EMMENNAR PHARMA PRIVATE LIMITED Sy. No. 10,IDA Gaddapotharam Jinnaram Mandal, Medak District Telangana
EIA REPORT
I ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT II ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Submitted By Studies & Documentation By M/s. Emmennar Pharma Private Limited M/s. Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd., A-4, Industrial Area Nabet Accreditation S.No.122, Sanath Nagar, Rev.36(Nov.05, 2015) Hyderabad- 500 018 Plot No. 184/C, Lawn House, Ph: +91 040 23801977 4th Floor, Vengal Rao Nagar, Email: [email protected] Hyderabad – 500 038. Ph: 040 – 40179770. Fax: 040 – 66730926 Email: [email protected] [email protected] SUBMITTED TO STATE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY TELANGANA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD Emmennar Pharma private Limited
APPENDIX – I (See Paragraph – 6)
FORM I I) Basic Information
S.No. Item Details 1 Name of the Project/s EMMENNAR PHARMA PRIVATE LIMITED 2 S. No in the Schedule 5 f – Drug & Drug Intermediates 3 Proposed capacity/area/length/tonnage to Capacity expansion from 3.0 TPM to 496.8 TPM be handled/command area/lease area/number of wells to be drilled 4 New/Expansion/Modernization Expansion 5 Existing Capacity/Area etc. Bio- Products ( Drug additives)- 3.0 TPM 6 Category of Project i.e 'A' or 'B' ‘B’ 7 Does it attract the general condition? If yes, No please specify 8 Does it attract the Specific condition? If yes, No please specify. 9 Location M/s. Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Plot/Survey/Khasra No. Sy.No- 10, IDA Gaddapotharam Village Jinnaram (Mandal), Medak (District) Tehsil Telangana District State 10 Nearest railway station/airport along with Gaudavalli at distance of 10 Kms from the site distance in kms. Shamshabad is nearly 40 Kms from the site 11 Nearest Town, City, District Headquarters Gaddapotharam – 0.5 Kms from the site along with distance in kms. Sanga Reddy at about 50 Kms from the site 12 Village Panchayats, Zilla Parishad, Gaddapotharam ( Gram Panchayat) Municipal Corporation, Local body Jinnaram ( Mandal) (complete postal address with telephone Medak ( District) nos. to be given) Telangana
13 Name of the Applicant M/s. Emmennar Pharma Private Limited 14 Registered Address A- 4 ,Industrial Area, Sanath Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana Ph:040 23801977 Fax : 040- 23801966 Mail:[email protected] 15 Address for Correspondence:
Form I Page 1
Emmennar Pharma private Limited
Name L.D. Maheswara Reddy Designation(Owner/Partner/CEO) Director Address A- 4, Industrial Area, Sanath Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. Pin Code 5000 018 E-mail [email protected] Telephone Number 040 23801977 Fax No. 040 23801966 16 Details of alternative Sites examined, if any. - NA- This is existing unit Location of these sites should be shown on a topo sheet. 17 Interlinked Projects -NA- 18 Whether separate application of interlinked -No - project has been submitted? 19 If yes, date of submission -NA - 20 If no, reason 21 Whether the proposal involves -NA- approval/clearance under: if yes, details of the same and their status to be given. (a) The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980? (b) The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972? (c) The C.R.Z Notification, 1991? 22 GO MS No 95 of EFES&T Department, Government of AP dated 21.9.2007 on restriction on expansion and establishment of new industries – IDA Gaddapotharam area is identified as one of the restricted area. GO MS No: 64 on lifting of ban on expansion of Whether there is any Government Drugs and Drug Intermediate units with ZLD Order/Policy relevant/relating to the site? facilities 23 Forest land involved (hectares) No 24 Whether there is any legal cases pending against the project and /or land in which No the project is propose to be set up? (a) Name of the Court (b) Case No (c) Orders/directions of the Court, if any and its relevance with the proposed project.
Form I Page 2
Emmennar Pharma private Limited
(II) Activity
1. Construction, operation or decommissioning of the Project involving actions, which will cause physical changes in the locality (topography, land use, changes in water bodies, etc.) Details thereof (with approximate S. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No quantities /rates, wherever possible) with No. source of information data 1.1 Permanent or temporary change in NO The proposal is for expansion of the land use, land cover or topography manufacturing capacity in the existing Bio- including increase in intensity of Products (Drug additives) manufacturing land use (with respect to local land unit. use plan) 1.2 Clearance of existing land, vegetation NO No existing buildings or vegetation will be and buildings? disturbed 1.3 Creation of new land uses? NO Existing land use – Industrial. 1.4 Pre-construction investigations e.g. NO Existing unit. bore houses, soil testing? 1.5 Construction works? YES Construction activity involves creation of additional utilities. One production block & 1 clean room are proposed and ZLD facilities 1.6 Demolition works? NO 1.7 Temporary sites used for NO Labor is employed from nearby villages construction works or housing of construction workers? 1.8 Above ground buildings, structures or YES No major cut and fill or excavation is earthworks including linear anticipated. structures, cut and fill or excavations 1.9 Underground works including mining NO or tunneling? 1.10 Reclamation works? NO 1.11 Dredging? NO 1.12 Offshore structures? NO 1.13 Production and manufacturing YES This is Bio- Products (Drug additives) processes? manufacturing unit. Details given in EIA 1.14 Facilities for storage of goods or YES Existing facilities for storage of chemicals materials? are used 1.15 Facilities for treatment or disposal of YES Currently the unit established evaporation solid waste or liquid effluents? facilities for process and washes. It is now proposed to establish ZLD plant. Details submitted in EIA. 1.16 Facilities for long term housing of NO operational workers?
Form I Page 3
Emmennar Pharma private Limited
1.17 New road, rail or sea traffic during NO construction or operation? 1.18 New road, rail, air waterborne or NO other transport infrastructure including new or altered routes and stations, ports, airports etc? 1.19 Closure or diversion of existing NO transport routes or infrastructure leading to changes in traffic movements? 1.20 New or diverted transmission lines or NO pipelines? 1.21 Impoundment, damming, culverting, NO realignment or other changes to the hydrology of watercourses or aquifers? 1.22 Stream crossings? NO 1.23 Abstraction or transfers of water NO Project needs about 194.1 KLD of water from ground or surface waters? which is proposed to be procured from Private suppliers in which 121.0 KLD is fresh water and 73.1 KLD is recycled. 1.24 Changes in water bodies or the land NO surface affecting drainage or run-off? 1.25 Transport of personnel or materials YES Transport of material for construction will for construction, operation or be there for short period during decommissioning? construction. 1.26 Long-term dismantling or NO Existing plant decommissioning or restoration works? 1.27 Ongoing activity during NO Existing plant decommissioning which could have an impact on the environment? 1.28 Influx of people to an area in either NO All labor is taken from nearby villages or temporarily or permanently? Hyderabad 1.29 Introduction of alien species? NO 1.30 Loss of native species or genetic NO There are no losses of tree/shrub species. diversity? 1.31 Any other actions? NO
Form I Page 4
Emmennar Pharma private Limited
2. Use of Natural resources for construction or operation of the Project (such as land, water, materials or energy, especially any resources which are non-renewable or in short supply): S.No. Information/checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities /rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 2.1 Land especially undeveloped or NO Existing Unit. The total area of the plant is 8.5 agricultural land (ha) acres. Out of this green belt area is 3.0 acres. Land already developed is 1.2 acres and the land required for proposed expansion is 1.5 acres 2.2 Water (expected source & competing YES Private suppliers through tankers users) unit: KLD (Water Balance submitted in EIA report) 2.3 Minerals (MT) NA
2.4 Construction material – stone, YES As it is proposed to add few utilities and ZLD aggregates, sand / soil (expected facilities, construction material like steel, source – MT) sand, cement, aggregate, bricks will be used. 2.5 Forests and timber (source – MT) NO 2.6 Energy including electricity and fuels YES The total power requirement after expansion (source, competing users) Unit: fuel would be 1070 KVA and the same is drawn (MT), energy (MW) from TSCPDCL. During load shut downs backup DG sets will be used. Coal is procured from local sources. Approximate coal requirement is 32.5 TPD 2.7 Any other natural resources (use NO appropriate standard units)
Form I Page 5
Emmennar Pharma private Limited
3. Use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials, which could be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about actual or perceived risks to human health. S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 3.1 Use of substances or materials, which YES Hazardous chemicals shall be used for are hazardous (as per MSIHC rules) to manufacturing of Drugs & Drug human health or the environment Intermediates. Safety measures are taken for (flora, fauna, and water supplies) the storage of hazardous waste. 3.2 Changes in occurrence of disease or NO No such diseases are expected affect disease vectors (e.g. insect or water borne diseases). 3.3 Affect the welfare of people e.g. by YES Shall increase the employment potential for changing living conditions? locals and affect the living conditions for betterment 3.4 Vulnerable groups of people who NO No sensitive receptors are present in the could be affected by the project e.g. immediate vicinity of the site. The project hospital patients, children, the elderly shall not have any significant impact on etc., vulnerable groups of people. 3.5 Any other causes NO
4. Production of solid wastes during construction or operation or decommissioning (MT/month) S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 4.1 Spoil, overburden or mine wastes NO 4.2 Municipal waste (domestic and or NO Wastes from canteen, other commercial commercial wastes) wastes like paper, empty containers etc. The canteen wastes and commercial wastes shall be in the range of 0.5 TPM 4.3 Hazardous wastes (as per Hazardous YES Solid waste 637.5 TPM generated sent to Waste Management Rules) TSDF for secured land fill and Incinerable waste to Cement plants for Co- incineration. 4.4 Other industrial process wastes YES Details submitted in EIA report 4.5 Surplus product NO 4.6 Sewage sludge or other sludge from YES Details submitted in EIA report effluent treatment 4.7 Construction or demolition wastes NO
4.8 Redundant machinery or equipment NO
Form I Page 6
Emmennar Pharma private Limited
4.9 Contaminated soils or other materials NO
4.10 Agricultural wastes NO 4.11 Other solid wastes NO Details given in EIA report
5. Release of pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air (Kg/hr)
S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 5.1 Emissions from combustion of fossil YES Coal is used as fuel. Particulate matter, CO2, fuels from stationary or mobile SO2 and NOX are emissions. Multi Cyclone sources separators were installed for existing boilers and Bag Filters for proposed 10 TPH Boiler. 5.2 Emissions from production processes YES Process emissions are primarily CO2, H2, O2 which are safely let into atmosphere. 5.3 Emissions from materials handling YES Material transfer takes place in closed including storage or transport pipeline systems. 5.4 Emissions from construction activities Yes Water sprinklers will be used to suppress dust including plant and equipment 5.5 Dust or odors from handling of Yes Dust will be suppressed with water sprinkling materials including construction during construction materials, sewage and waste 5.6 Emissions from incineration of waste NO 5.7 Emissions from burning of waste in NO open air (e.g. slash materials, construction debris) 5.8 Emissions from any other sources NO
Form I Page 7
Emmennar Pharma private Limited
6. Generation of Noise and Vibration, and Emissions of Light and Heat: S.No. Information/Checklist Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate confirmation quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data with source of information data 6.1 From operation of equipment YES Material transport and construction equipment e.g. engines, ventilation plant, shall be source of noise, while transfer pumps, crushers vacuum systems, DG sets are the sources of noise during operation. 6.2 From industrial or similar YES From DG sets, and controlled by providing Acoustic processes Enclosures. 6.3 From construction or demolition NO No significant impact is anticipated.
6.4 From blasting or piling NO 6.5 From construction or operational NO The increased vehicle movement shall not have traffic any significant impact. 6.6 From lighting or cooling systems NO 6.7 From any other sources NO
7.Risks of contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants into the ground or into sewers, surface waters, groundwater, coastal waters or the sea: S.No. Information/Checklist Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate confirmation quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 7.1 From handling, storage, use or Yes All the hazardous materials is stored on elevated spillage of hazardous materials plat form and stored in a closed storage tanks/containers (Liner/MS/GI/HDPE) in a covered shed with spill collection and control systems and no contamination of soil is expected. 7.2 From discharge of sewage or NO All the wastes from domestic operations are sent other effluents to water or the to effluent treatment plant and the treated water land (expected mode and place of is being used for utilities and gardening discharge) 7.3 By deposition of pollutants NO All the emissions from process are safe gases emitted to air into the land or into water 7.4 From any other sources NO 7.5 Is there a risk of long term build NO up of pollutants in environment from these sources?
Form I Page 8
Emmennar Pharma private Limited
8.Risk of accidents during construction or operation of the Project, which could affect human health or the environment S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 8.1 From explosions, spillages, fires etc from YES All Inbuilt Safety precautions will be storage, handling, use or production of adopted and there will not be any hazardous substances damage to environment or human health. 8.2 From any other causes NA 8.3 Could the project be affected by natural NO disasters causing environmental damage (e.g? Floods, earthquakes, landslides, cloudburst etc)?
9.Factors which should be considered (such as consequential development) which could lead to environmental effects or the potential for cumulative impacts with other existing or planned activities in the locality S. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate No. quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 9.1 Lead to development of supporting. YES The project shall enhance the socio facilities, ancillary development or economic status of the area by development stimulated by the project which increasing the demand for housing, could have impact on the environment e.g.: improving the employment. There • Supporting infrastructure (roads, power are no major support industries supply, waste or waste water treatment, etc.) required for this plant. • housing development • extractive industries • supply industries • other 9.2 Lead to after-use of the site, which could NO haven impact on the environment 9.3 Set a precedent for later developments NO 9.4 Have cumulative effects due to proximity to Yes There is possibility of cumulative other existing or planned projects with similar impacts as other units in industrial effects area can go for expansion
Form I Page 9
Emmennar Pharma private Limited
(III) Environmental Sensitivity S.No. Areas Name/ Aerial distance (within 15 km.) Identity Proposed project location boundary 1 Areas protected under international NA conventions, national or local legislation for their ecological, landscape, cultural or other related value 2 Areas which are important or sensitive for NO ecological reasons - Wetlands, watercourses or other water bodies, coastal zone, biospheres, mountains, forests 3 Areas used by protected, important or sensitive NO species of flora or fauna for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration 4 Inland, coastal, marine or underground waters NO 5 State, National boundaries NO 6 Routes or facilities used by the public for access NO to recreation or other tourist, pilgrim areas 7 Defense installations YES 6.5 Kms – Hakimpet Air Force Station 8 Densely populated or built-up area No
9 Areas occupied by sensitive man-made land NA uses (hospitals, schools, places of worship, community facilities) 10 Areas containing important, high quality or NO scarce resources (ground water resources, surface resources, forestry, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, minerals) 11 Areas already subjected to pollution or NO environmental damage. (those where existing legal environmental standards are exceeded) 12 Areas susceptible to natural hazard which NO could cause the project to present environmental problems (earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, erosion, flooding or extreme or adverse climatic conditions)
Form I Page 10
Emmennar Pharma private Limited
(IV) Proposed Terms of Reference for EIA studies Scope of Work of EIA “...The EIA shall cover the following: Description of the proposed project: The first task:” Description of the proposed project” forms a vital component of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as it provides the basis for evaluating the likely causes of Environmental Impacts.
Existing Environment and Baseline Conditions: The baseline assessment will be carried out to identify potentially sensitive and critical areas that may be affected by the project in an area of 10 km surrounding the project location. The critical and sensitive targets shall be plotted on land use map of project impact area. The existing environment and baseline conditions should be established from:- Analysis of existing information published and secondary data. -Consultation with relevant statutory authorities, and Field visits for supplementation of missing gaps.
The key subject areas which the EIA shall address include Ecology and Nature conservation, Air quality, surface and water quality in project impact area, soil quality, cultural heritage, landscape, land use, noise quality, etc. Natural habitats like national parks, wildlife reserves, sanctuaries, sacred grove, protected areas, forests, wetlands, major rivers and waterways if any, shall also be identified and marked.
Assessment of Environmental Impacts: Based upon the results from the review of existing information, field visits, site data collection and consultation, for each component of environment (physical, biological and socio economic) the positive, negative, direct and indirect, temporary and permanent impacts will be evaluated along with an indication of the degree of impact, i.e., whether the impact is significant, moderate, minor or negligible. The degree of impact shall also be quantified by using state of the art air quality impact prediction models based on ISCST3 algorithms.
Environment Management Plan And Mitigation Plan: For each significant negative impact identified, specialist shall work closely with the engineering team/technical consultants to suggest practicable measures to avoid or mitigate the impact. The mitigation of environmental impacts will be by three mechanisms. =>Introduction of mitigation features through the engineering practices. =>Implementation of environmental controls during construction and operation. =>Legislative control involving compliance with Indian environmental laws. The Environmental management plan shall include an estimate of capital and recurring costs of mitigation measures and will identify the institutional framework for implementation.
Monitoring Plan: Having identified the significant environmental impact that is likely to arise as a result of the project, the project team shall specify what monitoring is required during the various phases of the project cycle. The monitoring plan will identify parameters and frequency of monitoring and responsible organization.
Form I Page 11
Emmennar Pharma private Limited
I hereby give the undertaking that data and information given in the application and enclosures are true to the best of my knowledge and belief and I am aware that if any part of the data and information submitted is found to be false or misleading at any stage, the project will be rejected and clearance given, if any to the project will be revoked at our risk and cost.
Date:
Place:
Signature of the applicant With Name and Full Address (Project Proponent/Authorized Signatory)
L.D. Maheswara Reddy Director M/s. Emmennar Bio-Tech Pvt Ltd, A- 4, Industrial Area, Sanath Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. Phone: 040- 23801977 Fax: 040- 23801966
Form I Page 12
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
CONTENTS
Page Section Description No. Executive Summary 1-18 Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction 1-1 1.1 Purpose of the report 1-1 1.2 Identification of the project and project proponent 1-2 1.3 Brief description of the project 1-3 1.3.1 Nature of the project 1-3 1.3.2 Products and Capacities 1-5 1.4 Location 1-6 1.5 Project Cost 1-6 1.6 Man power 1-7 1.7 Justification of the project 1-7 1.8 Scope of EIA studies 1-7
List of Annexures I Copy of TOR and compliance Chapter 2 Project in detail, resource requirements & environmental 2.0 loads 2-1 2.1 Project in detail 2-1 2.2 Proposed products and capacities 2-1 2.3 Details of infrastructure proposed 2-2 2.4 Resource Requirement 2-3 2.4.1 Land Requirement 2-3 2.4.2 Water Requirement 2-4 2.4.2.1 Source of Water 2-5 2.4.3 Power Requirement 2-5 2.4.4 Fuel Requirement 2-5 2.4.5 Raw Material Requirement 2-6 2.4.6 Solvent Requirement 2-6 2.4.7 Man Power Requirement 2-6 2.5 Manufacturing Process 2-7 2.6 Pollution Loads 2-7 2.6.1 Waste water generation 2-7 2.6.2 Emission sources 2-8 2.6.3 Solid wastes & Hazardous wastes 2-10
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
2.7 Bulk storage of chemicals 2-12 List of Annexures I Technical details of proposed products Chapter 3 3.0 Baseline Environmental Status 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Land Environment 3-1 3.2.1 Physiography 3-1 3.2.2 Topography 3-3 3.2.3 Land use pattern 3-7 3.3 Geology 3-11 3.4 Water environment 3-12 3.4.1 Surface Hydrology 3-13 3.4.2 Surface water Quality 3-15 3.4.3 Ground water availability of project watershed area 3-23 3.4.4 Ground Water Quality 3-42 3.5 Soil 3-52 3.6 Air Environment 3-57 3.6.1 Meteorology 3-57 3.6.2 Meteorological Station at Industry Site 3-61 3.6.3 Ambient Air Quality 3-64 3.6.4 Scope of field study 3-64 3.6.5 Description of sampling locations 3-67 3.6.6 Ambient Air Quality Status 3-68 3.6.6.1 Analysis of Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in RSPM 3-70 3.7 Noise Environment 3-72 3.8 Socio Economic Environment 3-76 3.8.1 Demography 3-78 3.8.1.1 Population Distribution 3-78 3.8.2 Literacy 3-78 3.8.3 Employment/Occupation 3-79 3.8.4 Living standards and Infrastructure 3-82 3.8.5 Life Styles 3-82 3.8.6 Physical Infrastructure 3-83 3.8.7 Aspiration & Apprehensions of People 3-85 3.9 Land Utilization 3-86 3.10 Project Economy 3-86 3.11 Biotic Environment 3-87
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.11.1 General Information Regarding the Study Area 3-89 3.11.2 Reserve Forest 3-90 3.11.3 Methodology 3-91 3.11.4 Study Team 3-94 3.11.5 Methodology 3-94 3.11.5.1 Core zone Study 3-94 3.11.5.2 Buffer Zone Study 3-94 3.11.5.3 Floral Study 3-95 3.11.5.4 Faunal Study 3-95 3.11.6 Identification of Floral Species 3-96 3.11.7 Data Analysis 3-97 3.11.8 Status of Biotic Environment 3-100 3.11.9 Buffer Zone Habitat 3-103 3.11.10 Phyto-Sociological Studies-Primary Survey 3-104 3.11.11 Fauna and Wildlife 3-108 3.11.12 Aquatic Ecosystem 3-110 List of Annexures I Details list of flora and fauna Chapter 4 4.0 Identification and prediction of Impacts 4-1 4.1 Identification of Impacts 4-1 4.2 Impact Networks 4-1 4.2.1 Air Environment 4-2 4.2.2 Water environment 4-2 4.2.3 Noise environment 4-2 4.2.4 Land Environment 4-2 4.2.5 Biological Environment 4-3 4.2.6 Socio-economic environment 4-3 4.3 Prediction of impact on air Quality 4-10 4.3.1 Details of Mathematical Modeling 4-10 4.3.1.1 Model Formulation 4-12 4.3.1.2 Meteorological Data 4-14 4.3.2 Plant Emissions 4-15 4.3.2.1 Air Quality Predictions 4-17 4.4 Prediction of Impact on Noise quality 4-26 4.5 Prediction of Impact on water environment 4-28 4.5.1 Pollution transport model in the industrial area 4-28 4.6 Prediction of Impact on soil 4-35
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
4.7 Prediction of Impact on Socio Economics 4-36 4.8 Prediction of Impact on local Flora and Fauna 4-36 4.8.1 Predicted impacts 4-38 4.8.2 Effect on eco systems, food chain and food web 4-42 4.8.3 Effect on migratory corridors, nesting and breeding sites 4-42 4.8.4 Effect on REET species 4-42 4.9 Prediction of Impact on Vehicular Traffic 4-44 Chapter 5 5.0 Environmental Monitoring 5-1 5.1.1 Introduction 5-1 5.1.2 Objectives 5-1 5.1.3 Methodology 5-2 5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) Monitoring 5-2 5.1.5 Water Quality Monitoring 5-4 5.1.6 Noise Level Monitoring 5-10 5.1.7 Responsibility of Monitoring and Reporting System 5-12 5.2 Environmental Monitoring Budget 5-13 Chapter 6 6.0 Risk Assessment and Disaster management 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Objectives and scope 6-1 6.3 Hazard Analysis and risk assessment 6-2 6.3.1 Introduction 6-2 6.3.2 Hazard Identification 6-5 6.3.3 Hazards related to materials 6-6 6.3.3.1 Hazardous characteristics of raw materials 6-8 6.3.4 Fire & Explosion Index (F&EI) 6-12 6.3.4.1 Methodology 6-12 6.3.4.2 Computation of F&EI 6-13 6.3.4.3 Hazard ranking 6-14 6.3.4.4 Analysis of quantitative risk assessment data 6-18 Health hazards from exposure to hazardous substances 6.3.4.5 and control measures 6-19 6.4 Hazard and Operability Study 6-20 6.4.1 Hazop study guidelines 6-23 6.4.2 Hazop Work Sheets 6-25 6.4.3 Hazard factors 6-28 6.4.4 Equipment failure rates 6-30 6.4.5 Common causes of accidents 6-32
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
6.4.6 Failures of human system 6-32 6.5 Suggested safety measures for storage of chemicals 6-34 6.6 Disaster management plan 6-34 6.6.1 Introduction 6-34 6.6.2 Objectives of emergency management plan (on-site) 6-35 6.6.3 Scope of ONSEP 6-36 6.6.4 Methodology of development of ONSEP 6-37 6.6.5 Elements of on-site emergency plan 6-37 6.6.5.1 Emergencies identified 6-38 6.6.5.2 Emergency Organization 6-38 6.6.5.3 Emergency facilities 6-39 6.6.5.4 Emergency procedures 6-42 6.6.5.5 Rescue and rehabilitation 6-43 6.6.5.6 Emergency responsibilities 6-44 6.6.6 Remedial action 6-50 6.6.7 Basic action in emergencies 6-50 6.6.8 Firefighting system 6-51 Environmental Management Plan 1.0 Introduction 1-2 Environmental Management Plan During Construction 1.1 Phase 1-3 1.1.1 Site Preparation 1-3 1.1.2 Sanitation 1-3 1.1.3 Noise 1-4 1.1.4 Wastes from Construction Equipment 1-4 1.2 Environment Management Plan During Operation Phase 1-4 2.0 Sources of Pollution from Manufacturing Process 1-5 2.1 Water Pollution and Treatment Scheme 1-5 2.2 Effluent Treatment 1-8 2.2.1 ETP for High TDS Effluent Treatment System 1-8 2.2.2 Low TDS Effluent Treatment System 1-11 2.2.3 Recommendations for Storm water management 1-18 2.2.4 Water conservation measures 1-18 2.2.5 Rain water harvesting plans 1-19 2.2.6 Ground water recharge methods 1-19 2.3 Air Pollution 1-20 2.3.1 Emissions form utilities 1-20 2.3.2 Process emissions control 1-22 2.3.3 Solvent use & recycle 1-22
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
2.4 Solid waste 1-22 2.5 Noise pollution 1-25 2.5.1 Measures to control noise pollution 1-25 3.0 Occupational safety & health 1-26 3.1 Safety precautions 1-28 3.2 Health Check-ups 1-28 3.3 Chemical handling measures & PPE’s 1-29 3.4 Measures proposed to control VOC emission 1-29 Prevention, maintenance and operation of environment 4.0 control system 1-30 5.0 House keeping 1-31 6.0 Corporate social responsibilities 1-31 7.0 Transport emergency system 1-32 8.0 Recovery – reuse of waste products 1-32 9.0 Green belt development 1-33 10.0 Staff required for post project monitoring 1-34 11.0 Other sustainable development measures adopted 1-35 12.0 Regulatory compliance 1-35 13.0 Cost estimate for environment management plan 1-36
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
List of Tables
S.No Description Page No. 1.1 Salient features of the project 1-4 1.2 List of existing products & capacities 1-5 1.3 Proposed products and capacities 1-5 2.1 List of Products Proposed with Quantity of Production/Month 2-1 2.2 Utilities and effluent handling facilities proposed 2-2 2.3 Land Statement 2-4 2.4 Water balance of the proposed expansion 2-4 2.5 Water reuse and fresh water requirement 2-5 2.6 Solvent Balance 2-6 2.7 Waste Water Generation and Mode of Treatment 2-7 2.8 Characterization of Loads 2-8 2.9 Quantifies Emissions Different Sources 2-9 2.10 Process Emissions 2-10 2.11 Hazardous & Non Hazardous wastes and disposal 2-10 2.12 Bulk Chemical Storages 2-12 3.1 List of reserve forest and distance from site 3-2 3.2 Land use/ land cover classes in study area 3-10 3.3 Generalized rock sequence 3-12 3.4 Surface water analysis reports 3-17 E.C values of surface water from village tanks measured during 3.5 field visit 3-19 Hydrogeological data of wells inventoried in Khazipally and 3.6 gaddapotharam industrial area. 3-29 3.7 Ground water quality of bore wells in the surrounding areas 3-46 3.8 Soil analysis data 3-54 3.9 Soil test results- reference tables 3-56 3.10 IMD data of meteorological station Medak (1979-2000) 3-59 3.11 Frequency distribution of wind speed and wind directions 3-62 3.12 National ambient air quality standards 3-65 3.13 Locations of ambient air quality monitoring stations 3-67 3.14 Ambient air quality status 3-69 3.15 Chemical composition of RSPM 3-71 3.16 Effects on human beings at different noise levels 3-74 3.17 Equivalent noise levels in the study area 3-75 3.18 Population distribution – study area 3-78 3.19 Literacy- study area 3-79 3.20 Employments – study area 3-80 3.21 Main workers – study area 3-81 3.22 Land utilization pattern 3-86 3.23 List of reserve forest in the study area 3-90 4.1 Salient Features of the ISCST3 Model 4-12
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
4.2 Atmospheric Stability Classification 4-14 4.3 Mixing Heights considered for Computations 4-15 4.4 Emission Details of Pollutants from Stack 4-16 4.5 Maximum Predicted 24 hourly GLC’s 4-18 4.6 Predicted GLC’s at Monitoring Locations 4-18 Cumulative Concentrations at Various Villages and Reserved 4.7 Forests 4-20 4.8 Predicted concentrations at various reserve forest areas 4-21 4.9 Average typical Noise Levels from Existing Industrial Units 4-27 4.10 Grading scheme used for assessment of the Ecological-sensitivity 4-39 4.11 Ecological sensitivity of study area 4-41 4.12 Land use pattern in study area 4-41 4.13 Summary of pharmaceutical production process and their 4-43 environmental effects 5.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 5-3 5.2 Indian Standard Drinking Water Specifications - IS 10500 : 1991 5-5 5.3 Noise Level Standards(CPCB) 5-10 5.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan 5-11 5.5 Estimated Environmental Monitoring Budget 5-13 6.1 Products proposed 6-6 6.2 List of raw materials and inventory 6-6 6.3 List of hazardous chemicals ( Listed in part II of Schedule I) 6-9 6.4 Physical properties and hazard characteristics of key raw materials 6-11 6.5 List of bulk storages and quantities proposed at the site 6-12 6.6 Degree of Hazard for F & EI 6-14 6.7 Heat radiation damage distances (Flammable) - tank farm 6-15 6.8 Toxic Threat Zones on release of Chemicals 6-17 6.9 Concentration levels and toxic zone distances 6-18 6.10 Hazardous processes and precautions suggested 6-20 6.11 Checklist of guide words in HAZOP 6-23 6.12 Hazop Work Sheet – Raw Material Flow 6-26 6.13 Hazop work Sheet – Pressure 6-27 6.14 Hazop Work sheet – Temperature 6-28 6.15 Contributing factors for accidents 6-29 6.16 Failure frequency statistics of key raw equipment 6-29 6.17 Equipment failure rates 6-30 6.18 Ignition sources of major fires 6-33 6.19 List of fire extinguishers 6-41 Environment Management Plan 1.1 Effluent generated form process & characteristics 1-6 1.2 Quantity of effluents 1-6 1.3 High TDS & COD effluents – characteristics 1-7 1.4 Low TDS & COD effluents – characteristics 1-7
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
1.5 Emissions details of pollutants form stack 1-21 1.6 Solid waste generated form process 1-23 1.7 Hazardous & non - hazardous wastes and disposal 1-24 1.8 List of toxic chemicals & handling quantities 1-27 1.9 Environmental Management – Cost Estimate (RS. in Lakhs) 1-36
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
List of Figures Section Description Page No. 1.1 Photographs of Project Site 1-9 1.2 Topographical Features of 10 KM radius 1-11 1.3 Baseline features of the 10 KM study area 1-12 1.4 Plant Layout 1-13 3.1 Base map of the study area 3-4 3.2 Project site industrial area and its water shed units 3-5 3.3 Drainage pattern of the study area 3-6 3.4 Satellite image of the study area 3-8 3.5 Land use and land cover map of the study area 3-9 3.6 Pie diagram of land use in study area 3-11 Surface hydrological features in the project site 3.7 neighborhood 3-14 Photographs of the surface water sources in the water 3.8 shed area 3-15 3.9 Surface water sampling station 3-16 Photographs of the surface water sources with the EC 3.10 values 3-21 3.11 Locations of higher surface water salinity 3-22 3.12 Location of wells inventory in the project neighbourhood 3-28 3.13 Depth of water level (pre-monsoon) 3-37 3.14 Depth of water level (post-monsoon) 3-38 3.15 Water level fluctuations 3-39 3.16 Location of ground water samples in the study area 3-45 3.17 Soil sampling locations 3-53 3.18 Wind rose diagram at site 3-63 3.19 Ambient air quality monitoring locations 3-68 3.20 Noise sampling locations 3-73 3.21 Sampling locations of buffer zone 3-92 4.1 Impacts network for air environment 4-4 4.2 Impacts network for noise environment 4-5 4.3 Impacts Network For Land Environment 4-6 4.4 Impacts Network For Biological Flora Fauna 4-7 4.5 Identification of likely impacts of waste water 4-8 Impact Network For Socio-Economic And Cultural 4.6 Environment 4-9 4.7 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of PM10 4-22 4.8 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of PM2.5 4-23 4.9 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of SO2 4-24
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
4.10 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of NOX 4-25 4.11 Polluted ground water entrapped in the aquifer zones 4-30 4.12 Over land surface rainfall run-off pattern 4-31 4.13 Fresh rain fall surface water recharge process 4-32 Up- rise of contaminated ground water through diffusion 4.14 potential 4-33 1.1 High TDS Effluent Treatment System 1-16 1.2 Low TDS Effluent Treatment System 1-17
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Pharmaceuticals Chemicals are used for the benefit of human health and animal health. The production volumes and the usage rates of most pharmaceutical active ingredients (referred to here as pharmaceutical chemicals or pharmaceuticals) in new drug products used for either human or animal health consumption are small relative to many consumer products.
