1836.58 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area (in Hectares) 18 435 0 1276.06 1729.06 Current Fallows Area (in Hectares) 1086 1100.3 978.4 7903.09 11067.39 Net Area Sown (in Hectares) 804.3 1574.4 607.7 6842.76 9829.16 Total Area 3537 4709.98 2162.7 23745.82 34155.8

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It may be observed that a majority of the study area is forest land followed by Net Area Sown area.

3.5.7 Project Economy

The project will provide employment additionally to 279 people. The proposed project will also generate indirect employment to the locals during mining activity. The employers will contribute to the provident fund, ESI and provide facilities as per the relevant labor act.

The proximity of Bhadrachalamtown will provide access to the extensive medical facilities available apart from the ESI medical facilities to the employees and their families.

It may be concluded that satisfactory amenities are available for the population of the impact zone, while the amenities are available either within the village or at a minimum distance of 3km. The area also has large tracts of waste lands which can be utilized for industrial development.

The proposed mining activity will contribute to the growth of the area, which in turn generates employment, and improve the infrastructure facilities of the area by strengthening the same economically.

3.6 Ecology (Terms of Reference No. 15, 18)

Ecological studies are one of the important aspects of Environmental Impact Assessment with a view to conserve environmental quality and biodiversity. The present objective is to study an area of 10 km radius from the project site. Ecological systems show complex inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components including dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic components comprise of both plant and animal communities, which interact not only within and between themselves but also with the abiotic components Viz., physical and chemical components of the environment. The main aim of Conservation of Biodiversity is to ensure “No Net Loss” as per Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Ramsar Convention, and the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). The further loss of

3-48 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report biodiversity is unacceptable. Biodiversity must be conserved to ensure it survives, continuing to provide services, values and benefits for current and future generations. This objective is considered during the present ecological assessment.

Scope of work

Scope of work is to identify the ecologically sensitive receptors based on literature survey and field investigations, quantification of impacts on flora and fauna in core and buffer zones and to suggest appropriate mitigation measures. The scope will also cover to identify any rare, endangered, endemic, threatened (REET) species of flora or fauna in the project site as well its buffer zone (upto 10 km radius). The study also designed to suggest suitable mitigation measures and conservation plan, if necessary for REET species if any.

Reconnaissance of the Study Area

The proposed sand reaches site surrounded by open land with very less vegetation cover. Most of the region is dry and mesophytic conditions. Vegetation is limited to rever side, pond side and road side apart from reserved forests.

The possible impacted regions are studied. Number of sampling points is based on area-species graph method. 15 sampling points are studied for statistical analysis. For the secondary data, working plan from Telengana Forest Department is collected. The faunal species (particularly higher mammals and Birds) present in and around the study area are discussed with elderly people from nearby villages.

Forests in the study area can be classified under two sub groups namely 5A- Southern tropical dry deciduous forests; Type 5A/C1: Dry teak bearing forest, Type 5A/C3 : Southern dry mixed deciduous forest; Type 5/DS1: Southern tropical dry deciduous forest; as per the classification of Champion and Seth (1968) in their "A revised survey of the forest types of India". Accordingly, the following forest types are found here. There are no protected forest or un-classed Forest (declared Protected under “The Indian Forest Act, 1927”) and “Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988”. (Source: Forest Department). No forest Clearance

3-49 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report is required for the proposed development. There are no Scheduled species recorded within the proposed site. No wetland notified under “The Ramsar Convention – 1971” or listed under “the National wetland Conservation Programme – 2009” is reported within 10 km from project boundary.

Secondary data

Ghani, M., Suresh, V., Raju, S., & Mustafa, *Md. (2015). Ethnomedicinal plants used by tribal communities for the treatment of various diseases in Bhadrachalam and Charla area of Khammam district, Telangana state. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 2(6). Information from local villager’s secondary data of Flora and fauna from forest department.

Sampling locations

In mining area sampling locations were taken all along the project site, whereas in buffer area, 15 locations are selected for carrying out statistical analysis. Under each location, two belt transects are made at different directions each. Thus, a total of 15 points are analysed for statistical parameter keeping in view of covering all the possible wild and native species of study area.

Methodology Equipment / Instruments deployed  Digital Camera (NIKON 42 X zoom)  GPS (Accurate readings available in Mobile and inbuilt camera )  Binoculars (OLYMPUS 10 X 50 DPSI)  Field observation book, Field guides, Pen, Measuring tape etc  PAST –statistical software for Biodiversity.  MS-Excel for Phyto-sociological calculations and graphs. Methodology for Floral analysis

The vegetation structure of the region was randomly checked at selected habitats and sampling was done near reserved forests. Most of the buffer zone area is under cultivation and hence sampling near pond side and road side are restricted to dense

3-50 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report covered regions. To avoid the biased results, statistical analysis is carried out near two reservedforests. The remaining buffer zone survey was carried out for validating the secondary data collected at regional level. The status of each identified species was given in terms of four categories such as “Dominant”, “Common”, “Sporadic”, and “Rare”. This status is mainly based on Density, Frequency and Abundance estimated during the field visit for Trees, Shrubs and Herbs.

Phyto-sociological aspects of the study were carried out by perambulating and sampling through quadrat sampling method. Sample plots were selected in such a way to get maximum representation of different types of vegetation and plots were laid out near reserved forest blocks. Belt transect method (100m X 10m) was followed during the study. In this method, transect (a straight line) of 100 m is marked with rope and tape. The trees are sampled 5 m on either side of the central line of transect, while sampling, recorded the Girth at Breast Height (GBH) for trees with greater than 30 cm GBH. The shrubs, Herbs, Climbers, Grass species and Hys are documented with their status availability in all sampling points along with tree species. Unidentified species in the field are photographed and given a code for further investigation. Only photographs were taken during the field survey and no damage is created to flora and fauna during the sampling. None of the specimens are collected as voucher specimens for herbarium. The plants were identified using floras by Gamble (1915-36), Saxena and Brahmam (1994-96), Nair and Henry (1983), Henry et al. (1987), Henry et al. (1989) and also by using updated check list from www.theplantlist.org.

Data Collection & Analysis

Only tree species with more than 30 cm GBH in the buffer zone are considered for quantification. The standard phyto-sociological methods of Mishra (1968) for density, frequency, and abundance are calculated. Relative values of these were calculated by following Philips (1959). Important Value Index (IVI) was calculated by adding up these three values of relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance (Curtis, 1959). In the case of shrubs, herbs and saplings abundance status was given as per direct field observation. Diversity indices such as Shannon–Wiener

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Indices of Diversity index, Evenness, Dominance, A/F ratio are also calculated through standard methods and by using software tools such as PAST.

Methodology for Faunal analysis

Intensive surveys for mammals were conducted by using transect method in all major habitats and recorded the species through direct and indirect evidences. Species were identified using “A pictorial guide to the Mammals of the India” by Vivekmenon (2014) Prater (1997).

For Birds, point count method was applied where, at one point birds seen or heard 50 m radius has been recorded for 5 minutes. After this, a gap of 10 minutes, repeated the observations and recorded the species number. All the species were identified using “A field guide to the birds of the Indian Sub-Continent” by Ranjit Manakadan et.al (2011).

Reptiles were identified by direct or indirect evidences and literature cited is the book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians by J.C. Daniel (2002), Snakes of India by Whitaker (2016).

Amphibians are surveyed both at aquatic and terrestrial systems searching under the logs and stones, digging through litter and soil, searching short bushes and tree hollows and under fallen barks and water-catching. The books referred are Amphibians of Peninsular India by Ranjit Daniel (2004).

Sampling of Invertebrates were done along the transect passing through various habitats, species identification was made using standard field guides (Antram, 2002; Evans, 1932; Kunte, 2000).

Vegetation structure and composition

During the present study, around 219 floral species are recorded from primary and secondary sources. The overall study area consists of agricultural fallow / Barren / uncultivable / waste land/ Reserved forests. Some part of it has commercial mango plantation and few parts are currently used as grazing land.

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Present environmental setting:

Field observation:

The project site in near Godavari River, aquatic ecosystem with few common shrubs and herbs. Entire area is with Sand reaches without any forest or agriculture land. There are no REET species present in the core zone. No migratory corridors or breeding grounds for faunal species present here.

The most commonly seen shrubs are Calotropis procera and Zizyphus jujube and herbs are common grass species grown naturally. Apart from that few weeds are commonly seen at few places are Euphorbia hirta, Aerva lanata, Croton bonplantianum and Parthenium histerophorus. The faunal composition generally with aves and fish fauna. In aves, Mynas, Sparrows, Bar headed Goose, Swifts are seen. A detailed list of shrubs, herbs and ornamental plants present in Table 3.20.

Buffer zone is mostly with human habitations and one reserve forest. The list of flora and fauna covered under these are not elobaratly given in the list. The common species found at road side and village wood land are given. Buffer area is mainly village wood land. Some part of the buffer area is under reserve forest. This area is having good number of tree species having mesophytic adaptation. Most of the region is plain with red soil. Hence vegetative survey mainly conducted on Trees. The floral quantification has been done in the reserve forest areas where quadrate method has been adopted. There are no endangered and endemic plants present in the buffer and core zones. There are few medicinal, timber / fuel wood, fodder and other socio-economic purposes. The faunal composition was also estimated based on the direct and indirect evidences. Lannea coromandelica, Soymida febrifuga, Xylia xylocarpa, Syzygium cumini, Phoenix sylvestris, Dalbergia sissoo, Prosopis juliflora, Tectona grandis, Mangifera indica, Terminalia alata, Lantana camara, Saraca asoca, Strychnos nux vomica, Gmelina asiatica, Hardwickia binata, Azadirachta indica, Leucaena leucocephala, Morinda tinctoria and Holarrhena antidysenterica are coomonly seen in the reserve forested area. Albizia procera, Albizia lebbeck, Delonix regia, Azadirachta indica, Peltoforum sp., Terminalia catapa, Psidium guava, Dalbergia sissoo and Tamarindus indica are predominant near villages.

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Aquatic ecosystem

The study area comprises of few small and medium sized tanks. These ponds provide the suitable habitat for fresh water aquatic and semi aquatic plants. Hydrilla, Ipomoea aquatic, Lemna minor, Limnophila heterophylla, Marsilea quadrifolia, Neptunia oleracea Operculina turpethum, Neptunia oleracea, Typha angustata are most common in the study area. The fresh water fishes are given in the list collected from secondary sources. There were no REET category species of aquatic and semi aquatic plants in the study area.

Fauna:

Throughout the study area, there no direct evidence of wild animal species observed. From the secondary source (local people near villages) it is also revealed that presence of common snakes exists here. Common bird species such as Paddy egrets, Green bee eaters, Indian rollers, Parakeets, common babblers, Weaver birds, Mynas, Black drangos, Crows, Sparrows are sighted here.

Endemic, Threatened and Endangered Species

From the present survey it appears that none of the terrestrial species are under endangered and threatened species, and not listed in the Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 as amended in 1991.

Terrestrial fauna

As the animals, especially vertebrates move from place to place in search of food, shelter, mate or other biological needs, separate lists for core and buffer areas are not feasible. However, a separate list of fauna pertaining to core and buffer zone are listed separately. Though there are threereserved forest blocks in the buffer zone, they are in the form of small and isolated patches. As these forest blocks are surrounded by villages on all sides, they are subject to biotic pressures of grazing and cutting. As such, there are no chances of occurrence of any rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species within the core or buffer area. There are no Sanctuaries, National Parks, Tiger Reserve or Biosphere Reserve or Elephant

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Corridor or other protected areas within 10 km radius from core area. It is evident from the available records, reports and circumstantial evidence that the entire study area including the core and buffer areas were free from any endangered animals. There were no resident birds other than common bird species such as Paddy egrets, Green bee eaters, Indian rollers, Parakeets, Common babblers, Weaver birds, Mynas, Black drangos, Crows, Sparrows.The list of Mammalian species directly sighted or recorded during field survey and also from literature review is given in Table 3.21. The list of bird species recorded during field survey and literature from the study area are given in Table 3.22. The list of reptilian species recorded during field survey and literature from the study area are given in Table 3.23.The list of Amphibian species recorded during field survey and literature from the study area are given in Table 3.24. The list of Fish species recorded during field survey and literature from the study area are given in Table 3.25.The list of Butterfly species recorded during field survey and literature from the study area are given in Table 3.26.It is apparent from the list that none of the species either spotted or reported is included in Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act. Similarly, none of them comes under the REET category. Some of the birds listed were rare locally but they do not fall under any of the REET categories.

Effect on Migratory corridors, Nesting and Breeding sites

There are no migratory corridors, nesting and breeding sites within the proposed site or in the core area. No need to take any mitigation measures in this connection.

REET species

From the list, no Rare or Endangered or Endemic or Threatened (REET) species or any species listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act. Hence, species specific and habitat specific mitigation measures are not needed in this connection. The project site does not overlap with any of the recognized Ramsar sites. The construction phase does not envisaged excavation or alteration in water bodies hence shall not entail changes in aquatic biodiversity. The construction does

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not involve diversion or change in the major rivers, canals. Considering these predicted impacts, a comprehensive green belt development plan and Wildlife management plan are proposed which shall improve the existing status of ecosystems and associated biodiversity in the nearby area.

Ecosystem services:

Direct ecosystem source of local people is forest produce. The ecological nutrient cycles, the local people utilize the forest produce nearby to the village in many ways such as Fire wood, Bamboo, Major and Minor forest produce. Apart from thase, the aesthetics and habitat for faunal resources are extensive. The present ecosystem is well suitable for commercial propagation of any type of plants due to edaphic and climatic factors. This ecosystem also serves to local for firewood and fodder for goats and sheep. The study area has several plant species with economic and traditional uses to meet the needs of local people. The species have multiple values in the form of timber wood, edible fruits, fuel wood, fodder, oral hygiene, and other uses. The timber requirement is met by tree species such as Tectona grandis, Azadirachta indica, and Bauhinia racemosa. Domestic fuel demand is met by plants namely, Prosopis juliflora, Balanites aegyptiaca, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Lantana camara. Apart from plants with traditional and economic values, there are 80 species of medicinal plants that are used for treating 19 ailments such as cold and cough, bone fracture/pain, jaundice, and diabetes.

Table 3.20 List of Plant Species Recorded

Botanical Name Common name Family Habit Acacia auriculiformis Benth. Australia thumma Leguminosae Tree Acacia chundra (Rottler)Willd. Sandra Mimosaceae Tree Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Tella thumma Leguminosae Tree Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Nalla thumma Leguminosae Tree Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Velaga Rutaceae Tree Ailanthus excelsa Roxb Pedda manu Simaroubaceae Tree Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin Vuduga chettu Cornaceae Tree Albizia amara (Roxb.) B.Boivin Konda sigara Leguminosae Tree Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Dirisanam Leguminosae Tree Alstonia scholaris R.BR Edakula pala Apocynaceae Tree Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. Chirumanu Combretaceae Tree Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Kadambe Rubiaceae Tree 3-56 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Botanical Name Common name Family Habit Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Vepa Meliaceae Tree Bauhinia purpurea L. Bodhanta Leguminosae Tree Borassus flabellifer L. Thadi chettu Arecaceae Tree Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Modhuga Leguminosae Tree Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Pacha ganneru Apocynaceae Tree Cassia fistula L. Rela Leguminosae Tree Cassia siamea Lam. Seema thangedu Leguminosae Tree Casuarina equisetifolia L. Sarugudu Casuarinaceae Tree Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn Tella buruga Malvaceae Tree Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss. Konda vepa Meliaceae Tree Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Nimma Rutaceae Tree Cocos nucifera L. Kobbari Arecaceae Tree Conocarpus erectus L. Buttonwood tree Combretaceae Tree Dalbergia latifolia Roxb Jiteegi Leguminosae Tree Dalbergia sissoo DC. Sisu Leguminosae Tree Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Chittikesaram Leguminosae Tree Dendrocalamus strictus Sanna vedru Graminae Tree Dendrocalamus strictus(Roxb.) Nees Sanna vedru Graminae Tree Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb Tunki Ebenaceae Tree Dolichandron eatrovirens (Roth) K.Schum. Bignoniaceae Tree Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Neelagiri thylam Myrtaceae Tree Ficus benghalensis L. Marri Moraceae Tree Medipandu,Bemmedu Ficus hispida L.f. akulu Moraceae Tree Ficus microcape Moraceae Tree Ficus religiosa L. Ravi Moraceae Tree Gmelina asiatica L. Kavavagummudu Lamiaceae Tree Hardwickia binata Yepi Leguminosae Tree Holarrhena antidysenterica Pala Apocynaceae Tree Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. Nemali nara Ulmaceae Tree Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Gumpena Anacardiaceae Tree Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Jabarichettu Leguminosae Tree Limonia acidissima L. Velaga Rutaceae Tree Mangifera indica L. Mamidi Anacardiaceae Tree Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi Kanuga Leguminosae Tree Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Maddichettu Rubiaceae Tree Pavetta indica L. Lakkapapidi Rubiaceae Tree Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K.Heyne Kondachintha Leguminosae Tree Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Eethachettu Arecaceae Tree Phyllanthus emblica L. Usiri Phyllanthaceae Tree Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Sima chinta Leguminosae Tree Plumeria alba Tella devaganneru Apocynaceae Tree Plumeria rubra Erra devaganneru Apocynaceae Tree Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz Mulla thumma Leguminosae Tree Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. English tumma Mimosaceae Tree Pterospermum heyneanum G.Don Duddika Malvaceae Tree Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Nidraganeeru Sapindaceae Tree

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Botanical Name Common name Family Habit Sapindus emarginatus Vahl Kunkudu Sapindaceae Tree Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. Somi Meliaceae Tree Strychnos nux vomica Musti Loganiaceae Tree Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Neredu Myrtaceae Tree Tamarindus indica L. Chintha Leguminosae Tree Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Pasupu ganneru Bignoniaceae Tree Tectona grandis L.f. Teak Lamiaceae Tree Terminalia alata Heyne Nalla Maddi Combretaceae Tree Terminalia catappa L. Badham Combretaceae Tree Thevetia neriifolia Pacha ganneru Apocynaceae Tree Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Boggu chettu Ulmaceae Tree Xylia xylocarpa Roxb Konda thangedu Leguminosae Tree Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Reni Rhamnaceae Tree Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Thutturubenda Malvaceae S Agave americana L. Gitta nara Asparagaceae S Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Gacha podha Leguminosae S Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Rathna gandhi Leguminosae S Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Tella jilledu Apocynaceae S Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. Erra jilledu Apocynaceae S Capparis zeylanica L. Arudonda Capparaceae S Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae S Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. Kond-takal Lamiaceae S Datura stramonium L. Ummetha Solanaceae S Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. Dedaraaku Erythroxylaceae S Euphorbia cactus Jemudu Euphorbiaceae S Euphorbia tirucalli L. Tirukalli Euphorbiaceae S Grewia hirsuta Vahl Jaani Chettu Tiliaceae S Grewia flavescens Juss. Jana Malvaceae S Helicteres isora L. Gooba thadu Malvaceae S Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Danthitulasi Lamiaceae S Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Rubber mokka Convolvulaceae S Ixora coccinea L. Ramabanam Rubiaceae S Jasminum roxburghianum Wall. ex S C.B.Clarke Garuda malli Oleaceae Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae S Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. Rana bheri Lamiaceae S Morinda pubescens Sm. Rubiaceae S Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Naga jamudu Cactaceae S Phoenix acaulis Roxb. Chitteetha Palmae S Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Tangedu Leguminosae S Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Kasintha Leguminosae S Solanum pubescensWilld. Uchintha Solanaceae S Solanum surattense Burm. f. Nela vakudu Solanaceae S Xanthium strumarium L. Marula-Mathangi Asteraceae S Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. Parimi Rhamnaceae S Azolla pinnata subsp. africana (Desv.) Salviniaceae Hy Eichornia crassipes Solms Pontederiaceae Hy