M/s. Emmennar Pharma Private Limited (Formerly Emmennar Bio-Tech Private Limited) is an existing unit located at Sy. NO 10 in IDA Gaddapotharam, Jinnaram (M), Medak District, Telangana. Due to market demand, it is proposed to expand the production capacity of the plant from 3.0 TPM to 496.8 TPM. As production infrastructure is in existence at the plant, it is proposed to augment utilities and environmental infrastructure. Total Cost of the Project is Rs. 15.0 Cores out of this an investment of Rs. 1.5 Cores proposed to invest on environmental infrastructure in addition to Rs. 0.5 Cores invested. The land area of the plant is 8.5 acres with a green belt of 3.0 acres.
Location of the Plant M/s Emmennar Pharma Private Limited (Formerly Emmennar Bio-Tech Private Limited) at Sy.No.10, Gaddapotharam, IDA in Jinnaram Mandal of Medak District in Telangana. Between 17035’19.3” N Latitude and 17036’25.7” N Latitude and 78022’51.0” East Longitude and 78022’58.9” East Longitude. The land area of the plant is 8.5 acres. The plant is surrounded by Lee Pharma in west and Industrial Area Road and TSDF facility of Ramky in east direction and TI Diamond Chains in south direction and Virchow Chemicals in north direction. The nearest human settlement from the site is Gaddapotharam village located at distance of 2.0 km from the site. There are no ecologically sensitive areas like national parks, sanctuaries within 10 km radius of the site.
Page 1 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
The nearest railway station Gaudavalli is located at a distance of 10.0 KM from the site. The nearest airport is located at a distance of 40.0 Km at Shamshabad. There are 19 Reserve Forests within 10 KM radius. Nearest reserve Forest Dindigal RF are at about 0.25 KM from the site. No ecologically sensitive areas like national parks, sanctuaries within 10 km radius of the site.
Product Profile The manufacturing capacities are presented in the following table. Table No 1 PROPOSED PRODUCTS & CAPACITIES
Production S.N Product Name Capacity o TPM 1 Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride 60.0 2 Tramadol Hydrochloride 90.0 3 Methyl Isothiocyanate 195.6 2-Niro-1-(Methylamino)-1- 4 (Methylthio) Ethane (NMSM) 90.0 5 Diethyl-D-Tartarate 33.75 Diethyl-1,3-Acetone 6 Dicarboxylic Acid 27.3 7 R & D Activity 0.15 Total 496.8 Bi-Products 1 Sulphur 108.0 2 60% Sulphuric Acid 493.5
Manufacturing Process Chemical Synthesis products the majority of drugs currently in the market. Chemical Synthesis consists of four steps – reaction, storage, separation, purification and drying. Large volumes of solvents are used during chemical synthesis, extractions and solvent inter changes. The manufacturing process of the above mentioned molecules involve various types of reactions like acetylation, Oxidation, Reduction, hydrogenation,
Page 2 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report hydrolysis etc. The manufacturing process of all the compounds, reactions involved, materials balance are presented in chapter 2 of EIA report.
Utilities The current utilities and utilities required for the proposed expansion capacity are presented in following table. Table No 2 Utilities & Effluent handling facilities – Current & Proposed
Utilities & Effluent handling facilities – Current S.NO Utility Capacity Existing 1 Boilers 3 TPH( coal Fired) 2 Diesel Generator sets 1x320 KVA (backup power) 3 DM/Softener plant 1 Nos with a capacity of 1.0 M3/hour 4 Process Ro Plants 2 No's with a capacity of 100 KLD 5 Cooling Towers Total 1500 TR ( 1No) 6 Waste Water treatment 1)Stripper, Multiple Effect facilities Evaporator and ATFD Systems –1x5 KLD 2)Collection tanks- 1 X 5 KL 3)Neutralization tanks – 1 X 2 KL Utilities & Effluent handling facilities – Proposed (Additional) S.NO Utility Capacity 1 Coal fired Boiler 10 TPH 2 DG Sets 1 x 750KVA 3 Cooling Towers 1000 TR 4 DM/Softener plant 1 Nos with a capacity of 2.0 M3/hour 5 Waste Water Treatment 1)Stripper, Multiple Effect plant Evaporator and ATFD System 1 x 125 KLD 2)Collection tanks- 1 X 100 KL 3)Neutralization tanks – 1 X 25 KL 2. RO & Biological treatment System for Effluents –1x100 KLD
Page 3 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
‹ DG sets are used only during load shutdown by TSCDDL.
Water Requirement and Water Balance Water is required for Process, Utilities, domestic purposes and gardening. The total requirement shall be 194.1 KLD. The plant purposes to establish a zero liquid discharge system, and recycle the treated effluent for reuse to an extent of 73.1 KLD. Hence the fresh water requirement shall be 121.0 KLD. Water is procured from Borewell. The water balance for daily consumption is presented in the following table. Table No 3 Water Balance of the proposed expansion Water Waste water
S. No Stream Consumption Generation in in KLD KLD 1 Process 44.1 40.5 2 Washings 5.0 5.0 3 Boiler 25.0 5.0 4 Cooling tower 50.0 5.0 5 DM/Softener RO 35.0 35.0 plant back washes & rejects 6 Domestic 5.0 4.0 7 Gardening 30.0 -- Total 194.1 94.5
Process Effluents contain soluble raw materials, by products, solvents etc.
Baseline Environmental Data The baseline data for ambient quality, surface and ground water quality, noise and soil quality collected and analyzed for various parameters during March – May 2014
Page 4 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Air Environment Base line data on current ambient emission levels at the plant site and at 7 other villages within the 10 KM radius of the site are collected and presented in the report for PM 10.0, PM 2.5, SO2, NOx, VOC & CO. the maximum and minimum levels of various parameters observed during the study are presented below
Water Environment: Base line data on quality of ground water (sampled at 8 places) and surface water (sampled at 5 places) within the watersheds. The data indicates quality of ground water and surface water deteoriated over a period in few samples. The concentration of total dissolved solids and certain salts are higher than the standards prescribed for drinking water sources as per IS 10500 standards & IS 294 standards for surface water sources
Land Environment Base line soil samples were collected and analyzed from 8 locations including project site and parameters indicates normal condition of soils
Noise environment Base line noise samples were collected from 8 locations including project site and levels indicates noise levels are within the acceptable levels
Biotic environment Flora and fauna studies are carried out in the study zone including nearby reserve forests and documented. No endangered species of flora and fauna is observed in the study
Identification and Quantification of Impacts The sources of pollution in the proposed project are Air emissions from utilities, liquid effluents from process, utilities and domestic sources, solid
Page 5 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report waste from process and utilities and noise pollution from utilities and process equipment. The impact assessment report identified various sources of pollution and quantified the pollution loads and has identified the technologies to be adopted for the mitigation and control of the same
Impacts of air Quality The additional impacts of air quality due to the proposed project are from the 1 X 10 TPH coal fired, and additional DG set of 1 x 750 KVA capacity. The impacts are quantified using ISC- AERMOD model based on ISCST3 Algorithm. The results indicate marginal increase in the ambient air quality parameters and the predicted concentrations are within the prescribed limits of CPCB.
Page 6 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table 4 -Cumulative Concentrations at Various Villages and Reserved Forests
Baseline Concentration Cumulative Concentration Distance Predicted GLC (µg/m3) Station Direction (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (Km) PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx Project site - 0.0 89.6 54.1 12.94 20.36 0.132 0.045 0.290 0.376 89.732 54.1451 13.23 20.736
Gaggillapur NE 2.40 77.26 37.70 12.76 15.08 0.114 0.032 0.286 0.279 77.374 37.732 13.046 15.359
Annaram N 4.70 58.13 39.80 9.14 14.62 0.054 0.014 0.136 0.076 58.184 39.814 9.276 14.696
Chowdariguda NW 5.30 58.40 32.90 12.76 14.92 0.049 0.013 0.124 0.071 58.449 32.913 12.884 14.991
Borampet SE 3.60 57.00 37.05 12.54 14.52 0.074 0.020 0.188 0.105 57.074 37.07 12.728 14.625
Bandamadharam NE 8.05 56.00 40.10 12.32 14.56 0.053 0.015 0.109 0.125 56.053 40.115 12.429 14.685
Kristhyapalli W 2.50 59.32 43.90 12.98 12.88 0.130 0.038 0.228 0.340 59.45 43.938 13.208 13.22
Kazipalli SW 4.10 69.00 44.85 15.18 17.94 0.103 0.029 0.212 0.217 69.103 44.879 15.392 18.157
Page 7 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table 5 Predicted concentrations at various Reserve Forest areas
Reserve Forest Distance Direction in KM from site from site Concentration in µg/M3 PM 10.0 PM 2.5 SO2 NOX Kistaipalli RF W 1.43 0.060 0.016 0.153 0.122 Kazipalli RF SW 2.97 0.046 0.012 0.110 0.076 Dundigil RF E 0.6 0.333 0.087 0.842 0.468 wailalpur RF NW 3.27 0.065 0.017 0.164 0.144 Pottaguda RF NW 7.62 0.021 0.006 0.050 0.034 Kodakanchi RF NW 9.83 0.051 0.014 0.104 0.112 Palem RF NW 8.27 0.038 0.011 0.090 0.098 Jinnawaram RF NW 7.21 0.043 0.012 0.075 0.112 Mangampet RF NW 9.07 0.032 0.008 0.079 0.056 Bontapalli RF NW 8.68 0.040 0.012 0.070 0.103 Dabilapur RF NE 10.44 0.056 0.015 0.125 0.103 Gaudavalli RF SE 8.15 0.042 0.012 0.100 0.095 Pochampalli RF SE 8.03 0.081 0.023 0.141 0.211 Borampet RF SE 4.91 0.060 0.016 0.151 0.116 Suraram RF SE 6.22 0.053 0.015 0.117 0.140 Gajularamaram RF SE 6.17 0.048 0.013 0.121 0.072 Dulapalli RF SE 8.8 0.043 0.012 0.087 0.099
Impacts on water
The required water is going to be procured from private sources in the area. The effluents generated from the process and washings contain high COD and TDS values which may cause ground water pollution if they are untreated and disposed. It is proposed to adopt “Zero Liquid discharge “ to treat and re-use all effluents. Also additional measures suggested to check the quality of storm water before discharge outside to avoid any
Page 8 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report plant level contamination. All the storage tanks of effluents will be constructed above ground tanks
Impacts on Noise quality
The increase in noise levels due to expansion activity will be limited to plant site. Acoustic enclosures are suggested for DG sets to meet ambient noise standards
Impacts on Soil
The solid waste generated from the process, from utilities and from effluent treatment plant may have significant negative impacts if disposed indiscriminately. A proper disposal system is suggested in the EIA to avoid any contamination of soils. Adequate storage and disposal facilities are planned
Impacts on Ecology
There are no endangered flora and fauna in the impact area. Hence there are no significant impacts. Also adequate greenery is developed by the management to improve ecology of the site
Impacts on socio Economy
There is no additional land avulsion is proposed for expansion project and hence no rehabilitation is involved. Additional employment generated from expansion project can benefit local unemployed youth.
Environmental Management Plan
The management plan is drawn in consultation with the project proponents, technical consultants after evaluating a number of technologies available for mitigation and control of pollution. The environmental management plan is drawn to address the impact identified during construction which is temporary and the impacts identified during operation stages.
Page 9 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Construction Stage
As no consequential development of infrastructure such as roads is anticipated due to expansion, there is no impact on environment. During the construction stage of additional buildings, dust generation may occur. Adequate water sprinkling, re-use of construction debris, protection and re-use of top soil will mitigate the impacts. As construction workers are hired from nearby places, there is no temporary accommodation requirements at the site and hence generation of domestic waste water is limited and same can be handled with existing infrastructure
Operational Stage
Liquid Effluents
Liquid effluents generated from the manufacture process cause pollution if disposed on land untreated. The effluents generated in the process, separation techniques and during purification contain organic residues of raw materials, solvents and products. Some of the raw materials used in the process are also inorganic in nature. Hence the effluents contain both organics and inorganic in various quantities leading to high COD and TDS levels respectively. The effluent characteristics are presented in the following table;
Table No 6 Waste water generation and mode of treatment
Discharge in KLD Mode of treatment S. Stream No proposed 1 Process 40.5 Stripper, MEE with ATFD - Condensate to and RO 2 Washings 5.0 Stripper, MEE with ATFD - Condensate to and RO 3 Boiler 5.0 ETP followed by RO ( RO rejects to MEE) 4 Cooling tower 5.0 ETP followed by RO ( RO rejects to MEE)
Page 10 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
5 DM/Softener& 35.0 ETP followed by RO RO plant back ( RO rejects to MEE) washes & rejects 6 Domestic 4.0 ETP followed by RO
7 Gardening -
Total 94.5
Effluent Treatment Description in Effluent Treatment Plant
The main sources of effluent generation from the plant are process, washings, from utilities like cooling tower, boiler, DM/ Softener RO plant back washes & rejects & domestic effluents. The process effluents are segregated on the basis on TDS and COD loads into high TDS, COD stream and low TDS and COD stream. It is proposed to establish an effluent treatment system on zero liquid discharge plan. The details of the treatment system are as follows;
High TDS Effluent Treatment System
Effluents process and washings are equalized in the equalization tank followed by neutralization and pre-treatment. The pretreated effluents are sent to stripper to remove the organics. The distillate from the stripper sent to cement industries/ TSDF for co- incineration. The stripper effluents are passed through MEE followed by ATFD. The salts from the ATFD are disposing to TSDF. The condensate from MEE and ATFD will be sent to ETP (Biological) for further treatment.
Low TDS Effluent Treatment System
The low TDS and COD effluents from the blow downs along with the condensate from MEE and ATFD are proposed to be treated in biological treatment plant (Extended aeration principle) followed by reverse osmosis. The Biological system consists of screens, equalization, neutralization, aeration tank and clarifier. The sludge from the ETP, after dewatering in
Page 11 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report the filter press will be disposed to TSDF. The filtrate is recycled to ETP for further treatment. It is seen from the above arrangements that the industry proposed for Zero Liquid discharge.
Air pollution
The additional sources of air pollution from the expansion activities are 10 TPH coal fired Boilers of DG set 1 x 750 KVA capacity. The emissions from the boiler are passed through a bag filter before releasing into atmosphere through a chimney. The stack heights are provided as per the guidelines of CPCB for effective stack heights.
Process reactors are connected to scrubber. The other gas expected in the process is carbon dioxide, Hydrogen & Oxygen which are let out into atmosphere following a standard operating procedure.
Solvent Use and Recycle
Solvents are used for extraction of products, while solvents are used as reaction medium in process. The solvents used are recycled by recovering them by distillation. The distillation of solvents will yield pure solvents, and residues. The residues shall be sent to TSDF/Cement manufacturers for co-incineration
Solid waste
Solid waste are generated from the process, solvents distillation, collection/ neutralization tank of stripper, waste oil from DG set, used batteries from DG sets. The ash from boiler is sold to brick manufactures. The solid wastes: MEE salts, wastes from the process i.e., residues, filtration aids and distillation residues, Spent Carbon shall be disposed to the TSDF/Authorized Cement industries for Co-incineration , while the hazardous wastes oil and used batteries shall be sent to authorized recyclers. The other solid wastes expected from the unit are containers, empty drums which will be used for packing product, and or the product seller or sold to authorized buyers after detoxification, while the sludge from treatment plant shall be sent to TSDF. Spent Paraffin shall be
Page 12 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
disposed to authorized recyclers. Piperzine ML shall be recovered within the premises. Quantities of hazardous waste generated and disposal method is given below
Table No 7 Hazardous and Non-hazardous wastes& Disposal
Description of Unit Qty Disposal Option S. No Waste 1. Forced Evaporation TPM 228.9 TSDF, HWMP, Salts Dundigal
2. Process Inorganic TPM 252.6 TSDF, HWMP, Salts Dundigal
3. ETP Sludge TPM 30.0 Cement Units/TSDF, HWMP, Dundigal 4 Process organic TPM 70.5 Cement Units/TSDF, residues HWMP 5 Spent Carbon TPM 4.5 Cement Units /TSDF, HWMP 6 Distillation Bottom TPM 51.0 Cement Units/TSDF, Residue HWMP, Dundigal 7 Mixed Spent KLM Authorized recyclers Solvents & Stripper 40.0 Distillate 8 Detoxified Nos/Mon 500 After detoxification Containers and th disposed to outside Container Liners agencies 9 Used Oil/Waste LPM 50.0 Agencies authorized Lubricating Oil by APPCB 10 Spent Paraffin TPM 3.1 Send to authorized recyclers 11 Piperazine ML’s KLM 307.7 Recovery within the premises and reuse 12 Used Lead Acid Nos./an 10 Returned back to Batteries num dealer/ Supplier 13 Boiler Fly Ash TPD 9.5 Brick Manufacturers
Page 13 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Noise pollution
Noise is anticipated from motors, compressors and DG set. The DG shall be kept in a separate enclosed room with acoustic enclosure. The motors and compressors shall be provided with guards and shall be mounted adequately to ensure the reduction of noise and vibration. The employees working in noise generating areas shall be provided with earplugs. The employees shall be trained in the mitigation measures and personal protection measures to be taken to avoid noise related health impacts.
Occupational Safety and Health
Direct exposure to the pharmaceuticals or its raw materials may effect the health of the employees. Hence direct exposure to the product is eliminated by providing closed handling facilities with pumps and pipelines in the process plant. Personal protective equipment viz. Hand gloves, safety gaggles, nose masks and safety helmets are provided to all the employees working in the plant. Company has a policy of providing protective equipment for al personnel including contract and casual workers.
Emergency Preparedness and Disaster management
Possible emergency situations with handling and storage of chemicals are identified and predicated using ALOHA model and presented in EIA report. A detailed disaster management plan is drawn to fight any emergency that may come out from the plant operations
Prevention, maintenance and operation of environment control system
The pollution control equipment, effluent treatment systems and effluents will be monitored periodically and will be checked for its performance and pro- active maintenance will be adopted. The environmental monitoring results will be evaluated to identify the problems/ under performance of the equipment. Necessary steps will be taken to rectify the identified problems/defects. The management agrees that the evaluation of the
Page 14 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report performance of pollution control measures and occupational safety measures to arrive at their efficiency and purposes to adopt new measures for efficient pollution control, which will be regular exercise.