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Botanical Name Common name Family Habit Hydrilla Rich. Hydrocharitaceae Hy Ipomoea aquatica Thooti Koora Convolvulaceae Hy Lemna minor Hegelm. Araceae Hy Limnophila heterophylla R. Br. Plantaginaceae Hy Marsilea quadrifolia L. Marsileaceae Hy Neptunia oleracea Lour. Leguminosae Hy Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso Erra Tegada Convolvulaceae Hy Typha angustata Jammu Typhaceae Hy Vallisneria L. Hydrocharitaceae Hy Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae H Achyranthes aspera L Uttareni Amaranthaceae H Aerva lanata (L.) Juss Thelaga pindi Amaranthaceae H Aeschynomene aspera L Neeti jeeluga Leguminosae H Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Vasavi Asteraceae H Aloe vera Kithanara Tiliaceae H Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Ponagantiaku Amaranthaceae H Amaranthus spinosus L. Mulla thotakoora Amaranthaceae H Amaranthus viridis L. Chilakathotakoora Amaranthaceae H Andrographis echioides Chalavala puri kada Acanthaceae H Andrographis paniculata Nela Vemu Acanthaceae H Apluda mutica L.f. Poaceae H Argemone mexicana L. Brahmadandi Papaveraceae H Asparagus racemosus Pilliteegalu Asperagaceae H Barleria prionitis L. Pachagorinta Acanthaceae H Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr. Kukkapogaku Asteraceae H Boerhavia diffusa L. Atikimamidi Nyctaginaceae H Borreria hispida Spruce ex K.Schum. Rubiaceae H Cassia absus L. Adaviulva Leguminosae H Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don Billaganneru Apocynaceae H Celosia virgata Jacq. Guruga Amaranthaceae H Chloris barbata Sw. Uppu Gaddi Poaceae H Chloris virgata Sw. Poaceae H Chrysopogon lancearius (Hook.f.) Haines Poaceae H Cleome aspera J.König ex DC Cleomaceae H Cleome viscosa L. Kukka vomintha Cleomaceae H Crotalaria juncea L Janumu Leguminosae H Croton bonplandianus Baill. Vana mokka Euphorbiaceae H Desmodium dichotomum (Willd.) DC. Leguminosae H Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Guntagalagara Asteraceae H Euphorbia hirta L. Nanubalu Euphorbiaceae H Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L Convolvulaceae H Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br. Pulupu gaddi Cyperaceae H Gomphrena serrata L. Tella bendumalli Amaranthaceae H Heteropogon contortus (L.) Poaceae H Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine Mundla gobbi Acanthaceae H Indigofera hirsuta L. Kolapattitulu Leguminosae H Indigofera linnaei Ali Leguminosae H

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Botanical Name Common name Family Habit Justicia procumbens L. Acanthaceae H Leucas aspera Tummi Lamiaceae H Ludwigia perennis L. Lavangakaya mokka Onagraceae H Mimosa pudica Atthi pathi Leguminosae H Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. Molluginaceae H Ocimum canum Sims Kukka Tulasi Lamiaceae H Oldenlandia umbellata L. Chiru veru Rubiaceae H Oxalis corniculata Indian Sorrel Oxalidaceae H Parthenium hysterophorus L. Vayyaribhama Asteraceae H Pavonia zeylanica Cav. Karubenda Malvaceae H Phyllanthus amanus Nela Usiri Euphorbiaceae H Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Phyllanthaceae H Plumbago zeylanica L Agnimaata Plumbaginaceae H Portulaca oleracea L. Pappu Kura Portulacaceae H Ruellia tuberosa L. Jurbula gadda Acanthaceae H Scoparia dulcis L. Potti boli Plantaginaceae H Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Thikka Kura Aizoaceae H Sida acuta Burm.f. Medabirusaku Malvaceae H Sida cordifolia L. Chiru Benda Malvaceae H Sida spinosa L. Naga bala Malvaceae H Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. Compositae H Sphaeranthus indicus L. Bodasaramu Asteraceae H Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Vempali Leguminosae H Trianthema portulacastrum L. kadaraku Aizoaceae H Tribulus terrestris L Zygophyllaceae H Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Gaddichamanthi Asteraceae H Triumfetta pentandra A.Rich. Chirusitrika Malvaceae H Urena lobata L. Pedda benda Malvaceae H Vanda tessellata Kodikalla chettu Orchidaceae H Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Compositae H Waltheria indica L. Nalla Benda Malvaceae H Aristida hystrix L.f. Poaceae G Brachiaria eruciformis Poaceae G Cynodon dactylon Garika Poaceae G Cyperus castaneus Poaceae G Cyperus flavidus Cyperaceae G Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae G Digitaria ciliaris Poaceae G Eragrostis tenella Poaceae G Zizania latifolia Poaceae G Abrus precatorius L. Gurivinda Leguminosae C Asparagus racemosus Willd. Pilli Gaddalu Asparagaceae C Cissus quadrangularis L. Nalleru Vitaceae C Clitoria ternatea L. Sanku-Pushpamu Leguminosae C Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae C Dioscorea pentaphylla Adavi gunusuthega Dioscoreaceae C Ipomoea macrantha Convolvulaceae C

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Botanical Name Common name Family Habit Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth. Convolvulaceae C Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Convolvulaceae C Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae C Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Dulagondi Leguminosae C Passiflora edulis Sims. Fashion fruit Passifloraceae C Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. Dustapu-Teega Apocynaceae C Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy. Bodditeega Convolvulaceae C Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. Tippa teega Menispermaceae C G- Grass,H- Herb, Hy- Hydrophyte, C- Climber, S- Shrub (* indicates Secondary data from Telangana State Forest Department Working Plan of Ranga Reddy District 2004 to 2014) 3. List of Fauna and Their Conservation Status Table 3.21 Checklist of Mammalian species in the Study Area (* indicates Pirmary data) Scientific Name Common Name IUCN IWPA Rhinopoma hardwickii Lesser Mouse-Tailed Bat LC V Cynopterus sphinx Short-Nosed Fruit Bat LC V Pteropus gaganteus Indian flying fox bat LR/NR V Taphozous melanopogon Black-Bearded tomb bat LC V Hipposideros speoris Schneider’s Leaf-Nosed Bat LC V Bendicota bengalensis Indian mole rat LC V Bendicota indica Bandicoot rat LC V Mus booduga Little Indian Field mouse LC V Mus musculus House Mouse LC V Rattus rattus House rat LC V Suncus murinus Grey musk shrew LC V Sus scrofa Indian wild boar LC III Funambulus palmarum Three striped palm squirrel LC Lepus nigricollis nigricollis Black-naped Hare LC IV Herpestes edwardsii Grey Mongoose LC II IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; EX: Extinct; CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; LC: Least Concern; DD: Data Deficient. IW (P)A: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Source:  Working plan of Ranga Reddy District Vol II (Forest Department)  Vivek Menon (2014), Indian Mammals: A Field Guide. Hachette Book Publishing India Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon, India, pp 1-522;  IUCN (2015). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4;

Figure 3.22 List of AVES either spotted or reported or recorded from the study area 3-61 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Conservation status IUCN Scientific Name Common name as per wildlife Status protection act,1972 Phalacrocorax niger Little cormorant LC Sch-IV Ardea cinerea Grey heron LC Sch-IV Ardea purpurea Purple heron LC Sch-IV Ardeola grayii Pond heron LC Sch-IV Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret LC Sch-IV Egretta garzetta Little egret LC Sch-IV Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Chestnut bittern LC Sch-IV Pseudibis papillosa Black ibis LC Sch-IV Elanus caeruleus Blackwinged kite LC Sch-IV Haliastur indus Brahminy kite LC Sch-IV Porphyrio porphyrio Purple moorhen LC Sch-IV Fulica atra Coot LC Sch-IV Vanellus indicus Redwattled lapwing LC Sch-IV Vanellus malabaricus Yellow-wattled lapwing LC Sch-IV Strptopelia chinensis Spotted dove LC Sch-IV Psittacula cyanocepahala Blossomheaded parakeet LC Sch-IV Eudynamis scolopacea Koel LC Sch-IV Tyto alba Barn owl LC Sch-IV Glaucidium radiatum Jungle owlet LC Sch-IV Athene brama Spotted owlet LC Sch-IV Apus affinis House swift LC Sch-IV Cypsiurus parvus Palm swift LC Sch-IV Ceryle rudis Lesser Pied kingfisher LC Sch-IV Merops leschenaultii Chestnutheaded bee-eater LC Sch-IV Merops philippinus Bluetailed bee-eater LC Sch-IV Merops orientalis Small green bee-eater LC Sch-IV Coracias benghalensis Indian roller LC Sch-IV Megalaima viridis Small green barbet LC Sch-IV Megalaima haemacephala Crimsonbreasted barbet LC Sch-IV Pitta brachyura Indian pitta LC Sch-IV Ermeopterix grisea Ashycrowned finch-lark LC Sch-IV Hirundo concolor Dusky crag martin LC Sch-IV Hirundo rustica Eastern swallow LC Sch-IV Dicrurus adsimilis Black drongo LC Sch-IV Dicrurus caerulescens Whitebellied drongo LC Sch-IV Artamus fuscus Ashy swallow-shrike LC Sch-IV Sturnus malabaricus Greyheaded myna LC Sch-IV Sturnus pagodarum Brahminy myna LC Sch-IV

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Conservation status IUCN Scientific Name Common name as per wildlife Status protection act,1972 Acridotheres tristis Common myna LC Sch-IV Corvus splendens House crow LC Sch-IV Corvus macrorhynchos Jungle crow LC Sch-IV Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Small minivet LC Sch-IV Pycnonotus cafer Redvented bulbul LC Sch-IV Turdoides affinis Whiteheaded babbler LC Sch-IV Copsychus saularis Magpie-Robin LC Sch-IV Saxicoloides fulicata Indian robin LC Sch-IV Monticola solitarius Blue rock thrush LC Sch-IV Turdus simillimus Indian Blackbird LC Sch-IV Parus major Grey tit LC Sch-IV Parus xanthogenys Yellowcheeked tit LC Sch-IV Anthus hodgsoni Indian tree pipit LC Sch-IV Anthus trivialis Tree pipit LC Sch-IV Motacilla flava Yellow wagtail LC Sch-IV Dicaeum agile Thickbilled flowerpecker LC Sch-IV Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Tickell's flowerpecker LC Sch-IV Nectarinia zeylonica Purplerumped sunbird LC Sch-IV Nectarinia asiatica Purple sunbird LC Sch-IV Zosterops palpebrosa White-eye LC Sch-IV Passer domesticus House sparrow LC Sch-IV Ploceus philippinus Baya LC Sch-IV Ploceus manyar Streaked weaver bird LC Sch-IV Lonchura punctulata Spotted munia LC Sch-IV Lonchura malacca Blackheaded munia LC Sch-IV Anser indicus Bar-headed goose LC Sch-IV *Status assigned by the IUCN, where – CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; LC – Least Concern; NT – Near Threatened; VU – Vulnerable, DA – Data Deficient, NE – Not Evaluated, R : Resident; RM : Resident Migratory; M: Migratory. All the birds observed from the study area Idenfication Sources:  Ali, S and Ripley, S.D. 1969.Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan together with those of Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Ceylon,3. Stone Curlews to Owls. Oxford University Press, Bombay, 327pp.  IUCN 2019. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2018-2.

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 Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C and T. Inskipp, 2001. Pocket Guides to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Cristopher Helm Publishers, Oxford University Press, 384pp. Figure 3.23 List of Reptiles either spotted or reported from the study area. (* indicates Primary data) Scientific Name Common Name IUCN IWPA Bungarus caeruleus Krait Not listed Dendrelaphis tristis Common Tree Snake LC Echis carinatus Saw scaled wiper Eryx conicus Russells earth boa Eryx johii Johns earth boa Lycodon aulicus Common wolf snake Naja naja Indian Cobra LC II Ptyas mucosus Common Rat snake* LC II Trimeresurus gramineus Green pit viper LC IV Hemidactylus flaviviridis North house gecko* Cyrtodactylus kacchensis Black rock gecko* Hemimidactylus brooki House gecko* LC Vipera russelli Russel Viper* LR II Calotes rouxi Forest Calottes* LC Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard* LC Ophisops microlepis Skink* Mabuya carinata Common Skink* LC Chamaeleon zelanicus Chameleon* VU II *Status assigned by the IUCN, where – CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; LC – Least Concern; NT – Near Threatened; VU – Vulnerable, DA – Data Deficient, NE – Not Evaluated Sources for Reptiles:  Indraneil Das (2002). Snakes & other Reptiles of India. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd pp. 1-144;  Daniel J.C (2002). The Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians  Romulus Whitaker & Ashok Captain (2006). Snakes of India; Dreko Books, Chennai, pp 1-146;  IUCN (2015); The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4; Figure 3.24 List of Amphibians either spotted or reported from the study area Scientific Name Common Name IUCN IWPA Rana hexadactyla Commn green frog * LC IV

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Scientific Name Common Name IUCN IWPA Bufo melanosticus Common Indian Toad LC IV Polypedates maculatus Common Tree Frog LC IV Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Indain Bull Frog LC IV *Status assigned by the IUCN, where – CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; LC – Least Concern; NT – Near Threatened; VU – Vulnerable, DA – Data Deficient, NE – Not Evaluated Sources for Amphibians:  Ranjit Daniels (2004). Amphibians of Peninsular India  Romulus Whitaker & Ashok Captain (2006). Snakes of India; Dreko Books, Chennai, pp 1-146;  IUCN (2015); The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4;  Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Figure 3.25 List of fishes reported from the study area Species Name Order Family Notopterus notopterus Osteoglassiformes Notopteridae Notopterus chitala Osteoglassiformes Notopteridae Angulla bengalensis Anguilliformes Anguillidae Hilsa kelee Clupeiformes Clupeidae Tenualosa toil clupeidae Clupeiformes tenualosa Gudusia chapra Clupeiformes Clupeidae Nematalosa nasas clupeiformes Clupeidae Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Salmostoma novacula Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Salmostoma Bacalia Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Salmostoma boopis Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Laubuca laubuca Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Devario annandalei Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Rasbora rasbora Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Ctenophyryngodon idellus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio carpio Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Thynnicthys sandkhol Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Osteobrama cotio cotio Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Osteobrama vigorsii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Osteobrama dayi Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Rohtee ogilbii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius filamentosus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius carnaticus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius vittatus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 3-65 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Species Name Order Family Puntius sarana orphioides Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius sarana subnasutus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius jerdoni Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius sarana sarana Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius fraseri Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius ticto Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius arenatus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius chola Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius sophore Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius dorsalis Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Puntius amphibious Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Cirrhinus mirgala Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Cirrhinus reba Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Cirrhinus cirrhosus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Catla catla Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Labeo rohita Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Labeo calbasu Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Labeo boga Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Labeo boggut Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Labeo potail Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Labeo arzia Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Garra mullya Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Hypselobarbus lithopidos Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Nemachilus botia Cypriniformes Balitoridae Nemachilus moreh Cypriniformes Cobitidae Nemachilus monilis Cypriniformes Cobitidae Lepidocephalus guntea Cypriniformes Cobitidae Lepidocephalus berdmorei Cypriniformes Cobitidae Rita rita Siluriformes Bagridae Batasio batasio Siluriformes Bagridae Mystus bleekeri Siluriformes Bagridae Mystus cavasius Siluriformes Bagridae Mystus vittatus Siluriformes Bagridae Mystus armatus Siluriformes Bagridae Aoricthys seenghala Siluriformes Bagridae Aoricthys aor Siluriformes Bagridae Ompak pabda Siluriformes Siluridae Ompak bimaculatus Siluriformes Siluridae Wallago attu Siluriformes Siluridae Proeutropiichtys taakree taakree Siluriformes Schilbeidae Silonia children Siluriformes Schilbeidae Eutropiichthys goongwaree Siluriformes Schilbeidae Pangasius pangasius Siluriformes Pangasiidae

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Species Name Order Family Bagarius bagarius Siluriformes Sisoridae Erethistes hara Siluriformes Sisoridae Glyptothorax lonah Siluriformes Sisoridae Glyptothorax annandale Siluriformes Sisoridae Clarius batracus Siluriformes Clariidae Heteropneustes fossilis Siluriformes Hetropneustidae Nemapteryx caelata Siluriformes Ariidae Liza parsia Mugiliformis Mugilidae Sicamugil Cascasia Mugiliformis Mugilidae Rhinomugil Carsula Mugiliformis Mugilidae Xenentodon Cancila Beloniformes Belonidae Strongylura Strongylura Beloniformes Belonidae Macrognathus pancalus Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Macrognathus aculeateda Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus armatus Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Lates calcarifer Perciformes Centropomidae Chanda nama Perciformes Chandidae Parambassis ranga Perciformes Chandidae Sillago sihama Perciformes Sillaginidae Secutor insidiator Perciformes Leiognathidae photopectoralis bindus Perciformes Leiognathidae Gerres filamentosus Perciformes Gerreidae Gerres erythrourus Perciformes Gerreidae Jonius coitor Perciformes Sciaenidae Macrospinosa cuja Perciformes Sciaenidae Terapon Jarbau Perciformes Terapontidae Etroplus maculates Perciformes Cichlidae Etroplus Saratensis Perciformes Cichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus Perciformes Cichlidae Glossogobius giuris giuris Perciformes Gobiidae Scatophagus argus Perciformes Scatophagidae Anabus testudineus Perciformes Anabantidae Colisa fasciatus Perciformes Belontiidae Channa straita Perciformes Channidae Channa punctatus Perciformes Channidae Channa gachua Perciformes Channidae Channa muralius Perciformes Channidae Umbrina russelii Perciformes Sciaenidae Nandus nandus Perciformes Nandidae Megalops cyprinoides Elopiformes Megalopidae Coilia ramcarati Clupeiformes Engraulidae Sphyraena acutipinnis Perciformes Sphyraenidae Chanos chanos Gonorhynchiformes Chanidae

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Species Name Order Family Caranx hippos Perciformes Carangidae Alburnus arborella Perciformes Gobiidae Cynoglossus lingua Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus sindensis Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Epinephelus areolatus Pleuronectiformes Serranidae Epinephelus fuscoguttatus Pleuronectiformes Serranidae Sources : Barman, R.P. (1993). Pisces: Freshwater Fishes, pp.89-334. In: State Fauna Series 5, Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, Part-I. Zoological Survey of India. https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/78637/13/13_chapter-5.pdf Figure 3.26 List of Butterflies either spotted or reported from the study area. (* indicates Primary data) Scientific Name Common Name IUCN IWPA Acraea violae Tawny Coster* LC Danaus chrysippus chrysippus Plain Tiger * LC Danaus genutia genutia Striped Tiger* LC Euploea core core Common Crow* LC Sch- IV Phalanta phalantha phalantha Common Leopard* LC Precis lemonias lemonias Lemon Pansy* LC Precis orithya ocyale Blue Pansy * LC Chilades laius Lime Blue* LC Everes lacturnus syntala Indian Cupid * LC Freyeria trochylus Grass Jewel* LC Jamides celeno aelianus Common Cerulean * LC Tarucus nara Rounded Pierrot* LC Colotis etrida Small Orange Tip* LC Colotis eucharis eucharis Plain Orange Tip* LC Catopsilia pomona Common Emigrant* LC Papilio demoleus Lime Butterfly* LC Papilio polytes polytes Common Mormon* LC Papilio polytes stichius Common Mormon * LC

Sources: 1. Kehimkar, I. 2008. The book of Indian butterflies. Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press, Mumbai. 497p. 2. Kunte, K. 2000. India - A Lifescape: Butterflies of Peninsular India. Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, Universities Press. 270p 3. IUCN (2015); The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4; 4. Schedules I to VI: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

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5. Gunathilagaraj, K., T.N.A. Perumal, K. Jayaram, M. Ganesh Kumar, 1998.Some South Indian Butterflies. Published under Project Lifescape, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, 270 pp.

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CHAPTER 4.0 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.0 Identification of Impacts

Identification of Impacts is one of the basic analytical steps of EIA for subsequent prediction and evaluation of impacts. Impact is a change in baseline due to interaction of a development activity with environment, or interaction of environment with development activity, or change in baseline due to a manmade emergency. The sand mining project is meant for one year, mainly during non- monsoon season to extract 233000 m3 from flood plain by dry mining manually. The sand reach is identified by the district level sand committee ensuring compliance of WALTA Act, 2004, and other guidelines of MoEFCC. The mining activity continuity is contingent on sand aggradation during full flow of the river, and the assessment of the DLSC and obtaining the approvals from SEIAA and TSPCB. Hence the activity may be considered short term, limited to non monsoon seasons when the flood plain is not inundated with adequate right of way to the ramp. The mining activity involves preparation of ramp and haulage path in the flood plain, Construction of temporary office with rest room away from the bund, clearing and grubbing of plants and shrubs, scrapping of silt if any, followed by manual scooping of sand, loading into tractors or trucks to transport sand to temporary stockyard of TSMDC located nearby.

The impacts were assessed for the main three stages of mining cycle i.e., planning and construction, operations and closure for inundation stage. The exploration and feasibility stage of mine cycle is not considered, as the EIA activity is initiated after completion of exploration and prefeasibility and obtaining the letter of intent from mines and geology department, Government of Telangana State. Initially the assessment was done to identify impacts due to the proposed sand mining activity based on literature survey, and identify cause condition and effect relationship. The interaction of project activity on the environment was assessed by posing questions related to each aspect of project activity envisaged as part of proposed ML area. After broad identification of impacts, an interaction table enumerating the activity vs 4-1 Team Labs and Consultants

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factors of various environmental components was prepared for various stages of mining activity implementation considering the entire life cycle of construction, operation and closure due to inundation.

4.1 Environmental Impacts from mining and Construction of Associated Infrastructure

The mining activity and development of required infrastructure result in potential impact on environment. The operational stage was considered for both regular operation and for incidents and emergencies caused by both human errors and episodic inundation due to extreme weather phenomena. Table 4.1 to 4.3 present the interaction tables identifying the environmental factors anticipated to have an impact due to the project and impacts due to environment on the project.

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Table 4.1 Activity and Environmental Impact (Impact Identification Matrix) - Construction Stage Environment Abiotic Socio Biotic Others Component Climate Atmosphere Land Water Economic

Factors Soil logy Flora Socio safety Fauna Fauna Waste Change Climate Geology vibration Economic Noise and health and Fire SafetyFire Air qualityAir Management Occupational Surface Water Micrometeoro GroundWater Construction Stage Site clearing, √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Ramp Formation √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Site services away from bund √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Indicates Impact Table 4.2 Activity and Environmental Impact (Impact Identification Matrix) - Regular Operation Stage Environment Abiotic Socio Biotic Component Climate Atmosphere Land Water Economic Others

Factors Soil Flora Socio ology Water Water safety Fauna Fauna Waste Surface Change Climate Ground Geology vibration Economic Noise and Noise and health andhealth Fire Safety Air qualityAir Micrometeor Management Activity Occupational Mining stage Manual scooping of Sand √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Loading and Unloading √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Transportation √ √ √ √ Accidents during transport of material √ √ √ √ √ Extreme Weather Phenomenon √ √ √ Indicates Impact 4-3 Team Labs and Consultants

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Table 4.3 Activity and Environmental Impact (Impact Identification Matrix) – Closure for Inundation Environment Abiotic Socio Biotic Others Component Climate Atmosphere Land Water Economic

Factors nt Soil Flora Socio Water Water Fauna Fauna Waste Surface orology Change Climate Ground Ground Geology al al health vibration Economic Noise and Noise and and safetyand Fire Safety Micromete Air qualityAir Manageme Occupation Mine Closure √ √ Danger due to inadvertent entry √ √ Indicates Impact

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4.2 Impact Identification The purpose of identifying the impacts is that it aids in making appropriate decision to mitigate the adverse consequences if any. The extent and scale of impacts and the consequences based on value judgments are generalized while identifying impacts; as it is imperative that the impact will normally lead to a chain of reactions. The sand accretion is dependent on sediment dynamics across the hydrological regime vis a vis; river flow and its type, magnitude, duration, frequency and water levels; man made developments across the river course, land use in catchment in addition to geology of catchment. Fine grain sediments tend to be deposited in low energy environments like flood plains, while fine sediment is transported year-round tend to adsorb organic matter, which affects water quality. Very coarse material (pebbles, cobbles and boulders) is transported on episodic basis, while sediment of intermediate size, consisting of sand is transported in suspension depending on the hydraulic condition of the flow – in suspension during high flow and as bed load during low energy flows. The ecological functioning of any river is the sum of depositional patterns of sediment in the form of clay, silt, sand and large size material forming specific habitats. The impact matrix due to sand mining, compiled from literature survey is presented in the following table, along with description of environmental impact and generic mitigation measures;

Table 10.4 Impact Matrix for Sand Mining Activity

Major Project stage Environmental Magnitude Permanence Reversibility Cumulative Impacts Channel Erosion 2 3 3 3 Water Quality 2 2 2 3 Natural Habitats 2 2 2 3 Development / Air Quality 2 2 2 2 Operation Noise 2 2 1 1 Traffic 2 2 1 1 Land/Water Use 2 2 1 1 Socio-Economic 2 1 1 1 Magnitude of change/effect: 1: within project site; 2: Local conditions; 3:regional / national / international Permanence: 1: No change/not applicable; 2: temporary; 3: permanent Reversibility: 1: no change/not applicable; 2: reversible; 3: irreversible Cumulative: 1: no change/not applicable; 2: non -cumulative/single; 3: cumulative/ synergistic

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The environmental impacts due to Sand mining in flood plains can be explained under four main heads, Geomorphic response, physical impacts, Ecological impacts, and social impacts. These impacts are explained as follows;

4.2.1 Geomorphic Response

Flood plain and its ecosystem is dependent on inundation during monsoon and post monsoon seasons, facilitating exchange of water, sediment and organisms during inundation leading to both instream and flood plain productivity, in addition to ground water recharge. Flood plain reduces the flood intensity by spreading the water during high flows, mitigating the impact on downstream riparian habitat, while sediment deposition provides nutrients for sustaining the habitat.

Changes in river flow, river slope, sediment generation in catchment, and sediment size results in either deposition or erosion. Seasonal changes of high and low flow during monsoon and remaining seasons respectively results in changed sediment availability effecting river geometry and altered morphology.

Lane’s law provides the relationship between sediment load, sediment grain size, water flow and the slope of the river. The application of Lane’s law results in the following, a. material (Sand) extraction may result in less sediment load, resulting in bed erosion; b. extraction of sand with specific size results in loss of medium grain size leading to erosion; c. instream mining leading to increased slope may lead to bed erosion due to increased velocity. Schematic presentation of Lane’s law is made in Figure 4.1.

Rivers narrowed through incision may also become disconnected from their floodplains. Floodplains are important habitats and provide range of ecosystem services and floodplain maintenance is dependent on episodic inundation. The exchange of water, sediment and organisms during inundation contribute to both instream and floodplain productivity, while simultaneously allowing groundwater flows to recharge.

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Figure 4.1 Lane’s Balance Showing Relation between Erosion and Aggradation in rivers Floodplains allow the river to spread out during periods of high water, reduce velocity and absorb high flows. This reduces both flood intensity and magnitude and hence limits their impact on downstream riparian habitats and infrastructure. Sediment deposition provides an influx of nutrients which are exploited by ecosystems and agriculture. In rivers with deeply incised channels, greater water volumes are required before rivers overtop their banks and hence floodplain inundation occurs less frequently. As a result, floodplains are no longer able to fulfil their important ecological and social roles.

The sediment data related to this area based on CWC data is presented in Table 4.5 for monitoring stations located at polavaram, which is 100 km from this sand reach, and the same may be considered as indicative. The gradient of the river is about 50 m over a stretch of 100 km and may be considered gentle slope. The accretion due to sedimentation may reduce further as a number of irrigation projects were constructed upstream by Government of Telangana.

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Table 4.5 Sedimentation data of Godavari River basin (Time series of Sediment load by site in River Basin)

Basin: Godavari Unit : million metric Tonnes Non- Non- Non- Non- Year Monson Annual Monson Annual Monson Annual Monson Annual S.No Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Site Name Godavari at Polavaram Sabari at konta Godavari at Perur Indravati at Pathagudem 1 2000-2001 108.684 0.062 108.746 5.817 0.067 5.884 86.681 0.007 86.688 7.289 0.002 7.291 2 2001-2002 55.986 0.020 56.006 4.138 0.077 4.219 72.249 0.011 72.260 17.156 0.002 17.158 3 2002-2003 34.780 0.011 34.791 1.942 0.020 1.962 22.103 0.009 22.112 7.163 0.003 7.166 4 2003-2004 43.214 0.139 43.353 9.192 0.128 9.320 41.975 0.090 42.065 22.045 0.012 22.057 5 2004-2005 25.183 0.118 25.301 5.464 0.084 5.548 17.061 0.017 17.078 12.513 0.001 12.514 6 2005-2006 69.708 0.218 69.926 2.595 0.093 2.688 54.087 0.002 54.089 11.659 0.000 11.659 7 2006-2007 62.373 0.160 62.533 40.954 0.137 41.091 211.994 0.010 212.004 24.353 0.011 24.364 8 2007-2008 44.728 0.180 44.908 10.306 0.213 10.519 31.520 0.001 31.521 25.505 0.008 25.513 9 2008-2009 24.420 0.028 24.448 4.501 0.119 4.620 23.618 0.007 23.625 7.807 0.004 7.811 10 2009-2010 12.067 0.027 12.094 2.031 0.027 2.058 6.801 0.003 6.804 5.237 0.000 5.237 11 2010-2011 76.467 0.135 76.602 24.421 0.423 24.844 74.426 0.205 74.631 15.620 0.008 15.628 12 2011-2012 18.025 0.110 18.135 2.149 0.174 2.323 59.054 0.008 59.062 7.144 0.000 7.144 13 2012-2013 37.552 0.096 37.648 4.135 0.126 4.261 59.332 0.059 59.391 12.298 0.000 12.298 14 2013-2014 86.219 0.055 86.274 7.705 0.417 8.122 266.352 0.252 266.604 16.971 0.000 16.971 15 2014-2015 32.118 0.023 32.141 7.183 0.414 7.597 40.661 0.021 40.682 11.035 0.002 11.037 Source: Integrated Hydrological Data Book (Non-classified river basis) published by Central water Commission, 2018.

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4.2.2 Physical Impacts

Physical impacts due to sand mining are mainly related to changes to the channel morphology, alterations to the composition and movement of sediment, changes to river features, alterations to the flow regime and impacts on water quality. Various studies conducted to assess the physical impacts have reported opposite impacts i.e., channel widening and narrowing, sediment increase and reduction etc., which suggest that the impacts are site specific and dynamic based on the lanes law. The current project is dry flood plain mining, wherein mining is conducted between the stream and bund with sufficient buffer on both sides. Pit capturing is a possible impact as ingress of water into the reach on the stream side, may lead to flow impedance and form a pond. The change in channel morphology could be due to pit capturing. With regard to other aspects there is no change in channel morphology, alterations to the flow regime, and composition and movement of sediment. However, there will be change in river feature as flood plain is mined with a minor scope for water quality impact due to mining activity adding sediment through air borne dust and other human activity near the water course. Studies indicated that removal of sand from flood plain may reduce the availability of a specific size grain there by changing the bed load to sediment ratio. The monsoon season inundation also may lead to fine sediment filling up the void resulting in changed riverine habitat. The sand mining activity is not proposed to intersect the ground water aquifer, in case it occurs there will be pool formation, changing the habitat.

4.2.3 Ecological Impacts

Habitat disturbance is a major impact of sand mining on flood plains, though it has least impact on fish. The reduction of fine grain sand in the flood plain results in loss of habitat for invertebrates. Studies indicate that invertebrate population is reduced due to mining activity, wherein the collector and filterers decreased dramatically. The present case of mining has least impact on the turbidity in the river, however mining and human activity may add to turbidity, and if the turbidity levels cross 25 ppm there is a likelihood of impact on fish. There is a possibility of 4-9 Team Labs and Consultants

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ingress of water from the stream across the sand bed in to the mining area, which has to be emptied by using pumps, which may cause air pollution and load sediment into the stream. The creation of access road to the ramp may fragment the riparian habitat near the bund due to clearing and grubbing of shrubs and plants, leading to loss of habitat for the micro fauna. Similarly, removal of a specific grain sand followed by aggradation in the next season, may result in different habitat as fine sediment may aggrade in the left-out pit, and may result in accelerated riparian vegetation.

4.2.4 Social Impacts

Employment generation and revenue to the exchequer are the major positive benefits, while the negative impacts could be reduced fishing yields, infrastructure disturbance, loss of grazing areas.

4.2.5 Other Impacts

The other impacts are air emissions due to loading and scooping activity, transport, disposal of scraped silty layer if any on the sand layer.

4.3 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts The identified impacts are assessed by posing questions related each activity of proposed ML Area and their interaction with environment during the life cycle of the proposed sand mining activity i.e., construction of site services, operation and mine inundation stages including incident and accidents scenario during operation stage. The statutory limits of ambient air quality, noise, emissions and discharges as mandated by the MoEFCC was considered to classify the quantifiable impacts as acceptable or not acceptable. However, there are few impacts that cannot be quantified, which need to be qualitatively assessed. There are a number of methods for qualitatively assessing the impacts to arrive at the significance of impact. The qualitative assessment of impacts require characterization with respect to its magnitude, geographic extent, duration, frequency, reversibility, probability of occurrence, confidence rating and impact rating. The manual published by MOEFCC prescribes the following process for determining the significance of impact; first, an 4-10 Team Labs and Consultants

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impact is qualified as being either negative or positive. Second, the nature of impacts such as direct, indirect, or cumulative is determined using the impact network. Third, a scale is used to determine the severity of the effect; for example, an impact is of low, medium, or high significance. Accordingly, it was proposed to quantify the impacts which are a direct result of the activities contingent on availability of reliable prediction tools. In case the quantification is not feasible, a subjective assessment of the impact significance using Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) was used. Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) is constructed from a set of well-defined assessment criteria and a collection of specific environmental indicators or components. The environmental indicators are carefully chosen for the purpose of evaluating the potential impacts of the alternatives that are being considered (Pastakia and Jensen, 1998).

4.3.1 Methodology of Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix The RIAM is suited to EIA where a multi-disciplinary team approach is used, as it allows for data from different sectors to be analyzed against common important criteria within a common matrix, thus providing a clear assessment of the major impacts. With the assessment criteria typically arrayed as the columns of the matrix and the indicators as the rows, the cells are comprised of numbers which provide a measure of the expected impacts of the indicators when measured against the assessment criteria. Technically, the assessment process is comprised of four steps that must be completed in sequence: Step I — create a set of indicators, Step II — provide numerical values for the indicators, Step III — compute environmental scores and Step IV — evaluate the alternatives. RIAM is based on the knowledge that certain specific criteria are common to all impact assessments, and by scaling these criteria it becomes possible to record the values of the assessments made. RIAM works with both negative and positive impacts. Not all criteria can be given the same weight, and so the criteria are divided into two groups: those which individually are important in their impact; and those that collectively important. The important assessment criteria fall into two groups: (A) Criteria that are of importance to the condition, and which can individually change the score obtained. (B) Criteria that are of value to the situation, but individually should not be capable 4-11 Team Labs and Consultants

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of changing the score obtained. The value ascribed to each of these groups of criteria is determined by the use of a series of simple formulae. These formulae allow the scores for the individual components to be determined on a defined basis.

The process can be expressed: (a1) x (a2) = aT (b1) + (b2) + (b3) = bT (aT) x (bT) = ES Group (A) criteria

Importance of condition (A1)

A measure of the importance of the condition, which is assessed against the spatial boundaries or human interests it will affect. The scales are defined:

4 = important to national/international interests 3 = important to regional/national interests 2 = important to areas immediately outside the local condition 1 = important only to the local condition 0 = no importance. Magnitude of change/effect (A2) Magnitude is defined as a measure of the scale of benefit/dis-benefit of an impact or a condition:

+ 3 = major positive benefit + 2 = significant improvement in status quo + 1 = improvement in status quo 0 = no change/status quo - 1 = negative change to status quo - 2 = significant negative dis-benefit or change - 3 = major dis-benefit or change. Group (B) criteria

Permanence (B1) This defines whether a condition is temporary or permanent, and should be seen only as a measure of the temporal status of the condition

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1 = no change/not applicable 2 = temporary 3 = permanent. Reversibility (B2) This defines whether the condition can be changed and is a measure of the control over the effect of the condition.

1 = no change/not applicable 2 = reversible 3 = irreversible. Cumulative (B3) This is a measure of whether the effect will have a single direct impact or whether there will be a cumulative effect over time, or a synergistic effect with other conditions.

1 = no change/not applicable 2 = non-cumulative/single 3 = cumulative/synergistic Environmental components The RIAM requires specific assessment components to be defined through a process of scoping; and these environmental components fall into one of four categories, which are defined as follows:

Physical/chemical

Covering all physical and chemical aspects of the environment, including finite (non- biological) natural resources, and degradation of the physical environment by pollution.

Biological / ecological

Covering all biological aspects of the environment, including renewable natural resources, conservation of biodiversity, species interactions, and pollution of the biosphere.

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Sociological / cultural:

Covering all human aspects of the environment, including social issues affecting individuals and communities; together with cultural aspects, including conservation of heritage, and human development.

Economic / operational: To qualitatively identify the economic consequences of environmental change, both temporary and permanent, as well as the complexities of project management within the context of the project activities. The use of these four categories can be, in itself, a competent tool for EIA, though each category can be further sub-divided to identify specific environmental components that better demonstrate the possible impacts. The degree of sensitivity and detail of the system can thus be controlled by the selection and definition process for these environmental components.

Table 4.6 Criteria for Significance of Impacts based on Environmental Scores

Environmental Score Range Bands Description of Range Bands +72 to +108 +E Major Positive Change/Impacts +36 to + 71 +D Significant Positive Change/Impacts +19 to + 35 +C Moderately positive change/impacts +10 to + 18 +B Positive Change/Impacts +1 to +9 +A Slightly Positive Change/impacts 0 N No Change/status quo/not applicable -1 to -9 -A Slightly Negative Change/impacts -10 to - 18 -B Negative Change/Impacts -19 to - 35 -C Moderately negative change/impacts -36 to -71 -D Significant negative change/impacts -72 to -108 -E Major negative change/impacts

4.3.2 Air Environment The sources of air pollution in the proposed activity are emissions from manual scooping and loading, emissions from transportation followed by emissions due to unloading at the stockyard, and erosion due to wind at the stockyard. The emissions from manual scooping and loading consist of particulate matter, while emissions from transportation consists of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen, which results in change in criteria air contaminants in ambient air quality. The adoption of mitigation measures like water sprinkling along the transport path in the

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river bed, and on the road till stockyard will reduce the impact to low levels. Wind erosion of mineral may result in particulate pollution in the immediate surroundings. The anticipated impacts on air environment are presented in Table 4.7 and Table 4.8 presents significance of each impact based on RIAM. The impact assessment indicates that the proposed sand mining activity will have slightly negative change/impacts on visibility, whereas negative impact is indicated on change in criteria air pollutants, change in greenhouse gases, and impact on soil and flora due to wet and dry deposition of pollutants.

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Table 4.7 Impacts on Air Environment

Impact

Activity Change in Change in Criteria air contaminants Change in and health odor related contaminants Change in greenhouse gases Change in visibility on Effects vegetation due wet to and dry deposition on Effects soil to drydue and wetdeposition Eutrophication of sensitive ecosystem due N20deposition Construction Stage Site clearing, √ Ramp √ √ √ √ √ √ Site Services √ √ √ √ √ √ Production stage scooping and Loading √ √ √ √ √ Transportation √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Mine Closure Removal of structures √ √ √ √ √ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.8 Impact significance - Air Environment

Impact aT ES (B1) (B2) (B3) (A1) (b3) = = (b3) bT effect (A2)effect of change / of / change Magnitude Magnitude (a1) x (a2)= Importance Cumulative (b1) + (b2) + (b2) + (b1) Permanence of condition ofcondition (aT) x (bT) = (aT)x (bT) = Significance Reversibility Change in Criteria air contaminants 1 -1 2 2 3 -1 7 -7 -A Change in health and odor related contaminants 1 -1 2 2 3 -1 7 -7 -A Change in greenhouse gases 1 -1 1 2 2 -1 5 -5 -A change in visibility 1 -1 1 2 2 -1 5 -5 -A Effects on vegetation due to dry and wet deposition 1 -1 2 2 2 -2 6 -6 -A Effects on soil due to dry and wet deposition 1 -1 2 2 2 -2 6 -6 -A Eutrophication of sensitive ecosystem due N20 deposition 1 -1 2 2 2 -1 6 -6 -A

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4.3.3 Details of Mathematical Modeling The change in criteria air pollutants is calculated by conducting air quality impact predictions. A large number of different mathematical models for dispersion calculations are in practice in many parts of the world. Most of the models for prediction of downwind concentrations are based on Gaussian dispersion. The principle behind the Gaussian dispersion models is Gaussian probability distribution of concentration in both vertical and horizontal cross wind directions about the plume central line.

Predictions of ground level concentrations of the pollutants were carried out based on site meteorological data collected during the study period. For calculation of predicted ground level concentrations, ISCST3 model of Lakes Environmental based on USEPA, ISCST3 algorithm is used as it has a more sophisticated algorithm incorporating deposition, better algorithm for area sources, etc.