Transport systems
All the raw materials and finished products are transported by road. Sufficient parking facilities are provided for vehicles loading and unloading of goods. As the plant is located near the road there will not be any unauthorized shop or settlements along the road connecting the plant site. There will be 5 truck trips month. The vehicles are provided with parking space near gate, and traffic signs are placed in the battery limit. The drivers of the vehicles will be provided with TREM cards and will be explained the measure to be adopted during various emergencies.
Recovery- Reuse of waste products
As a part of recovery and re-use concept, it is proposed to recover piperzine from process ML’s of Ciprofloxacin. Reaction optimization- Alternative use of non-toxic/less toxic solvents and catalysts, Choice of catalysts that would provide highest reaction yields, Selection of Reagents with lowest toxicity are adopted. Additionally the treated effluents are reused for cooling tower make up, first batch mother liquors are reused, solvents are recycled and reused where ever possible. Condensers are provided for storage tanks, reactors etc., to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds. Green Belt Development
Green belt is recommended as one of the major components of Environmental Management Plan. The existing industry has green belt and the management emphasizes the development of further greening of the site to enhance environmental quality through; mitigation of fugitive emissions, attenuation of noise levels, balancing eco-environment, consumption of treated effluent, prevention of soil erosion, and creation of aesthetic environment.
Page 15 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
The total area of plant is 8.5 Acres. Out of this, green belt is developed in 3.5 acres. Proper attention and management is required to maintain the survival rate of the planted species. Around 21 plants were suggested under the green belt plan and around 15 lakhs financial budget is proposed to develop the habitat
Post project monitoring in plant
Environmental monitoring for water, air, noise and solid waste quality shall be conducted periodically either by the proponent or a third party, the frequency of monitoring and the quality parameters shall be suggested by the Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India.
Environmental Management Cell
The Environmental Management Cell of the project shall be headed by the plant manager, and shall be assisted by adequate supporting staff. Also our corporate environmental group will assist the plant in complying the requirements and implementing Environmental Management Plan.
Corporate Social Responsibilities
The project provides an opportunity for the local people to get employment directly or in directly and helps in the up-liftment of the socio economic status of the area. The project proponents propose to involve in social activities of the stake holders/surrounding community by planning the betterment of neighboring social conditions through awareness and welfare programs will ensure and improved relation, useful in the long run. The commitment of management can include up- liftment of social, health, basic needs of drinking water supply and provision of educational facilities. As a part of corporate social responsibility M/S Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited Proposed to carry out following activities in the surrounding villages
Page 16 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma Pvt Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment Report
‹Health camps to own employees ,families and other villagers and blood donation camps ‹Vocational training to local un-employed youth ‹Construction roads in nearby villages ‹Providing books, uniforms and bi-cycles to school children ‹Contribution for construction new school building blocks M/S Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited will allocate funds as per the new companies Act.
Page 17 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Page 18 of 18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT
M/s. EMMENNAR PHARMA PRIVATE LIMITED (Formerly EMMENNAR BIO-TECH PRIVATE LIMITED) started its operations in 2003 to manufacture Bio-drugs. The unit is located at Sy. No.10, IDA Gaddapotharam, Jinnaram Mandal of Medak District in the state of Telangana.
As the unit is Bio products category and not covered under 1994 EIA notification, EC requirement was not there and hence not taken.
In order to meet the market demands and customer requirements, it is necessary to achieve economic scale of production. In order to achieve this now Emmennar Pharma Private Limited. Proposed to expand the production capacity with new products. The production capacity proposed to be increased from 3.0 TPM to 496.8 TPM.
As per the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification S.O.1533 on 14th Sept, 2006, issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, the proposed Bulk drugs Manufacturing facility is categorized as Category- B project, and comes under Schedule Sl.No. Item 5(f) which mandates obtaining prior Environmental Clearance from MOEF, Govt. of India.
The unit is within 10KM radius (5.15 KM) of the Bollaram industrial cluster which is identified as critically polluted stretch by the Central pollution Control Board. However the circular issued by MoEF is kept under abeyance vide circular No. J-11013/5/2010-IA.II(I) dated 10.6.2014.
1-1 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
The Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry-2) considered the project in the meeting held on 21st February, 2014 and issued the ‘TORs’ vide letter No. F.N J-11011/9/2014-IA.II(I) dated 9.5.2014. A copy of the TOR and compliance are given at Annexure I
One of the conditions imposed in TOR is to get the public hearing conducted for the project. Subsequently to this, MoEF had issued the circular vide MoEF O.M. No. J-11013/36/2014-IA-I dated 10th December 2014 exempting industries from public consultation if the units are within notified Industrial Estate which is notified prior to 14.9.2006.
Government of Telangana issued GO MS No.80 clarifying that IDA Khazipally / Gaddapotharam, Jinnaram (M) Medak District is notified industrial areas in existence since 1990 by amending GO MS No 120. As clarified by the GO MS No. 80 and circular from MOEF, our project is exempted from public hearing.
ln view of this our project is now categorised as B1 project and public hearing is not required.
The task of carrying out EIA study in and 10KM radius around the project site and preparing EIA study report was entrusted to Pridhvi Envirotech Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad.
Accordingly, the study was carried out in and around 10KM radius area around the project site as per the approved TOR during March to May 2014 and the EIA study report is prepared based on the primary base line data generated during the study and secondary data collected from various sources and project proponents.
1-2 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT AND PROJECT PROPONENT
M/S EMMENNAR PHARMA PRIVATE LIMITED is operating Bio drugs manufacturing unit having its registered office at A-4, Industrial Area, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad, State of Telangana
M/S EMMENNAR PHARMA PRIVATE LIMITED is an existing manufacturing unit with state of Art manufacturing facility. Emmennar Pharma Private Limited was established in the year 2003. Emmennar Pharma Private Limited founded by Mr.Narayana Reddy, Mr.L.D.M Reddy, M. Maha Vishnu and K.V. S. R. Seshu Kumar and a small group of highly committed professionals, Emmennar pharma was born off a vision. The company commenced operations in 2005 with a single unit manufacturing Drug Intermediates in Hyderabad. Through cost effective manufacturing capabilities and a few loyal customers, the company entered the high margin API’s. In less than 7 years, Emmennar Pharma today has evolved into a knowledge driven company manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredients and Intermediates.
The Emmennar Pharma Private Limited is adopting cleaner environment technologies and complying to the directions issued by the state pollution control Board from time to time. The industry made all efforts to treat liquid solid & Air to achieve standards prescribed by upgrading the facilities from time to time
1.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 1.3.1 NATURE OF THE PROJECT
Currently the unit is manufacturing Bio products with a capacity of 3.0 TPM and now proposed to increase the capacity to 496.8 TPM. Apart
1-3 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
from the existing facilities it is proposed to add additional manufacturing facilities, utilities and environmental infrastructure needs to be created with an additional investment of Rs. 15.0 Cores
The project falls under category: 5(f) A, As per the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 14th Sept, 2006, and hence requires prior environmental clearance from MOEF, Government of India
Salient features of the project is given in Table 1.1 below
TABLE 1.1
Salient Features of the Project
Location Sy. No 10,IDA Gaddapotharam(V), Jinnaram(M), Medak District, Telangana State Longitude and latitude 17035’19.3” N Latitude and 78022’51.0” E Longitude Year of establishment 2003 Product category 5(F) Bulk Drugs & Intermediates Project category as per EIA B1 notification Proposed Activity Capacity expansion from 3.0 TPM to 496.8TPM Total investment on the plant Current - Rs. 9.94 Crores & Proposed – Rs.15.0 Crores Total Investment on Current - Rs. 0.5Crores Environmental Infrastructure Proposed - Rs. 1.5Crore Total 2.0 Crores Total area of the plant 8.5 Acres Total area of green belt 3.0 Acres Water requirement Total water requirement-194.1 KLD Fresh water requirement – 121.0 KLD, Recycled water-73.1 KLD Source of water Purchased from private suppliers Nearest habitation and distance Gaddapotharam(V) at a distance of 2.0 Km from the site from the site in south direction Nearest surface water bodies Surface water body near Gaddapotharam at a distance of 1.2 Km from the site Nearest reserve forest Dundigal reserve forest at a distance of 0.25
1-4 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Kms in East direction. There are 19 Reserve Forests in 10 KM study area Environmentally sensitive areas None within 10 km radius Any national parks, wild life None sanctuaries within 10 km radius Nearest air port and distance Hyderabad- 45 Km Nearest railway station and Gaudavalli at distance of 10.0 Kms from the distance site Industrial Estates/Clusters in 10 Gaddapotharam, Khazipalli, Bonthapalli KM radius
1.3.2 PRODUCTS AND CAPACITIES:
Currently the unit is permitted to manufacturing two products with a total capacity of 100 kgs/day. Table 1.2 gives list of products and permitted capacities under current CFO of the State Pollution Control Board. Table 1.3 gives list of proposed products and capacities.
TABLE 1.2 LIST OF EXISTING PRODUCTS & CAPACITY
S.No Name of the Product Quantities in TPM 1. Sucralose 50.0 2 L- Ectoine 50.0 Total 100.0
TABLE 1.3 PROPOSED PRODUCTS & CAPACITIES
Product Production Description S.No Product Name Capacity Drug/Intermediate TPM /Multipurpose chemicals 1 Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride 60.0 Bulk Drug 2 Tramadol Hydrochloride 90.0 Bulk Drug
1-5 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3 Methyl Isothiocyanate 195.6 Drug Intermediate 2-Nitro-1-(Methylamino)-1- Drug Intermediate 4 90.0 (Methylthio) Ethane (NMSM) 5 Diethyl – D- Tartarate 33.75 Drug Intermediate Diethyl-1,3-Acetone Drug Intermediate 6 27.3 Dicarboxylic Acid 7 R& D activity 0.15
Total 496.8
Bi- Products
1 Sulphur 108.0
2 60% Sulphuric Acid 493.5
1.4 LOCATION
M/s Emmennar Pharma private limited is located at Sy. No. 10, IDA Gaddapotharam(V), Jinnaram Mandal of Medak District in State of Telangana. The site is in between 17o 35’ 19.3’’ N Latitude and 78o22’51.0” E Longitude. The land area of the plant is 8.5 Acres. The plant is surrounded by M/s Virchow Chemicals in North direction, Industrial Area road & TSDF facility of Ramky in east direction and M/s TI Diamond chains in south direction and M/s Lee Pharma in west direction. The nearest human settlement from the site is Gaddapotharam village located at distance of 2.0 km from the site in West direction. There are no ecologically sensitive areas like national parks, sanctuaries within 10 km radius of the site.
The nearest railway station Gaudavalli is located at a distance of 10 KM from the site. The nearest airport is located at a distance of 45 Km at Hyderabad. There are 19 Reserve Forests within 10 KM radius. Nearest reserve Forest Dundigal RF’s are at about 0.25 KM from the site. No
1-6 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
ecologically sensitive areas like national parks, sanctuaries within 10 km radius of the site. Except few rain fed irrigation tanks, there are no surface water sources within 10 KM distance.
1.5 PROJECT COST
The total project cost for the current plant is Rs. 9.94 Cores. Cost on current environmental Infrastructure is Rs. 0.5 Cores. It is proposed to invest Rs. 15 Crores on expansion project and out of this Rs.1.5 crores will be invested on environmental infrastructure
1.6 MAN POWER
M/s. Emmennar Pharma private Limited is providing employment currently to 100. An additional employment of 200 people is expected to be generated from the proposed expansion.
1.7 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
Andhra Pradesh is considered to be the Pharma capital of India as it accounts for about 40% of the total bulk drug production of the country. There are many reasons for the growth of this sector in Hyderabad like:
• Availability of World Class research and testing organizations in Hyderabad • Good infrastructure • Availability of skilled manpower • Government’s positive attitude towards the industrialization • Presence of Entrepreneurs with Pharma background in the state
Emmennar Pharma is in forefront in the last 11 years with excellent customer base and markets. The demand for API’s and intermediates is increasing every year and many new molecules are introduced by Emmennar for different global market. As existing infrastructure
1-7 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
facilities are sufficient to increase the production levels, the project is justified in techno commercial point of view.
1.8 Scope of EIA Studies Environmental impact assessment study involves three basic components, that is, identification, prediction and evaluation of impacts. The detailed scope of EIA Study is as follows, • An intensive reconnaissance and preliminary collection of environmental information to plan field study. • Field studies to collect preliminary information, particularly on the quality of the physical environment. Experienced scientists and engineers will collect the data. • Baseline data generation and characterization of air, water, soil, noise and vegetation in the kilometer radius area (impact zone) over a period of three months. • A through study of the process including provisions for air pollution control, and environmental management that includes prediction of impacts and relevant mathematical modeling. • Preparation of Environmental monitoring program. • Preparation of Environmental Management plan suggesting suitable methods for mitigating and controlling the pollution levels. Environmental monitoring plan is suggested for monitoring the pollution loads at various levels facilities in the premises and to ensure compliance with the statutory requirements.
Figure 1.1 Gives the photographs of the project site Figure 1.2 Gives the topographical features of 10 km radius Figure 1.3 Gives the base line features of the 10 KM study area Figure 1.4 Gives the plant lay out
1-8 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
FIGURE 1.1 PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE PLANT
1-9 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
1-10 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report FIGURE 1.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE STUDY AREA
1-11 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
FIGURE 1.3
Base line features of the study area
1-12 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
FIGURE 1.4
Plant Lay out
1-13 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited TOR Compliances
Compliance of Terms of Reference TOR Letter No. F.N. J-11011/9/2014-IA.II(I) Dated: 19th May 2014
S.No Compliance of Terms or Reference Response 1 Executive Summary of the Project along with Included in EIA report justification of the project Included in Chapter I of EIA report 2 Photographs of the proposed & existing (if applicable) plant site Included in chapter I of EIA, Page No.1-9 3 A line diagram/ flow sheet for the process & EMP Included in chapter II 4 In case of existing projects seeking expansion,(i) a certified copy As there is no EC for the project earlier, this does not applicable to the of the monitoring report of the regional office of the MoEF as site per circular dated 30th may, 2012, on the status of compliance of the conditions stipulated in the EC and (ii) status of compliance of consent to operate for the ongoing Compliance to CFO conditions are submitted at Enclosure I existing operation of the project for SPCB, which shall include data on AAQ, Water quality, solid waste etc shall be submitted. 5 Topo sheet of the of the study area for 10 kms radius from the The 10kms radius topographical map is presented in chapter 1 of EIA project site & site location map report, Page No.1-11 6 Present land use based on satellite imagery for the study area of Satellite image of the study area is presented in chapter 3 of EIA 10 km radius. Location of agricultural land, forest land , waste report, Page No.3-8 land, settlements, water bodies etc. 7 Topography of the area shall be given clearly indicating The 10kms radius topographical map is presented in chapter 1 of EIA whether the site requires any filling. If so, details of filling, report, Page No.1-11 quantity of fill material requirement, its source, transportation etc, shall be given. In case the site is located on a hilly terrain a 3 dimensional view of the location vis-à-vis major land use features and locations such as critically polluted areas and eco sensitive areas found within the study area, indicating shortest distance from the site shall be provided. 8 Map showing location of eco sensitive areas such as national The 10kms radius topographical map is presented in chapter 1 of EIA parks/ wild life sanctuary/ reserve forests within 10 kms report, Page No.1-11 radius (study area) shall specifically be mentioned. A map showing land use/ land cover, reserved forests, wild life
Page 1
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited TOR Compliances
S.No Compliance of Terms or Reference Response sanctuaries, National parks, Tiger reserve etc. in 10 kms of the project site & shortest (aerial) distance from critically/ severely polluted areas and Eco sensitive areas. 9 Project site layout plan to scale using AUTO CAD of the project Included in chapter 1 of EIA report, Page No.1-13 site showing plant details, raw materials, fly ash & other storage plans, ash pond and water harvesting structures, bore well or water storage, aquifers ( within 1 Km), dumping, waste disposal, green belt areas, water bodies, rivers/ drainage passing through/ near the project site shall be included 10 Coordinates of the plant site with Topo sheet co-ordinates shall Included in chapter 1 of EIA report also be included 11 Details and classification of Total land (identified & acquired) Included in chapter 2 of EIA report, Page No.2-3 shall be included. 12 A Copy of the mutual agreement for land acquisition signed Land is owned by the company and there is no fresh acquisition of with land oustees. land is involved hence this is not applicable 13 Proposal shall be submitted to the Ministry for Environment Land is owned by the company and there is no fresh acquisition of clearance only after acquiring total land. Necessary documents land is involved hence this is not applicable indicating acquisition of land shall be included. 14 Permission & approval for the use of forest land (forestry The project does not involve any forest land clearance), if any & recommendations of the State forest Department, in case the project involves forest land. 15 If the project falls within 10 kms of an eco sensitive area, present There are no eco sensitive areas within 10kms area. status/ approval from the standing committee on wild life of the NBWL shall be furnished. 16 Rehabilitation and Resettlement(R & R) shall be as per the R& R Land is owned by the company and there is no fresh acquisition of policy of the state govt. and a detailed action plan shall be land is involved hence this is not applicable included 17 A list of major industries with name & type within study area List of industries located in IDA Jinnaram-Gaddapotharam area are (10 kms radius) shall be incorporated. enclosed at Enclosure II 18 List of raw material required, analysis of all the raw materials List of raw materials is enclosed as Annexure I of Chapter II and source along with mode of transportation shall be included.
Page 2
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited TOR Compliances
S.No Compliance of Terms or Reference Response All the trucks for raw material & finished product transportation must be “Environmentally Compliant” 19 Action plan for excavation & Muck disposal during As the unit already exists and only few additional utilities and construction phase environmental infrastructure are added. 20 Studies for fly ash, muck, slurry, sludge material disposal & Details of hazardous & non-hazardous waste & disposal is given in solid waste generated from the plant operations and process & chapter 2 of EIA report, Page No.2-10 environmental control measures. If the raw materials used have trace elements and environment management plan shall also be included 21 Manufacturing process details shall be included Enclosed as Annexure I of Chapter II 22 Mass balance for the raw material & products shall be included Enclosed as Annexure I of Chapter II 23 Energy balance data for all the components of steel plant Not applicable to this project including proposed power plant shall be incorporated. 24 One season site- specific micro-meteorological data using Included in chapter 3 of EIA report, Page No.3-61 temperature, relative humidity, hourly wind speed & direction & rainfall and AAQ data(except monsoon ) shall be collected. the monitoring stations shall take into account the pre- dominant wind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserve forests 25 One season data for gaseous emissions other than monsoon Ambient air quality data including SO2,NOX,CO,VOC, are given for season is necessary. the sites and presented in Chapter 3 26 Ambient air quality monitoring at 8 locations within the study Included in chapter 3 of EIA report, Page No.3-67 area of 10 kms, aerial coverage from project site with AAQMS in downwind direction shall be carried out 27 SPM present in the ambient air must be analyzed for source Included in chapter 3 of EIA report, Page No.3-70 analysis- natural dust/ generated from plant operations ( for ex. Cement dust/ fly ash etc. )the SPM shall also be analyzed for presence of ploy- aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) i.e benzene soluble fraction where applicable. Chemical characterization of RSPM 28 Determination of atmospheric inversion level at the project site Presented in chapter 4 of EIA report
Page 3
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited TOR Compliances
S.No Compliance of Terms or Reference Response & assessment of ground level concentration of pollutants from the stack emission based on site- specific meteorological features. In case the project is located on a hilly terrain/ elevation, the AQIP modeling shall be done using inputs of the specific terrain characteristics of the project for determining the potential impacts of the project on the AAQ. 29 Action plan to implement NAAQ emission standards issued by Presented in Chapter 4 of EIA report at page 4-17 the ministry wide G.S.R.No. 826(E) dated 16th November 2009 Shall be included 30 Ambient air quality modeling along with cumulative impact Presented in chapter 4 of EIA report, Page No. 4-17 shall be included for the day (24 hrs ) for maximum GLC 31 A plan for the utilization of waste/flue gases(if applicable) for Presented in EMP of EIA report, Page No.1-33 generating power shall be presented. 32 Impact of the transport of the raw materials and end products Included in Chapter 4 of EIA report on the surrounding environment shall be assessed and provided. The alternate method of raw material and end product transportation shall also be studied and details included 33 An action plan to control and monitor secondary fugitive Included in Chapter 2 of EIA report, Page No.2-8 emissions from all the sources as per the latest permissible limits issued by the Ministry vide G.S.R.414(E) dated 30th may 2008. 34 Presence of aquifers within 1 km of the project boundaries and Included in hydro geological study presented in chapter 3 of EIA management plan for recharging the aquifer shall be included report 35 If the site is within 1 km radius of any major river, flood hazard There are no rivers in the study area zonation mapping is required. 36 Details of water requirement, water balance chart for new unit Included in Chapter 2 of EIA report, Page No.2-4 or for existing 37 Source of water supply and permission of withdrawal of water Included in Chapter 2 of EIA report, Page No.2-5 from competent Authority 38 Water balance data including quantity of effluent generated, Included in Chapter 2 of EIA report, Page No.2-5
Page 4
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited TOR Compliances
S.No Compliance of Terms or Reference Response recycled and reused and discharged is to be provided. Methods adopted/ to be adopted for the water conservation shall be included. Zero discharge effluent concepts to be adopted 39 Source of surface/ ground water level, site (GPS), cation, Included in Chapter 3 of EIA report anion(ion Chromatograph), metal trace element(as above) chemical analysis for water to be used. If surface water is used from river, rainfall, discharge rate, quantity, drainage and distance from project site shall also be included. Information regarding surface hydrology and water regime shall be included. 40 Ground water analysis with bore well data, litho-logs, Included in Chapter 3 of EIA report, Page. No. 3-46 drawdown and recovery tests to quantify the area and volume of aquifer and its management. 41 Ground water monitoring minimum at 8 locations and near Included in Chapter 3 of EIA report, Page. No. 3-46 solid waste dump zone, geological features and geo hydrological status of the study area are essential as also. Ecological status (terrestrial and aquatic) is vital. 42 Ground water modeling showing pathways of the pollutants Included in Chapter 4 of EIA report, Page. No. 4-28 shall be included. 43 Action plan for rain water harvesting measures at plant site Included in EMP of EIA report, Page. No. 1-19 shall be submitted to harvest rain water from the roof tops and storm water drains to recharge the ground water and also to use for the various activities at the project site to conserve fresh water and reduce the water requirement from other sources. Rain water harvesting and ground water recharge structures may also be constructed outside the plant premises in consultation with local Gram panchayat village heads to augment the ground water level. Incorporation of water harvesting plan for the project is necessary, if source of water is borewell. 44 A note on the impact of drawl of water on the nearby river No water is drawn from surface water sources
Page 5
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited TOR Compliances
S.No Compliance of Terms or Reference Response particularly during lean season, permission of competent authority for withdrawal of river/ ground water. 45 Surface water quality of nearby river (60m upstream and down Included in Chapter 3 of EIA report, Page. No. 3-15 stream) and other surface drains at eight locations to be provided in and around the project site. 46 A note on treatment of waste water from different plants, Included in EMP of EIA report, Page. No. 1-5-1-17 recycle and reuse for different purposes shall be included. Complete scheme of effluent treatment, characteristics of untreated and treated effluent to meet the prescribed standards 47 Provision of traps and treatment plants are to be made, if water In plant measure to avoid contamination of storm water are is getting mixed with oil, grease and cleaning agents. presented in EMP 48 If the water is mixed with solid particulates, proposal for Not applicable for this project sediment pond before further transport shall be included. The sediment pond capacity shall be 100 times the transport capacity 49 Waste water characteristics (heavy metals, anions and cations, No such possible sources are identified trace metals, PAH) from any other source shall be included. 50 The pathways for pollution via seepages, evaporation , residual Included in Chapter 4 of EIA report remains are to be studied for surface water ( drainage, river, ponds, and lakes), sub surface and ground water with a monitoring and management plans. 51 Action plan for solid/ hazardous waste generation, storage, Included in EMP of EIA report utilization and disposal from all the sources and fly ash. EMP shall include the concept of waste minimization, recycle/reuse/recover techniques, energy conservation, and natural resource conservation. 52 Details of evacuation of ash, details regarding ash pond Boiler ash -9.5 TPD is disposed to brick manufacturers. impermeability and whether it would be lined, if so details of the lining etc. need to be addressed. Copies of MOU regarding utilization of ash shall also be included.
Page 6
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited TOR Compliances
S.No Compliance of Terms or Reference Response 53 End use of solid waste and its composition shall be covered. Included in Chapter 2 Toxic metal content in the waste material and its composition shall also be incorporated.
54 All stock piles will have to be on top of a stable liner to avoid This is not applicable leaching of materials to ground water. 55 Action plan for green belt development in 33% area i.e land Included in EMP of EIA report, Page. No. 1-34 with not less than 1500 per ha. Giving details of species width of plantation, planning schedule etc. shall be included. The green belt shall be around the project boundary and a scheme for greening of the roads used for the project shall also be incorporated. All roof tops/ terrace shall have some green cover. 56 Detailed description on flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) Included in Chapter 4 of EIA report exist in the study area shall be given with special reference to rare, endemic and endangered species. If schedule I , fauna are found within the study area, a wild life conservation plan shall be prepared and furnished. 57 Risk assessment and disaster( emergency) preparedness and Included in Chapter 6 of EIA report, Page No.6-34 management plan including damage control needs to be addressed and included 58 Details of Occupational health & safety to be addressed Included in EMP of EIA report, Page. No. 1-26 59 Corporate environmental policy to be detailed in the EIA Included in EMP of EIA report, Page. No. 1-32 60 Details regarding infrastructure facilities such as sanitation, As the unit already exists and only few additional utilities and fuel, restroom to be provided to the labor force during environmental infrastructure are added. construction as well as to the casual workers including truck drivers during operation phase 61 Impact of the project on local infrastructure of the area such as Included in Chapter 4 of EIA report road network and whether any additional infrastructure needs to be constructed and the agency responsible for the same with time frame.