Overview of New Features in the ISC3 Models The ISC3 models include several new features. A revised area source algorithm and revised dry deposition algorithm have been incorporated in the models. The ISC3 models also include an algorithm for modeling impacts of particulate emissions from open pit sources, such as surface coal mines. The Short-Term model includes a new wet deposition algorithm, and also incorporates the COMPLEX1 screening model algorithms for use with complex and intermediate terrain. When both simple and complex terrain algorithms are included in a Short-Term model run, the model will select the higher impact from the two algorithms on an hour-by-hour, source-by- source, and receptor by- receptor basis for receptors located on intermediate terrain, i.e., terrain located between the release height and the plume height.

Some of the model input options have changed and newer input options have been added as a result of the new features contained in the ISC3 models. The source deposition parameters have changed somewhat with the new dry deposition algorithm, and there are new source parameters needed for the wet deposition algorithm in the Short-Term model. There are also new meteorology input requirements for use of the new deposition algorithms. The option for specifying 4-18 Team Labs and Consultants

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elevation units has been extended to source elevations and terrain grid elevations, in addition to receptor elevations.

The utility programs, STOLDNEW, BINTOASC, and METLIST have not been updated. While they may continue to be used as before, they are not applicable to the new deposition algorithms in the ISC3 models. The salient features of the ISCST3 model are presented below Table 4.9. The air quality predictions have been made using the model evaluation protocol for fugitive dust impact modeling for mining operations (EPA 1995, EPA 1994).

Table 4.9 Salient Features of the ISCST3 Model Item Details Model name ISCST3 (Based on USEPA algorithm) Source Types Point, Area, Volume, Open Pits Dispersion Equation Steady State Gaussian Plume Equation Diffusion Parameters Pasqual Gifford Co-efficient Plume Rise Briggs Equation Time Average 1 hr to Annual/Period Has Short Term and Long-Term modeling options Deposition Both Dry and Wet Deposition Application Input data: (i) Source Data mine coordinates, base elevation, emission rates of pollutants (ii) Receptor Data Grid interval, number of receptors, receptor elevations (iii) Meteorological Hourly meteorological data i.e. wind speed, direction, data ambient temperature, stability and mixing heights

Model Formulation

The model uses the following steady state Gaussian plume equation. The basic equation for calculating the concentration of pollutants for any point in x, y, z coordinates is given below:

2 2 C(x,y,z,H) = Q/2yz U exp[-1/2(y/y) ]x[exp{-1/2(z-h/z) } + exp {-1/2 (z+H/z) 2}] Where C= Concentration of pollutants in mg/cu m Q= Strength of emissions in g/sec. H= Effective Height (m), i.e., physical height + plume raise y, z= diffusion coefficients in y and z directions in m. U= average wind velocity in m/sec. The following assumptions are made in Gaussian dispersion model.

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This model assumes no diffusion in the down wind direction and thus applicable to a plume and not a puff of pollutant. The dispersion parameter values used for horizontal dispersion coefficient and vertical dispersion coefficients are those given in the “Work book of atmospheric dispersion estimates”. These dispersion coefficients assume a sampling time of about 10min., the height values of interest to be in the lowest several hundred meters of the atmosphere, a surface corresponding to the open country. The stacks are tall enough to be free from building turbulence so that no aerodynamic down wash occurs. The given stability exists from ground level to well above the top of the plume.

The Gaussian dispersion model has been tested extensively for its validity and found to be reasonably applicable for different atmospheric conditions. BIS has also adopted this basic plume dispersion model. Hence the same model is adopted for predictions of downwind concentrations of pollutants in this report.

Meteorological Data Data recorded by the weather monitoring station at site on wind speed, direction, solar isolation, temperature and cloud cover at one hourly interval for three months i.e. One full season has been used for computations.

Mixing Height The mixing heights for ambient air quality predictions are adopted from Atlas of Hourly Mixing Height and Assimilative Capacity of Atmosphere in India by S.D Attri, Siddartha Singh, B. Mukhopadhya and A.K Bhatnagar, Published by Indian Metrological Department, New Delhi, 2008. The mixing heights range from 650 to 1450 m during summer season. There is no record of inversion for this area (Reference:Atlas of Hourly Mixing Height and Assimilative Capacity of Atmosphere in India by S.D Attri, Siddartha Singh, B. Mukhopadhya and A.K Bhatnagar, Published by Indian Metrological Department, New Delhi, 2008). There is no record of inversion in this area as observed from the IMD data.

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4.3.4 Emissions from mining activity and transportation The speciation of PM based on the particle size was done using AP-42 emission factors of USEPA. The emission rate of PM is presented in Table 4.10. Table 4.10 Emission Details of Pollutants

Excavation of material Quantity, M3/year 233000 Operations Hours Per Year 3960 Activity Rate, m3/Hr 59 Emission of Dust, gm/m3 0.1 Emission of Dust, gm/hr 5.9 Area of Influence, m2 4.8 Uncontrolled Emission Rate, g/s/m2 0.0003 Controlled Emission Rate, g/s/m2 0.0000003 Transport of Material Quantity, M3/year 233000 Operations Hours Per Year 3960 Capacity of Each Damper 20 Total Number of Dumpers Per Year 11650 Lead Length Per Trip 0.1 Total VKT Per Year 1165 Emission Kg/VKT 1.0 Total Emission Kg/Year 1165 Uncontrolled Emission Rate, g/s/m 19.61 Controlled Emission Rate, g/s/m2 0.020 4.3.5 Air Quality Predictions (Terms of Reference No. 23) Prediction of ground level concentrations of pollutants was carried out based on site meteorological data collected during the study period. For calculation of ground level concentrations, a grid of 10 X 10 km with a receptor interval of 400 meters is considered.

The composition of particulate matter was obtained from USEPA AIRCHIEF AP-42 and the same was considered in determining the source concentration of PM10 and

PM2.5 for prediction purpose. It may be observed that the predicted maximum 24 hourly GLC’s of PM, PM10 andPM10 are 3.49, 1.39 and 0.63 g/m3 respectively and the maximum values are observed within the site. The isopleths of predicted ground level concentration are graphically presented in Figure 4.2 to 4.5. The predicted ground level concentration at various ambient air quality monitoring locations and

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the valued eco component of reserve forests in the impact area are presented in Table 4.11. The cumulative ground level concentration considering the observed ambient air quality values is presented in Table 4.12. It may be observed that there is a marginal increase in the ambient air quality of surrounding area due to proposed mining activity.

The mitigation measures proposed for controlling fugitive dust shall ensure that the impact is local in scope and their effects can be distinguished from the natural range of variability in physical, chemical and biological characteristics and processes. The impact magnitude is low with less than 2 g/m3change in the ambient air quality, confined to study area only. The impact occurs continuously during mining operations and manifests long term throughout operations; however, it is reversible after mining activity is completed. The certainty of impact is high based on quantitative evaluation of site-specific data while the level of confidence is high as the quantitative prediction is considered to be reliable, with a high probability of occurrence. The residual effect of the impact is dry deposition of particulate in mine lease area, which may join surface runoff and increase sediment load.

Table 4.11 Predicted GLC’s at Monitoring Locations Distance Predicted GLC,g/m3 Direction S. No Location Name from site, form site PM PM10 PM2.5 km Buffer Zone AAQ-01. Mothe NW 1.3 0.05 0.05 0.02 AAQ-02. Chintalagudem NE 2.4 0.01 0.00 0.00 AAQ-03. Sarapaka SW 1.5 0.02 0.01 0.00 AAQ-04. Etapaka SE 1.9 0.03 0.01 0.01 AAQ-05. Kannayyagudem NE 3.9 0.00 0.00 0.00 AAQ-06. Iravandi NW 3.6 0.02 0.01 0.00 AAQ-07. Nagineniprolu SW 5.4 0.00 0.00 0.00 AAQ-08. Bhadrachalam SE 3.4 0.02 0.01 0.00 Reserve Forest 01 Kistasagar RF W 1.2 0.02 0.02 0.01 02 Bhadrachalam RF E 4.3 0.01 0.00 0.00 03 Tunkicheruvu RF NE 6.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 04 Pamuleru RF SE 9.2 0.01 0.00 0.00 05 Burguvayi RF SE 9.2 0.01 0.00 0.00 06 Raiguda A RF SE 9.4 0.00 0.00 0.00

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Table 4.12 Cumulative AAQ Concentration at various locations in the Impact Area

Distance Predicted Cumulative Direction Concentration, g/m3 S. No Location Name from site, GLC, g/m3 Concentration, g/m3 form site km PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 Buffer Zone AAQ-01. Mothe NW 1.3 43 18 0.05 0.02 43.05 18.02 AAQ-02. Chintalagudem NE 2.4 39 17 0.00 0.00 39.00 17.00 AAQ-03. Sarapaka SW 1.5 48 18 0.01 0.00 48.01 18.00 AAQ-04. Etapaka SE 1.9 38 19 0.01 0.01 38.01 19.01 AAQ-05. Kannayyagudem NE 3.9 39 17 0.00 0.00 39.00 17.00 AAQ-06. Iravandi NW 3.6 37 16 0.01 0.00 37.01 16.00 AAQ-07. Nagineniprolu SW 5.4 42 19 0.00 0.00 42.00 19.00 AAQ-08. Bhadrachalam SE 3.4 49 17 0.01 0.00 49.01 17.00 Reserve Forest 01 Kistasagar RF W 1.2 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 02 Bhadrachalam RF E 4.3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 03 Tunkicheruvu RF NE 6.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 04 Pamuleru RF SE 9.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 05 Burguvayi RF SE 9.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 06 Raiguda A RF SE 9.4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

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PROJECT TITLE:

0.39

312 80 60 40 20 0040 008000 6000 4000 2000 0 -2000 -4000 -6000 -8000

-10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

PLOT FILE OF HIGH 1ST HIGH 24-HR VALUES FOR SOURCE GROUP: ALL ug/m^3

0.388 0.777 1.165 1.553 1.941 2.329 2.718 3.106 3.494

COMMENTS:SOURCES: COMPANY NAME:

3 Mothe Sand reach 23.30 ha

RECEPTORS: WIND ROSE PLOT : DISPLAY: Wind Speed Direction (blowing from)

NO RTH

26.4%

21.1% 0 15.8% 10.5%

5.27%

WEST E AST

WIND SP EED (m/s)

>= 4.2 0 OUTPUT TYPE: SCALE: 2.8 0 - 4.2 0 SOU TH 1.4 0 - 2.8 0 1:136,359 0.2 8 - 1.4 0 Calms : 2.47%

COMME NTS: COMP A NY NAME :

Mothe S and r each 23.30 ha MODELER:

Team Lab s and Con sultant s CALM WINDS: TOT AL COUNT:

2.47% 2184 hrs.

AVG. W IND SP EED: PROJECT NO. : CONC 0 5 km 1.55 m/s WRP LOT V iew - Lake s Environ men tal Sof tware

MAX: PROJECT NO.:

3.49413 ug/m^3

ISC-AERMOD View - Lakes Environmental Software

Figure 4.2 PM Ground Level Concentrations

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PROJECT TITLE:

0.16

312 80 60 40 20 0040 008000 6000 4000 2000 0 -2000 -4000 -6000 -8000

-10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

PLOT FILE OF HIGH 1ST HIGH 24-HR VALUES FOR SOURCE GROUP: ALL ug/m^3

0.155 0.311 0.466 0.621 0.776 0.932 1.087 1.242 1.398

COMMENTS:SOURCES: COMPANY NAME:

3 Mothe Sand reach 23.30 ha

RECEPTORS: WIND ROSE PLOT : DISPLAY: Wind Speed Direction (blowing from)

NO RTH

26.4%

21.1%

15.8%

0 10.5%

5.27%

WEST E AST

WIND SP EED (m/s)

>= 4.2 0 OUTPUT TYPE: SCALE: 2.8 0 - 4.2 0 SOU TH 1.4 0 - 2.8 0 1:136,359 0.2 8 - 1.4 0 Calms : 2.47%

COMME NTS: COMP A NY NAME : Mothe S and r each 23.30 ha

MODELER: Team Lab s and Con sultant s

CALM WINDS: TOT AL COUNT:

2.47% 2184 hrs. CONC AVG. W IND SP EED: PROJECT NO. : 0 5 km 1.55 m/s WRP LOT V iew - Lake s Environ men tal Sof tware

MAX: PROJECT NO.:

1.39765 ug/m^3

ISC-AERMOD View - Lakes Environmental Software

Figure 4.3 PM10 Ground Level Concentrations

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PROJECT TITLE:

312 80 60 40 20 0040 008000 6000 4000 2000 0 -2000 -4000 -6000 -8000

-10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

PLOT FILE OF HIGH 1ST HIGH 24-HR VALUES FOR SOURCE GROUP: ALL ug/m^3

0.140 0.210 0.280 0.349 0.419 0.489 0.559 0.629

COMMENTS:SOURCES: COMPANY NAME:

3 Mothe Sand reach 23.30 ha

RECEPTORS: WIND ROSE PLOT : DISPLAY: Wind Speed Direction (blowing from)

NO RTH

26.4%

21.1%

15.8%

0 10.5%

5.27%

WEST E AST

WIND SP EED (m/s)

>= 4.2 0 OUTPUT TYPE: SCALE: 2.8 0 - 4.2 0 SOU TH 1.4 0 - 2.8 0 1:136,359 0.2 8 - 1.4 0 Calms : 2.47%

COMME NTS: COMP A NY NAME : Mothe S and r each 23.30 ha

MODELER: Team Lab s and Con sultant s

CALM WINDS: TOT AL COUNT:

2.47% 2184 hrs. CONC AVG. W IND SP EED: PROJECT NO. : 0 5 km 1.55 m/s WRP LOT V iew - Lake s Environ men tal Sof tware

MAX: PROJECT NO.:

0.62894 ug/m^3

ISC-AERMOD View - Lakes Environmental Software

Figure 4.4 PM2.5 Ground Level Concentrations

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4.4 Occupational Health Hazards Due to Dust Pollution

The mining activity results in mainly particulate emission and dust pollution. Progressive disintegration of suspended solid particles or dust results in major health problems. This micron sized particles, once air-borne, are extremely difficult to be collected or trapped. Due to the minute size of the particles, the ambient environment remains clear giving a deceptive sense of security to the workers and the management.

Dust will have impact on the health of the workers and the population of surrounding villages due to dry deposition of particulates. Lung function is impaired due to both respirable and non-respirable dust particles. Chronic exposure leads to respiratory illnesses like asthma, emphysema, severe dyspnea (shortness of breath), and bronchitis and in extreme cases pneumoconiosis or the black-lung disease of miners. The effect of dust is harmful to human health, necessitating implementation of effective occupational health and safety practices. The impact within the mine lease area is moderate negative with low magnitude, as the impact is localized, and is reversible with implementation of dust pollution mitigation measures and occupational health and safety practices. The impact on habitation is not significant as the predicted ground level concentrations are very low contributing to minor increase to AAQ, which is within the prescribed NAAQ standards.

4.5 Noise Environment

The source of noise during mining operation is loading, vehicular movement. Loading operations are intermittent during mine working hours, while vehicle movement is intermittent. The noise sources contribute to increase in background noise levels. The monitored values for noise levels are within the prescribed levels of CPCB. The incremental noise levels due to these activities were predicted and the values reflect low impact outside the premises. The incremental noise levels however shall have direct negative impact on the noise levels, with low significance due to mitigation measures and also due to absence of sensitive receptors within 1.0

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km of the sources. The impact significance is calculated using RIAM. The impacts due to various activities during the life time of the project including the emergency scenarios on noise levels is presented in Table 4.10. The impact significance on noise levels is presented in Table 4.11. The impact assessment indicates that the proposed sand mining activity have slightly negative change/impacts on ambient noise, whereas negative impact is indicated on change in criteria noise environment, due to its low magnitude and occasional frequency.

4.5.1 Prediction of Impact on Noise Quality The change in criteria noise environment is calculated by conducting noise quality impact predictions. The sound pressure level generated by noise source decreases with increasing distance from the source due to wave divergence. An additional decrease in sound pressure levels also occurs with increasing distance from the source due to atmospheric effect or interaction with the objects in the transmission path. This is due to excess attenuation. The sound pressure level is also affected by medium of travel and environmental conditions. The propagation model has been devised to take into account these factors and predict the noise levels at various distances round a single or a multiple source. The model uses the following formula as a basis for such predictions.

(Lob) = (Lr) - (Ldiv) - (Latm) Where (Lob) = Observed noise level at a distance R from source (Lr) = Noise level of source measured at reference distance r (Ldiv) = Loss due to divergence at distance R from source = 20 log (R/r) (Latm) = Attenuation due to atmosphere at distance R from the source. = a x R/100, where a is atmospheric attenuation coefficient in dB (A)/100m. For hemispherical wave divergence in a homogenous loss free atmosphere (Latm) = 0. The total impact of all sources at particular place is then estimated by adding as the contribution of noise from each of the following sources as follows;

i=n (Lob)i/10 (Leq) = 10 log  {10 } i=1 Where n = total number of sources

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The calculated noise levels are further super imposed (logarithmically) on the background noise levels. The model assumes that the noise spectrum is mainly centered on a spectrum of 1000 Hz and attenuation due to building materials is also at the same frequency.

The major sources of noise generation are manual scooping, loading, truck moment, which emits noise level of maximum 90 dB (A) at a reference distance of 1m from the source. The predicted cumulative noise levels due to the source and the existing level as calculated from the logarithmic model without noise attenuation ranged between 48 and 55 Db (A) at distances ranging between 90 to 150 m which falls within the river course. The impact of noise on the population in the surrounding area will be negligible, as the nearest habitation is 2.1 km away from the site.

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Table 4.13 Impacts on Noise Level Impact Change in Change in Effects on sensitive Noise and ambient noise behavior due receptors leading to vibration Activity levels to noise gradual impairment Construction Stage Site clearing, √ √ √ Road Formation √ √ √ Production stage Loading and Unloading √ √ √ √ Transportation √ √ √ √ Operation Stage - Incidents and Accidents Accidents during transport of material √ Extreme Weather phenomenon Mine Closure Removal of structures √ √ √ Danger due to inadvertent entry √ √ √ √ Indicates Impact Table 4.14 Impact Significance – Noise Level Importance (a1) (b1) + (aT) Magnitude Cumu- of Permanence Reversibility x (b2) + x Signi- of change/ lative condition (B1) (B2) (a2) (b3) = (bT) ficance effect (A2) (B3) Impact (A1) = aT bT = ES Change in ambient noise levels 1 -1 2 2 3 -1 7 -7 -A Change in behavior due to noise 1 -1 2 2 2 -1 6 -6 -A Effects on sensitive receptors 1 -1 2 2 3 -1 7 -7 -A leading to gradual impairment

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4.5.2 Occupational Health Hazards of Noise Pollution

Exposure to noise levels, above TLV, has been found to have detrimental effect on the workers' health. Mineworkers working for more than 4 to 4.5 hours per shift will be greatly affected, unless suitable mitigation measures are adopted. The health impact of high noise levels on exposed workers may reflect in annoyance, fatigue, temporary shift of threshold limit of hearing, permanent loss of hearing, hypertension, high blood cholesterol and etc. Noise pollution poses a major health risk to the mineworkers. When noise in the form of waves impinges the eardrum, it begins to vibrate, stimulating other delicate tissues and organs in the ear. If the magnitude of noise exceeds the tolerance limits, it is manifested in the form of discomfort leading to annoyance and in extreme cases to loss of hearing. Detrimental effects of noise pollution are not only related to sound pressure level and frequency, but also on the total duration of exposure and the age of the person. Table 4.15 presents frequency levels and associated mental and physical response of humans. The impact within the mine lease area is moderately negative with low magnitude, as the impact is localized, and is reversible with employee rotation, implementation occupational health and safety practices. The impact on habitation is not significant as the distance from mining activity is more than 2km.