Page 7
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited TOR Compliances
S.No Compliance of Terms or Reference Response 62 Environment Management Plan (EMP ) to mitigate the adverse Included in EMP of EIA report, Page. No. 1-37 impacts due to the project along with item wise cost of its implementation. Total capital cost and recurring cost/ annum for environmental pollution control measures shall be included. 63 Plan for the implementation of the recommendations made for CREP Guidelines are enclosed as Enclosure III the sector in the CREP guidelines must be prepared. 64 At least 5 % of the total cost of the project shall be earmarked Included in EMP of EIA report, Page. No. 1-32 for the initial 5 years towards the enterprise social commitment and 2 % of retain profit thereafter for life of the project towards CSR based on public hearing issues item wise details along with time bound action plan shall be included. Socio- economic development activities need to be elaborated upon. 65 A note on identification and implementation of Carbon Credit Current expansion have insignificant increase in green house gases project shall be included. hence no such project could be identified 66 Any litigation pending against the project and /or any There is no litigation pending against the project. direction/ order passed by any court of law against the project, if so details there of shall also be included. Has the unit received any notice under the section 5 of Environment (protection ) Act, 1986 or relevant sections of Air and water Acts? If so, details thereof and compliance/ATR to the notice(s) and present status of the case 67 A tabular chart with index for point wise compliance of the This check list provides the compliance with references of EIA report above TORs 68 The questionnaire for industry sector shall be submitted while Enclosed submitting EIA-EMP 69 ‘TORs’ prescribed by the Expert Appraisal Committee This draft proposal is made for public hearing. After public (industry) shall be considered for preparation of EIA-EMP consultations, concerns and comments will be addressed and final report for the project in addition to all the relevant information report will be submitted as per the Generic Structure of EIA given in the appendix III and IIIA in the EIA Notification,2006. Where the documents provided are in a language other than English, an English
Page 8
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited TOR Compliances
S.No Compliance of Terms or Reference Response translation shall be provided. The draft EIA-EMP report shall be submitted to the State Pollution Control Board of the concerned state for conduct of public hearing. The SPCB shall conduct the public hearing/ public consultation, district wise, as per the provisions of EIA notification, 2006. The issues raised in the Public hearing and during the consultation process and the commitments made by the project proponent on the same shall be included separately in EIA-EMP Report in the form of tabular chart with financial Budget (capital and revenue) along with time schedule of implementation for complying with the commitments made. The final EIA report shall be submitted to the Ministry for environmental clearance. 70 The TORs prescribed shall be valid for a period of two years for Our project is categorized as B1 Project and public hearing is not submission of the EIA-EMP reports along with Public Hearing required Proceedings Additional TORs for Synthetic Organic Chemical Industries 1 Manufacturing process details along with the chemical Separately enclosed as Annexure I of chapter II reactions and process flow chart 2 Name all the solvents to be used in the process and details of Included in Chapter 2 of EIA report solvent recovery system 3 Design details of ETP, Incinerator, if ant along with boiler, Included in EMP of EIA report, Page. No. 1-9 scrubbers/bag filters etc., 4 The details of solid and Hazardous waste generation, storage, Details presented in EMP table No 1.6 & 1.7. Pg 1-24 utilization and disposal particularly related to the hazardous waste calorific value of hazardous wastes and detailed characteristics of the hazardous waste. Action plan for the disposal of fly ash generated form boiler shall be included. 5 Precautions taken to be during storage and transportation of Presented in chapter 6 on Risk assessment Pg 6-8. List of hazardous hazardous chemicals shall be clearly mentioned and chemicals are presented in table 6.3 Pg 6-9 Bulk storages are given in incorporated. 6.5 Pg 6-12, Toxic chemicals details are given in table 6.8 of Pg No. 6-17 6 Material Safety Data Sheet for all the chemicals are being All hazardous chemicals based on MSDS were classified and
Page 9
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited TOR Compliances
S.No Compliance of Terms or Reference Response used/will be used. CAS No./RTECS No./DOT/UN etc., to be Addressed in the risk assessment in chapter 6 mentioned against each chemicals 7 Authorization/member ship for the disposal of Authorization /membership with TSDF -yes solid/hazardous waste in TSDF 8 Risk Assessment for storage for chemicals/solvents. Action Addressed in chapter 6 plan for handling and safety systems 9 Details of Occupational Health programme Details are discussed in EMP para 3.0 of pg 1-26 i) To which chemicals, workers are exposal directly or indirectly ii) Whether these chemicals are within threshold limit value (TLV)/Permissible exposure levels as per ACGIH recommendation iii) What measures company have taken to keep these chemicals within PEL/TLV iv) How the workers are evaluated concerning their exposure to chemicals during pre-placement and periodical medical monitoring v) Liver function test (LFT) during pre-placement and periodical examination 10 A toxic Management Plan should be prepared Addressed in chapter 6 11 A wright up on “Safe Practice” followed for handling, storage, Addressed in chapter 6 transportation and uploading of chemicals to be submitted. 12 What are on site and off site emergency plan during chemical Included in Chapter 6 of EIA report, Page No.6-37 disaster 13 A wright up on “treatment of workers affected by accidental Addressed in chapter 6 spillage of chemicals”.
Page 10
Emmennar Pharma Private Limited TOR Compliances
Enclosure III
CREP Guideline and Compliance (Terms of Reference No: 63)
CREP Guideline Compliance Segregation of waste streams Segregation of waste streams done at source and treated separately Detoxification and treatment of high COD High COD waste streams are neutralized and waste streams detoxified as present practice Management of solid waste Hazardous waste is sent to CHWTSDF. Minimum scale of production to afford cost of Production capacities optimized. pollution control Long term strategies for reduction in waste Reduction of waste generation by increasing the yields is a major R&D activity. Control of air pollution Scrubbers provided to all vents and air emission of reactions apart from Bag filter to boiler. Self – regulation by industry though regular Third party monitoring conducted quarterly monitoring and environmental auditing Optimizing the inventory of hazardous Storage of chemicals optimized for one week. chemicals
Page 11
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
CHAPTER -2
PROJECT IN DETIAL, RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS & ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
2.1 Project in detail
M/s. Emmennar Pharma Private Limited is an existing Bio- products manufacturing unit located at Sy.No 10, IDA Gaddapotharam, Medak District, Telangana. As the existing sanctioned production capacity is low and the plant is having enough spare capacity to manufacture higher quantity of products, it is proposed to enhance the production capacity from current level of 3.0 TPM to 496.8 TPM. It is proposed to add few utilities and environmental infrastructure facilities to enhance the capacity of the plant.
2.2 Proposed products and capacities
It is proposed to manufacture 2 API’s (Bulk Drugs), 4 Drug intermediates and R&D products after expansion with total production level of 496.8 TPM. Table 2.1 gives list of products proposed with quantity of production per month
TABLE 2.1
List of Products Proposed With Quantity of Production per Month
Production Capacity S.No Name of the product TPM TPD 1 Ciprofloxacin 60.0 2.0 Hydrochloride 2 Tramadol Hydrochloride 90.0 3.0
2-1 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3 Methyl Isothiocyanate 195.6 6.52
4 2-Nitro-1-(Methylamino)- 90.0 3.0 1-(Methylthio)Ethane (NMSM) 5 Diethyl-D-Tartarate 33.75 1.125
6 Diethyl-1,3-Acetone 27.3 0.91 dicarboxylic acid 7 R & D Activity 0.15 0.005
TOTAL 496.8 TPM 16.56 TPD
Bi-Products
1 Sulphur 108.0
2 60% Sulphuric acid 493.5
2.3 Details of Infrastructure proposed
It is proposed to add few utility services and environment infrastructure facilities to enhance the capacity of the plant. There is an addition of 1 production block and 1 clean room to the existing manufacturing blocks following table summarizes the list of facilities proposed in the project
Table 2.2
Utilities & Effluent handling facilities – Proposed
Utilities & Effluent handling facilities – Current S.NO Utility Capacity Existing 1 Boilers 3 TPH( coal Fired) 2 Diesel Generator sets 1x320 KVA (backup power) 3 DM/Softener plant 1 Nos with a capacity of 1.0 M3/hour 4 Process Ro Plants 2 No's with a capacity of 100 KLD 5 Cooling Towers Total 1500 TR ( 1No)
2-2 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
6 Waste Water treatment 1)Stripper, Multiple Effect facilities Evaporator and ATFD Systems –1x5 KLD 2)Collection tanks- 1 X 5 KL 3)Neutralization tanks – 1 X 2 KL Utilities & Effluent handling facilities – Proposed (Additional)
S.NO Utility Capacity 1 Coal fired Boiler 10 TPH 2 DG Sets 1 x 750KVA 3 Cooling Towers 1000 TR 4 DM/Softener plant 1 Nos with a capacity of 2.0 M3/hour 5 Waste Water Treatment 1)Stripper, Multiple Effect plant Evaporator and ATFD System 1 x 125 KLD 2)Collection tanks- 1 X 100 KL 3)Neutralization tanks – 1 X 25 KL 2. RO & Biological treatment System for Effluents –1x100 KLD • DG sets are used only during load shutdown by Central Distribution company limited
2.4 Resource requirements
2.4.1 Land Requirement:
A total of 8.5 Acres of land is available for the plant at Sy. No 10 in IDA Gaddapotharam, Jinnaram (M) of Medak District. Out of this, total area utilized for current plant, utilities and roads is 1.8 Acres. Green belt is developed in an area of 3.0 Acres. Below table gives land use table of the site
2-3 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table 2.3 Land statement
S. No. Description Area m2 Acres 1 Plant and Buildings 4572.94 1.1 2 Roads 2832.79 0.7 3 Plantation and 12140.56 3.0 Gardening 4 Waste Treatment 3642.17 0.9 Facilities 5 Vacant Space 11331.19 2.8 Total 34519.65 8.5
The current land use is industrial land.
2.4.2 Water requirement:
The requirement for water will be for process, utilities and domestic purpose. Efforts are made to optimize the water consumption. The water balance for the expansion is presented below.
Table 2.4 Water Balance of the proposed expansion
Fresh Water Waste S. No Stream Consumption Generation in KLD
1 Process 44.1 40.5 2 Washings 5.0 5.0 3 Boiler 25.0 5.0 4 Cooling tower 50.0 5.0 5 DM/Softener RO 35.0 35.0 plant back washes & rejects 6 Domestic 5.0 4.0 7 Gardening 30.0 -- Total 194.1 94.5
2-4 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
It is proposed to treat the effluents in ZLD (Zero Liquid Discharge) plant and re-use to the maximum extent. It is proposed to recycle 73.1 KLD of water from Effluent treatment facilities and fresh water requirement will be 121.0 KLD.
Table 2.5 Water Re-use and Fresh water requirement
Total Quantity Re- Streams of Treatment used/Recycling Effluents KLD Process, washings 45.5 Stripper, MEE and Permeate For re- ATFD, Biological use– 36.4 KLD treatment and RO Utilities – Back 49 Biological Permeate for washes and blow treatment and RO Re-use 36.7 KLD downs
2.4.2.1 Source of Water
Water is procured from outside parties through tankers
2.4.3 Power requirement
The requirement of power will be 1070 KVA which is met from public supply through APCDDL. Further, due to the nature of the reactions and requirement of continuous power, the management proposes to put in place 100% self-generation of power by DG sets.
2.4.4 Fuel Requirement:
Currently the unit established one 3 TPH coal fired boiler. It is now proposed 10 TPH coal fired boiler. Total fuel requirement will be around 33 TPD.
2-5 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
2.4.5 Raw Material Requirement
Raw materials used in products are various chemicals, chemical intermediates, solvents, purification agents like activated carbon and catalysts. Product wise raw material requirement is given in process chemistry in this chapter.
2.4.6 Solvent requirement
Table 2.6 Solvent Balance Quantity in S.NO Details (TPD) 1 Total solvent requirement 134.9 2 Solvent losses in process and 6.75 consumed in reactions Fugitive Loss Waste Water & Residues 3 Recovered solvents 127.15 4 Mixed solvents 1.0 5 Re-usable solvents ( In house) 127.15 6 Fresh solvents requirement 134.9-127.15=7.75
2.4.7 Man power requirement
M/s. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited is providing employment currently to 100 people. An additional employment of 200 people is expected to be generated from the proposed expansion.
2-6 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
2.5 Manufacturing process
The process with chemical reaction and flow chart with material balance for each of the product is given below product wise. Also consolidated pollution load generated from each product is given for each product is given at Annexure II
2.6 Pollution Loads
2.6.1 Waste water generation
The waste water generation from process utilities and domestic purposes. Below table summarizes section wise generation of waste and mode of treatment TABLE 2.7 Waste water generation and mode of treatment
Discharge S. Stream Mode of treatment proposed No in KLD 1 Process 40.5 Stripper, MEE with ATFD - Condensates to RO Ro Rejects to MEE( ZLD) 2 Washings 5.0 Stripper, MEE with ATFD - Condensates to RO Ro Rejects to MEE(ZLD) 3 Boiler 5.0 ETP followed by RO Ro Rejects to MEE(ZLD) 4 Cooling tower 5.0 ETP followed by RO Ro Rejects to MEE(ZLD) 5 DM/Softener RO 35.0 ETP followed by RO plant back Ro Rejects to MEE(ZLD) washes & rejects 6 Domestic 4.0 ETP followed by RO
7 Gardening Nil --
Total 94.5
2-7 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Effluents after treatment will be re-used for Ash handling, cooling towers and for gardening
Characterization of industrial effluents from various sources is given below table below. Individual loads of products and consolidated loads are given at Annexure II along with product information
Table 2.8
Characterization of Loads
Wastewater TDS COD S.No Sources (KL/day) (mg/l) (mg/l) Process 1 40.5 187145 15135 Washings 10,000 4500 2 5.0 Boiler 3,000 450 3 5.0 Cooling tower 2,500 350 4 5.0 DM/Softener RO plant back washes 15,000 2500 5 & rejects 35.0
1500 450 6 Domestic 4.0
TOTAL 94.5
2.6.2 Emission sources
The point sources of emissions from the project are boilers, DG sets and Process reactors. Fugitive emission sources are from material handling systems. Table 2.9 below quantifies emissions different sources and Table 2.10 below quantifies emission from process.
2-8 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table 2.9
Quantities Emissions Different Sources
Stack Dia of Temp. of Exit Emission Rate (g/sec) Stack Connected S. No Ht stack at exhaust Velocity to 0 PM (m) top(m) gases ( C) (m/sec) 10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
Existing
1 3 TPH CFB 30 0.75 180 7.0 AS per PCB Norms
2 1 x 320 KVA DG Set 3.6 0.2 250 15.0
Proposed
1 10 TPH CFB 30 1.0 180 7.6 0.55 0.14 1.5 0.6
2* 1 x 750KVA DG Set 5.5 0.3 295 18.42 0.11 0.032 0.19 0.29
** DG set will be used during load shut down.
2-9 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
TABLE 2.10
PROCESS EMISSIONS
Qty S.No Emissions Control system Kgs/day Safely let out into 1 CO2 476.0 environment Safely let into 2 H2 22.0 environment Safely let into 3 O2 568.0 environment Total 1066.0
2.6.3 Solid wastes & Hazardous wastes
Following table summarises solid wastes are anticipated from the project. This includes hazardous and non-hazardous solid wastes and the proposed disposal mode
Table 2.11 Hazardous and Non-hazardous wastes& Disposal
HW Quantities Catego S. Description Disposal ry No. Unit No of Waste After Option as per Current Expansion rules Disposal option 1. Forced 34.3 TPM 4.05 228.9 TSDF, HWMP, Evaporation Dundigal Salts 2. Process 28.1 TPM Not 252.6 TSDF, HWMP, Inorganic specified Dundigal Salts 3. ETP Sludge 34.3 TPM Not 30.0 Cement specified Units/TSDF, HWMP, Dundigal
2-10 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
4 Process 28.3 TPM Not 70.5 Cement organic specified Units/TSDF, residues HWMP 5 Spent Carbon 28.2 TPM Not 4.5 Cement Units specified /TSDF, HWMP 6 Distillation 36.4 TPM Not 51.0 Cement Bottom specified Units/TSDF, Residue HWMP, Dundigal Wastes with recycling option
7 Mixed Spent 28.5 KLM Not Authorised Solvents & specified 40.0 recyclers Stripper Distillate 8 Detoxified 33.3 Nos/M Not 500 After Containers onth specified detoxification and Container disposed to Liners outside agencies 9 Used 5.1 LPM 2.0 50.0 Agencies Oil/Waste authorized by Lubricating Oil APPCB 10 Spent Paraffin -- TPM Not 3.1 Send to specified authorized recyclers 11 Piperazine -- KLM Not 307.7 Recovery ML’s specified within the premises and reuse 12 Used Lead -- Nos./ Not 10 Returned back Acid Batteries annu specified to dealer/ m Supplier 13 Boiler Fly Ash -- TPD 2.9 9.5 Brick Manufacturers
2-11 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
2.7 Bulk Storages of chemicals:
Storage of various chemicals for process requirement is required. Tank forms are currently established in the plant. Adequate storage facilities are in place for storage of raw materials, solvents, intermediates. Details are presented in the following table.
Table 2.12 Bulk Chemicals Storages
No. Of tanks Total Capacity S.NoName of the Material MOC (KL) 1 Methylene Dichloride MS tank 1X 50 KL 50 1X25 KL 2 Di Methyl Sulfoxide MS tank 25
1X25 KL 3 Dimethyl Sulfide MS tank 25 1X50 KL 4 Cyclohexanone MS tank 50 1X50 KL 5 Isopropyl alcohol MS tank 50
1 X25 KL 6 Acetone MS tank 25 7 Tetra hydro furan SS tank 1X 25 KL 25 8 MCA SS tank 1X25 KL 25 1X25KL and 1X 50 9 Methanol MS tank KL 75
10 n- Butanol MS tank 1X25KL 25 11 Ethylene dibromide MS tank 1X25KL 25 12 Sulphuric acid MS tank 1X25KL 25 13 Nitric Acid MS tank 1 X 25 KL 25 14 HCl(30%) PP/FRP tank 1 X 20 KL 20
2-12 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
CHAPTER 3.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 3.1 Introduction
Collection of base line data is an integral aspect of the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment Report. Baseline data reflects the present status of environment before initiation of any activity of proposed project. The possible effects due to proposed project of Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited are estimated and superimposed on the compiled baseline data subsequently to assess environmental impacts.
The study was conducted in the impact area; 10 km radius area surrounding the project site, during March - May 2014. Studies were undertaken to generate baseline data of Micrometeorology, Ambient air quality, water quality, noise levels, flora and fauna, land use, soil quality, and socio-economic status of the community.
3.2 Land Environment
Land and soil constitute the basic components of the physical environment. The location of an industrial project may cause changes in land, land use, soil and denudational processes in different intensities contingent on sptial proximity of the activity and receptors. Land and soil may get altered within the vicinity of 5 km radius and to a lesser extent upto 10 km radial distance due to the development of present industrial project and Gaddapotharam IDA.
3.2.1 Physiography
The project site is located at Sy. No: 10, Gaddapotharam IDA, Jinnaram Mandal, Medak District, Telangana. The site is situated at 170 35’ 19.3” (N) latitude and 780 22’ 51.0” (E) longitude. The site elevation above mean sea level (MSL) is 614 m. The plant is surrounded by on West by M/s Lee Pharma, on North by M/s Virchow
3-1 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Chemicals, on East by Industrial Area Road and TSDF Facility of Ramkey, on South by M/s. TI Diamond Chains. The nearest human settlement from the site is Gaddapotharam village located at distance of 2.0 km in west direction. The main approach road is Hyderabad – Narsapur passing at a distance of 2.13 km. The nearest railway station is Gaudavalli at a distance of 10 km and the nearest civilian airport is located at a distance of 45 km and there is an air force station at around 4.4 KM. The nearest surface water body is rain fed water tank near Gaddapotharam at a distance of 1.2 Km within the study area. There are no National parks, sanctuaries and ecologically sensitive areas within the impact area of 10 km. There are nineteen reserve forests in the study area. List and distances of reserve forests from the site and direction are given below
Table 3.1
List of reserve Forests and distances from site
S.No Reserve Forest Direction frDistance from the site site 1 Dundigal E 0.25 KM 2 Kistanpalli W 0.9 KM 3 Kazipalli SW 1.25 KM 4 Wailal W 2.3 KM 5 Pottaguda W 6.8 KM 6 Kodakanchi W 9.1 KM 7 Pochampalli E 5.9 KM 8 Gudavalli E 7.6 KM 9 Borampet E 4.3 KM 10 Suraram E 5.3 KM 11 Gajularamaram E 5.7 KM 12 Dulapalle E 7.5 KM 13 Palem NW 8.2 KM 14 Jinnawaram NW 6.3 KM 15 Mangampet NW 8.2 KM 16 Royyapalli NW 10.0 KM 17 Bontapalli NW 6.9 KM 18 Mamdapur NW 10.0 KM 19 Dabilpur NE 8.6 KM
3-2 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.2.2 Topography:
The Industrial Site is almost a plain land with surface slope from South to North. The over all gradient of the Industrial area and its neighborhood is from NE to SW leading to a seasonal stream locally known as Jillelavagu. Industrial Area is a part of Jillelavagu micro watershed, which is included in Kazipalli watershed. The highest elevation of the watershed is 607 m AMSL near Toxic Solids Disposal Facility (TSDF Site) of Ramky in the North-East, the lowest elevation is 566 m AMSL in the South-West and the gradient is about 41 meters over a distance of about 4.5 Km.
Kazipalli Micro-watershed extends further South-West into Damara Cheruvu Catchments located at the lowest elevation of 552 m AMSL.
Kazipalli tank is in a linear NE – SW trending valley with higher surface slope of 1:110 over rocky pediment. Rocky ridges with shrubs and vegetative cover occur on either side of the valley.
Base map of the study area is given at Figure 3.1. Water shed details of proposed project site is givn in Figure 3.2. Drainage pattern of the study area is given at Figure 3.3
3-3 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure-3.1 BASE MAP OF THE STUDY AREA
3-4 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.2
PROJECT SITE INDUSTRIAL AREA AND ITS WATERSHED UNITS
Project Site
3-5 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.3 DRAINAGE PATTERN OF THE STUDY AREA
Project Site
3-6 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.2.3 Land use Pattern: (Terms of Reference No: 6)
Land use / Land cover Classification of the Study area Based on the scale and the satellite resolution the Land Use/Land Cover classification can be made. The satellite data of IRS LISS IV Was used while carrying out the analysis. Since digital image processing was carried out to delineate various land use / land cover categories viz. build up area, crop areas and forests, waste lands such as land with or without scrub, water bodies and Transportation. Necessary training sets were identified based on tone, texture, size, shape pattern and location information. The interpreted map was verified on ground at limited points and final land use / land cover map was prepared. The Satellite image of the study area is given at Figure 3.4 and land use and land cover map of the study area is given at Figure3.5
3-7 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.4 SATELLITE IMAGE OF THE STUDY AREA
3-8 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.5 Land Use and Land Cover map of the study area
3-9 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Below table provides and land use for various requirements in the study area
TABLE 3.2 Land Use/Land Cover classes in Study area
Land Use/Land Cover Study area in Sq. % of Study area Category Km. Agriculture Land 99.28 24.98
Built Up Land 54.58 13.74
Forest 51.16 12.87
Industries 47.58 11.97
Open Plots 12.83 3.23
Plantation 12.85 3.23
Scrub Land 95.85 24.12
Water Bodies 23.25 5.85
TOTAL 397.38 100.00
The Pie diagrams of the land use is given in Figure 3.6. Based on the study it can be noted that 24.98% of total land area are agricultural lands, 12.87 % are forest lands, and 24.12 % are scrubs
3-10 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.6 Pie diagram of land use the in study area
3.3 Geology Geological formations occurring in the project site and its watershed area are of igneous in origin. They were emplaced beneath crustal layers at hypabyssal depths (intermediate depths) by the hot acidic and basic magmas at different time periods in the geological past. After undergoing a number of tectonic events like orogenic (mountain building activity) destructional and denudational processes of rock disintegration and decomposition, the present day land configuration has come in to existence in the area. The generalized rock sequence of the area is as under.
3-11 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table -3.3
Generalised Rock Sequence
Epidote Veins Quartz Younger Veins Dolerite Dykes Intrusives Pegmatite Veins Quartz Peninsular Felspathic Veins Archaean Gneissic Granites Group Complex Biotite- Hornblende- Migmatite Granite- Gneiss; Group Migmatite Gneiss Granitoid
Larger part of the area occurring to the South-East of Kazipalli and Gadda Potharam Industrial area is occupied by highly undulating rocky out-crops and ridges of Granitic formations without much soil cover on them. At places they show gneissosity with linear arrangement of mafic minerals associated in the rock assemblage. They are hard, massive and blocky in nature standing out prominently as remnants of destructional and denudational processes of rock disintegration and decomposition.
At places these granite formations are intruded by basic and acidic rock formations of later period. Dark coloured dolerite intrusives were seen to the South-East of Borampet village. A linear quartz vein of about 10 m width extending in North-South direction for about 3 km in length, occurs to the East of the Industrial area. Quartz mineral was exploited from the Quartz Vein that passes through the Dundigal Forest of Ranga Reddy district along the Eastern boundary of TSDF Site.
3.4 Water Environment
The industrial development of any region is contingent on the availability of sufficient water resources, as most of the process industries would require water for process or cooling purposes. The potential for exploitation of ground water resources increases as development of new projects increases in industrial and agricultural areas. With the increasing 3-12 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
industrialization and urbanization the possibilities of contamination of surface water and ground water sources are rapidly increasing. The water resources in the area broadly fall into following categories:
1. Surface Water resources: Streams and ponds, etc.
2. Ground Water resources: Accumulation in deeper strata of ground.
3.4.1 Surface Hydrology (Terms of Reference No: 39)
The Emmennar Pharma Project Site and other Industries are drained by a seasonal nallah locally known as Jillelavagu. Jillelavagu originates close to the west of Dundigal Reserved Forest of Ranga Reddy District area and maintains its flow path from North-East to South West passing through the Industrial Units and forest lands and finally drains into Kazipalli tank. Generally it is ephemeral in nature and carries the large volumes of overland storm rain-fall flow for short duration during rains. It is an active stream cutting and eroding the bank edges by its fluvial action.
The Jillalavagu further joins the downstream Damara Cheruvu tank located beyond Kazipalli Cheruvu. Damara Cheruvu collects surplus drainage from Southern Borampet, Kathya Tank and Mallampet tanks and northern Chetlapotharam and Kistaipalli Cheruvu tanks overflows as shown in the Figure
Project Site primarily falls in the Kazipalli tank watershed. It is covered in the Jinnaram Ground Water Resources Assessment Unit of Medak District while estimation of ground water resources based on the drainage basin approach. Jinnaram Assessment unit is one of the 53 Assessment Units in the District. The Kazipalli watershed is part of downstream a little bigger Damara Cheruvu watershed covered in the larger Jinnaram Ground Water Resources Assessment unit. They are within the Manjeera River Sub-basin of the River Godavari, a major basin. The location of the surface flow regime of the Kazipalli watershed, included in the overall 3-13 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
drainage system is shown in the Figure-3.2 & Figure 3.3. Photographs of the existing surface water sources in the water shed area are given in Figure 3.8
Figure-3.7
Surface Hydrological Features in the Project Site Neighborhood
Project Site
3-14 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.8 Photographs of surface water sources in the water shead area
3.4.2 Surface Water Quality
In order to have an idea of quality of surface water resources in the area, representative samples were taken and analysed based on water shed conditions of the area. The locations of the surface water sampling stations are given in Figure 3.9 The quality of of surface water in the area is given in Table 3.4 below. Based on characterization, surface water quality in the region is class E as per IS 2494
3-15 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.9 Surface water sampling stations
3-16 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table 3.4 Surface Water analysis report
Vavilala Kistai Pally Chetlapotharam Kazipally Kishtaipally S.No. PARAMETER Cheruvu Cheruvu Cheruvu Cheruvu (MallammaCheruvu) 1 Color (Hazen units) 4 8 6 19 2 2 Odour Agreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable 3 Turbidity (NTU) 0.10 0.60 0.90 20.10 1.20 4 pH 8.25 8.01 7.93 7.80 7.67 5 Taste Agreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable disagreable disagreable 6 E.C (micromhos/cm) 605 3,811 3,736 6,694 1,526 7 Total dissolved solids 372 2,596 2,520 4,520 992 Phenolpthalene alkalinity as 8 CaCo3 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Methylorange alkalinity as 9 CaCo3 203 141.40 138.6 2.600 158 10 Total alkalinity as CaCo3 203 141.40 138.6 2.600 158 11 Total hardness as CaCo3 112 1,524 1,494 2.100 264 12 Calcium as Ca 18 296 381 708 69 13 Magnesium as Mg 16.28 190.54 340 80.20 22.24 14 Sodium as Na 86.5 173 169.6 471 220 15 Potassium as K 2.04 4.22 4.14 160 16.93 16 Copper as Cu 0.06 0.45 0.38 0.94 0.1 17 Iron as Fe 0.24 0.61 0.52 0.57 0.9 18 Manganese as Mn <0.01 0.15 0.11 0.32 0.05 19 Chlorides as Cl 32 998 979 3,998 304 20 Sulphates as SO4 47.40 305 299 2,850 141
3-17 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
21 Nitrates as NO3 4.64 72.9 71.50 184 36 22 Flourides as F 0.71 1.96 1.72 6.70 3.80 Phenolic compounds as 23 C6H5OH <0.001 0.003 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 24 Mercury as Hg <0.001 0.008 0.002 0.006 0.002 25 Cadmium as Cd <0.01 0.11 0.06 0.19 0.04 26 Aluminimum as A1 <0.01 0.16 0.09 0.14 0.06 27 Barium <0.01 0.13 0.05 0.08 0.03 28 Boron 0.12 0.42 0.30 0.68 0.21 29 Seleniun as Se <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 30 Cyanide as CN <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 31 Lead as Pb 0.03 0.12 0.08 0.52 0.16 32 Zinc as Zn 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.84 0.30 33 Anionic Detergents as MBAS Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 34 Free Residual Chlorine Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 35 Pesticides <0.01 Absent Absent Absent Absent 36 Silver as Ag <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 37 Mineral Oil <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 0.09 <0.01 Hexavalent Chromium as 38 Cr+6 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 Polynuclear aromatic Hydrocarbons as PAH : 39 Absent Absent Absent Absent 1 Total Plate Count/ml 74 206 181 362 248 2 MPN of Coliform/100ml Absent 16 13 24 11 3 MPN of E-Coli/100ml Absent 5 2 8 Absent
3-18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Khazipalli and Gaddapotharam Industrial Units are in the Kazipalli village tank watershed. The entire overland surface run off takes place from the industries through a second order stream course known as Jillelavagu which originates on the Surface Water Divide near TSDF site. A few more surface water flow paths originating from the ridges on either side of a narrow valley join the Jillelavagu to reach finally Kazipalli Tank. Kazipalli village tank over-flow reaches the downstream Gandigudem village tank called Damaracheruvu. Kazipalli tank water is not used for cultivation and pollutants associated in water stored are being contributed to the downstream groundwater system, through recharge. Gandigudem Tank directly receives surface flows from the southern Bolaram Industrial Area and indirectly receives flows of tanks Chetlapotaram and Kistaipalli from North-East and a system of Chain Tank from East located at villages Sarapalli, Borampeet, Mallampet in the form of their over flows only.
E.C. of surface water stored in the village tanks is measured in the field and some of them were got analysed in the Accredited Laboratory. The E.C. readings measured in the field and values estimated in the Laboratory are almost same. The results of chemical analysis of samples are given in Table 3.4 above. The measured E.C. values are shown in the Table-3.5 and their locations are shown in the Figure-3.10
Table-3.5 E.C. Values of Surface Water from village Tanks measured during field visit
Watershed Village Location EC Remarks Kazipalli Micro Kazipalli North of 5940 Lab Analysis watershed of Village done the Industrial zone North Eastern i) Chetlapotharam E. of Village 3730 Lab Analysis
3-19 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report part of Damara Cheruvu done Cheruvu ii) Kistaiapalli, SE of Village 3870 Lab Analysis watershed at Mallamma done Gundigudem Cheruvu E. of Village 2480 Lab Analysis iii) Gandigudem not done. Cheruvu Eastern part of i) Mallamapet E. of Village 1750 Lab Analysis Damara village Kathya not done. Cheruvu Tank watershed Outer Jinnaram Wailal village Pirshab N. of Village 660 Lab Analysis Watershed Tank. done.
The analytical results and observed values in the field indicate that outside Damara Cheruvu watershed surface water bodies have not faced any pollution from Industries. Kazipalli tank water is polluted. Damara Cheruvu surface storage water also had certain impact from Kazipalli Tank storage from its surplus overflows.
3-20 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.10 Photographs of surface water sources (EC Values)
Chetlapotharam Cheruvu E C-3730 Kazipalli Cheruvu EC-5940
Mallamma Cheruvu E C - 3870 Kathya tank E C -1750 Kistaipalli Village Mallampet Village Cheruvu
3-21 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.11 Locations of higher surface water salinity
3-22 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.4.3 Ground Water availability of project watershed area: General Features:
Geomorphic features, Climate and Rainfall, Topography and Land Slope, Drainage pattern, Soils and Agricultural activities and ultimately the nature, thickness, distribution and structure of different geological formations, independently or collectively or in association with each other play a distinct role in the occurrence, movement, quality and availability of ground water.
Geographical set-up and Geomorphic features control, in a large measure the amount of precipitation that contributes to run off and ground water recharge. Dry conditions in arid and semi-arid climatic conditions results in large scale evaporation losses, promotes oxidation processes and results in the deep ground water level.
High rainfall contributes higher amounts of infiltration and deep percolation to recharge ground water. Development of land forms mainly depends upon the nature of the rocks, their resistance to erosion and the geologic structure, climatic conditions and vegetative cover.
Morpho-metric parameters such as drainage density and slope characteristics provide a basis for evaluation of run-off and ground water potentials of a drainage basin. Total drainage basin areal extent determines the total quantity of water available in a basin. A low network of drainage courses is indicative of the presence of highly resistant or highly permeable rocks on the surface. High drainage density characterizes hilly terrain and areas underlain by weak or impermeable rocks result in more run-off than infiltration. Low network drainage density corresponds to high infiltration rates.
3-23 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Surface gradient has dominant effect on the contribution of rainfall to stream flows and to the ground water reservoir, in as much as, it controls the duration of overland flow, infiltration and sub surface flow. Slope condition controls the depth to water table, distribution of head and artesian pressures in aquifers.
Steep slope gives rise to coarse textured and permeable detrital materials, generally deposited in the form of alluvial cones, talus fans in foot hill zones. Highly permeable material in the steep may absorb and transmit as much water as poorly permeable formations in the plains.
Nature and thickness of soil directly influences the infiltration rate. Larger thickness enhances the deep percolation to recharge ground water and reduces evaporation losses from the zone of aeration. Vegetative cover and agricultural activities retard the overland flow rate and provides more infiltration. Agricultural activities associated with furrowing, tilling and crop growth shall eventually bring change in the soil texture and the land surface. A part of water applied for crop growth reaches to ground water as return seepage.
From the ground water occurrence point of view the formations are categorized as hard rocks. Since the geological formations are of Igneous and in origin, they lack primary porosity.
Secondary porosity is developed during physical disintegration and chemical decomposition from the different geological agents of weathering. Depth to weathered zone varies from place to place and situation to situation depending on several factors. They show large variation in short distances and are heterogeneous in nature.
3-24 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Project Site Area
In the Project site and the entire industrial zone there are no ground water extraction structures. Poor ground water quality is prohibitive in its use for any purpose.. The depth to water in the entire industrial zone area is very shallow. One Bore Well is constructed by M/S Monarch Rock Private Limited located South of the Industrial area is utilizing ground water of 4500 E C in rock cutting operations.
All the Industrial, Domestic and Green Belt Development requirements are met by purchasing ground water exploited in the neighborhood areas brought by tankers
Water-shed and Neighborhood Areas
Different de-gradational processes of physical disintegration and chemical decomposition of mass removal, continuously acting over millions of years on the rock formations, have brought out the present day land configuration in the area. The formations are fine grained, hard, and compact and lack original porosity to form potential aquifer zones at depth. They are heterogeneous and possess large variation in the Mineralogical composition, degree of compaction with depth. So much so, their nature differs from point to point and place to place.
Occurrence, movement and quality of ground water associated chiefly depend on the topographic gradient and nature of formations. Ground water occurrence is limited to the top shallow weathered zone, the contact planes, interconnected fissure zones and fissure zones developed during tectonic processes of deformation.
3-25 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
The formations are concealed under soil cover. The rock type, nature of formation with depth and weak zones associated along the lineaments are not easily identifiable in the field. Striking ground water, drilling and construction of successful bore-wells in the area is difficult and a challenging task. In hard rocks, ground water occurs only in the shallow weathered zone and inter-connected fissures and joints extending to a limited depth. Ground water is being extracted by means of bore wells.
During the field study depth to water levels and total depth of wells were measured using embossed steel measuring tape. Quality of ground water in terms of its Specific Electrical Conductance values was measured by using a sensitive pocket type Electrical Conductivity Meter. The hydro- geological data of wells inventoried is enclosed as Table 3.6 and location of wells is shown in the Figure–3. 12
3-26 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Water Level Measurement using Electrical Sounder
3-27 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure- 3.12 LOCATION OF WELLS INVENTORIED IN THE PROJECT NEIGHBORHOOD
3-28 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table 3.6 HYDROGEOLOGICAL DATA OF WELLS INVENTORIED IN KAZIPALLI AND GADDAPOTHARAM INDUSTRIAL AREA AND ITS WATERSHED AREA OF MEDAK DISTRICT IN TELANGANA STATE
Groun Surface d E.C. Sl Village and Elevati Depth Total Water Type Crop micro Geology & N Location Owner Co-ordinates on Water Dept Use Yield Elevat of Lift Grown Siemen Remarks o Details ( m mbgl h ion m s AMSL) AMSL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1. Borampet: Private 17° 31’ 36.4” 609 17.00 592 80 Irrigati 2” SP Paddy Mode -- Close to East of Road 78° 24’ 27.7” on ratge dolerite in low Yield dyke in ground. granites. 2. Borampet: Reddy of 17° 33’ 39.8” 606 Top -- 80 Industri 2” SP Nil Low -- Granites, East of Road Borampe 78° 24’ 27.8” close al yield dolerite in low t d cement contact. ground. bricks 3. Borampet: D.Balakri 17° 33’ 37.0” 591 13.30 577.7 76 Irrigati 2” SP Vegeta Good 1350 Granites, West of road shna 78° 23’ 32.7” on ble & yield Bouldery after village peddy water struck at 24 m. 4. Borampet: Private 17° 33’ 42.0” 567 10.00 557 76 Irrigati 2” SP Not in Mode -- Granites Close to ring 78° 22’ 03.5” on use ratge road Yield 5. Shambhupur Arikala 17° 33’ 42.4” 577 9.00 568 76 Irrigati 2” SP Paddy Good -- Granites am: Jeethaia 78° 32’ 18.3” on yield bouldery Between h low ground Ring road & village
3-29 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
6. Mallampet: Private 17° 33’ 38.0” 569 8.00 561 80 Irrigati 2” SP Paddy Mode -- Granites Between 78° 21’ 53.1” on ratge bouldery. village and Yield Ring road 7. Mallampet: Venkata 17° 33’ 50.8” 565 10.00 555 91 Comme 2” SP Nil Mode 1250 Granites in Low ground Chary 78° 21’ 33.1” rcial ratge the valley 3 towards Yield bores, 2 Gollagudem dried up all in a cluster. 8. Mallampet: B. Raju 17° 33’ 52.7” 566 8.00 558 90 Comme 2” SP Nil Mode 1050 4 Bore wells Close to RR of 78° 21’ 35.6” rcial ratge in cluster District Bachupal Yield more wells border & ly in the small tank of vicinity. Gollagudem 9. Kazipalli: PWS BW 17° 34’ 16.9” 567 11.00 556 90 Domest 1” SP Nil Low 1950 Granites, Below 78° 21’ 01.0” ic yield Massive, Kazipalli pale yellow tank in Topo colour Low. water. 10. Kazipalli: RWS HP 17° 34’ 09.5” 563 -- 563 60 Domest HP Nil Low 2540 Granites, Near 78° 20’ 52.7” ic yield Massive, Mangala pale yellow Sailu House colour water. 11. Kazipalli: RWS HP 17° 34’ 11.0” 563 -- 563 60 Domest HP Nil Mode 3040 Granites, Near Cheetla 78° 20’ 51.9” ic rate Massive, Veeraiah yield pale yellow house. colour water. 12. Gandiguda: Private 17° 33’ 31.8” 549 2.30 546.7 60 Industri 1” SP Nil Low -- Granites not South of 78° 19’ 44.1” al yield in use. ring Road
3-30 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
13. Kazipalli: In the Chaitan 17° 34’ 27.5” 572 4.30 569.0 90 Domest 1½ ” Nil Good 950 Weathered Bapanolla ya 78° 21’ 05.0” 0 ic SP yield granites. Kunta, North of Kiran village Housing Society 14. Chetlapotaram: Private 17° 36’ 21.5” 611 40.00 571 90 Irrigati 2” SP Nil Low -- Granites not in West of AET 78° 22’ 58.0” on yield use. Labs on high ground. 15. Chetlapotaram: Private 17° 36’ 16.2” 610 8.00 602 75 Irrigati 2” SP Not Mod -- Granites On way to AET 78° 22’ 57.4” on in erate Bouldery. Labs low use yield ground 16. Alinagar: Near Madduri 17° 36’ 18.5” 609 8.80 600.2 46 Domest 1” SP Nil Mod 2950 Granites Owners house & Raju 78° 22’ 38.8” ic erate Green belt yield 17. Chetlapotaram: Vasu 17° 36’ 11.6” 608 19.70 588.3 60 Irrigati 2” SP Fodd Mod 1370 Granites High ground 78° 22’ 17.1” on er erate Bouldery. West of village. yield 18. Chetlapotaram: Private 17° 36’ 55.5” 591 11.00 580.0 75 Comme 2” SP Nil Mod 1250 Granites In the valley 78° 21’ 37.4” rcial erate Battery of 4 along Wailal yield wells, Break in Road flow. 19. Wailal: Harigan RWS HP 17° 37’ 09.9” 590 -- -- 90 Domest HP Nil Mod 1460 Granites, Wada 78° 21’ 16.8” ic erate (Pirshab Tank yield Water EC 660) 20. Wailal: On way Kazipall 17° 37’ 09.8” 586 15.6 570.4 40 Domest 2” SP Nil Mod 1245 Close to hill to i Kumar 78° 20’ 45.9” ic & erate and Tank ayaut area,
3-31 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Chowdarguda Diary yield granites. 21. Chowdarguda: PWS 17° 37’ 01.6” 583 18.7 564.3 90 Domest 1” SP Nil Low 1300 Granites Village close to 78° 20’ 27.2” ic yield Massive hill on high ground 22. Lakshmipatigud PWS 17° 37’ 08.7” 575 18.0 557 80 Domest 2” SP Nil Mod 1080 Granites, a: In front of 78° 19’ 59.3” ic erate Supply to Mandal Primary yield overhead tank. School 23. Gaddapotharam Erithro 17° 35’ 45.4” 607 4.30 602.7 70 Industri 1” SP Nil Lowy 5180 Granites : Adj. to Pharma 78° 22’ 21.8” al Lawn ield weathered. Aurobindo (P) Ltd. Pharma Ltd. 24. Chetla Potaram: Balugari 17° 36’ 01.6” 603 (8.00 (595) 60 Irrigati 2” SP Fodd Mod 3400 Granites Below Tank Narsim 78° 22’ 17.6” ) on er erate Bouldery PWL hulu under yield 15 m pump (Chetlapotara ing m tank water EC 3730)
25. Kistaipalli: Private 17° 35 45.6” 595 9.35 585.6 60 Irrigati 2” SP Padd Good 2990 Battery of North of village 78° 21’ 41.9” 5 on y yield irrigation wells on elevated granites, land. bouldery, (Mallamma Cheruvu EC 3870). 26. Kistaipalli: New Govt. 17° 35’ 36.3” 589 15.72 569.2 60 Domest 2” SP Nil Good Fresh Granites Housing Layout for land 8 ic yield
3-32 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
of Central Govt. oustees 78° 21’ 06.4” Adj. to Rd. 27. Kistaipalli: S. 17° 35’ 39.8” 584 -- -- 60 Irrigati 2” SP Khar Good 1190 Granites, two North of Road Vidyana 78° 20’ 58.5” on / iff yield bores are in a valley nda Rao Comme Padd pumping to before villag r. y sell in Rabi reason. 28. Korlakunta: On Private 17° 35’ 47.7” 577 14.50 562.5 60 Irrigati 2½” SP Padd Good Fresh Granites not in High ground, 78° 20’ 00.4” on y yield use at present close to after harvest. southern valley. 29. Nalturu: North Private 17° 35’ 55.7” 571 8.00 563 60 Domest 1” SP Nil Low 560 Contact of of road & 78° 19’ 39.4” ic yield Quartz vein temple and dolerite water struck 14 m. 30. Dundigal: Close PK Ltd. 17° 35’ 16.7” 621 (20.0 601 137 Industri 1½” SP Nil Mod 1100 Granites water to Ring Road. (Cylind 78° 24’ 19.1” 0) al erate struck depth ers) yield 110 m. depth. 31. Dundigal: Close PK Ltd. 17° 35’ 17.8” 621 25.4 595.6 120 Industri HP not Nil Poor -- Granite old to Ring Road. (Cylind 78° 24’ 19.5” al in use yield well disused. ers) 32. Gagillapur: Adj. KKT 17° 35’ 25.0” 618 (20.0 598 90 Comme 2” SP Nil Mod 1430 Granites, 2 to Kazipalli Water 78° 23’ 56.0” 0) rcial erate bore wells Industry Road supplier yield joint delivery s 2” full. 33. Gagillapur: Private 17° 35’ 23.9” 620 20.75 599.2 80 Brick 2” SP Nil Mod 1950 Granites, no Lambadi 78° 23’ 34.7” 5 Kilns erate smell and no Thanda SE of yield colour.
3-33 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
houses, in fields 34. Kazipalli: Ramky 17° 35’ 08.6” 616 13.00 603.0 60 OB 1” SP Nil --- 3920 Granites Adj. Ramky TSDF 78° 23’ 28.5” Well to TSDF site. Site Monitoring BW 16 35. Kazipalli: Ramky 17° 35’ 08.2” 616 11.50 604.5 90 Green 2” SP Nil Mod 2980 Granites Adj. Ramky TSDF 78° 23’ 17.3” belt erate to TSDF site. Site Production yield well 36. Kazipalli: Ramky 17° 35’ 22.3” 616 10.00 606.0 90 Not in No Nil Poor 430 Granites Adj. Ramky TSDF 78° 23’ 19.6” 0 use pump yield to Quartz Site Adj. to barrier. Damar Road.
37. Kazipalli IDA: Monarc 17° 34’ 56.6” 596 10.50 585.5 122 Industri 1” SP Nil Poor 4500 Massive On high ground h Rock 78° 22’ 27.5” al yield granite Yellow close to forest Pvt. colour and Ltd. smell. 38. Mallampet: Private 17° 33’ 39.8” 581 15.00 566.0 80 Domest 2” SP Nil Mod Fresh Granites Close to 78° 22’ 37.3” ic erate Bouldery no. Mallampet yield of borewells. cheruvu. (Mallampet Tank water EC 1750) 39. Mallampet: Private 17° 33’ 44.6” 568 30.00 (558) 90 Comme 2” SP Nil Mod 1450 Granites, 4 Close to ring 78° 21’ 40.4” PWL rcial erate borewells road in valley yield pumping simultaneously break in flow.
3-34 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
40. Kazipalli: On Private 17° 34’ 17.2” 565 12.40 552.4 70 Domest 2” SP Nil Mod 1320 Granites in the way to Darmi 78° 20’ 45.2” ic erate ayacut area of Cheruvu, North yield Darmicheruvu. of village
Note: m AMSL: Meters Above Mean Sea Level; m bgl: Meters Below Ground Level; BW: Bore Well; SP: Submersible Pump; EC: Specific Electrical Conductance, RWS: Rural Water Supply Bore-Well with Hand Pump, PWS: Protected Water Supply Bore-well Adj. Adjacent, Rd. Road, PWL: Pumping Water Level
3-35 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Well Types and Method of Construction:
Extraction of ground water by means of large diameter open dug wells to meet both drinking and irrigation purposes have been given up in the area. Many of them are not under use. With the advent of heavy duty pneumatic rotary cum percussion type, Down The Hole (DTH) hammer fast drilling rigs, the construction of 6” dia bore wells have become very popular for providing drinking water in rural areas through RWS and PWS public water supply schemes. There are PWS Bore Wells fitted with submersible pumps and RWS Bore Wells fitted with hand pumps to meet drinking water requirements of the villagers are very common. There is Private irrigation Bore Wells constructed for irrigation purposes.
Depth to Water and Total Depth of Wells:
Field investigation and well inventory was undertaken in the Project Site and Watershed area during the month of May and June 2014. Measurements represent pre monsoon water levels. The area was almost dry. The recorded measurements of the wells in the Site area Watershed are shown in the Table 3.6. The minimum depth range of water levels between 2.5 and 6.0m bgl is in wells located topographical lows. Large numbers of wells are having water levels ranging from 8.0 to 15.0 m bgl. Some of the wells located on elevated regions or in cluster groups of heavy withdrawal depth to water is between 15 and 20 m bgl. The depth to water levels indicates pre-monsoon dry period water table conditions in the area.
It is reported that as soon as monsoon rains are received there is immediate built up of water levels in the area and by the end of
3-36 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report monsoon, depth to water levels are at minimum. The CGWB has Prepared Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon water levels distribution in the entire district for the year 2005 and is shown in the Figure-3.13 & 3.14. The recorded observations are in consonance with present data.
Figure 3.13
Project Site
3-37 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.14
Project Site
Water Level Fluctuation:
Rainfall is the chief source of ground water recharge. Recharge to ground water also takes place farm ponds, abandoned pits and return recharge from the water applied for irrigation. Depending on the distance from the surface water bodies, amount of monsoon rainfall received, topography and soil conditions, and ground water recharge takes place through infiltration and deep percolation in each hydrological cycle. Maximum recharge takes place by the end of monsoon and water levels rise substantially by the end of October or November every year. As the monsoon retreats, dry spell continues ground water draft in the region for
3-38 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
irrigation increases and ground water natural outflow from the base of drainage basin results in the depletion of ground water storage. Consequently, fall of water levels occur by the end of May or first week of June every year.
It is reported that Pre and Post monsoon water level fluctuation ranges are between 3 to 5 m in the watershed area. Water level fluctuation map between May 2005 and November 2005 prepared by the CGWB is shown in the Figure-3.15. In the project site area the fluctuation is less due to shallow Water Level.
Figure 3.15 Water level fluctuations
Project Site
3-39 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Ground Water Gradient:
In the project site Ground Water Gradient is from North-East to South-West and to the South the following the general surface gradient. The Northern and North-East elevated areas are rainfall recharge areas and Southern low-lands are groundwater discharge areas.
Type of Lifts:
Rural Water Supply bore-wells are fitted with closed hand pumps. Protected Public Water Supply bore wells and private bore-wells are installed with energized submersible pump-sets of two inches diameter. Majority of private irrigation wells are provided with two inches diameter Submersible pump sets. They are under less use at present in the Rabi period because of their poor yield.
Well Yields:
Well yields depend on the Storage and Transmissivity of the aquifer zones tapped in the wells. It is reported that during monsoon season bore-wells sustain longer duration of pumping with enhanced discharge rate and possess shallow water level conditions. The rate of discharge of almost every energized bore well in the area is not to the installed capacity. There is break in continuous discharges flows and flows are partial. Still the bore wells kept running as long as the power is available. All the well constructed in clusters are operated simultaneously.