Table 4.15 Noise Exposure Levels and Its Effects

S.No Noise Level dB (A) Exposure Time Effects 1 85 Continuous Safe 2 85-90 Continuous Annoyance and irritation 3 90-100 Short term Temporary shift in hearing threshold, generally with complete recovery. 4 Above 100 Continuous Permanent loss of hearing Short Term Permanent hearing loss can be avoided 5 100-110 Several years Permanent deafness 6 110-120 Few months Permanent deafness 7 120 Short term Extreme discomfort 8 140 Short term Discomfort with actual pain 9 150 and above Single exposure Mechanical damage to the ear

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4.6 Water Environment

The mine lease area is flood plain or river bed. It is proposed to utilize groundwater from nearby villages for domestic purpose in the order of 11.7 KLD to be used at the service area near the bund away from flood plain. The release of domestic wastewater may change ground water quality, change in run off quality, change in ground water and surface water interaction, change in channel morphology leading to deterioration of production levels of both terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna. Sediment load is the main impact if there is pit capturing, which will have impact on fish, microflora and fauna of the stream. Episodic inundation and extreme weather- based inundation will have impact on both the mine and the stream, as disturbed sand bed may release more sediment into water. The impacts due to various activities during life time of the project including emergency scenarios on water environment for both surface water and ground water is presented in Tables 4.16 and 4.17 respectively. The impact significance is calculated using RIAM and presented in Tables 4.18 and 4.19 respectively for both surface and ground water environment respectively. The mitigation measures ensure that the impact is of low significance.

The impact assessment indicates that the proposed sand mining activity have slightly negative change/impacts and change in erosion and sedimentation, whereas negative impact is indicated on quality of surface water.

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Table 4.16 Impacts on Surface Water Change in Change Change Change Dry and Impact Change surface in in in Change in Change in wet in and runoff surface Surface channel erosion and deposition runoff ground peak drainage water morphology sedimentation leading to Activity quantity water flow pattern Quality acidity interaction Construction Stage Site clearing √ √ Road and Ramp Formation √ √ √ √ √ Site Services √ √ √ Production stage Loading and Unloading √ √ √ Transportation √ √ Operation Stage - Incidents and Accidents Accidents during transport of √ material Extreme Weather phenomenon √ √ √ √ Mine Closure Removal of structures √ √ √ √ √ √ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.17 Impacts on Ground Water Impact Change in Change to Change in Change in ground ground water ground water ground water water and surface Activity quantity quality flow regime water interaction Construction Stage Site clearing √ Road and Ramp Formation √ √ √ √ Site Services √ √ Production stage Loading and Unloading √ √ Transportation Operation Stage - Incidents and Accidents Accidents during transport of material √ Extreme Weather phenomenon √ √ √ Mine Closure Removal of structures √ √ √ Danger due to inadvertent entry

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Table 4.18 Impacts Significance - Surface Water Importa Magnitude (b1) + Reversi Cumula nce of of Permane (a1) x (a2) (b2) + (aT) x (bT) Significa Impact bility tive conditi change/effe nce (B1) = aT (b3) = = ES nce (B2) (B3) on (A1) ct (A2) bT Change in runoff quantity 1 -1 3 2 2 -1 7 -7 -A Change in runoff peak flow 1 -1 3 2 3 -1 8 -8 -A Change in surface drainage 1 -1 3 3 3 -1 9 -9 -A pattern Change in Surface water Quality 2 -1 2 3 2 -2 7 -14 -B Change in surface and ground 1 -1 3 2 2 -1 7 -7 -A water interaction Change in channel morphology 2 -1 3 2 2 -2 7 -14 -B Change in erosion and 2 -1 2 2 2 -2 6 -12 -B sedimentation Dry and wet deposition leading 1 -1 2 2 3 -1 7 -7 -A to acidity Table 4.19 Impacts Significance - Ground Water Cu Importanc Magnitude Perm (a1) (b1) + Revers mul (aT) x e of of anen x (b2) + Signif Impact/aspect ibility ativ (bT) = condition change/effe ce (a2) (b3) = icance (B2) e ES (A1) ct (A2) (B1) = aT bT (B3) Change in ground water quantity 1 -1 3 2 3 -1 8 -8 -A Change to ground water quality 1 -1 2 2 2 -1 6 -6 -A Change in ground water flow regime 1 -1 3 2 3 -1 8 -8 -A Change in ground water and surface 1 -1 3 2 3 -1 8 -8 -A water interaction

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4.7 Land Environment The proposed mining plan involves construction of site services away from the river bund. There may be a need to scrape the surface muck or silt in the mine lease area, this material is transported to a stock point away from the bund, and the same is used for greenery development and or given to local farmers for soil stabilization. The impact significance is calculated using RIAM. The impacts due to various activities during the life time of project including emergency scenarios on land environment is presented in Table 4.20. The impact significance on land environment is presented in Table 4.21.

The impact assessment indicates that the proposed sand activity will have slightly negative change/impacts on soil profile due to its disturbance, change in erosion, soil bio diversity and ecological integrity: C/N ratio, Loss of nutrients due to land use operations, and impact on soil and flora due to wet and dry deposition of pollutants.

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Table 4.20 Impacts on Land Environment Soil bio Lan Change in acid Impact Accidenta Change diversity Alte d Ground buffering Loss of Soil l releases in filter and ratio capa Soil sealing: function due emissio profile Erosi leading to function ecologica n of bilit comp change to wet and dry n disturb on degradati : l terra y action in water deposition: protecti ance on of soil permea integrity: in effe balance CEC and base on quality bility Activity C/N ratio cts saturation Factors Construction Stage Site clearing, √ √ √ √ Road Formation √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Site Services construction √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Production stage Loading and Unloading √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Transportation √ √ Operation Stage - Incidents and Accidents Accidents during transport of √ √ material Extreme Weather phenomenon √ √ √ Mine Closure Removal of structures √ Danger due to inadvertent entry √ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.21Impact Significance – Land environment (aT Importanc Magnitude (a1) (b1) + Perma Cumu ) x e of of Reversib x (b2) + Significa Impact nence lative (bT condition change/effec ility (B2) (a2) (b3) = nce (B1) (B3) ) = (A1) t (A2) = aT bT ES Soil profile disturbance 1 -1 2 2 2 -1 6 -6 -A Erosion 1 -1 2 2 3 -1 7 -7 -A Accidental releases leading to degradation of 1 -1 2 2 2 -1 6 -6 -A soil quality Soil bio diversity and ecological integrity: 1 -2 3 2 2 -2 7 -14 -B C/N ratio Alteration of terrain 1 -1 2 2 2 -1 6 -6 -A Land capability effects 1 -1 2 2 2 -1 6 -6 -A Soil compaction 1 -1 2 2 2 -1 6 -6 -A Ground sealing: change in water balance 1 -1 3 2 2 -1 7 -7 -A Change in filter function: permeability 1 -1 3 2 2 -1 7 -7 -A Change in acid buffering function due to wet -1 1 3 2 2 -1 7 -7 -A and dry deposition: CEC and base saturation Loss of emission protection 1 -1 3 2 2 -1 7 -7 -A Loss of nutrients due to land use operations 1 -1 3 3 2 -1 7 -7 -A

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4.8 Biological Environment

The ecological factors that are considered most significant as far as the impact on flora and fauna concerned are:

1. Whether there shall be any reduction in species diversity? 1. Whether there shall be any habitat loss or fragmentation? 2. Whether there shall be any additional risk or threat to the rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species? 3. Whether there shall be any impairment of ecological functions such as (i) disruption of food chains, decline in species population and or (ii) Alterations in predator-prey relationships? 4. Whether it is possible to attain the global objectives of ‘no net loss’ of biodiversity? 5. Whether it is possible to improve the biological diversity through the proposed activity? There is no direct threat to any rare or endangered or threatened biological species as indicated by the baseline data, due to the proposed project, as the proposed construction area has sparse vegetation. The project is not going to cause any fragmentation of habitat or disruption of food cycles or destruction of breeding grounds or blockade of migratory routes. The major impacts of the project are mainly during site services construction and subsequently on account of atmospheric pollution and sediment load during operation. The industry is required to limit its emissions as per the NAAQ of 2009. It has to strictly adhere to the conditions stipulated by the regulatory bodies. The project authorities are going to take all steps and measures in order to strictly comply with National Ambient Air Quality Standards of 2009. The project may not have impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna. Further, as there are no rare or endangered or threatened (RET) species within the impact area, the project does not pose any direct threat to the survival of any rare species. Hence, the proposed project activity is unlikely to pose any additional threat to REET species in the impact area. It may be concluded that the impacts are indirect, and positive due to increasing the density of green belt, and of low significance. The impacts due to various activities during the life time of the project including the emergency scenarios on flora and fauna are presented in

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Tables 4.22 and 4.23 respectively. The impact significance on flora and fauna are presented in Tables 4.24 and 4.25 respectively.

The impact assessment indicates that the proposed sand mining activity will have slightly negative change/impacts on Habitat availability –due to loss or alteration of habitat, fragmentation of Habitat, and reduced habitat connectivity, whereas negative impact is indicated due to possible reduction in abundance/diversity, and impact on soil and flora due to wet and dry deposition of pollutants.

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Table 4.22 Impacts on Flora Reduction in Reduction Potential Impact Terrestrial Removal of species and in acid input Fragmentation vegetation traditionally community landscape and N2 of habitat Activity reduction used plants diversity diversity deposition Construction Stage Site clearing, √ √ Road and Ramp Formation √ √ √ √ √ Site Services √ √ Production stage √ Loading and Unloading √ Transportation Operation Stage - Incidents and Accidents Accidents during transport of material Extreme Weather phenomenon Mine Closure Removal of structures √ √ √ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.23 Impacts on Fauna Impact Habitat Reduced Increased Reduced Habitat availability- loss habitat mortality abundance/ fragmentation Activity or alteration connectivity risk diversity Construction Stage Site clearing, √ √ √ √ √ Road and Ramp Formation √ √ √ √ √ Site Services √ √ √ Production stage Loading and Unloading Transportation Operation Stage - Incidents and Accidents Accidents during transport of material √ Mine Closure Removal of structures √ √ Danger due to inadvertent entry √ √ √ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.24 Impact Significance – Flora

Impact (B2) (A2) = bT= Significance Reversibility change/effect change/effect Magnitude ofMagnitude Importance ofImportance condition(A1) (a1) x (a2)aT = (aT) x (bT) = (aT) x = ES (bT) Cumulative (B3) (b1) + (b2) + (b3)+ (b2) + (b1) Permanence (B1) Permanence Habitat availability - loss or alteration 1 -1 3 2 3 -1 8 -8 -A Habitat fragmentation 1 -1 3 2 3 -1 8 -8 -A Reduced habitat connectivity 1 -1 3 2 2 -1 7 -7 -A Increased mortality risk 1 -1 3 2 2 -1 7 -7 -A Reduced abundance/diversity 1 -1 3 2 3 -1 8 -8 -A

Table 4.25 Impact Significance – Fauna (b1) + (aT) Importance Magnitude (a1) x Permanence Reversibility Cumulative (b2) + x Impact of condition of change/ (a2) = Significance (B1) (B2) (B3) (b3) = (bT) (A1) effect (A2) aT bT = ES Habitat availability - 1 -1 3 2 3 -1 8 -8 -A loss or alteration Habitat fragmentation 1 -1 3 2 3 -1 8 -8 -A Reduced habitat 1 -1 3 2 2 -1 7 -7 -A connectivity Increased mortality risk 1 -1 3 2 2 -1 7 -7 -A Reduced 1 -1 3 2 3 -1 8 -8 -A abundance/diversity

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4.9 Socio-economic Environment The proposed project envisages additional employment to 219 which will have a direct positive impact. The proximity of the site to nearest village, which has adequate infrastructure with respect to housing, education, transport, health and civic amenities, and hence have low impact on infrastructure availability. The impact on health was assessed by air quality impact predictions and was observed to be within prescribed NAAQ standards. The proposed CSR activities from the company shall also enhance the public approval for the project and ensure improvement in infrastructure in the surrounding villages. The impacts due to various activities during the mining cycle on Socio-economic environment is presented in Table 4.26. The impact significance calculated using RIAM method on socio-economic environment is presented in Table 4.27.

The impact assessment indicates that the proposed sand mining activity will have moderately positive impact due to employment generation, negative impact due to possible migration of employees into this area, pressure on social infrastructure, on health due to emissions from mining activity and transport, and stress on common water resources. The project shall have moderately negative impact on the transport infrastructure, while slightly negative impact is observed due to demand for additional housing, stress on municipal/panchayath infrastructure, stress on traditional land use, and concerns related to public safety due to increased pollution levels and transport related incidents. Positive impacts are observed due to change in quality of life, increased community expectations, possible additional employment for women resulting better gender equity, and business opportunity for locals in associated activities.

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Table 4.26 Impacts on Socio Economic Impact on Muni Im Cha Impact Ho Tr Trad common Com Ge He Mig cipal/ pa nge Busin usi Social aff ition water mun nd alt Public Empl ratio Local ct in ess ng infrast ic al resource ity er h safety oyme n: in Body on qual oppo im ructur Im use both expe eq con concer nt and Infras he ity rtunit apc e pa imp ground ctati uit cer n out tructu alt of y t ct act and ons y n Activity re h life surface water Construction Stage Site clearing, √ Ramp and Road Formation √ √ √ √ √ Site Services √ √ √ √ √ Production stage √ Loading and Unloading √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Transportation √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Operation Stage - Incidents and

Accidents Accidents during transport of √ material Extreme Weather phenomenon √ √ Mine Closure Removal of structures √ Danger due to inadvertent entry √ √ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.27 Impact Significance – Socio Economic Importance (b1) + (aT) Magnitude (a1) x of Permanence Reversibility Cumulative (b2) + x Impact of change (a2) = Significance condition (B1) (B2) (B3) (b3) = (bT) /effect (A2) aT (A1) bT = ES Employment 2 +2 2 2 3 +4 7 +24 +C Migration: in and out 2 -1 2 2 3 -2 7 -14 -B Housing impact 1 -1 2 2 3 -1 7 -7 -A Social infrastructure 2 -1 2 2 3 -2 7 -14 -B Municipal/Local Body 1 -1 2 2 3 -1 7 -7 -A Infrastructure Traffic Impact 2 -2 2 2 3 -4 7 -28 -C Traditional use impact 1 -1 2 2 3 -1 7 -7 -A Impact on health 2 -1 2 2 3 -2 7 -14 -B Impact on common water resource both ground and 2 -1 2 2 3 -2 7 -14 -B surface water Change in quality of life 2 +1 2 2 3 +2 7 +14 +B Community expectations 2 +1 2 2 3 +2 7 +14 +B Gender equity 2 +1 2 2 3 +2 7 +14 +B Business opportunity 2 +1 2 2 3 +2 7 +14 +B Health concern 2 -1 2 2 3 -2 7 -14 -B Public safety concern 1 -1 2 2 3 -1 7 -7 -A

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4.10 Prediction of Impact on Vehicular Traffic

As the ML area is located adjacent to the Mothe - Sarapaka connecting road there will not be any unauthorized shop or settlements along the road connecting the site. The traffic density of the connecting road is low mainly consisting of local transport, commercial and passenger vehicle traffic. Material is transported by road using road trucks. The additional traffic generated due to the proposed mining project. There will be marginal increase in the traffic density.

The traffic study for the mine of the connecting road revealed that the peak traffic volume in PCU is 0.059 during 8 to 9AM and the level of service of the connecting road remains A, after proposed project also. Modified level of service for connecting roads considering the additional truck trips due to this mining are presented in Table 4.28.

Table 4.28 Modified level of services for connecting roads

Road Existing Existing Additional Modified Modified Modified volume, volume/ volume Volume volume/ Los & PCU/hr Capacity PCU/hr PCU/hr Capacity performance Mothe - 82 0.059 27 109 0.078 A(Excellent) Sarapaka

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CHAPTER 5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.0 Introduction

The proposed mine lease is located in Godavari river bed at Mothe Village, Burgampahad Mandal, Bhadradri Kothagudem District, Telangana State in an area of 23.30 ha. Analysis of alternatives was undertaken to assess sites, process and technology and treatment options. The mining activity is site specific activity, and the selection of site is based on availability of sand accretion. The objective of this assessment is to identify best available technology not entailing excessive costs, and to reduce pollution loads by optimizing both raw material and resource consumption.

5.1 Alternative Sites

The mine lease/reach is identified by the District level Sand Committee (DLSC) based on i. feasibility report from state ground water board in compliance of WALTA act, ii. Clearance from executive engineer for ramps, iii. Revenue sketch of sand reach revenue department and iv. Payment of seigniorage fee in advance. The AP Water, Land and trees rules 2004 (WALTA) prescribe the following precautions/conditions to ensure sustainable sand mining; “ (1) (a) Sand mining shall not be permitted in notified areas except for local use in the Village or towns bordering the streams. Transportation of sand from these notified areas through mechanical means out of the local jurisdiction shall be banned. (b) In IVth orders stream, sand mining shall be restricted to specified areas. (c) In Vth order and above rivers, viz., Godavari, Krishna, Pennar etc., sand mining may be permitted without affecting the existing sources for Irrigation for drinking water or industrial purpose. (2) The sand leaseholders shall not carryout quarrying within 500m. of any existing structure such as bridges, dams, weirs or any other cross drainage structure. (3) Vehicles carrying sand shall not ply over the flood banks except at crossing points or bridges or on a metal road. (4) Permission to quarry sand shall not be granted within 500 Meters of any ground water extraction structures (s) either for irrigation or drinking water purposes. (5) The streams / rivers where the thickness of sand is

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quite good (more than 8.00 Meters) the depth of removal may be extended to 2.00 Meters but in no case beyond two meters. (6) Sand quarrying shall not be permitted within 15 meters or 1/5 of the width of the stream bed from the bank whichever is more. (7) Sand mining shall not be permitted in streams where the thickness of sand deposition is less than 2.00 meters. (8) The depth of removal of sand shall be restricted to one meter particularly in minor streams where the thickness is more than 3.00 meters and less than 8.00 meters. (9) The sand quarrying shall be restricted to depths above the water table recorded during monsoon and in no case effect / disturb the water table. (10) The quantity of sand deposited annually in every stream or river shall be monitored by establishing observation stations along the stream course.”

Accordingly the present sand reach in compliance of WALTA rules was identified by the DSLC. The proposed mine lease area is away from any sensitive locations. The mine plan was prepared and approval was obtained. There are no archaeological, historical, cultural or defence installation with in 10 km from the mine lease boundary. There is no national park and wildlife sanctuary/ecologically sensitive area within 10 km from the mine lease boundary.

5.2 Alternatives in Technology

Type of mining is contingent on geological, topographical conditions of the mine lease area, type of mineral and production capacity envisaged. The present case has sand mining with extraction capacity of 233000 m3/year.

The process of sand mining will be opencast manual mining without drilling and blasting. It involves excavation and loaded to trucks manually and transported through trucks. He proposed manual mining shall ensure least impact on flood plain and the river hydrology, while the ramps are identified based on least impact on river course, habitat and ecosystem along the bunds.

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CHAPTER 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

6.1 INTRODUCTION

The environmental monitoring programme provides such information on which management decision may be taken during mine planning and operation phases. It provides basis for evaluating the efficiency of mitigation and pollution control measures and suggest further actions that need to be taken to achieve the desired effect as part of adaptive management.

The monitoring includes: -

(i) Visual observations;

(ii) Selection of environmental parameters at specific locations;

(iii) Sampling and regular testing of these parameters.

6.1.1 Objectives

The objectives of the environmental monitoring programme are:

 Evaluation of the efficiency of mitigation and pollution control measures;

 Updating of the actions and impacts of baseline data;

 Adoption of additional mitigation measures if the present measures are insufficient;

 Generating data, which may be incorporated in environmental management plan in future projects.

6.1.2 Methodology

Monitoring methodology covers the following key aspects:

 Components to be monitored;

 Parameters for monitoring of the above components;

 Monitoring frequency;

 Monitoring standards;

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 Responsibilities for monitoring;

 Direct responsibility,

 Overall responsibility;

 Monitoring costs.

Mothe Sand Reach proposed mining of sand using opencast manual method. Environmental monitoring of the parameters involved and the threshold limits specified are discussed below.