At many places Bore Wells are under operation for commercial sale of ground water to the Industries.
3-40 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Pumping Test:
There were three Domestic Bore-wells constructed in Chaitanya Kiran Housing (P) Limited, Layout situated 1 Km. North of Kazipalli village in a local valley occurring in between two hills and below a small tank locally known as Bapanollakunta.
Central Bore-well fitted with 1½” dia submersible pump had power supply connection. The other two Bore-wells are not under operation. Western Bore-well is at a distance of 45.8 m and North-Eastern Bore- wells is at a distance of 119 m from the water supply Bore-well located in the middle of the layout.
A short duration pumping test was conducted, by requesting the owners to cooperate for running the pump. Pumping was started at 1508 hrs on 05.05.2014 and draw-down data in the pumping well and water levels in the distant wells were observed during pumping.
Pumping test at Kazipalli
3-41 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Maximum pumping water level recorded in the pumping well is 19.30 m bgl. Water level in the nearby well located at 45.8 m distance has fallen by 0.05 m from its static water level of 3.97 m bgl over period of 52 minutes of pumping at a discharge rate of 6 m3/hr.
I Limb
II Limb
Q= 6 m3/hr. = 144 m3/day
I Limb = ∆s = 0.25 m T = 2.3 Q/4Π ∆s = 106 m2/day
II Limb = ∆s = 50 m T = 2.3 Q/4Π ∆s = 0.5 m2/day
Average T = 50 m2/day
3.4.4 Ground Water quality
Chemical quality of ground water is as important as quantity and its suitability for various purposes is determined by its physical and chemical characteristics. Water is always a good natural solvent. Ground water, although considered to be safe and pure, it always takes into solution all
3-42 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report the soluble Minerals. It always exhibits certain characteristic features depending upon the composition of source rock and length of association. Dissolved salt content depends on the nature and Mineral content of rocks, subordinately, the topography, rainfall and many other factors that facilitate to add the infiltrated rainwater to the underlying rock formations.
Quality of ground water can be expressed in terms of Specific Electrical Conductance (E.C.) which is a measure of dissolved salt content. The location of Bore wells and other sources examined are shown in the Figure 3.12. The permissible limits of E. C. for drinking and irrigation purposes respectively are 1500 and 2000 µ/cm at 25 °C.
EC Measurement
E.C. values of ground water samples from the Bore Wells in the water- shed and its environs are measured in the field and are given in the Table 3.5 above. Ground water quality in the Project Site watershed is found to be poor with higher salt content. Two representative Bore Well water samples of high and low salinity ranges occurring in the watershed 3-43 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report area got analysed in an accredited Laboratory and the results are is enclosed in the Table 3.4
It is found that ground water from Bore Well No 16 Alinagar in the vicinity of the industry is un-potable with a number of salts in the range beyond permissible limits. Surprisingly, in the Kazipalli watershed Bore Well No 13 is found to be fresh with less salt content.
In the peripheral areas around the Water-shed, ground water E C ranged between 1000 and 1500 micro Siemens/cm at 25 °C.
Ground water quality in two bore wells occurring on either side of an intrusive Quartz Vein near TSDF site showed lowest E C 430 (B W No 36) and a high E C of 3920 (B W No 34). This is an evidence of the presence of barrier boundary for pollution transport across impermeable rock formation.
TSDF OB WELL No 16
3-44 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.16 Location of ground water samples in the study area
3-45 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table 3.7 Ground water quality of bore wells in the surrounding areas Date of Collection : 11-6-2014 & 13-06- 2014 Date of Analysis : 12-6-2014 & 14-06- 2014 As per IS:10500- 2012 Perm Acce issibl ptabl e e limit Metho GW 1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW6 GW7 GW8 limit s d of Kazipal analys Gagilla Gagillap ly is (IS: Khazip Khazip pur ur ( (Chaita 3025 ally ally ( Chetla (Adj. Lambad nya (down Near Potara to i Kiran & strea Manga m Kazipa Thanda Housin A.P.H. m of la (down lli SC of g A) S. Kazipa Sailu Gadda strea Indust houses, Society Vavilal N PARAME lli tank House pothar m of ry in fields Alinag Borewe a ( o. TER ) ) am Tank) Road) ) ar ll ) Durga) Color (Hazen 5 15 Part 4 1 units) 3 2 4 1 3 2 4 Nil Nil max max Disagre Agreea Disagre Disagre Disagre Agreeabl Disagre Agreeab Disagre Agree Agree Part 5 2 Odour eable ble eable eable eable e eable le eable able able
3-46 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Turbidity 1 5 Part 10 3 (NTU) Nil 1.61 1.57 1.86 1.63 1.59 1.50 Nil 0.10 max max 6.50 - Part 11 4 pH 7.90 6.90 6.77 6.41 5.21 1.47 6.80 8.10 7.50 8.50 Disagre Agreea Disagre Disagre Disagre Agreeabl Disagre Agreeab Disagre Agree Part 7 5 Taste eable ble eable eable eable e eable le able able and 8 E.C (micromh Part 14 6 os/cm) 1,950 2,540 5,180 3,400 1,950 1,430 3,396 1,097 892 -- -- Total dissolved 500 2000 Part 16 7 solids 1,025 1,625 3,850 2,145 1,141 925 2,285 705 560 max max
Phenolpth APHA - alene alkalinity 2320 B 8 as CaCo3 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil -- --
Methylora APHA - nge alkalinity 2320 B 9 as CaCo3 226 192.00 248.0 274.00 219.00 199.00 126 196 159 -- -- Total APHA - alkalinity 200 600 10 as CaCo3 226 192.00 248.0 274.00 219.00 199.00 126 196 159 max max 2320 B Total hardness 200 600 Part 21 11 as CaCo3 450 578.00 592.0 428.00 368.00 326.00 1,358 276.8 225 max max Calcium 75 200 Part 40 12 as Ca 142 179 386 362 287 264 346 61 39 max max
Magnesiu 30 100 Part 46 13 m 49 284.21 269.28 236.39 226.32 194.00 119.82 30.21 31 max max
3-47 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
as Mg Sodium Part 45 14 as Na 154.40 162.24 168.12 158.21 132.45 171.54 154.20 124.20 101 -- --
Potassium Part 45 15 as K 2.3 4.61 5.35 5.78 4.64 3.93 3.76 2.40 1.96 -- -- Copper 0.05 1.50 Part 42 16 as Cu 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.42 0.31 0.24 0.21 0.22 0.16 max max No relaxi Part 53 Iron 0.3 natio 17 as Fe 0.38 0.46 0.26 0.28 0.24 0.31 0.36 0.27 0.14 max n
Manganes Part 59 e 0.1 0.3 18 as Mn 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.04 <0.01 max max Chlorides 250 1000 Part 32 19 as Cl 390 425 624 516 482 452 890 166 135 max max
Sulphates 200 400 Part 24 20 as SO4 119 146 138 133 124 121 272 89 72 max max No relaxi Part 34 Nitrates 45 natio 21 as NO3 98 85 93 83 81 78 65 33.58 27.30 max n Flourides 1.0 1.5 Part 60 22 as F 2.50 1.96 2.25 2.31 2.27 1.69 1.38 <0.001 1.06 max max Phenolic compoun ds Part 43 as 0.001 0.002 23 C6H5OH <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 max max
3-48 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
No Mercury 0.001 relaxa Part 48 24 as Hg <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.03 <0.001 max tion No Cadmium 1 relaxa Part 41 25 as Cd 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 max tion Aluminim 0.03 Part 55 26 um as A1 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.04 <0.01 0.02 max 0.20 No Part 57 0.70 relaxa 27 Barium 0.02 0.01 0.17 0.14 0.16 0.12 0.02 0.17 <0.01 max tion - 3500 28 Borron 0.21 0.24 0.29 0.19 0.15 0.11 0.21 0.17 0.13 0.5 1.0 Part 57 No Selenium 0.01 relaxa Part 56 29 as Se <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 max tion No Cyanide 0.05 relaxa Part 27 30 as CN <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 max tion No Lead 0.01 relaxa Part 47 31 as Pb 0.16 0.25 0.36 0.31 0.28 0.21 0.16 0.08 0.12 max tion Zinc 5.0 15 Part 49 32 as Zn 0.20 0.18 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.19 0.20 0.03 0.08 max max Anionic APHA - Detergent 5540 - s as 0.2 1.0 33 MBAS Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent max max C Free 0.2 Residual mini 1.0 Part 26 34 Chlorine <0.01 Nil <0.01 Nil <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Nil mum max Absen 0.001 USEPA 35 Pesticides Absent Absent Absent <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Absent Absent Absent t max
3-49 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Silver 0.1 Part 24 36 as Ag <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 max -- Mineral 0.5 0.03 Part 39 37 Oil <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 max max
Hexavale nt APHA - Chromiu No 3500 m as 0.05 relaxa 38 Cr+6 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Absent Absent Absent <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 max tion Polynucle ar aromatic APHA - Hydrocar 6440 - bons as B PAH : 39 Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent -- -- Bacteriological Analysis Total Plate 1 Count/ml 228 194 236 219 206 196 145 134 106 MPN of Coliform/ Absen 2 100ml 10 9 10 9 8 7 6 Absent 2 t MPN of E- Coli/100 Absen 3 ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent t Note: All values except pH are expressed in mg/L.
3-50 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Based on the results, we can conclude the following
‹ Overall surface watr & ground water quality is deteoriated in the region ‹ Absene of treatment facilities prior to establishment of common ETP at Patancheru ( PETL) may be the reason for impact on ground & surface water quality ‹ The cascade affect of pollution of surface water sources resulted on ground water quality ‹ High salinity of water & color were observed in some wells ‹ There are many complaints on quality of water in the region and few citizen groups filed writ petitions in the courts
3-51 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.5 Soil Soils types are more important for agricultural production as well as ground water recharge. Soils in the area are of ‘insitu’ type mainly derived from the underlying rock formations through pedagogical processes of rock disintegration and rock decomposition over a pro- longed period of time. Soils derived from the Granitic basement are mainly red sandy and clayey loams. whereas, the area underlain by Biotite- Hornblende-Granite Gneisses has dark steel grey soils and light grey Silty Clay soils. The project site neighborhood has red soils and low lying areas are having Gneissic formations possess grey Silty soils on them.
There is no Major, Medium or Minor Surface Water Irrigation Projects in the area. Most of the area is under rain-fed agriculture in the monsoon khariff period cultivating dry crops. Irrigated and irrigated dry crops are grown in very small extents under wells utilizing ground water source in the Monsoon Season only.
Important crops grown in the area during Khariff period from rain- fed agriculture are Maize, Millets, and Grams and under wells in the Monsoon season the crops grown are Paddy, Vegetables and Ground nut.
Agriculture was main stay of the people and they remained idle most of the time during non-monsoon period. After industrial growth in the neighborhood area, many people in the villages got a number of other opportunities. As a result agriculture is now become second in importance. The Soil characteristics include both physical and chemical parameters. M/s. Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited field team carried
3-52 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
out soil survey to assess the soil characteristics of the study area. Representative soil sampling was done at several important locations and these locations are shown in Figure 3.17. Analytical data of soil samples is presented in Table 3.8.
Fig 3.17 Soil Sampling Locations
3-53 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table 3.8 Soil Analysis Data Parameter Unit S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 pH 6.39 6.79 7.67 6.72 7.82 6.12 7.47 6.27 Electrical Conductivity (EC) mmhos/cm 412 120 426 874 813 1654 462 246 Bulk Density g/cc 1.35 1.24 1.42 1.84 1.23 1.53 1.62 1.54 Cation-Exchange meq/ Kg 193.5 26.3 22.3 24.1 107.0 18.6 38.5 17.8 Capacity (CEC) Infiltration rate mm/ hour 18 24 16 9 11 17 13 16 Porosity % 46 44 33 45 41 46 31 47 Water Holding Capacity % 9.22 5.34 10.2 7.76 12.3 12 10 7.22 (W.H.C) Moisture % 7.48 5.56 9.27 7.66 9.72 10.84 9.21 7.60 Organic Matter % 1.3 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.5 Carbonates % Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Sand % 34 62 28 24 38 28 28 25 Silt % 45 26 52 47 44 47 50 48 Clay % 28 23 13 38 28 17 14 25 Organic Carbon % 0.75 1.24 1.62 0.72 0.85 0.90 0.82 0.88 Nitrogen (as N) % 0.01 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.010 0.03 0.006 0.004 Carbon / Nitrogen Ration 95 310 405 180 85 30 136.67 220 (C/N) Phosphorus (as P) mg/kg 0 890 979 831 465 633 914 920 Potassium (as K+) mg/kg 246 405 819 2968 244 286 834 794 Sodium (as Na+) mg/kg 6710 1215 1872 4758 8917 2542 2129 2171 Calcium (as Ca2+) mg/kg 69 58 260 210 50 325 315 300 Magnesium (as Mg2+) mg/kg 90 34 87 69 22 36 67 71 Calcium/Magnesium ratio 0.69 1.705 2.98 3.04 2.27 9.03 4.70 4.22
3-54 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Parameter Unit S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Base Saturation 12 29 54 154 42.04 508 41.23 71 Sodium Absorption Ratio 162 42.32 28.82 128 210 328 42 31 (SAR) Chlorides (as Cl-) mg/kg 390 89 262 229 319 536 424 721 Sulphates (as SO42-) mg/kg 62 186 165 441 118 1152 182 109 Aluminium (as Al) mg/kg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Arsenic (as As) mg/kg <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Boron (as B) mg/kg <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg <0.002 0.02 0.02 0.02 <0.002 <0.002 0.017 0.02 Chromium ( as Cr) mg/kg 0.10 0.29 0.16 0.22 0.15 0.31 0.29 0.20 Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 0.10 1.6 1.3 1.8 0.5 1.6 1.3 1.6 Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 64 47 55 54 56 52 57 54 Lead (as Pb) mg/kg 0.16 0.36 0.28 0.42 0.14 0.40 0.30 0.28 Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 1.2 1.6 0.4 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.0 0.8 Mercury (as Hg) mg/kg <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Nickel (as Ni) mg/kg 0.17 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.14 Selenium (as Se) mg/kg <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Silver (as Ag) mg/kg 0.42 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.16 0.01 0.04 0.03 Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 0.16 1.22 1.01 1.32 0.06 0.49 1.07 1.27 Texture Sandy Sandy Silt Clay Clay Silt Silt Silt Loam loam loam loam Loam loam loam loam S1-Site, S2- Kistapally, S3- Kazipally, S4- Boram pet, S5- Gandipochammapalli, S6- Dundigal, S7- Annaram & S8- Bollaram.
3-55 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
The test results of soil samples collected in the impact area are interpreted referring to the book; “Interpreting soil test results”. The reference tables are presented in Table 3.9. The pH of soil samples ranges from slightly acid to mildly alkaline. The cation exchange capacity of the soils is very high (two samples) & Moderate in 5 samples contributed mainly by sodium exchangeable ions. The level of nitrogen of the samples is low while the potassium levels are low to excessive.The base saturation of the samples is predominantly very Weakly Leached (three samples), strongly leahed (one sample), moderately leached (three samples) and very strongly Leached (one sample ). The calcium magnesium ratios of the samples reflect calcium is deficient in one sample, calcium is low in three samples, balanced in three samples and magnesium is low in one samples. Bulk density of soil of impact varies from 1.24 – 1.84 g/cc. The porosity values range from 31- 47% . Soil texture is predominantly silt loam and clay Loam. Table 3.9 Soil Test Results – Reference Tables
General interpretation of pH Rating for Cation exchange measured Capacity pH Range Classification CEC (Cmol)+)/kg <4.5 Extremely Acidic Very low <6 * 4.51 - Very Strong Acidic Low 6-12 5.0 5.1-5.5 Strong Acid Moderate 12-25 5.6- 6.0 Moderately Acid High 25-40 6.1-6.5 Slightly acid Very High >40 6.6-7.3 Neutral Source: Metson (1961) 7.4-7.8 Mildily Alkaline * Soils with CEC less than three are 7.9 -8.4 Moderately Alkaline often low in fertility and susceptible 8.5-9.0 Strongly Alkaline to soil acidification. >9.0 Very Strongly Alkaline Source:Bruce and Rayment (1982).
3-56 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Ca/mg Ratio Base Saturation as a criterion of leaching Range Rating Description (%BS) <1 Ca Deficient 70-100 Very Weakly Leached 1-4 Ca (Low) 50-70 Weakly Leached 4-6 Balanced 30-50 Moderately Leached 6-10 Mg (Low) 15-30 Strongly Leached >10 Mg deficient 0-15 Very Strongly Leached Source: Eckert (1987) Source: Metson (1961)
Rating of Total Nitrogen Extractable Potassium (K) Rating (% by Description K W) <0.05 Very low low <150 ppm* (< 0.4 meq/100 g soil) 0.05-0.15 Low medium 150–250 ppm (0.4–0.6 meq/100 g soil) 0.15-0.25 Modium high 250–800 ppm (0.6–2.0 meq/100 g soil) 0.25-0.50 High excessiv >800 ppm (>2.0 e meq/100 g soil) >0.5 Very High Source: Abbott (1989) Source: Bruce and Rayment (1982)
3.6 Air Environment 3.6.1 Meterology
Micro meterological studies are simultaneously conducted with the air quality monitoring. Methodology plays a vital role in effecting the dispersion of pollutants, once discharged into the atmosphere, their transport, dispersion and diffusion into the environment. The meteorological data is very useful for interpretation of the baseline information and for model study of air quality impacts also. Since meteorological data show wide fluctuations with time, meaningful 3-57 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
interpretation can only be drawn from long term and reliable data. Such source of data is the India Meteorological Department (IMD) that maintains a network of meteorological stations at several important locations. The data recorded for nearest IMD station at Medak is summarized for the period 1979 to 2000 and the same is presented in Table 3.10.
3-58 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table 3.10 IMD data of meteorological station medak (1979-2000)
3-59 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3-60 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.6.2 Meteorological Station at Industry Site (Terms of Reference No: 24)
The micro meteorological data in th industrial cluster is collected simultaneously with the ambient air quality monitoring. The station was installed in such a way that there are no obstructions facilitating free flow of wind. Wind speed, wind direction, humidity and temperature are recorded on hourly basis in the study period. Salient features of micro meteorological data collected are as follows:
1. Wind Direction and Speed: The hourly wind speed and wind direction observations are computed during the seasons of study period and the same are presented in Table 3.11 and the wind rose diagrams are presented in Figure 3.18. The following observations can be made from the collected data;
• Calm period is observed to be 70 % during the time of monitoring. • The predominant wind direction is south West. • Mostly the wind speeds are observed to be in the range of 0.5 – 2.1 m/s. The maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity and total seasonal rainfall are summarized in below. The salient features are discussed in brief as follows.
2. Temperature: (a) Maximum: 45.4 0C (b) Minimum: 20.3 0C (c) Average:29.7 0C
3-61 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3. Humidity: The daily relative humidity values are observed to range between 12 - 100%.
4. Rain Fall: (a) Maximum: 46.2 mm (b) Minimum: 0 mm
Table 3.11 Frequency Distribution of Wind Speeds and Wind Directions
0.50 2.10 3.60 5.70 8.80 Directions / Wind - - - - - >= Total Classes (m/s) 2.10 3.60 5.70 8.80 11.10 11.10 (%) N 1.35 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.43 NNE 1.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.94 ENE 2.17 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 E 2.46 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.58 ESE 2.42 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 SSE 1.94 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.14 S 1.98 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 SSW 3.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.29 WSW 3.90 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.94 W 1.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98 WNW 3.46 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.54 NNW 2.38 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.42 Sub-Total 29.27 0.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.07 Calms 69.93
Missing/Incomplete 0.00 Total 100.00
3-62 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Figure 3.18 Wind Rose Diagram at Site
3-63 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.6.3 Ambient Air Quality
Air pollution means the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants or combinations thereof in such quantities and of such duration as are or may tend to be injurious to human, plant or animal life or property. Air pollutants include smoke, vapors, soot, fumes, gases, mist, odors, particulate matter, radioactive material or noxious chemicals. With upcoming industrial activity a range of different pollutants are released into the atmosphere that are dispersed and have a significant impact on neighborhood air environment. Thus collection of base line data of air environment occupies a predominant role in the impact assessment statement. The ambient air quality status across the study zone forms basis for prediction of the impacts due to the project.
The project is located at Gaddapotharam IDA, Jinnaram Mandal in Medak District. The data required for assessing air quality impacts in and around neighborhood is achieved by designing such a network, which encompasses micro meteorological conditions, quantity and quality of emissions, locations, duration, resources/monitoring technology and operational criteria. The optimal scheme for air quality monitoring should consider all the above factors.
3.6.4 Scope of Field Study The scope of baseline status of the ambient air quality can be assessed through a well-designed ambient air quality stations network. An intensive ambient air quality monitoring of the study area consisting of 10 km radius with the proposed Plant site as the center point was carried out during the study period. The ambient 3-64 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
air quality was monitored at eight locations spread over entire study area. Figure 3.19 presents the locations of ambient air quality- monitoring stations. At each sampling station monitoring was carried out for 24 hours in a day for 2 days a week, and for three months. The major air pollutants monitored on 24 hourly basis 3 are, Particulate Matter (Size Less than 10µm) or PM10 µg/m , , Sulfur dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen. HC and CO were analysed twice in a month. All the national ambient air quality parameters were analysed at the plant site. Sampling and analysis of the above variables is according to the guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board. National Ambient Air Qualiy Standards is presented in Table 3.12
Table 3.12 National Ambient Air Quality Standards Concentration in Ambient Air Industrial Ecological Time , Sensitive Pollutant Weighted Residenti Area Methods of Average al, Rural (Notified by Measurement and Other Central Area Government) Sulphur Annual* 50 20 Improved west and Dioxide Gaeke (SO2) 24 80 80 Ultraviolet fluorescence Hours** Nitrogen Annual* 40 30 Modified Jacob & Dioxide Hochheiser (Nn- (NO2) 24 80 80 Arsenite) Hours** Chemiluminescence Particulate Annual* 60 60 Gravimetic Matter (Size TOEM Less than 24 100 100 Beta Attenuation 10µm) or Hours** PM10 Particulate Annual* 40 40 Gravimetic Matter (Size TOEM Less than 24 60 60 Beta Attenuation 3-65 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Concentration in Ambient Air Industrial Ecological Time , Sensitive Pollutant Weighted Residenti Area Methods of Average al, Rural (Notified by Measurement and Other Central Area Government) 2.5µm) or Hours** PM2.5 Ozone (O3) 8 hours** 100 100 UV Photometric Chemilminescence 1 hour** 180 180 Chemical Method Lead (Pb) Annual* 0.50 0.50 AAS /ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 24 1.0 1.0 or equivalent filter hours** paper ED - XRF using Teflon filter. Carbon 8 hours** 02 02 Non Dispersive Infra Monoxide Red (NDIR) (CO) 1 hour** 04 04 Spectroscopy Ammonia Annual* 100 100 Chemilminescence (NH3) 24 400 400 Indophenol blue method hours** Gas Chromotography based continuous Benzene analyzer Annual* 05 05 (C6H6) Absorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis Benzo (o) Annual* 01 01 Solvent extraction Pyrene(BaP) followed by HPLC/GC – Particulate analysis Phase only, Arsenic Annual* 06 06 AAS/ICP method after (As), sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper Nickel (Ni), Annual* 20 20 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
3-66 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
G.S.No.826 (E) dated 16th November, 2009. Vide letter no. F. No. Q- 15017/43/2007-CPW *Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. **24 hourly/8/1 hourly monitored values as applicable, shall be complied with 98 percent of the time in a year.2% of time they may be exceeded the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
3.6.5 Description of Sampling Locations The location of ambient air quality stations is contingent on the meteorological status of the area. Hence the micro meteorological data was collected before initiating the ambient air quality monitoring. Table 3.13 presents the ambient air quality locations and their distances and directions from the plant site.
Table 3.13 Locations of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Long Lats Distance Direction from ID Location w.r.t plant site Plant (KM) N 17°35’23.0” AAQ1 Project Site - - E 078°22’51.6” N 17°36’24.2” AAQ2 Gaggillapur NE 2.40 E 078°23’45.2” N 17°37’56.6” AAQ3 Annaram N 4.70 E 078°22’52.7” N 17°36’58.7” AAQ4 Chowdariguda NW 5.30 E 078°20’27.0” N 17°33’40.3” AAQ5 Borampet SE 3.60 E 078°23’55.1” N 17°38’53.5” AAQ6 Bandamadharam NE 8.05 E 078°25’38.0” N 17°35’34.3” AAQ7 Kristhyapalli W 2.50 E 078°21’30.9” N 17°34’13.1” AAQ8 Kazipalli E 078°20’57.2” SW 4.10
3-67 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Fig. 3.19 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations
3.6.6 Ambient Air Quality Status (Terms of Reference No: 24 &26)
The existing baseline levels with respect to Particulate Matter (Size 3 Less than 10µm) or PM10 µg/m , Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen at 8 locations are presented in Table 3.14 The parameters monitored at the site show the following variations; the VOC and HC values are observed below detectable limits, the other parameters of NAAQ standards are found to be below detectable
limits except for PM10, SO2 and NOx. It may be observed that the all
3-68 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
parameters at all stations are well within the limits prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board. Table 3.14 Ambient Air Quality Status Sampling Time: 24 Hrs Unit: µg/m3
98 Maximum Minimum Mean Pollutant Percentile AAQ-1) Location: Project Site PM10 89.6 80.8 87.27 89.2 PM2.5 54.1 44.6 51.6 52.8 SO2 12.94 7.39 11.86 12.92 NOx 20.36 18.30 19.6 20.22 CO 1.0 0.8 0.92 1.0 HC 5.0 VOC AAQ-2) Location: Gaggillapur PM10 77.26 47.31 55.27 56.16 PM2.5 37.7 27.3 40.1 40.9 SO2 12.76 9.24 11.84 12.32 NOx 15.08 10.92 13.87 14.56 CO 0.8 0.6 0.70 0.714 HC <0.01 VOC 2.0 AAQ-3) Location: Annaram PM10 58.13 43.32 55.62 56.61 PM2.5 39.8 38.6 39.2 39.8 SO2 9.14 4.60 7.19 9.01 NOx 14.62 10.20 12.48 14.62 CO 0.6 0.4 0.58 0.51 HC <0.01 VOC 1.0 AAQ-4) Location: Chowdariguda PM10 58.40 42.20 49.73 57.90 PM2.5 32.9 31.8 32.5 32.9 SO2 12.76 10.12 11.89 12.35 NOx 14.92 11.44 13.86 14.42 CO 0.74 0.62 0.65 0.69 HC <0.01 VOC 1.0 AAQ-5) Location: Borampet PM10 57.0 42.0 52.16 53.46
3-69 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
PM2.5 37.05 27.3 33.8 34.749 SO2 12.54 9.24 10.94 11.76 NOx 14.52 10.92 13.43 13.89 CO 1.07 0.48 0.74 1.05 HC <0.01 VOC 1.0 AAQ-6) Location: Bandamadharam PM10 56.0 46.0 54.45 55.08 PM2.5 40.1 38.5 39.2 39.8 SO2 12.32 10.12 11.87 12.117 NOx 14.56 11.96 13.87 14.32 CO 0.83 0.13 0.51 0.82 HC <0.01 VOC 1.0 AAQ-7) Location: Kistapalli PM10 59.32 44.26 54.75 55.62 PM2.5 43.9 42.1 43.4 43.8 SO2 12.98 9.68 11.98 12.23 NOx 12.88 10.70 12.11 12.85 CO 0.72 0.58 0.62 0.663 HC <0.01 VOC 2.0 AAQ-8) Location: Kazipalli PM10 69.0 56.0 66.39 67.50 PM2.5 44.85 36.4 42.87 43.875 SO2 15.18 12.32 13.62 14.85 NOx 17.94 14.56 16.89 17.55 CO 1.02 0.41 0.69 1.01 HC <0.01 VOC 2.0
VOC concentration measured as Isobutylene equivalent.
3.6.6.1 Analysis of Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in RSPM Over the past years PAH’s have been found to be ubiquitous constituents of urban airborne particles and have become a major health concern mainly due to their well-known carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. PAH’s formed during incomplete combustion of organic materials such as fossil fuels, coke and wood. Residence 3-70 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
time and removal mechanisms of PAHs in the atmosphere depend on their distribution among the particle size fractions.
PAH’s emitted from combustion sources and thus emitted to atmosphere in gas phase or in fine particles. After the entrance to atmosphere they are cold and they unite or adsorbed into small particles. Those processes lead PAH’s in higher concentrations to fine particles. The other parameters of CO, Ozone, Ammonia, Nickel, Arsenic and Lead are found to be below detectable limits. The volatile organic compound concentrations in the ambient air, and the values are observed to be ranging from 4.0 to 5.0 ppm at plant premises and in rest of villages are found to be between 1-2.
Table 3.15
Chemical composition of RSPM
Parame Units A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 ter 3 Sio2 µg/m 6.12 6.49 6.52 6.86 6.82 6.49 6.49 6.53 3 Ca µg/m 2.98 3.21 3.75 3.89 2.45 3.12 3.45 3.86 3 Fe µg/m 3.87 2.94 2.13 2.89 3.64 2.94 2.96 3.03 Cr µg/m3 <0.0 <0.0 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 BDL BDL 1 1 As ng/m3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Ni ng/m3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Pb µg/m3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Zn ng/m3 0.18 0.29 0.15 0.1 0.11 0.18 0.17 0.29 PAH ng/m3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL A1- site, A2- Gagillapur, A3- Annaram, A4- Choudariguda, A5- Borampeta, A6- Bandlamadhavaram A7- Kistapally,A-8 Khazipally
3-71 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.7 Noise Environment
Noise is an unwanted sound without musical quality. Artificial noise and its impact on environment, grown apace with advancing human civilization. Noise pollution is equally hazardous to environment as air, water and other forms of pollution. Various noise measurement units have been introduced to describe, in a single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up of various frequencies at different loudness levels. The most common scale is, weighted decibel dB (A), and measured as the relative intensity level of one sound with respect to another sound (reference sound).
The impact of noise depends on its characteristics (instantaneous, intermittent or continuous in nature), time of day (day or night) and location of noise source. Table 3.16 shows the effects of different noise levels on human beings. The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from noise induced hearing loss to annoying depending on noise levels.
The assessment of noise pollution on neighborhood environment due to the industry was carried out keeping in view, all the considerations mentioned above. The existing status of noise levels is measured at 8 locations within the study area. Figure 3.20 shows noise level measured locations. The measured noise values are shown in Table 3.17. Noise levels are high at the traffic junctions compared to the industrial and village areas. The highest noise levels are observed at site i.e., 55 dB (A) during day time and extremely low at Bontapalli i.e., 35 dB (A) during night time in the study area at the time of measurement.
3-72 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Fig. 3.20 Noise Sampling Locations
3-73 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table 3.16 Effects on Human Beings at Different Noise Levels
Noise Level Source Effects dB(A) Large Rocket Engine (near by) 180 Threshold of Pains
Hydraulic Press ( 1 m ) 130
Jet take off (60 m) 120 Maximum vocal effort possible Automobile Horn (1m) 120
Construction Noise (3m) 110
Jet Take off (600 m) 110
Shout, Punch, Press, Circular Saw 100 Very annoying
Heavy Truck (15m), Farm Machinery 90 Prolonged exposure Endangers Lathes, Sports Car, Noisy Machines hearing loss Automobile (15m) 80 Annoying
Freeway Traffic (15m) 70 Telephone is difficult, intrusive Loud Conversations 60
Living Room in Home 50 Quiet
Power Station (15m) 50
Bed Room in Home 40
Soft Whisper (5m) 30 Very quiet
Tick of Wall clock (1m) 30
Low radio Reception 20
Whisper 20
Rattling of Leaves by Breeze 10 Barely audible
0 Threshold of hearing
3-74 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Table 3.17 Equivalent Noise levels in the Study Area
Equivalent Noise Levels S.No. Location dB(A) Leq day Leq night 1. Project Site 69.2 62.5 2. Gaggillapur 63.1 58.5 3. Annaram 64.2 59.5 4. Chowdariguda 61.8 57.4 5. Borampet 61.7 54.3 6. Bandamadharam 63.6 59.2 7. Kristhyapalli 63.2 57.3 8 Kazipalli 67.0 62.1
3-75 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.8 Socio Economic Environment Industrial development reflects in social development, i.e., growth in infrastructure facilities, growth in employment rates, increased demands for housing, and other amenities etc., which will have a bearing on the socio economic status.
Socio-economic survey is conducted to with the following objectives & Scope
Objectives:
‹ Understanding the baseline socio-economic environment obtaining in the study area. ‹ Identifying the key stakeholders who are likely to be impacted as a consequence of proposed project implementation. ‹ Predicting the positive and negative impacts of the project on the socio-economic environment in the area. ‹ Suggesting mitigation measures to minimize the negative impacts. Scope :
‹ Assessing the baseline socio-economic environment prevailing in the geographic area comprising the core and buffer of the proposed site. ‹ Identifying the key economic sectors and major sources of livelihood in the study area. ‹ Understanding the social structures and lifestyles of people in the area who are likely to be affected most. ‹ Assessing the physical and social infrastructure facilities accessible to the project affected people. ‹ Identifying heritage precincts and archaeological monuments, if any in the area which may be affected by the proposed project.
3-76 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
‹ Predicting the likely socio-economic impacts as a consequence of establishing the project. ‹ Suggesting adverse impact mitigation measures in line with the felt needs, aspirations and expectations of the project affected people. ‹ Preparing an appropriate Socio-economic Environment Management Plan. The primary data was collected with the help of planned field surveys from July 04-08, 2014 in and around the proposed site covering 15 sample villages and urban agglomerations
Base line data of demographic characteristics- occupational status, literacy, health status and the access to infrastructure facilities for social development in the project area has been studied from the secondary data collected from census department
The primary data was collected with the help of planned field surveys from July 04-08, 2014 in and around the proposed site covering 15 sample villages and urban agglomerations as detailed in the Table below:
3-77 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.8.1 Demography
The geographical coverage for the socio-economic impact assessment extends to 83 villages falling within the mandatory 10 km radius from the proposed site.
3.8.1.1 Population Distribution The population distribution of the study area is presented in Table 3.18. The total population of the area is 153724 consisting of 81224 males and 72500 females. The population density is observed to be low reflecting on the terrain, low quality of soils and absence of reliable irrigation sources. The population of the scheduled castes is 18998 consists of 9607 males and 9391females, while the scheduled tribe population is 3866 consists of 5490 males and 1933 females, which is 12.35 and 2.51 % of the total population respectively.
Table 3.18 Population Distribution – Study Area
Category Population Total Population 153724 Male 81224 Female 72500 Population <6 years 22237 Male <6 years 11344 Females < 6years 10893 Scheduled Caste Population - Total 18998 Male – SC 9607 Female – SC 9391 Scheduled Tribe Population - Total 3866 Male – ST 1933 Female – ST 1933
3.8.2 Literacy Census operations consider a literate as a person who is above six years old and who can write and read as per the census. Table 3-78 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.19 presents the literacy levels in the study area. The population below six years old is 22237 consists of 11344 males and 10893 females, which is 14.46 % of the study area population. It may be observed that the literacy levels among females in general are low compared to the literacy levels among males.
Table 3.19 Literacy - Study Area
Category Population Total Population 153724 Total Population – Male 81224 Total Population - Female 72500 Population <6 years 22237 Male <6 years 11344 Females < 6years 10893 Total Literates 81493 Male –Literates 50577 Female – Literates 30916 Total Illiterates 72231 Male –Illiterate 30647 Female – Illiterate 41584
The percentage of literacy level in the study area among males is 32.9 and 20.11 among females. It may be observed that the literacy level among females is comparatively less than males.
3.8.3 Employment/Occupation Work is defined as participation in any economically productive activity - Physical/mental. The work force is classified into three categories: a) main workers, b) marginal workers and c) non- workers. Main workers are those who work for a substantial part of the year for a living such as salaried employees, agricultural labor etc. Marginal workers are those who worked the previous year but have not worked for a substantial part of this year. Non-workers 3-79 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
constitute students, house wives, dependents, pensioners etc. Table 3.20 presents the population distribution for employment.
It may be observed that a majority of the study area population falls in the non worker category, and the marginal workers form about 9.05% of the total population. The male female difference is also significant in all the regions and in all the categories. There are few females among the workers where as there are more non workers and marginal workers among females.
Table 3.20 Employments - Study Area
Category Population Total Population 153724 Total Population – Male 81224 Total Population – Female 72500 Total Main Workers 57731 Main workers – Male 43409 Main Workers – Female 14322 Total Marginal Workers 13916 Marginal Workers – Male 5986 Marginal Workers – Female 7930 Total Non Workers 82077 Non Workers – Male 31829 Non Workers – Female 50248
The main workers are further classified into; Total cultivators: those who engage a single worker or his family member to cultivate land for payment in money, kind or share; Agricultural labor: those who work in other’s lands for wages; Livestock, forestry, fishing and allied activities; Workers involved in mining and quarrying; Workers involved in manufacturing and processing industries in the house hold industries; non house hold industries; construction workers; workers
3-80 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
in trade and commerce; workers involved in transport, storage and communication ; and other services: government employees, teachers, priests, artists etc. Table 3.21 presents the main workers distribution among the study area population.
It may be observed that over 26.09 % of the study area population is involved in cultivation or agriculture labor, followed by other services to the tune of 10.71%. It may also be observed that the people involved in non household industry are significantly more reflecting on the industrial nature of the area. Significant differences are observed among the male and female workers, Female workers are found to be more in agricultural activity largely due to more percentage of females being agricultural labor. Table 3.21 Main Workers - Study Area
Category Population Total Population 153724 Total Population – Male 81224 Total Population – Female 72500 Total Main Workers 57731 Main workers – Male 43409 Main Workers – Female 14322 Total Cultivators 7505 Cultivators – Male 5542 Cultivators- Female 1963 Total Agriculture Labor 8962 Agriculture Labor – Male 4247 Agriculture Labor – Female 4715 Total Household Workers 1155 Household Workers – Male 767 Household Workers – Female 388 Total Others 40109 Others – Male 32853 Others – Female 7256
3-81 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.8.4 Living Standards and Infrastructure Sustainable development of any area is dependent not only the population but also on the availability of infrastructure which leads to better living standards. The infrastructure facilities are essential in providing education, awareness, health, communication, potable water, transport etc. The standards of living are the sum of the availability of the infrastructure to the subject community, wide variations in terms of income, economic conditions and patterns of spending.
Wage employment is the most predominant source of livelihood in the area. This phenomenon is reflected in the very strong presence of organised industry in the area. This is reflected in the presence of urban agglomerations in and around. Agriculture, horticulture and allied activities are a major source of livelihood for people in the interiors of the impact zone. However, as agriculture is largely a rainfed single crop activity in the area, the crop intensity, production and productivity levels are significantly low. As such, farming is essentially a subsistence activity. Presence of horticultural crops especially vegetables is relatively high. Unorganised small businesses are also an important source of livelihood in the area. The family incomes in the area, particularly the vulnerable groups, reportedly vary from Rs. 15,000 p.m to Rs. 5,000 p.m in the lower income strata with the modal income hovering around Rs. 7,500 p.m. 3.8.5 Life styles
Only 65% of the respondents owned a house, mostly semi-pacca. Of these, nearly 90% have a toilet on the premises. However,
3-82 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
more than 95% of the respondents have access to a mobile phone and a TV with a cable connection. Impressionistically, all the respondents dressed decently, had a square meal, maintained good health and had cordial intra and inter family relations. Usually, the interactions are made between different social groups in the village particularly on the eve of festivals. Participation of households in marriage and mourning is more common among homogenous social groups. Almost all the respondent households focus on child education and send their children to school. About 20% of the family expenditure pertains to education and health of the children. The recreation facilities in the area comprise cinema theatres, hotels and restaurants and sports areas.
3.8.6 Physical Infrastructure
The infrastructure facilities available in the impact zone are reflecting the rural nature of the entire study area. I. Educational Facilities The educational facilities available in the rural areas are meager. There are 80 primary schools, 38 middle schools and 2 high schools in the study area. There are no junior colleges in the area. The higher educational need of the population is met by Qutbullapur and Hyderabad.
II. Health facilities The medical and health facilities available in the impact zone are inadequate; there are 2 PHC, 18 PHS and no child welfare center and 1 RP centre in the entire area. The health needs of the
3-83 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
population in this area are met by quacks and other semi qualified persons. III. Availability of Potable Water The entire population in this area is dependent on ground water for drinking purposes. About 43 villages in the study area are dependent on tube wells, while the remaining villages are dependent on wells and hand pumps. IV. Transport and Communication Transport is essentially provided by the State Road Transport Corporation (RTC). Most of the study area has excellent road network in all the villages except in one village, which has kacha roads. SRTC bus facility is available for the all the villages. However it is observed that a number of private transport vehicles are observed in the area connecting them to Qutbullapur and Hyderabad.
V. Sources of Energy and Availability The primary source of energy in the study area is electricity, and the entire study area has electricity for agriculture and domestic purpose. The urban areas have LPG facility for their cooking purpose. A significant number of people in the urban area are also dependent on Kerosene for cooking purposes, which is contingent on the vagaries of public distribution system. A majority of the rural area is mostly dependent on Kerosene, dried cow dung cakes, wood from roadside trees for their domestic energy needs.
VI. Post and Telegraph facilities There are 25 post offices in the area and no post & Telegraph office in the study area. Phone facilities however are extended to some of the villages. 3-84 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
VII. Housing Census defines the house hold as a group of persons living together and sharing their meals from a common kitchen. The number of households in the impact zone is 26845, while the number of the houses is 27605. The density of the households is approximately five. The traditional houses made up of mud walls and covered by dry common grass and leaves of bourses are commonly found in the rural area, which are not considered pucca houses. The government has been augmenting the housing standards by constructing housing colonies for various weaker sections of the society.
3.8.7 Aspirations & apprehensions of people As revealed during focus group discussions, more than 80% of the respondents are aware of the overall industrial development in and around the area and they have fairly clear perceptions about the positive and negative impacts. The perceptions of the respondents as regards the establishment of bulk drugs manufacturing units in the area could be summarised as follows: o It would open up sustainable livelihoods in the area for the educated skilled and semi-skilled workforce. o Development of the secondary sector in the area will positively contribute to induced development leading to creation of multiplier self and wage employment opportunities. o It would help strengthen the infrastructure development in the area. o It would adversely affect the groundwater resources leading to depletion.
3-85 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
o It may lead to healthcare problems as a result of air, water and soil pollution
3.9 Land Utilization (Terms of Reference No: 6) Land use patterns can be prepared on the basis of revenue records though it is not an exact indicator of the actual use of the land at a given time. The impact zone has a large area in the coast and the ocean, where land is essentially marshy on the coast. Land use is presented under the heads of area under forest cover irrigated land, area under cultivation and cultivable wasteland in Table 3.22.
Table 3.22 Land Utilization Pattern
Category Area in Ha Forest Land 3596 Irrigated Land 4328 Culturable waste Land 5686 Unculturable Waste Land 7623 Unirrigated Land 10781 Total Land 32014.0
It may be observed that a majority of the study area is unirrigated, followed by Uncultivable Waste Land and Cultivable waste Land.
3.10 Project Economy M/s. Emmenar Pharma Private Limited is proposed to expand existing Unit in an area of 8.5 acres at sy.no 10 of Gaddapotharam IDA, Jinnaram Mandal, Medak District, Telangana. It is providing employment currently to 100 people. It will be spending approximately 24.5 Lakhs of rupees every month on salaries providing bread and succor to 200 families additionally. The proposed project will also generate indirect employment to the
3-86 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
locals during construction phase. The employers will contribute to the provident fund, ESI and provide facilities as per the relevant labor act. The proximity of Jadharla town will provide access to the extensive medical facilities available apart from the ESI medical facilities to the employees and their families. An industrial Canteen is established by the company. It may be concluded that satisfactory amenities are available for the population of the impact zone, while the amenities are available either within the village or at a minimum distance of 4 km. The area also has large tracts of waste lands which can be utilized for industrial development. 3.11 Biotic Environment (Terms of Reference No: 56)
Scope of work for this study is in line with the ToR assigned to the company which include identification of ecologically sensitive receptors based on literature survey and field investigations, prediction of impacts and their mitigation with conservation action plan. The study was carried out in core area (project site) and in buffer area i.e. 10.0 km periphery from the project site. The study was carried out scientifically using primary and secondary data in order to bring out factual information on the ecological conditions of the project site and its surroundings. The study involved assessment of general habitat type, vegetation pattern, preparation of inventory flora and fauna of terrestrial ecosystem in 10 km radius of the port and power project site. Biological assessment of the site was done to identify the presence of any Rare or Endangered or Endemic or Threatened (REET) species of flora or fauna in the project site or core area as well its buffer zone and to identify whether there are any ecologically sensitive area within the
3-87 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
area that is likely to be impacted (buffer zone). The study also designed to suggest suitable mitigation measures if necessary for protection of wildlife habitats conservation of REET species if any.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The basic objectives of the study are to evaluate the status of the flora and fauna of the core area and the buffer areas with specific reference to the rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species. Core area is defined as the proposed plant area while the surrounding areas up to a radius of 10 Km are described as the buffer area. The study is also designed to evaluate the adverse impacts of the proposed project activity, if any and to suggest remedial/mitigation measures in accordance with the objectives as desired by the IAIA and the Ministry of Environment and Forests (M.O.E&F), Government of India (G.O.I). With these objectives in mind, the following work was undertaken by a team of experienced professionals:
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. Baseline data of Terrestrial and Aquatic biological environment by studying distribution pattern, community structure, population dynamics and species composition of Flora and Fauna. 2. Areas used by protected, important or sensitive species of Flora or Fauna for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration shall be as ascertained. 3. Preparation of exhaustive seasonal wise list of Flora and Fauna of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of core and buffer zones with special reference to Endangered and dominant species.
3-88 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
4. Collecting the details on secondary data on the existing Flora and Fauna in the project area as well as within 10 km radius from project boundary, carried out by any university/institution and checklist prepared by the Forest Department. 5. Photo documentation of the flora and fauna including local habitats showing the ecological status of the project site. 6. Discussing the predicted impacts by the proposed activity with local villagers and EIA functional area experts on air, water, noise and other pollutants. 7. Impacts quantification through vegetation analysis and site specific parameters. 8. Preparation of the mitigation measures. 3.11.1 General information regarding the Study area The Deccan plateau region of Hyderabad in particular is highly overexploited by several anthropogenic activities resulting in loss of life supporting resources, biodiversity gene pool and nature’s self- sustaining and ameliorating capabilities. Hyderabad is the capital city of the Indian state of Telangana in South India. Currently, Hyderabad is also the capital city for Andhra Pradesh, as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, an arrangement that is scheduled to last for a maximum of ten years. Hyderabad occupies 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi), along the banks of the Musi River, it has a population of about 6.8 million and a metropolitan population of about 7.75 million, making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India. At an average altitude of 542 metres (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including Hussain Sagar—predating the city's founding—north of the then city centre.
3-89 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Narsapur Forest, located 35 km from Hyderabad, is spread between Gummadidala and Narsapur. This forest covers 30 km². This has variety of trees, many lakes and supports wildlife. Lately, this has become a hotspot for Telugu film shootings. Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary, located 75 km from Medak and 5 km from Sangareddy, is spread over 20 km². The average width of the sanctuary is 500 to 800 m. Nestling between Manjeera and Singoor barrages, the Manjira wild life sanctuary comprises nine small islands which are home to a number of resident and migratory birds in addition to marsh crocodiles and muggar. 3.11.2 Reserve Forests Following Reserve forests were observed in the study area Table 3.23 LIST OF RESERVE FORESTS IN THE STUDY AREA
S.No Reserve Forest
1 Dundigal 2 Kistaipalli 3 Kazipalli 4 Wailal 5 Pottaguda 6 Kodakanchi 7 Pochampalli 8 Gudavalli 9 Borampet 10 Suraram 11 Gajularamaram 12 Dulapalle 13 Palem 14 Jinnawaram 15 Mangampet 16 Royyapalli 17 Bontapalli 18 Mamdapur 19 Dabilpur
3-90 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.11.3 Methodology
Desktop work: The details of the project were collected before starting the field trip from the EIA project coordinator and discussed the probable impact of the pollutants released during the process various steps in the activity period on the local flora and fauna. Secondary data collected from the GIS divsiosn especially the maps related to Land use and Land cover, forest type, forest cover, villages / settlements, road, rail network etc. The total area was analysed in detail and with GIS tools and marked around 15 sampling points by covering the various ecosystems of core and buffer zones in all the directions. Figure 3.21 gives the sampling locations selected in buffer zone
3-91 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Fig 3.21 Sampling locations
3-92 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Tour Plan: The entire schedule is communicated to the consultant one week prior to get aware of my field visit. It may also helps the project authorities to know exactly about the sensitive zones and species specific conservation planning.
Field survey: A reconnasnce survey has been made randomly to observe the critical habitats to study indetail. General Interviews were made with local people on native animals and medicinal plants used frequently. A vehicle was engaged to make the trip. The entire tour was planned to cover all the points in shortest duration. A thorough review was made at each sampling point and spent about 20-30 minutes at each point. Habitat conditions and the present environmental condion ware documented at core and buffer areas. Photos were taken at each point and vegetation structure.
Survey Types used: 1. Reconnaissance survey (Near Agricultural, Human habitations and Road side) 2. Quadrate and Line transact method for trees, shrubs and herbs 3. Belt transect method 4. Point count method for birds
Equipment / Instruments deployed ‹ Digital Camera (NIKON 42 X zoom) ‹ GPS ‹ Measuring tape (Small) ‹ Binoculars ‹ Field observation book
3-93 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.11.4 Study Team A detailed survey of flora and fauna was carried out for summer season. Field visits are personally carried by myself (Mr. I. Siva Rama Krishna) and accompanied by one field assistant, Mr. G. Ramaswamy (Environental scientist from Pridhvi Envirotech (p) Limited). Identification of certain uncommon and doubtful species ware identified by Botanists from recognized universities and Institutions (Dr. L.M.D. Bakshu from SK University, BSI and ZSI scientists).
3.11.5 Methodology Flora and fauna studies were carried out for summer season to assess the list of terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity occur in the core and buffer zone of project site. Only photographs were taken during the field survey and no damage is created to flora and fauna during the sampling. Specimens were not collected and preserved.
3.11.5.1 Core Zone study: Within the core area, almost entire region was thoroughly investigated and noted the direct and indirect impacts created by the project. Quantification has been done for the trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses and terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna in the core area. Maximum effort was taken to assess the impact caused by the activity in the core zone and prepared conservation action plan with financial outlay.
3.11.5.2 Buffer zone study: Within the 10 Km buffer zone, 10 samples of 100m2 each were chosen by taking the following parameters into consideration.
3-94 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
‹ Vegetation (Open, Grassland, Scrub, Dense, Mixed etc) ‹ Terrain ‹ Topography ‹ Cultivation ‹ Road network ‹ Villages ‹ Aquatic Habitat
3.11.5.3 Floral study: Quadrate method has been used for carryout the study of trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses. 20 m X 20 m Quadrates for tree species, 5 m X 5 m quadrates for shrubs and 1 m X 1 m quadrates for herbs. During belt transects, an area of 100 m X 10 m width was estimated for statistical analysis, List of floral species observed at each quadrant was documented and photographed. Species were compared with standard floras and identifying the plants need for conservation. During the survey, quadrate wise list of flora were graphically recorded and at peak stage, the samplings were stopped. Species were documented at each sampling point along with their number and status. GBH was also measured for trees to estimate the forest cover. The status of the each species was represented by common, sporadic or rare. This was mainly depends upon the population density and occurrence of each species in the quadrate. The data was compared with the list mentioned in red data book to check REET species.