6.1.3 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) Monitoring

Ambient air quality parameters recommended are Particulate Matter (Size Less than

10µm) or PM10, Particulate Matter (Size Less than 2.5µm) or PM2.5, Oxides of

Nitrogen (NOX) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO). These are to be monitored at designated locations starting from the day of operation of additional capacity. Data should be generated at all identified locations in accordance to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards; location, duration and the pollution parameters to be monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed out in the Environmental Monitoring Plan. Fugitive emission will be monitored in the predominant wind direction as per MoEF&CC guidelines. The National Ambient Air Quality standards are presented in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Time Concentration in Ambient Air Pollutant Weighted Average IRR ESA Methods of Measurement Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Annual* 50 20 Improved west and Gaeke μg/m3 24 Hours** 80 80 Ultraviolet fluorescence Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) , Annual* 40 30 Modified Jacob & Hochheiser μg/m3 24 Hours** 80 80 Chemiluminescence Particulate Matter (Size Less Annual* 60 60 Gravimetic than 10µm) or PM10 , μg/m3 24 Hours** 100 100 TOEM Beta Attenuation Particulate Matter (Size Less Annual* 40 40 Gravimetic than 2.5µm) or PM2.5 μg/m3 TOEM 24 Hours** 60 60 Beta Attenuation Ozone (O3) , μg/m3 8 hours** 100 100 UV Photometric Chemilminescence 1 hour** 180 180 Chemical Method

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Time Concentration in Ambient Air Pollutant Weighted Average IRR ESA Methods of Measurement Lead (Pb) , μg/m3 Annual* 0.50 0.50 AAS after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper 24 hours** 1.0 1.0 ED - XRF using Teflon filter. Carbon Monoxide (CO) , 8 hours** 02 02 Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) mg/m3 1 hour** 04 04 Spectroscopy Ammonia (NH3), μg/m3 Annual* 100 100 Chemilminescence 24 hours** 400 400 Indophenol blue method Gas Chromotography based

3 continuous analyzer Benzene (C6H6), μg/m Annual* 05 05 Absorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis Benzo (o) Pyrene (BaP) – Annual* 01 01 Solvent extraction followed by Particulate Phase only, HPLC/GC analysis ng/m3 Arsenic (As), ng/m3 Annual* 06 06 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual* 20 20 paper IRR, Industrial, Residential, Rural and ESA-Ecological Sensitive Area. G.S.No.826 (E) dated 16th November, 2009. Vide letter no. F. No. Q-15017/43/2007-CPW *Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. **24 hourly/8/1 hourly monitored values as applicable, shall be complied with 98 percent of the time in a year.2% of time they may be exceeded the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.

6.1.4 Water Quality Monitoring

The physical and chemical parameters recommended for analysis of water quality relevant are pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, oil and grease, COD. The location, duration and the pollution parameters to be monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed in the Environmental Monitoring Plan. The monitoring of the water quality is to be carried out at all identified locations in accordance to the Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification – IS 10500:2012 presented in Table 6.2.

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Table 6.2 Indian Standard Drinking Water Specifications – IS: 10500:2012 Desirable Permissible Methods of Test Substance or Characteristics Undesirable Effect Outside the Desirable Limit Limit Limit (Ref. To IS) Physical Parameters Colour, Hazen units, Max. 5 Above 5, consumer acceptance decreases 15 3025 (part 04) : 1983 Odour Agreeable - Agreeable 3025 (Parts5) : 2012 PH Value 6.5 to 8.5 Beyond this range, the water will affect the NR 3025 (Part 11) : 2006 mucous membrane and/or water supply system Taste Agreeable - Agreeable 3025 (Part 7& 8) : 2006 Turbidity NTU, Max. 1 Above 5, consumer acceptance decreases 5 3025 (Part 10) : 2006 Total Dissolved solids mg/l, Max 500 Beyond this palatability decreases and may cause 2000 3025 (Part 16) : 2006 gastro intestinal irritation General Parameters Aluminium (as Al), mg/l, Max 0.03 Cumulative effect is reported to cause dementia 0.2 3025 (part 55) : 2009 Ammonia (as total ammonia-N), 0.5 - NR 3025 (part 34) : 2009 mg/l, Max Anionic detergents (As MBAS) mg/l, 0.2 Beyond this limit it can cause a light froth in 1 13428 Annex K Max water Barium (as Ba), mg/l, Max 0.7 May lead to Cardiovascular problem NR 13428 Annex F Boron, mg/l, Max 0.5 - 1 3025 (part 57):2010 75 Encrustation in water supply structure and 200 3025 (Part 40) : 2009 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l, Max adverse effects on domestic use Chlorides (as CI) mg/l, Max 250 Beyond this limit, taste, corrosion and palatibility 1000 3025 (Part 32) : 2007 are affected 0.05 Astringent taste, discoloration and corrosion of 1.5 3025 (part 42): 2009 Copper (as Cu) mg/l, Max pipes, fitting and utensils will be caused beyond this Fluoride (as F) mg/l, Max 1 Fluoride may be kept as low as possible. High 1.5 3025 (part 60) : 2008 fluoride may cause fluorosis Free Residual chlorine, mg/l, Min 0.2 - 1 3025 (Part 26) : 2009 6-4 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Desirable Permissible Methods of Test Substance or Characteristics Undesirable Effect Outside the Desirable Limit Limit Limit (Ref. To IS) Iron (as Fe) mg/l, Max 0.3 Beyond this limit taste/appearance are affected, NR 3025 (part 53): 2009 has adverse effect on domestic uses and water supply structures, and promotes iron bacteria 30 Encrustation to water supply structure and 100 3025 (part 46) : 2009 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l, Max adverse effects on domestic use Manganese (as Mn) mg/l, Max 0.1 Beyond this limit taste/appearance are affected, 0.3 3025 (part 59): 2012 has adverse effects on domestic uses and water supply structures 0.5 Beyond this limit undesirable taste and odour NR 3025 (part 39) : 2013 Mineral oil mg/l, Max after chlorination take place Nitrate (as NO3) mg/l, Max 45 Beyond this, may cause methaemoglobinemia NR 3025 (Part 34) : 2009 Phenolic compounds (As C6H5OH) 0.001 Beyond this, it may cause objectionable taste and 0.002 3025 (part 43) : 2003 mg/l, Max colour Selenium (as Se), mg/l, Max 0.01 Beyond this, the water becomes toxic NR 3025 (part 56) : 2003 Silver (as Ag),mg/l, Max 0.1 NR 3025 (part 56) : Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l, Max 200 Beyond this causes gastro intestinal irritation 400 3025 (Part 24) : 2009 when magnesium or sodium are present

0.05 Beyond this, it may cause objectionable taste and NR 3025 (Part 29) : 2009 Sulphide (as H2S), mg/l, Max odour Total Alkalinity as Calcium 200 Beyond this limit taste becomes unpleasant 600 3025 (part 23) : 2008 carbonate, mg/l, Max 200 Encrustation in water supply structure and 600 3025 (Part 21) : 2009 Total hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l, Max adverse effects on domestic use Zinc (As Zn), Mg/l, Max 5 Beyond this limit it can cause astringent taste and 15 3025 (Part 49) : 2009 an opalescence in water Parameters consisting Toxic Substances Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, Max 0.003 Beyond this, the water becomes toxic NR 3025 (Part 41) : 2003 Chromium (As Cr6+) mg/l, Max 0.05 May be carcinogenic above this limit NR 3025 (Part 52) : 2003

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Desirable Permissible Methods of Test Substance or Characteristics Undesirable Effect Outside the Desirable Limit Limit Limit (Ref. To IS) Cyanide (As CN), mg/l, Max 0.05 Beyond this limit, the water becomes toxic NR 3025 (Part 27) : 2003 Lead (as Pb), mg/l, Max 0.01 Beyond this limit, the water becomes toxic No 3025 (Part 47): 2009 relaxation Mercury (as Hg) mg/l, Max 0.001 Beyond this, the water becomes toxic NR 3025 (Part 48): 2003 Molybdenum (as Mo), mg/l, Max 0.07 Beyond this it may cause osteoporosis /bone NR 3025 (Part 02): 2004 disorders Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, Max 0.02 Beyond this it may cause allergic reaction NR 3025 (Part 54): 2003 Pesticides mg/l, Max Absent Toxic NR USEPA, GC Method Polychlorinated biphenyls, mg/l, 0.0005 May be carcinogenic NR ASTM 5175 Max Poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 0.0001 May be carcinogenic NR APHA 6440 (as PAH) g/1, Max Total Arsenic (As As) mg/l, max 0.01 Beyond this, the water becomes toxic 0.05 3025 (Part 37): 2003 Parameters Concering Radioactive Substances Radioactive materials a) Alpha emitters Bq/l, Max 0.1 May be carcinogenic above this limit NR 14194 (Part 2): 2013 b) Beta emitters pci/1, Max 1 - NR 14194 (Part 1): 2013 Note : NR- No relaxation, Source: Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification-IS10500: 2012.

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6.1.5 Noise Level Monitoring

The measurements for monitoring noise levels would be carried out at all designated locations in accordance to the Ambient Noise Standards formulated by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in 1989 are presented in Table 6.3. Sound pressure levels would be monitored on twenty-four-hour basis. Noise should be recorded at an “A” weighted frequency using a “slow time response mode” of the measuring instrument. The location, duration and the noise pollution parameters to be monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed in the Environmental Monitoring Plan. Table 6.3 Noise level standards (CPCB)

Noise level for Day Time Type Noise level for Night Time dB (A) Leq dB (A) Industrial area 75 70 Commercial area 65 55 Residential area 55 45 Silence zone 50 40 Day time - 6.00 am - 9.00 pm (15 hours), Night time - 9.00 pm - 6.00 am (9 hours)

The monitoring plan along with the environmental parameters and the time frame is presented in the Table 6.4. Table 6.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan Important Monitoring Duration Particulars Standards monitoring Frequency of Sampling parameters Ambient Air Quality Monitoring At 3 Locations Quarterly Air 24 hrs PM10, PM2.5, SO2, Site office, Mothe and (Prevention NOx Sarapaka villages and Control Fugitive Dust Quarterly of Pollu- 8 hr SPM, SO2, Nox Monitoring-4 Areas tion) Rules, (Mine face, haul road, CPCB, 1994 Mineral storage, loading) Water Quality Monitoring At 2 locations Once in 3 IS: 10500 pH, TSS, TH, TDS Working Pit, and months & metals Sarapaka village Noise Quality Monitoring

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Important Monitoring Duration Particulars Standards monitoring Frequency of Sampling parameters Noise Levels at 3 Quarterly Noise stan- 8 hrs Equivalent Noise Locations; Working pit dards by levels in dB (A) area, Mothe and CPCB Sarapaka villages Soil Quality Monitoring Soil at 3 Locations Yearly pH, EC, CEC, Mine lease area, Mothe Moisture, and Sarapaka villages. Texture, Bulk Density etc.

6.1.6 Responsibility of Monitoring and Reporting System

The overall responsibility of monitoring the above parameters lies with the management. The mine manager shall be responsible for day to day monitoring. The monitoring shall be conducted by MOEFCC registered laboratory, either in- house or third party.

Records shall be maintained for the analysis of pit water and effluents, ambient air quality data and noise levels. These records are not only required for the perusal of the Pollution Control Board authorities but also to derive at the efficiencies of the pollution control measures as the objective of the project proponent is not only compliance with statutory regulations, but also a serious commitment towards clean environment and sustainable development. The management shall maintain the records as per the hazardous waste regulations and EPA regulations and apply for the annual consents for air and water. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure quality of the mitigation measures and that the management plan in implementation. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan get implemented in the project.

6.2 Environmental Monitoring Budget

The budget for environmental monitoring for the parameters mentioned is calculated on the basis of CPCB notification of charges for environmental monitoring

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and analysis. The cost estimate for environmental monitoring is presented in Table 6.5.

Table 6.5 Environmental Monitoring Budget

Unit Cost, Total Cost / Component Item Unit Rs. Year, Rs Ambient Air Quality – 3 locations Air Quarterly 6000 72000 specified in monitoring plan Fugitive dust – 4 locations specified in Quarterly 2000 32000 monitoring plan 2 locations specified in monitoring Water quality Quarterly 2000 32000 plan 3 locations specified in monitoring Noise Quarterly 1200 14400 plan 3 locations specified in monitoring Soil yearly 1800 5400 plan Total 155800

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CHPATER 8.0 PROJECT BENEFITS

8.1 Introduction (Terms of Reference No. 43)

Mothe Sand Reach proposed to conduct open cast mining at Godavari River at Mothe village, Burgampahad mandal, Bhadradri Kothagudem district, Telangana State. The proposed mining activity involves a capital expenditure of Rs. 35 lakhs contributing to the local economy due to generation of employment, local taxes, in addition to facilitating sand availability for building construction and infrastructure projects.

The mining project may result in provision of local employment of 279 people. The project may also generate indirect employment and also transport contracts to local people. The project may generate tax of approximately Rs. 6.3 lakhs to Government of Telangana state. The total salary bill annually is Rs. 20 lakhs, which would be spent within the local area, resulting in improved livelihood opportunities and life style. The project envisages spending 2.0% of the capital cost towards socio economic development of the neighbouring villages as part of corporate environment responsibility. The programs shall be identified in consultation with public representatives and revenue officials.

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CHAPTER 9.0 ENVIRONMENT COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

9.0 Introduction

As per EIA Notification S.O.1533, dt. 14.09.2006, the Chapter on the Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis is applicable only if the same is recommended at the scoping stage. As per the ToR points issued by SEIAA, Govt of Telangana state vide letter no. SEIAA/TS/OL/BKGM-09/2019-193, dt. 03.12.209 for the mining project activity, the environmental cost benefit analysis was not prescribed as a condition, and hence the same was not conducted.

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CHAPTER 10.0 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

10.0 Introduction

The mining operations in the study area, needs to be intertwined with judicious exploitation of natural resources within the limits of permissible assimilative capacity. The assimilative capacity of the river is the maximum amount of sand aggradation that can occur, and the maximum amount of pollution load that can be discharged in the environment which is governed by dilution, dispersion and removal due to natural physio-chemical and biological processes. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development in the study area.

This chapter covers the genesis of pollution, the principal sources of pollution, the nature of pollution, the proposed measures required for meeting the prevailing statutory requirements of emissions, wastewater discharge characteristics, noise levels etc. for environmental management purpose in connection with the quarrying and its related activities in the study area.

This section discusses the management plan for mitigation/abatement impacts and enhancement of beneficial impacts due to quarrying. The Environment management plan (EMP) has been designed within the framework of various Indian legislative and regulatory requirements on environmental and socio-economic aspects.

River sediments comprise a spectrum of particle sizes such as boulders, cobbles, pebbles, granules, sand, silt and clay. In general, coarser particles concentrate in the low order, hugh gradient streams and finer particles progressively deposit towards the downstream because of reduction in shear stress and improved sediment sorting. Three sediment delivery processes are recognized; Mass wasting on hill slope, Hill slope erosion, and Erosion of channel bed and banks

Mass wasting includes landslides and soil creep, and occurs when gravity alone moves soil to the river channels. Hill slope erosion occurs when precipitation intensity exceeds the absorption capacity of soil and generates overland flow. In relatively undisturbed river systems at its mature phase, gradual erosion of outside bends of meanders and deposition of eroded materials on inside bends cause an imperceptible

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Mothe sand reach Environnent Management Plan shifting of channel within its floodplain. This form of stability is called dynamic equilibrium. Although river flows and sediment loads are variable within and among years, sediment balance and channel stability occur over long term. Instabilities introduced by human activities, and by natural processes like extreme precipitation, forest fires and other events can cause channel bed and banks to become net sources of sediment. The mode of sediment transportation is presented in the following Figure 10.1.

Figure 10.1 Modes of Sediment transport in rivers

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Drainage course starting from streams to rivers are sources of sand and the sand mining has various negative impacts associated with the activity. In view of the identified impacts due to sand mining WALTA act mandated sustainable sand mining by following various guidelines. The judiciary has also intervened by issuing various directions to the stake holders to ensure sustainable sand mining in river/stream beds. The Government of Telangana has been allotting the sand reaches with in flood plains of river / stream beds in the past, and has been directed by the honorable supreme court to ensure sustainable sand mining, by obtaining prior environmental clearance for sand mining projects (irrespective of the mine lease area) and by implementing effective environment management plan to mitigate the negative impacts of sand mining. Accordingly Government of Telangana through The Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation Limited (TSMDC) and Department of Mines and Geology (DMG) initiated the process of obtaining prior environmental clearance for various sand reaches identified by them in the stream/river beds of the state to facilitate sustainable sand mining, and reduce exploitation of this natural resource by unscrupulous third parties and to ensure adequate supply of construction material for both government projects and private projects.

The sedimentation record in the vicinity of Polavaram has revealed that the Godavari had an initial high gradient and high flows resulting in gravel deposition. There is significant sediment load observed at Polavaram and Perur sites of Godavari basin as compared to other sites of Godavari basin as well as sites of other basins. The sediment load is presented in Figure 10.2.

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Figure 10.2 Sediment load at selected sites

The environment management plan is prepared on the basis of the impacts identified and the measures proposed in compliance of WALTA rules 2004, and MOEFCC guidelines for sustainable sand mining which incorporated in site selection to preparation of mine plan. Environment Management Plan giving the environmental protection measures at quarry to meet the stipulated norms, are as detailed.

10.1 Sources of Pollution and Control Measures

The sources of pollution of air and noise from the proposed activity mainly from manual scooping, loading and transportation of sand. The other aspects are episodic inundation and pit capturing, ingress of water into ML area and pumping out the same leading to sedimentation of the river. The sand bed on the flood plain is devoid of any silt or muck during the study period, however in case there is a formation of silt layer on the river bed, the same is also a source of solid waste pollution. The following impacts are identified; a) Damage of river bank due to access ramps to river bed, causing eyesore, damage to the vegetation, soil erosion, micro disturbance to ground water, possible inducement of changed river course. b) Loss of riverain vegetation standing along the bank due to making roads connecting successive access ramps to river bed.

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Mothe sand reach Environnent Management Plan c) Contamination of sand aquifer water due to ponding. Due to uneven rocky bed of the river, sand bed thicknesses vary considerably and harvesters are tempted to dig more sand from a pocket where thickness of sand is more and they cause ponding. In this stagnant water biodegradable material especially flora waste gets accumulated causing contamination and inducing conducive environment for mosquito breeding. d) Chance of falling of cattle/children into sand pit in river bed instances of death due to fall in such pits are reported to the Department of mines. e) Riverbank collapses due to close proximity of sand extraction. f) Destruction of river bank hinterland and flora due to extraction of pit sand by approaching from riverbed. g) Cattle watering practice get disturbed due to mining and quality/quantity of such water goes down. h) Surface degradation due to stockpiling and road network. i) Combination of all these activities results in offensive look. j) Wildlife is also partially affected by such sand harvesting as they are directly/ indirectly dependent on river.

The following measures are adopted as part of site selection and in compliance of various guidelines and also as part of mine plan.

 Minimum numbers of access roads to river bed for which cutting river banks should be avoided and ramps are to be maintained. Access points to the river bed are to be decided based on least steepness of river bank, less riverain vegetation and least human activity. Where steepness cannot be avoided access ramps should be constructed.

 Haulage roads parallel to the river bank and roads connecting access (ramps) to the river bed shall be away from bank, preferably a minimum of 100m away.

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 No sand shall be collected within 2.5-5.0m from bank, especially from outer bank of the meandering river. Safe clearance should be mainly determined by the height of the river bank and thickness of sand to be extracted from the close vicinity of that bank.

 Ponding in the river bed shall not be allowed.

 Minimal damage to the flora standing on the river bank.

 Access roads from the public roads and up to the river bank should be aligned in such a way that it would cause least environmental damage.

 Operations during daylight only.

 No foreign material should be allowed to remain/spill in river bed and catchment area, or no pits/pockets be allowed to be filled with such material.

 Stockpiling of harvested sand on the river bank should be avoided.

 For particular operations, approaching river bed from both the banks should be avoided.

 At least 0.5m sand bed should be left in-situ while harvesting sand from river bed.

 Mining operations from one side of riverbank only

 A minimum of access points with minimum width

 No dumping or storage of mined materials along river reserve

 Temporary stockpile should be placed outside the riverine reserve (more than 20 meters from edge of the river) or outside gazetted areas, whichever is greater

 No stockpiling of mined materials in the river

 Machinery and transportation vehicles entering the rive r should always be clean and free from oil leakage's

 Do not construct local driveway or bridge between riverbanks and mining site.

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 Avoid mining activities during the following periods:

- During or immediately after heavy rain events

-Night time between 19:00 hrs to 06:00 hrs.

Based on the generic environment management measures a site-specific environment management plan is drawn for the proposed sand reach mining project

10.2 Site Services

The Site services provided are temporary office, rest rooms, First Aid and Rest sheds of temporary nature will be constructed near the ramp of specified sand bearing area. Temporary sheds with cement plastered brick walls and G.I. sheet or grass roofing are constructed for site services. The workers required shall be sourced from surrounding villages. Drinking water is obtained from nearby villages through tankers to mining staff and workers. A tractor mounted tanker is provided for sprinkling of water mainly on village roads to suppress the dust generated due to vehicular movement. Fencing is also provided around working area to avoid accidental slippage of men and animals, while worked out areas are used as reservoir for storage of rain water.

10.3 Air Pollution and its Control measures

The dust generated during the transport operations will be controlled by spraying water on haulage road, ramp and connecting roads, for which water tanker fitted with sprayer is proposed. Sand load in the vehicles to be covered with taurpaulin. It has been proposed to take up mitigative measures in the form of sprinkling water at the source and also create green belt along connecting roads after the ramp to act as a dust barrier.

10.4 Noise Pollution Control Measures

The major source of noise generation is transport activity. The mining activity however does not give raise to noise levels. The transport activity shall be restricted to day time to reduce impact on habitation. The engines of the tractors shall be

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10.5 Water Pollution Control Measures

The source of water pollution is domestic water use, and the domestic wastewater is sent to septic tank followed by soakpit. The employees shall be trained to ensure that there is no water ingress and or sediment load in to the river. Episodic inundation if any may lead to sedimentation of river and also disturbance of ML pit. Any ingress of water is pumped out into a small pit adjacent to the water course, instead of pumping directly into the river, so that the pit shall act as a filter and mitigate sediment load on the river course. Land Environment

Since the project site is a flood plain quarrying activities will not have any major impact and since the deposits are replenished naturally. No reclamation is proposed. Muck and silt if any is accumulated on the flood plain in the ML area shall be scraped and stored near the bund for reuse in green belt development or given to farmers for soil stabilization, as it is a valuable resource. Avenue plantation is proposed to be carried out all along the roads connecting the village roads as a social responsibility towards the community in restoring the ecological balance in the surrounding area. To prevent the sand deposition on the agricultural lands various preventive measures like planting bushes all along the river bank which have extensive root system will be carried out. They will act as a barrier preventing the sand from depositing on the lands thus preserving its fertility.

10.5.1 Afforestation Plan

As Afforestation is not possible as the entire area is occupied by the sand. Plants will be developed on either side of the approach road on the banks of river and along the village roads.

10.6 Environment Policy

In order to protect environment and for sustainable development, an Environmental Policy will be adopted by Lessee as follows:

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Objective

The Environmental Policy is framed specifically to fulfill the following objectives:

• Create a work environment which enhances/motivates production and productivity.

• Encourage safe and scientific mining and other engineering practices.

• Promoting awareness amongst employees and neighborhood population for adopting environmentally acceptable procedures and restricting environmental degradation and pollution to the barest minimum.

• To achieve Communal harmony and peace amongst employees and the local villagers for heading fast towards "sustainable development".

• Restoration of post mining land use to pre-mining status, to the extent possible.

• Prevent pollution in its activities associated with mining.

• Continually improve environmental performance and comply with environmental legislations and regulations.

• Conserving energy and other resources through optimum utilization and waste minimization. Reducing waste and fugitive pollutants emissions though extensive mitigation measures.

• Training and involving employees for development of Clean and Green Environment.

 Evaluate environmental performance through periodic reviews and audits to ensure that conduct of the organization is consistent with these principles.

Responsibility

The mines manager is responsible for maintaining ecological balance by adequate environmental protection and environment improvement works is entrusted to the Mines Manager of the project. In the event of observation of non-compliance by any employee, the same is informed to mine manager and the lessee. These two will

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Mothe sand reach Environnent Management Plan identify the cause and implement the mitigation measures or engineering controls or work practices required. The Lessee will monitor the environmental performance and guide the manager and employees for maintaining good environmental practices and to adopt newer, safe and cleaner technologies.

10.7 Socio Economic Benefits

The project provides an opportunity for the local people to get employment directly or indirectly and helps in the upliftment of the socioeconomic status of the area. The proposed project would generate an employment of 219. The management will involve in social activities of stakeholders /surrounding community by planning the betterment of neighboring social conditions through awareness and welfare programs to ensure an improved relation, useful in the long run. Many of the beneficiaries of such programs will include own employees as well. The goodwill of the local populace can never be ignored. It is proposed to supply drinking water and medical facilities to the villagers. The channels employed may vary either through direct contact or by means of local organizations. Another important facet of social environment identified by the project proponents is a green appearance; hence the management will develop a green belt towards aesthetic beautification as the same is necessary to be considered as a responsible, social neigh bour.

10.8 Occupational Health and Safety

Health and safety aspects of the mine will be taken care off as per the World Bank (WB) guidelines on open pit mining. The guidelines provide the detailed information on the aspects that are required to be taken into account for maintaining proper health and safety issues. The workers continuously exposed to dust will be provided with some protective devices like dust mask to prevent respiratory disorders. Drinking water supply for the employees will be provided by the project authority. The standard of the drinking water will be per WHO guidelines.

Periodical training programme to inform the employees about their task, associated risk, and safe working practices will be undertaken. Training will also include information on accident prevention, proper control and maintenance of equipment

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and safe material handling practices. A regular monitoring of the Occupational Health and Safety will reduce the chances of accidents. Records of job-related accidents and illness should be maintained. These information’s will be reviewed and evaluated to improve the effectiveness of Environmental Health and Safety programme.

10.9 Occupational Health and Protective Measures

All the employees will have a medical checkup on recruitment apart from periodic checkup. All the workers will be provided with gum shoe, and helmets. Workers near noise generating sources are provided with ear muffs, and workers near dust generating sources are provided with dust masks. Green belt in and around mining area will be developed to attenuate noise and dust impact.

Drinking water to employees will be provided by the project authority. The standard of the drinking water will be as per IS 10500: 2012. Pre placement medical checkup shall be done and regular health checkup in is planned for all the mine workers. The frequency of health monitoring is presented in Table 10.1. A regular monitoring of the Occupational Health and Safety will reduce the chances of accidents in the mine. Records of job-related accidents and illness will be maintained which will be reviewed and evaluated to improve the effectiveness of Environmental Health and Safety program.

Table 10.1 Frequency of Health Monitoring Occupation Type of evaluation Pre- Frequency placement Mining area Chest X-ray, spirometry and I. At the time of Recruitment vision testing, Far & Near Vision; II. Every 5 years to age <30; Colour Vision; and Hearing tests every 4 years to age 31 – 40; and every 2 years to age 41-50; Once a year above 50 years. Noise prone areas Audiometry Annually 10.10 Corporate Environmental Responsibility Action Plan

An amount of Rs. 0.7 lakhs were earmarked for corporate environmental responsibility Action Plan for the proposed project. The social development programs are identified in consultation with local authorities and district administration. The activities identified for social development in the neighboring

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Mothe sand reach Environnent Management Plan area, cost estimate is presented in Table 10.2. The schedule for implementation of these activities is a maximum of 1 year and the six-monthly compliance report to be submitted to the MoEFCC may show the scale of completion of CER activities.

Table 10.2 CER Plan and Budget

Particular Unit Total, Rs. Installation of solar street lamps 20,000 per lamp 20000 Supply of saplings for tree plantation (Agroforestry) 100 Per Plant 25000

Construct shed, sitting arrangements and a bore Lump Sum 25000 well in the premises of Cremation ground in village

Total 70000 10.11 Environment Management Cell

A Cell for Environmental Management within Mine lease area at the project level, will take the overall responsibility for co-ordination of the actions required for environmental management and mitigation, and for monitoring the progress of the proposed management plans and actions to be taken for the project. The Cell will be under the overall supervision of the Mine Manager, and responsible for monitoring of the implementation of the various actions which are to be executed by the mine manager and his assistants. The Cell will be headed by Mine Manager and the other members of the cell that will include a part time Horticulturist.

The environment management cell is responsible for overseeing; Collection of water and air samples within and outside the work zone; implementation of the control and protective measures; land reclamation and vegetation; co-ordination of the environment related activities; collection of the statistics of health of workers; green belt development; implementing safety programmes; and monitoring progress of implementation of EMP.

10.12 Other Management Aspects

Records will be maintained for the analysis of ambient air quality, noise levels and water quality. These records are not only required for the perusal of the statutory authorities. The management will maintain the records as per the hazardous waste regulations and EPA regulations and apply for the annual consents for air and water,

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Mothe sand reach Environnent Management Plan and renewal of authorization for the storage of hazardous waste as per the Hazardous Waste (Handling and Management) Rules, 1989. The records of hazardous waste manifest will be maintained. The mine shall obtain the consent for establishment (CFE) and consent for operation (CFO) from State Pollution Control Board as required under section 25/26 of the Water act, 1974 and under section 21/22 of Air Act, 1981, before commissioning and production from the. Pollution Control Board as directed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India. The CFO will be renewed each year by the management in consultation with SPCB. The mine will submit environmental statement every year before September 30. The management ensures that it will comply with all the directions and regulations issued by the Ministry of environment, forests and climate change, New Delhi, State and Central Pollution Control Boards. The Consent for Establishment, Consent for Operation will be displayed in a conspicuous location for the information of the inspecting authorities of different departments and all stake holders.

10.13 WALTA and MOEFCC environmental conditions compliance

Provision as per WALTA Rules, 2004 for Regulation of Sand Quarrying:

Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002 to promote the water conservation and Tree cover and regulate the exploitation and use of ground and surface water for protection and conservation of water sources, land & environment and matters connected therewith or incidental thereto in the entire State.

The operative portion of WALTA Rules, 2004 with regards “Sand Mining” as per Rule 23 is extracted below and Industries and Commerce (Mines-IV) Department G.O. Ms. No. 95 dated 28.8.2014 has issued parameters for identification of specified sand bearing areas feasible for sand quarrying.

“In areas where sand mining is affecting groundwater regime, such areas shall be notified by the Panchayat Raj and Rural Development Department. Mining and transportation of sand shall be prohibited in notified overexploited ground water micro basins. For other areas, the following conditions shall apply for mining sand.

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(a) (i) Sand extraction upto III order Streams will be permitted in notified areas. However, sand extraction by mechanical means is banned. Also transportation of sand from these notified areas out of the local jurisdiction i.e. Mandal is banned.

(ii) In IV order streams, sand extraction shall be restricted to specified areas.

(iii) In V order and above streams like Godavari, Krishna, Penna etc., sand mining will be permitted without affecting the existing sources for Irrigation, drinking water or industrial purpose.

(b) The allottees shall not carryout quarrying within 500m of any existing structure such as bridges, dams, weirs or any other cross drainage structure.

(d) Permission to sand quarrying shall not be granted within 500 Mts of any ground water extraction structure(s) either for irrigation or drinking water purposes.

(e) he streams / rivers where the thickness of sand is quite good (more than 8.00 Meters) the depth of removal may be extended to 2.00 Meters but in no case beyond two meters.

(f) Sand quarrying shall not be permitted in streams within 15 Meters or 1/5 of the width of the stream bed from the bank whichever is more.

(g) and mining shall not be permitted in streams where the thickness of sand deposition is less than 2.00 Meters.

(h) The depth of sand extraction shall be restricted to one meter particularly in minor streams where the thickness is more than 3.00 Meters and less than 8.00 Meters.

(i) Sand quarrying shall be restricted to depths above the water table recorded during monsoon and in no case be allowed to affect the water table.

(j) The quantity of sand deposited annually in every stream or river shall be monitored by establishing observation stations along the stream course.

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The Asst. Director of Mines and Geology has conducted joint inspection along with officials of Project Director, DWMA; Ground water head works; Mandal Tahsildars are referred to fix the boundaries of the Specified Sand bearing area and assess the sand in terms of quantity including the designated ramps as cleared by River Conservator, feasibility for extraction on a continuous basis and to study the impact of sand mining in an area and has recommended this reach for extraction of sand upto a depth of 1 m in the flood plain.

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change issued guidelines for sustainable sand mining in 2016 and sought implementation of few environmental conditions for sand mining. The following Table 10.3 provides the compliance of conditions mentioned by MoEFCC.

Table 10.3 Standard Environmental conditions for Sand Mining Impact Environmental Conditions Compliance Category Stakeholder In the case of private land not owned by the Not applicable, Present mine Engagement lease holder an affidavit should be obtained lease area is Godavari River bed regarding consent of the concerned land area. owner (s)for carrying out the mining operation. Stakeholder awareness and ability to raise Public hearing is going to be concerns and getting it to be addressed. conducted to understand specific concerns of stakeholders. Implementation of Action Plan on the issues Applying for public hearing, raised during the Public Hearing. The after public hearing we will Proponent shall complete all the tasks as per prepare action plan in the Action Plan submitted with the consultation with district budgetary provisions during the Public collector. Hearing. Having valid lease and all the permits is In principle approvals were very much needed. issued by Government of Telangana to TSMDC for sand mining in this reach. To establish a Monitoring Committee The monitoring committee shall including Local Panchayat, to check on be formed in consultation with traffic due to transportation and submit an local panchayath and revenue annual report on the same. authorities by TSMDC. The directions given by the Hon'ble Noted and agreed Supreme Court of India vide order

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Impact Environmental Conditions Compliance Category dt.27.02.2012 in Deepak Kumar case [SLP(C) Nos. 19628-19629 of2009] and order dt.05.08.2013 of the Hon'ble National Green Tribunal in application No. 171/2013 may be strictly followed. All the provisions made and restrictions Noted, mine plan is prepared imposed as covered in the Minor Mineral and approval is obtained from Rule, shall be complied with, particularly Deputy director of mines and regarding Environment Management geology mines and Geology. Practices and its fund management and Payment of compensation to the land owners. Sustainable District level Survey Report should be District survey report is Mining prepared and area suitable for mining and prepared. Site is selected by Practices area prohibited for mining be identified. District level sand committee in compliance of the policies of Government of Telangana. The depth of mining in Riverbed shall not Noted and proposed mining exceed one meter or water level whichever depth is 1 m only. is less, provided that where the Joint Inspection Committee certifies about excessive deposit or over accumulation of mineral in certain reaches requiring channelization, it can go up to 3meters on defined reaches of the River. No River sand mining be allowed in rainy Noted and agreed, mining season. activity is proposed during non – monsoon season only. To submit annual replenishment report Noted and agreed. DLSC shall certified by an authorized agency. In case ensure the same. the replenishment is lower than the approved rate of production, then the mining activity / production levels shall be decreased / stopped accordingly till the replenishment is completed. Ultimate working depth shall be up to 3.0 m Ultimate depth is restricted to 1 from Riverbed level land not less than one m only, well above the ground meter from the water level of the River water level. channel whichever is reached earlier. In hilly terrain this depth, be preferably restricted to one meter. In River flood plain mining a buffer of 3 The sand reach has dimensions meter to be left from the Riverbank for of 991.5 m of length, 235 m of mining. width (23.3 ha), and it proposed

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Impact Environmental Conditions Compliance Category to mine up to 1 m depth only. The sand reach is located in the floodplain of Godavari river at a distance of 40 m from the stream and 256 m away from river bund In mining from agricultural field a buffer of Not applicable 3 meter to be left from the adjacent field. Mining shall be done in layers of 1 m depth Noted and agreed, Mining to avoid ponding effect and after first layer activity is restricted to 1 m is excavated, the process will be repeated for depth only. the next layers. To maintain safety and stability of River The sand reach has dimensions banks i.e. 3 meter or 10% of the width of the of 991.5 m of length, 235 m of River whichever is more will be left intact as width (23.3 ha), and it proposed no mining zone. to mine up to 1 m depth only. The sand reach is located in the floodplain of Godavari river at a distance of 40 m from the stream and 256 m away from river bund No stream should be diverted for the Noted and agreed. No purpose of sand mining. No natural water diversion of water course is course and/ or water resources are proposed. obstructed due to mining operations. No blasting shall be resorted to in River Noted, the mining activity mining and without permission at any other involved manual scooping and place. loading. Depending upon the location, thickness of Noted and present proposal is sand, deposition, agricultural for manual method only. land/Riverbed, the method of mining may be manual, semi-mechanized or mechanized; however, manual method of mining shall be preferred over any other method. Identification Mining should be done only in area / stretch Noted and Mine lease was and identified in the District Level Survey issued after DLSC meeting. Preparation Report suitable for mining and so certified of Mining by the Sub Divisional Level Committee after Site site visit. Mining should begin only after pucca pillar Noted and assured to be marking the boundary of lease area is complied. erected at the cost of the lease holder after certification by the mining official and its

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Impact Environmental Conditions Compliance Category geo coordinates are made available to the District Level Committee. The top soil in case of surface land mining Noted and agreed, muck or silt shall be stored temporarily in an earmarked if any to be scraped and stored site and concurrently used for land away from the bund and used reclamation. for plantation or given to local farmers for soil stabilization. Monitoring The EC holder shall keep a correct account Noted and agreed to comply. the Mining of of quantity of mineral mined out, Mineral and dispatched from the mine, mode of its transport, registration number of vehicle, Transportatio person in-charge of vehicle and mine plan. n This should be produced before officers of Central Government and State for inspection. For each mining lease site the access should Noted and agreed to comply. be controlled in a way that vehicles carrying mineral from that area are tracked and accounted for. The State / District Level Environment Noted and agreed to comply Committee should use technology like Bar with all guidelines and Coding, Information and Communications conditions. Technology (ICT), Web based and ICT enabled services, mobile SMS App etc. to account for weight of mineral being taken out of the lease area and the number of trucks moving out with the mineral. There should be regular monitoring of the Noted and agreed to follow all mining activities in the State to ensure guidelines and conditions. effective compliance of stipulated EC conditions and of the provisions under the Minor Mineral Concessions Rules framed by the State Government. Noise Noise arising out of mining and processing Noted and PPE to be provided Management shall be abated and controlled at source to to employees. keep within permissible limit. Restricted working hours. Sand mining Noted and mining activity to be operation has to be carried out between 6 am conducted during day light to 7 pm. hours only. Air Pollution The pollution due to transportation load on water sprinkling to be adopted and Dust the environment will be effectively based on visual observation of Management controlled and water sprinkling will also be dust in haulage road upto ramp, done regularly. and road leading to stockyard of TSMDC.

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Impact Environmental Conditions Compliance Category Air Pollution due to dust, exhaust emission Noted and agreed to comply. or fumes during mining and processing phase should be controlled and kept in permissible limits specified under environmental laws. The mineral transportation shall be carried Noted, transport vehicles shall out through covered trucks only and the be covered. vehicles carrying the mineral shall not be over loaded. Wheel washing facility should be installed and used. Management The mining operations are to be done in a Noted and agreed to comply. of Visual systematic manner so that the operations Impact shall create a major visual impact on the site. Bio-Diversity Restoration of flora affected by mining Noted, as there are no tress in Protection should be done immediately. Twice the ML area. The loss of any habitat number of trees destroyed by mining to be at the ramp area shall be planted preferably of indigenous species. compensated by development Each EC holder should plant and maintain of greenery along the roads. for lease period at least 5 trees per hectare in The activity is seasonal for one area near lease. year only. No mining lease shall be granted in the Noted and No forest area is forest area without forest clearance in involved in ML area. accordance with the provisions of the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 and the rules made there under. Protection of turtle and bird habitats shall be Noted, no turtle and bird ensured. habitats are found in ML area. No felling of tree near quarry is allowed. For Noted and complied. mining lease within 10km of the National Park / Sanctuary or in Eco-Sensitive Zone of the Protected Area, recommendation of Standing Committee of National Board of Wild Life (NBWL) have to be obtained as per the Hon'ble Supreme Court order in I.A. No. 460 of 2004. Spring sources should not be affected due to Noted and No spring in ML mining activities. Necessary Protection area measures are to be incorporated. Management Removal, stacking and utilization of top soil Noted and muck or silt if any to of Instability in mining are should been sured. Where top be scraped and stored away and Erosion soil cannot be used concurrently, it shall be from the bund and used for stored separately for future use keeping in plantation or given to local view that the bacterial organism should not farmers for soil stabilization. die and should be spread nearby area.

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Impact Environmental Conditions Compliance Category The EC should stipulate conditions for No soil erosion is anticipated in adequate steps to check soil erosion and the ML area as it is a flood plain. control debris flow etc. by constructing Water sprinkling to be adopted engineering structures. to reduce soil erosion. Use of oversize material to control erosion Noted and agreed and movement of sediments. No over hangs shall be allowed to be formed Not applicable, ML area is in due to mining and mining shall not be flood plain. allowed in area where subsidence of rocks is likely to occurdue to steep angle of slope. No extraction of stone / boulder / sand in Noted and agreed to comply. land slide prone areas. Controlled clearance of riparian vegetation Noted and agreed to comply. to be undertaken. Riparian vegetation removal is required at the ramp only. The same shall get restored once the mining activity is stopped. Waste Site clearance and tidiness is very much Noted and agreed to comply. Management needed to have less visual impact of mining. Dumping of waste shall be done in Noted and agreed to comply. earmarked places as approved in Mining Plan. Rubbish burial shall not be done in the Noted and agreed to comply, Rivers. TSMDC shall train the employees on this aspect of waste management. Pollution The EC holder shall take all possible Noted and agreed to comply. Prevention precautions for the protection of environment and control of pollution. Effluent discharge should be kept to the Noted and domestic minimum and it should meet the standards wastewater from toilets is sent prescribed. to septic tank followed by soak pit. This facility shall be away from the river and bund. Protection of Mining shall not be undertaken in a mining Infrastructure lease located in 200-500 meter of bridge, 200 Noted meter upstream and downstream of water supply /irrigation scheme, 100 meters from the edge of National Highway and railway line, 50 meters from a reservoir, canal or building, 25 meter from the edge of State Highway and 10 meters from the edge of other roads except on special exemption by

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Impact Environmental Conditions Compliance Category the Sub-Divisional level Joint Inspection Committee. For carrying out mining in proximity to any Noted bridge or embankment, appropriate safety zone (not less than 200 meters) should be worked out on case to case basis, taking into account the structural parameters, location aspects and flow rate, and no mining should be carried out in the safety zone so worked out. Mining activities shall not be done for mine Noted and complied. The ML lease where mining can cause danger to site area is selected based on a of flood protection works, places of cultural, report of DLSC. religious, historical, and archaeological importance. Enhancement Vehicles used for transportation of sand are Noted and agreed to comply. of to be permitted only with fitness and PUC Road Safety Certificates. Junction at take-off point of approach road Noted and necessary infra to be with main road be properly developed with developed if the need arises. proper width and geometry required for safe movement of traffic by concession holder at his own cost. Project Proponent shall ensure that the road Noted and agreed to comply. may not be damaged due to transportation of the mineral; and transport of minerals will be as per IRC Guidelines with respect to complying with traffic congestion and density. No stacking allowed on road side along Noted, temporary stock yard is National Highways. not adjacent to national highway. Closure and The Project Proponent shall undertake Noted, the flood plain mining is Reclamation phased restoration, reclamation and done during non-monsoon of Mined Out rehabilitation of land affected by mining and season, and the sedimentation completes this work before abandonment of data indicates annual mine. replenishment equal or more than the material extracted. Restoration, reclamation and rehabilitation Not applicable, the present ML in cluster should be done systematically and does not form part of any jointly by each EC holder in that cluster. This cluster. should be appropriately reflected as EC condition in each EC in cluster.

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Mothe sand reach Environnent Management Plan

Impact Environmental Conditions Compliance Category Site specific plan with eco-restoration Noted. should be in place and implemented. Health and Health and safety of workers should be Noted and agreed to comply. Safety taken care of. PPE to be provided to all employees. Transport of mineral will not be done Noted and the transport routes through villages / habitations. are identified with least interference to villages. The Project Proponent shall make Noted and agreed to comply. arrangement for drinking water, first aid These are provided as part of facility (along with species specific anti- site services to be located away venom provisioning) in case of emergency from the bund in a temporary for the workers. structure. Project Proponent shall implement the Noted, Disaster Management Plan if the mine lease area is located in Seismic Zone-IV. Project Proponent shall appoint a Committee to have a check over any disaster to warn workers well before for the safety of the workers. Emergency helpline number will be displayed at all levels. Project Proponent shall appoint an Noted and proposed for Occupational Health Specialist for Regular periodical health checkups for and Periodical medical examination of the all employees. workers engaged in the Project and records maintained; also, Occupational health check-ups for workers having some ailments like BP, diabetes, habitual smokers, etc. shall be undertaken once in six months and necessary remedial /preventive measures taken accordingly. Recommendations of National Institute for Labour for ensuring good occupational environment for mine workers would also be adopted. Monitoring The Project Proponent shall report Noted and shall be complied by the Impact of monitoring data on replenishment, traffic TSMDC and DLSC also. Mining management, levels of production, River Bank erosion and maintenance of Road etc.

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Mothe sand reach Environnent Management Plan

Impact Environmental Conditions Compliance Category Mineral Use of alternate material such as M-sand in Noted and Govt of Telangana Conservation place of natural River sand shall be state initiated various projects encouraged in order to reduce stress on to encourage the same. natural eco-system.

10.14 Cost proposed for Environmental Protection Measures

The overall investment on the environmental safeguards and measuring for successful monitoring and implementation of control measures is presented in Table 10.4. The capital cost for environmental management is Rs.4.63 Lakhs and annual recurring cost is Rs.1.39 Lakhs.

Table 1.4 Environment Management - Cost Estimate, Rs S. Capital Recurring Description Item Remarks No. cost cost Nose masks Once a week. Replaceable, and cost 47300 4800 may increase with time Air Road wetting 28000 35000 Water tanker cost 1 pollution Plantation on road side Re-plant the non- plus maintenance surviving plants, 60000 25000 watering and protection from animals Sub Total 135300 64800 Water Domestic Waste water Once only 2 25000 15000 pollution Management Sub Total 25000 15000 Maintenance of Included in main cost Noise 32000 16000 3 machinery suitably pollution PPE's like Ear muffs 1800 1200 Once in six months Sub Total 33800 17200 First aid kits - 2 No's Once in year, replace Occupa- Fire extinguishers - 2 7200 3600 by conducting tional No's periodical checkup 4 Safety PPE's to all employees Safety shoe twice in a and year, helmets once in 253200 12950 Health three years and hand gloves thrice in a year

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Mothe sand reach Environnent Management Plan

S. Capital Recurring Description Item Remarks No. cost cost Training and Once in six months awareness programs and create sign boards on risk factors during 7000 3500 about the risk and emergencies by the safety precautions experts regularly Periodical medical Once in a year and checkup and supply of supply of medicines 2000 1000 medicines - Rs. 600 per for every three months head Sub Total 269400 21050 Ambient air quality - studies - Once in six 14000 months - 2 locations Environ- Will be done through Water quality studies - - mental MoEF&CC/NABL 5 Once a year - 2 3000 monit- recognized Locations oring laboratories Noise studies - Once in - six months - 2 4000 Locations Sub Total - 21000 Grand Total 463500 139050

10.15 Conclusion

Based on the EMP study, it is observed that there will be a marginal increase in the dust pollution, which will be controlled by sprinkling of water and transportation of sand by covered tractors.

There will be no impact on ambient environment and ecology due to quarrying activities, moreover the quarry operations will lead to direct and indirect employment generation in the area.

Hence, it can be summarized that the development of these mining will have a positive impact on the socio-economics of the area and lead to overall sustainable development of the region.

10-24 Team Labs and Consultants

MOTHE SAND REACH GODAVARI RIVER, MOTHE VILLAGE, BURGAMPAHAD MANDAL, BHADRADRI KOTHAGUDEM DISTRICT, TELANGANA STATE BY TELANGANA STATE MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED, GOVERNMENT OF TELANGANA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

HMWSSB premises, Khairathabad, Hyderabad-500 038

Hyderabad - 500004. Phone: 040-23748 555/616,

040-23323150 Telefax: 040-23748666 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

SUBMITTED TO TELANGANA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, REGIONAL OFFICE, KOTHAGUDEM Mothe Sand Reach Summary and conclusion

Chapter 11.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

11.1 Introduction

Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation Limited obtained mine lease for Mothe sand reach to extract ordinary sand mining by manual method over an extent of 23.30 Ha in Godavari bed river at Mothe Village, Burgampahad Mandal, Bhadradri Kothagudem District, Telangana State. Sand is considered as minor mineral and is mainly used for construction projects.

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India (GOI) issued notifications vide SO 1533, dt. 14.9.2006, its amendments based on the directions issued by National Green Tribunal (NGT), New Delhi vide O. A. No. 16 of 2016, dt.13.09.2018 and vide E.A.NO 55/2018 of O. A. No. 520/2016, dt. 11.12.2018 and MoEFCC notification S.O.2269 (E), dt.01.07.2016 and S.O.3977 (E), dt.14.08.2018 and Office Memorandum dt.12.12.2018 issued in compliance with the hon’ble NGT orders, New Delhi, mandate prior environmental clearance for all mining leases across the country. The notification and its amendments based on NGT directions, classify mine lease areas of 5 - 25 ha as category B2 at par with B1, and stipulate a three-stage process of scoping, public consultation and appraisal by State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) to issue prior environmental clearance. Accordingly scoping for preparation of environmental impact assessment (EIA) was done by the state expert appraisal committee (SEAC), which issued terms of reference vide Letter No. SEIAA/TS/OL/BKGM-09/2019 - 193, dt.03.12.2019 for a production capacity of 233000 m3/year of sand in an area of 23.30 ha. The present study follows the prescribed ToR’s and draft EIA/EMP report for

11 - 1 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Summary and conclusion

public consultation, to facilitate informed view on the project by public/stakeholders for the lease area.

M/s Team Labs and Consultants prepared Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the proposed activity. The report is prepared using baseline data of environmental status within 10 km radius of the mine lease area for major environmental components; water, air, noise, soil, flora, fauna and socio-economic environment for one season, and the proposed measures to be adopted for mitigating and controlling pollution.

11.2 Mine Location

Salient features of the mine lease location and study area

Description Remarks M/s. Telangana State Mineral Development Name of the Project (s) Corporation Limited., Godavari River bed, Mothe Village, Burgampahad Location of the Project Mandal, Bhadradri Kothagudem District, Telangana State. Project / Activity 1(a) Category (A/B1/B2) B1 New / Expansion / Modernization New project Product Ordinary Sand @ 233000 m3/year Capital Cost, ₹ 35 Lakhs Legal Status of the Company Govt. Ownership / Occupancy TSMDC Land Use Pattern (Forest, Agricultural, Grazing, Barren, etc.) Godavari River bed – 23.30 ha Latitudes (North) 17° 42'00.76 to 17° 42'40.38" N Longitudes (East) 80°53'24.66" to 80°53'33.30"E Survey of India sheet No E44O13 (65 C/13) Elevation above Mean Sea Level (AMSL), m 42 Seismic zone Seismic Zone: II as per IS: 1893

11 - 2 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Summary and conclusion

North : Godavari River East : Godavari River Site surroundings West : Godavari River South : Godavari River Nearest Village Mothe Village – 1.3 km - NW direction Access to site Site connecting – West direction Road access Sarapaka to Mondikunta road – 1.8 km –W direction Nearest Town Bhadrachalam –3.5 km – S direction District Head quarters Bhadradri Kothagudem –33 km – SW direction Nearest Railway station Pandurangapura RS – 13.3 Km – W direction Nearest airport RGI Airport – 264 km – SW direction Nearest Port Krishnapatnam Port – 254 km – SE direction Major Industries (Within 10 km radius) Nil within 10 km Edulla Vagu - 1.7 km - NW direction Pedda Vagu - 3.5 km - SW direction Turubaka Vagu - 3.8 km - NE direction Water Bodies in buffer area Uruvai Canal - 7.6 km - NW direction Kinnerasani River - 7.6 km - S direction Domala Vagu - 8.6 km - SW direction Presence of Water Bodies in Core Area Godavari River Kistasagar RF - 1.2 km - W direction Bhadrachalam RF - 4.3 km - E direction Tunkicheruvu RF - 6.0 km - NE direction Reserve Forest Pamuleru RF - 9.2 km - SE direction Burguvayi RF - 9.2 km - SE direction Raiguda A RF - 9.4 km - SE direction Inter-state boundary and international boundary Nil within 10 km Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 Nil within 10 km Eco-sensitive areas as notified under section 3 of the E (P) Act, 1986 Nil within 10 km Critically polluted areas as identified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, Nil within 10 km Defense Installation Nil within 10 km

11.3 Proposed Method of Mining

The sand in the mine lease area is in the flood plain and is exposed on the surface. Hence it is proposed to use manual open cast mining method with a maximum depth of 1 m.

11.3.1 Development and Production

The sand is exposed to surface without over burden in the flood plain.

11 - 3 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Summary and conclusion

11.4 Conceptual Plan

The mining operations will follow manual open cast method. The entire reserves estimated under proved category as per statutory requirement are 233000 m3 based on the mine scheme. Therefore, the targeted production is 233000 m3/year of sand. Since it is a manual open cast mine the impact is less, the land degradation is limited to the extent of open cast manual method, haulage roads and ramp.

11.5 Employment Potential

The manpower requirement is 219 for various semi-skilled and unskilled jobs headed by a mine’s manager as per approved mine plan.

11.6 Site Services

11.7 Water Requirement and Effluent Generation

The total water requirement is 11.7 KLD. Water requirement for the proposed activity is mainly for maintaining the green belt (0.8 KLD), for sprinkling on the haul roads (1.0 KLD) to mitigate dust emissions, and for domestic purposes (9.9 KLD). Stagnated water if any, in worked out area is used for sprinkling and green belt development. The domestic water will be drawn from Mothe village.

11.8 Baseline Environmental Status

The baseline data for ambient air quality, surface and ground water quality, noise, and soil quality was collected and analyzed for various parameters to determine the existing quality and flora and fauna study of the impact area was conducted during

11 - 4 Team Labs and Consultants Mothe Sand Reach Summary and conclusion

period of December 2019 - February 2020. The ambient air quality monitoring results shows that the values are within the prescribed limits of national ambient air quality standards. Ground water sample analysis results show that the values are above the limits for total dissolved solids, total hardness, most of the locations compared to Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification of IS: 10500-2012. Noise quality parameters in the study area are within prescribed limits of Ambient Noise Standards. There are no schedule I flora or fauna within the impact area.

11.8.1 Identification and Quantification of Impacts

The project activities that are likely to cause potential impacts on environment are mining operations, transport and associated infrastructure. The likely effects of these activities are fugitive dust generation, noise levels, domestic wastewater and human health risks.

ISCST3 model was used for air quality impact predictions. The predicted maximum

24 hourly GLC’s, the maximum predicted values of PM, PM10 and PM10 are 3.49, 1.39 and 0.63 g/m3 respectively and the maximum values are observed within the site. The cumulative values (baseline and predicted) are found to be within the prescribed standards of national ambient air quality.

11.9 Environment Management Plan

The management plan is drawn in consultation with the project proponent, RQP after evaluating various methods for mitigation and control of pollution. The environment management plan is drawn to address the impacts monitored, identified and predicted for the present project. The environment management plan addresses the impacts identified.

11.9.1 Dust Emissions

Dust will be generated during mining also during handling and transportation of the material. Haulage of sand will lead to emissions of fugitive dust in the mining area. It is proposed to provide water sprinkling in haul roads to reduce the fugitive dust emissions. Tractor mounted sprinkler will be deployed.

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11.9.2 Noise Pollution Control

Major noise sources during operation is mine vehicular movement. The following measures will be adopted to reduce noise levels; improved silencers, mufflers and closed noise generating parts, regular and periodic maintenance of noise generating machinery including transport vehicles, location of site office and other infrastructures away from the noise sources. Personal protective equipment like earmuffs, earplugs. Canal caps will be provided to workers involved in work closer to noise generating sources. The exposure to noise levels is also mitigated by adopting employee rotation.

11.9.3 Water Resources and Waste Water Generation

The daily water requirement for the mine operations would be approximately 11.5 KLD comprising of requirement for water sprinkling on mine haulage roads etc. The other major impact anticipated from mining activity is erosion and sedimentation, as large area of flood plain is exposed to erosion. The domestic wastewater in the order of 7.9 KLD is sent to septic tank followed by soadk pit.

11.9.4 Land Management

During plan period about 23.30 ha area will be occupied by pit and roads. Other temporary constructions are dismantled after completion of mine workings, while the mine pit is expected to be inundated during monsoon to be filled with sediment/sand.

11.9.6 Socio-Economic Environment

There are no settlements in the ML area. Hence no rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) is required. The mining activity will improve the economic status of the people surrounding the mine lease area. The proposed project generates employment to 219 people, and all the semiskilled and unskilled jobs will be provided to the local villagers. Apart from employment, the state government and village panchayath will get royalty due to mining.

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11.9.7 Green Belt

Greenbelt is proposed as an additional mitigation measure for dust control in addition to water sprinkling. It is proposed to have dense green belt in and around the connecting road to the river bund, temporary stockyard which has the main loading and unloading facilities. About 450 trees will be planted during the period. Precautionary measures like regular watering, providing manure and fencing will be taken up to achieve 90% of survival rate of plantation.

11.9.8 Transportation

The required truck trips for transporting the mineral from this mine lease shall be in the order of 182 tractor truck trips or 73 truck trips. Currently the Mine lease area is connected to Mothe - Sarapaka road road by a cart truck road, which is a 2-lane road.

11.9.9 Occupational Health and Safety Measures

Protective equipment will be provided to the employees such as safety shoes, helmets and dust masks. Dust masks would be provided for the safety of workers at site, engaged at dust generation points like loading and unloading points, etc. Dust masks would prevent inhalation of particulate matter thereby reducing the risk of lung diseases and other respiratory disorders. Regular health monitoring of workers will be carried out. The health impact due to dust shall be addressed by rotation of employees from dust generating jobs after periodic health monitoring.

11.10 Environmental Monitoring Program

The monitoring program consists of collection and analysis of air, soil, noise and surface and ground water samples. Environmental monitoring shall be conducted on quarterly basis to assess the pollution level in the ML area and in the surrounding areas as well. An Environment Management Cell shall be established to look after all the environment related activities. This cell will be headed by the Mines Manger. The Cell is responsible for all the environmental management activities including environmental monitoring, greenbelt development and to ensure statutory compliance with the regulatory authorities. The capital cost for environmental management is Rs.4.63 Lakhs and annual recurring cost is Rs.1.39 Lakhs.

11.12 Corporate Environment Responsibility (CER)

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It is proposed to spend Rs. 0.7 Lakhs in seven years for CER activities like provision of drinking water facility, solar street lamps, trees plantation. The management will provide training and awareness on job facilities to unemployed graduates and post graduates, embroidery and tailoring training to backward and weaker section women and training to local sports persons.

11.14 Conclusion

The environmental impact study identified various mining activities that may result in change in baseline status, and accordingly the proposed mitigation measures mentioned in mine plan and the environment management plan were observed to be sufficient to ensure least impact on the surrounding areas. The project is also observed to be in compliance of WALTA rules 2004 and Sustainable sand mining guidelines of MoEFCC, GOI. The residual impact due to mining is mainly loss of river habitat which has to be compensated, loss of biodiversity which can be offset, and worked out mine pit which has to be Replenished. The sediment data available gives an assurance that the mine pit will be replenished with the least sedimentation observed from past data. The management assures to adopt extensive plantation in surrounding areas to compensate habitat and biodiversity loss, thereby reducing the impact to the maximum extent. The environmental impact study identified various mining activities that may result in change in baseline status, and accordingly the proposed mitigation measures mentioned in mine plan and the environment management plan were observed to be sufficient to ensure least impact on the surrounding areas.

11 - 8 Team Labs and Consultants

MOTHE SAND REACH GODAVARI RIVER, MOTHE VILLAGE, BURGAMPAHAD MANDAL, BHADRADRI KOTHAGUDEM DISTRICT, TELANGANA STATE BY TELANGANA STATE MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED, GOVERNMENT OF TELANGANA

4.ANNEXURES

Submitted By Studies and Documentation BY

M/s. Telangana State Mineral Development TEAM Labs and Consultants

Email: [email protected]

SUBMITTED TO TELANGANA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, REGIONAL OFFICE, KOTHAGUDEM

MOTHE SAND REACH GODAVARI RIVER, MOTHE VILLAGE, BURGAMPAHAD MANDAL, BHADRADRI KOTHAGUDEM DISTRICT, TELANGANA STATE BY TELANGANA STATE MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED, GOVERNMENT OF TELANGANA

TEAM Labs and Consultants (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organization) [MoEF&CC - NABET - OM-S. No. 158] List of Accredited Consultant Organizations Rev.89, July 11, 2020 B-115 to 117 & 509, Annapurna Block, Aditya Enclave, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 038. Phone: 040-23748 555/616, Tele fax: 040-23748666 Email: [email protected]