3.11.5.4 Faunal study: A detailed study has been carried out for faunal species by direct and indirect methods. Direct sightings were made for aves, reptiles
3-95 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
and insects and secondary data on mammals were local villagers. These techniques are accepted in EIA studies as per the EIA Notification of 2006. The species sighted were photographed and identified with standard pictorial guides. Scheduling of species were done according to Indian Wildlife Protection act (1972) and IUCN is done for each species and checked the REET species. No quantitative data was calculated as some species are listed through secondary source. As the animals were migratory, habitats used by protected, important or sensitive species for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration were ascertained.
3.11.6 Identification of floral species: Plants were identified based on the keys and descriptions of the books: T.Pullaiah and Karuppusamy (2007), and Plants of Indian Subcontinent by K. Ramesh (2009).
Identification and field study of faunal species: a. Insects: Direct observations were made and photographed. The Specimens were identified by using various field guides and other available literature (Odonata: Satyarani, 1988; Butterflies: Isac Kahimkar, 2009; Krishnamegha Kunte, 2007; and other published ).
b. Herpeto fauna (Amphibians and Reptiles): Reptile species were identified using “Fauna of British India” (J.C. Daniel, Whitaker and Captain (2004). Amphibians were identified based on the keys and descriptions of Chanda (2002) and Daniels (2005).
3-96 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
c. Aves: Bird surveys were carried out through point count method at dawn and desk near water bodies. Identification was done using book of Indian birds by Salim Ali and S.D. Ripley (1998), Grammet, Anderson.
d. Mammals: Mammalian surveys were conducted through direct and indirect evidences (Vocal, scat, Pugmarks). Identification was done using book by Prater (1997) and Sachin Jaltare (2009).
3.11.7 Data Analysis: Ecological parameters viz., abundance, density, frequency, IVI, Shannon- Wiener diversity index, Simpson’s dominance index, Abundance/Frequency (A/F) ratio for distribution pattern of species and Similarity Index were derived from the quantitative primary data collected during field survey.
Frequency, density, abundance and basal area were calculated following Misra (1968).
Number of sampling units in which a species occurs Frequency: ______X 100 Total number of sampling units studied
The frequency of individual species is the number of times the species occurs in the sampling quadrant.
Total number of individuals in all sampling units Density: ______Total number of sampling units studied 3-97 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Density is the measure of dense in the distribution of an individual species within a given area.
Total population of the species in all quadrates Abundance: ______Species occurrence in all quadrates
Number of occurrences of a species Relative frequency: X100 Total number of occurrences of all species
Number of individuals of a species Relative density: X 100 Total number of individuals of all species
Abundance of individual species Relative Abundance: ______X 100 Total abundance of all species
Importance Value Index (IVI) IVI: RD + RF +RBA
IVI for trees (300) was derived from relative density (RD), relative frequency (RF) and relative basal area (RBA) where as the same was calculated for shrubs (200) and herbs (200) from only relative frequency and relative density.The Importance Value Index (IVI) is an expression used to summarize the plant data; it is desirable to use as many values as possible.
Species Diversity Shannon Diversity Index has been used for estimating the diversity among the selected sampling sites (Reserve forests areas) in order to highlight the most diverse site, calculate the Shannon Wiener diversity index of each site using the formula:
3-98 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Diversity = - ∑ Pi. ln Pi
S= Number of individuals of one species Where Pi = ------N = Total number of all individuals in the sample and, ln is the logarithm to the base e
Shannon – Wiener Indices of Diversity vary depending upon the species richness (number of species present in a given unit area) and their dominance or evenness. As the species richness and evenness increase, Shannon – Wiener Indices of Diversity also increase correspondingly. On the other hand, when the species richness decreases and as dominance increases, diversity decreases. Communities with less number of species with high level of dominance or low level of uniformity will have lower diversity. Thus it is a statistical function based on the richness and evenness components. Evenness and dominance are inversely related. This can be also calculated through Statistical Software “PAST”.
Similarity index: Similarity index (SI) or Community Coefficient (CC) between the core and buffer zones or between the various Reserve forestes or Ecosystems were calculated following Sorenson (1948). Indices of similarity = 2C/A+B Where, C represents the number of species common to two RFs; A and B represent the number of species present in each RF.
3-99 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd.
Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Status of Flora as per Raunkiaer’s Frequency Classes Raunkiaer classified the occurrence of species in an area into five classes of frequency Class – A (1 to 20%), Class – B (21 to 40%) Class – C (41 to 60%) Class – D (61 to 80%) and Class – E (81 to 100). The normal distribution of the frequency percentages derived from such classification is expressed as A>B>C=D Distribution pattern (A/F ratio): The ratio between abundance and frequency was used to interpret the distribution pattern of species (Whitford, 1949). Distribution pattern of species was identified as regular distribution if A/F ratio is < 0.025, random distribution if A/F ratio is between 0.025 to 0.050 and contiguous/clumped distribution if A/F ratio is > 0.050 as per Curtis and Cottam (1956). Contiguous distribution is most common in nature. Random distribution is found in a very uniform environment. Regular distribution occurs where severe competition exists between individuals. 3.11.8 Status of biotic environment: Core zone: The project site is a private land with man made ecosystem with few selected trees, shrubs and herbs. Entire area is with terrestrial vegetation without forest or agriculture land and it was devoid of any ecologically sensitive biological resources. There are no REET species present in the core zone. No migratory corridors or breeding grounds for faunal speices present here. They are maintaining green belt within their site premises. The species selected were at random based and site specific. Efforts were made 3-100 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report towards greenery of the area. Tall and broad leaved trees were grown towards the boundary wall to check the pollution dispersal rate. Attractive flowering herbs and shrubs were maintained in the garden area. Some space was allotted to raise specific plants in core zone. No special precautions were made towards faunal diversity. The common butterflies, dragonflies, birds and smaller mammals were sighted here. The gaseous pollutants were seviourly observed here. Ornamental species like Hybiscus rosa-synensis etc, were planted at ground and middles story. In upper story, Peltoforum pterocarpum, Musa paradisiaca, Ficus bengalensis, Ficus hispida, Eucaluptus sp,, and sporadically distributed trees are Areca sp., Cassia simea, Acasia auriculata, Pongamia pinnata, Syzizium cumini, Plumaria rubra, Azadiracta indica. The most commonly seen shrubs are Nerium indicum, Lantana camera, Calotropis procera and herbs are very limited as the entire ground covered with carpet grass and other natural Indian grass varieties covered. Apart from that few weeds are commonly seen at few places are Euphorbia hirta, Croton bonplantianum, Tridax procumbance and Cassia uniflora. The faunal composition generally with arboreal and semi arboreal based animals. Some very common small animals like Squirrels, rats, Calotis versicolor and Mabuya carinata are generally found here. In aves, Mynas, White headed babblers, Sparrows, Black drango and Indian Robin are seen. Butterflies are fairly attracted to the ornamental plants and water present on grasses during sprinkling. A detailed list of trees, shrubs, herbs and ornamental plants present in the Core zone is mentioned in Annexure I 3-101 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Core zone habitat Bufferzone: Buffer zone is mostly with human habitations. The city expantion is at faster rate and even it is the major threat to the natural vegetation and on ground water. Several reserve forests are present in the buffer zone and mostly with open scrub forest. Buffer area is mainly Urban land. Some part of the buffer area is under reserve forest. This area is having few shrubs having xerophytic adaptation. Most of the region is barren and rocky. Hence vegetative survey mainly conducted on herbs and shrubs. The floral quantification has been done in the reserve forest areas where quadrate method can be adopted. There are no endangered and endemic plants present in the buffer and core zones. There are no medicinal, timber / fuel wood, fodder and other socio-economic purposes. The vegetation at Non forest areas and RF’s were analysed statistically at various points and recorded the diversity and density of individuals. The faunal composition was also estimated based on the direct and indirect evidences. Tectona grandis, Cocos nucifera. Phoenix aculis, Borassus flabellifera, Azadirachta indica, Prosopis spicegera, Ficus sp, Acacia sp, Tribulus terrstris, Achyranthus aspera, Balanites aegyptiaca, Caesalpinia 3-102 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report bonduc, Euphorbia caudifolia, E. tirucelli. Opuntia, Sarcostemma viminale are mainly restricted to waste and culturable waste lands ands. Albizia procera, Albizia lebbeck, Delonix regia, Azadirchta indcia, Peltoforum sp., Terminalia catapa, Psidium guava, Dalbergia sisso and Tamarindus indica are predominant near villages. A detailed list of plantations, floral and faunal species present in the buffer zone is mentioned in Annexure I 3.11.9 Buffer zone habitat Non Forest Vegetation In the non-forest area, different types of vegetation were recorded. Tree species in these sites were mostly planted and few were natural. Trees available in the non-forest area are classified into four categories in the study area. These categories are: • Roadside: Trees planted along the road side. The dominant plant species are Acasia, Neem, Ficus, Peltoforum, Sisoo, Rain Tree, etc. • Village woodlot: Naturally growing or planted trees on community /private land. The dominant plant species are Neem, Ficus, Banana, Mango, Bamboo, etc. 3-103 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report • Pond side vegetation: Mostly planted trees along the pond side of the villages. The dominant plant species are Ficus, Typha, Lantana etc. 3.11.10 PHYTO-SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES-PRIMARY SURVEY Phytosociological studies were carried out by using least count quadrat method. Trees and shrubs were sampled by taking quadrates of 100m2 and in case of herbaceous vegetation of 1 m2 distributed randomly. Their girths (GBH at 132 cm from the ground) were recorded. The data obtained was analysed to estimate Relative Frequency, Relative Density, Relative abundance and Importance Value Index (IVI) values. Sampling locations for statistical analysis Sr. Location Name of the RF Distance Direction No. Code from plant from plant site(in km ) site 1 T-1 Kazipalli 0.5 SW 2 T-2 Pottaguda 6 W 3 T-3 Dulapalle 8 SE 4 T-4 Jinnawaram 5 NW 5 T-5 Dabilpur 8.5 NE Note: At each sampling location the protocol adopted to collect primary data were trees-10 quadrates of 10X10 m and shrubs 5 x 5m and herbs-10 quadrates of 1m x 1m Identification of Flora The species of flora found during the species identification survey within and in the forest tracts adjacent to Plant area are given as Annexure I 3-104 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Idendification and field study Ficus hispida Dalbergia sisso Pongamia pinnata Dendrocalmis strictus Tamarinud indica 3-105 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Phyto Sociology of Flora Frequency: Kazipalli: The most frequent tree species are Azadiracta indica and Cocos nucifera followed by Procophis, Pongamia and Calotropis Sp. This is quite evident from the composition of vegetation in this region, as it is shrub forest area, number of trees species are lesser compared to the shrub species. Pottaguda: In this region Peltophorum pterocarpum is found with 100 % frequency. The other tree species with 80 % frequency are Dalbergia sissoo. Dulapalle: In this RF, Balanites aegyptiaca is the most frequent shrub species and Cissus, Casia auriculata and Jatropha gossipifoliam are with 100 % frequency. Which means the entire belt is in habited with these types of plants. Jinnawaram: In this RF, Procophis juliflora and Balanites aegyptiaca is the most frequent shrub species and Casia auriculata and Jatropha gossipifoliam are with 100 % frequency followed by Azadiracta indica. Dabilpur: The most frequent tree species are Tectona grandis, Acacia nilotica and Procophis juliflora with 100% frequency and Vitex negundo with 80% frequency. Relative Density Kazipalli: With respect to the phyto sociological parameter of density, Azadiracta indica has density of 17.1 followed by Cocos nucifera and Calotropis procera. Pottaguda:In this area Peltoforum pterocarpum stands out at a density of 21.2 followed by Dalbergia sisso at 18.2. Dulapalle: The highest density tree species is Jatropha gossypifolia, followed by Balanites aegyptiaca and Cassia auriculata. 3-106 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Jinnawaram: The highest density tree species is Cassia auriculata, followed by Prosopis juliflora. Dabilpur: The highest density tree species is Tectona grandis, followed by Prosopis juliflora. Species Diversity To calculate species diversity Kazipalli, Pottaguda, Dulapalle, Jinnawaram and Dabilpur were selected. The diversity indexes of the sites were 2.619, 2.59, 2.288, 2.423 and 2.494 respectively. The indexes show that the Kazipalli is more diverse area followed by Pottaguda, Dabilpur, Jinnawaram and Dulapalle. The above analysis shows that the floral community of the Jinnawaram is more stable than the other selected areas. Phyto sociological characteristics in the study area are given in Annexure-I. Endemic, Threatened and Endangered Plant Species In the floristic checklist, the study area shows rich floristic diversity. Number of floral species in the study area are 179. A good number of species are commercially cultivated in orchards. Number of plant species have medicinal value and also important for other non- timber produces. From the present survey it appears that none of the endangered plant species exist in the study area. Status of Flora as per Raunkiaer’s Frequency Classes The ecological status of vegetation was calculated using the Raunkiaer’s normal frequency diagrams and the results are given. A 4 B 5 C 4 D 3 E 3 3-107 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report The result shows that, the distribution is Homogeneous fulfilling the Raunkiaer’s law. The Homogenous observed among the plant community reveals that, the characteristic species of Tree are dominant and occupies the class B. They were recorded in all the stands used for this investigation showing the highest frequency; there is a wide distribution of plant species observed in various stands. 100% Frequency were not recorded for many characteristic species except for Delonix regia, Prosophis juliflora and Acacia auriculata. Though, these three species are dominant, the distribution of vegetation is homogeneous in nature. The Homogeneous status indicates that there is maximum human impact in the study area which is also similar to that of human population in this city. 3.11.11 Fauna and Wildlife The present study reveals that 11 mammalian species, 47 avian species and 20 reptilian species were recorded from this area. Mammalian Species The current survey recorded 11 species from the study area. Out of these, Jungle Cat (Felis chaus), Indian Grey Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), Common Langur (Mucaca mulata) are found to be under Part-II of Schedule-II as per wildlife protection act,1972 but Least Concern under IUCN category. These are very common in all forested areas throughout country and need not to take conservation steps except to protect their natural habitats. Wildlife Corridors, Seasonal Movements and Migration: No such zones are present in the study area. Avian Species: The survey results show that 47 species of birds are recorded and none of them are rare or endangered. 3-108 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Reptilian Species: The survey recorded 20 species of reptiles in the study area. Out of these, Naja naja (Indian Cobra), Vipera russelli (Russel Viper), Ptyas mucosus (Common Rat snake), Chamaeleon zelanicus (Chameleon) Varanus bengalensis (Common Indian monitor) Xenocchrophis piscator (Cheekered keelback) are under Schedule-II as per wildlife protection act, 1972 but Least Concern under IUCN category. These are very common in all forested areas throughout country and need not to take conservation steps except to protect their natural habitats. Zone wise and Ecosystem wise distribution: Out of 186 species found under various categories, almost every species found in the Buffer zone and only 124 common floral species found in the core zone. No REET species found in the core zone. Out of 186 species found under various categories, 186 species are identified in the reserve forest zones, 145 species found in the non forested habitats, 43 species found near the agricultural habitats and 12 species found near the aquatic habitat. Similarity index: Indices of similarity = 2C/A+B =2 X 24/ 203 = 0.236 Distribution pattern (A/F ratio): The present dististribution pattern ration is 0.033, which represents more contiguous/clumped type of distribution is present in the study area which is very common in nature. Threatened and Endangered Animal Species (terrestrial) None of the terrestrial species are under endangered and threatened species, and not listed in the Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 as amended in 1991. Some of the species are under Schedule II for which conservation the habitat is 3-109 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report much required.A detailed list of all the mammalian, avian and reptilian species including the endangered and threatened species recorded in the study area is given in Annexure I . 3.11.12 Aquatic Ecosystem The biological resources of aquatic system were studied in the small ponds present in buffer area. Fishes : A total of 22 species of fishes have been recorded in the study area by secondary source of information. Amphibia: 5 common species were seen during the study. Aquatic Bird: 6 species of aquatic birds are recorded. Threatened and Endangered Aquatic Fauna: The survey results show that none of the aquatic fauna is threatened or endangered according to Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and amended in 1991. A detailed list of aquatic species recorded is given in Annexure I. 3-110 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd. TABLE NO.1 LIST OF PLANTATIONS RECORDED IN STUDY AREA Sr. Technical Name Local Name No. I. Plantations 1. Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae 2. Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae 3. Albizia odorattissima Mimosaceae 4. Albizia procera Mimosaceae 5. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae 6. Bambusa arundanacea Poaceae 7. Bauhinia purpuria Caesalpinaceae 8. Bauhinia variegate Caesalpinaceae 9. Butea frondosa Caesalpinaceae 10. Butea superba Caesalpinaceae 11. Delonix regia Caesalpinaceae 12. Eucalyptus teretocronis Myrtaceae 13. Leucena leucophloe Caesalpinaceae 14. Peltoforrum ferrusinum Caesalpinaceae 15. Pongamia pinnata Papillionaceae 16. Sesbania suevalens Ceasalpinacae 17. Tectona grandis Verbinaceae TABLE NO.2 LIST OF PLANT SPECIES RECORDED IN CORE & BUFFER AREAS AND THEIR RELATIVE ABUNDANCE STATUS S.No. Botanical Name Family Habit Core Core Buffer Status 1 Abutilon cryspum Malvaceae Shrub A P C 2 Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Shrub A P C 3 Acacia leucophloea Mimosaceae Tree A P C 5 Acacia leucocephala Mimosaceae Tree A P C 6 Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Tree A P C 7 Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Herb A P C 8 Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Tree A P S 9 Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Herb A P C 10 Albizia amara Leguminosae Tree A P C 11 Albizia lebbek Mimosaceae Tree A P S 12 Aloe vera Asphodelaceae Herb A P C 13 Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae Herb A P S 14 Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae Herb A P C 15 Annona squamosa Annonaceae Tree A P C 16 Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae Tree A P C Anthocephalus 17 cadamba Rubiaceae Tree A P C 18 Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae Herb A P C 19 Asparagus racemosus Asperagaceae Herb A P C 21 Balanites aegyptiaca Balanitaceae Shrub A P C 22 Barleria prinotis Acanthaceae Herb A P S 23 Bauhinia purpurea Fabaceae Tree A P S 24 Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniaceae Tree A P C 25 Biophytum nervifolium Malpighiaceae Herb A P C 26 Blumea mollis Asteraceae Herb A P C 27 Blumea virens Asteraceae Herb A P S 28 Boerhaevia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Herb A P C 29 Borassus flabellifer Arecaceae Tree A P C 30 Borreria hispida Rubiaceae Herb A P C 31 Butea monosperma Leguminosae Tree A P C 32 Caesalpinia bonduc Leguminosae Shrub A P S 33 Caesalpinia pulcherrima Fabaceae Tree A P S 34 Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae Shrub A P C 35 Capparis sapiaria Capparaceae Shrub A P C 36 Carissa carandas Apocynaceae Shrub A P C 37 Cascabela thevetia Apocynaceae Shrub A P C 38 Cassia auriculata Caesalpiniaceae Tree A P C 39 Cassia fistula Leguminosae Tree A P S 40 Cassia occidentalis Caesalpiniaceae Shrub A P C 41 Cassia roxburghii Leguminosae Tree A P C 42 Cassia siamea Leguminosae Tree A P S 43 Cassia uniflora Caesalpiniaceae Herb A P S 44 Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae Tree A P C 45 Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Herb A P C 46 Catunaregam spinosa Rubiaceae Tree A P S 47 Ceiba pentandra Malvaceae Tree A P C 48 Chloris barbata Poaceae Herb A P S 49 Cissus quadrangularis Vitaceae Shrub A P S 50 Cleome viscosa Cleomaceae Herb A P S 51 Clerodendron inerme Verbenaceae Tree A P C 52 Clitoria ternatea Fabaceae Climber A P C 53 Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae Herb A P C 54 Cocos nucifera Arecaceae Tree A P S 55 Combretum albidum Combretaceae Climber A P S 56 Crotan bonplantianum Euphorbiacea Herb A P S 57 Cryptolepis buchanani Periplocaceae Climber A P C 58 Cucumis trigonus Cucurbitaceae Climber A P S 59 Cymbopogon coloratus Poaceae Grass A P C 60 Cymbopogon flexuosus Poaceae Grass A P C 61 Cynodon dactylon Cyperaceae Grass A P C 62 Cynoglotis tuberosa Commelinaceae Grass A P C 63 Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Grass A P S 64 Cyperus rubicundus Cyperaceae Grass A P C 65 Cyperus triceps Cyperaceae Grass A P C 66 Daemia extensa Asclepidaceae Climber A P C 67 Dalbergia latifolia Papilionaceae Tree A P C 68 Dalbergia paniculata Papilionaceae Tree A P S 69 Datura stramonium Solanaceae Shrub A P C 70 Dendrocalamus strictus Poaceae Tree A P C 71 Dendrophthoe falcata Loranthaceae Grass A P C 72 Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae Shrub A P C 73 Echinops ehinatus Asteraceae Shrub A P S Erythroxylon 74 monogynum Erythroxylaceae Shrub A P C 75 Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae Tree A P S 76 Eupatorium odoratum Asteraceae Herb A P C 77 Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbiaceae Herb A P C 78 Euphorbia nivulia Euphorbiaceae Herb A P C 79 Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae Herb A P C 80 Evolvulus alsinoides Convolvulaceae Herb A P C 81 Ficus hispida Moraceae Tree A P C 82 Ficus microcape Moraceae Tree A P S 83 Ficus mollis Moraceae Tree A P C 84 Gmelina orborea Lamiaceae Tree A P C 85 Grewia hirsuta Tiliaceae Shrub A P S 86 Grewia obtusa Tiliaceae Shrub A P C 87 Grewia tilliaefolia Tiliaceae Shrub A P C 88 Grewia flavescens Tiliaceae Tree A P S 89 Grewia hirsuta Tiliaceae Tree A P C 90 Grewia villosa Tiliaceae Shrub A P C 91 Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaceae Herb A P C 92 Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadaceae Climber A P C 93 Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae Herb A P S 94 Indigofera cassiodes Papilionaceae Shrub A P S 95 Ipomoea carnea Convolvulaceae Shrub A P C 96 Ipomoea obscura Convolvulaceae Climber A P S 97 Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae Shrub A P S 98 Jatropha glandulifera Euphorbiaceae Shrub A P C 99 Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Tree A P S 100 Leucaena leucocephala Leguminosae Tree A P C 101 Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Herb A P C 102 Limonia acidissima Rutaceae Tree A P C 103 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree A P C 104 Marsdenia tenacissima Asclepiadaceae Climber A P C 105 Melia azadirach Tree A P S 106 Mimosa rubicaulis Mimosaceae Shrub A P C 107 Mimosops elengi Sapotaceae Tree A P S 108 Morinda tinctoria Rubiaceae Tree A P C 109 Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Tree A P C 110 Murraya koenigii Rutaceae Tree A P C 111 Ocimum canum Lamiaceae Herb A P S 112 Oldenlandia umbellata Rubiaceae Herb A P C 113 Opuntia dillenii Cactaceae Shrub A P S 114 Pavetta indica Rubiaceae Tree A P S 115 Pavonia zeylanica Malvaceae Herb A P C 116 Pergularia daemia Asclepiadaceae Climber A P S 117 Phoenix sylvestris Araceae Tree A P C 118 Phyllanthus amanus Euphorbiaceae Herb A P C 119 Pithecellobium dulce Leguminosae Tree A P C 120 Plumeria alba Apocynaceae Tree A P C 121 Prosopis chilensis Leguminosae Tree A P S 122 Prosopis juliflora Mimosaceae Tree A P C 123 Pterocarpus marsupium Papilionaceae Tree A P C 124 Pupalia lappacea Amaranthaceae Herb A P C 125 Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree A P C 126 Sapindus emarginatus Sapindaceae Tree A P S 127 Sarcostemma viminale Apocyanaceae Shrub A P S 128 Sida acuta Malvaceae Herb A P C 129 Sida cordata Malvaceae Herb A P S 130 Solanum melongena Solanaceae Shrub A P C 131 Solanum surattense Solanaceae Herb A P C 132 Soymida febrifuga Meliaceae Tree A P C 133 Sphaeranthus indicus Asteraceae Herb A P C 134 Strychnos nux-vomica Loganiaceae Tree A P C 135 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree A P S 136 Tecoma stans Bignoniaceae Tree A P C 137 Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Tree A P C 138 Tephrosia purpurea Fabaceae Herb A P C 139 Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Tree A P C 140 Thespecia populnea Malvaceae Tree A P S 141 Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Climber A P C 142 Tragia involucrata Euphorbiaceae Herb A P C 143 Tribulus terrstris Zygophyllaceae Herb A P C 144 Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Herb A P C 145 Triumfetta rhomboidea Taccaceae Herb A P C 146 Tylophora indica Asclepiadaceae Climber A P C 147 Typha angustata Typhaceae Shrub A P S 148 Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb A P C 149 Vanda tessellata Orchidaceae Herb A P S 150 Vitex negundo Verbenaceae Tree A P C 151 Ziziphus numularia Rhamnaceae Tree A P S 152 Ziziphus oenoplia Rhamnaceae Climber A P C 153 Ziziphus rugosa Rhamnaceae Climber A P S 154 Zizyphus jujuba Rhamnoceae Tree A P S 155 Zizyphus spinosa Rhamnaceae Herb A P C 156 Acacia auriculiformis Leguminosae Tree P P C 157 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Tree P P C 158 Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae Shrub P P C 159 Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Herb P P C 160 Cyperus alopecuroides Cyperaceae Grass P P C 161 Cyperus castaneus Poaceae Herb P P C 162 Cyperus flavidus Cyperaceae Grass P P C 163 Cyperus pangorei Cyperaceae Grass P P C 164 Dalbergia sisso Caesalpiniaceae Tree P P C 165 Delonix regia Fabaceae Tree P P C 166 Eclipta alba Asteraceae Herb P P C 167 Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Herb P P C 168 Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Tree P P C 169 Ficus racemosa Moraceae Tree P P S 170 Ficus religiosa Moraceae Tree P P C 171 Lantana camara Verbenaceae Shrub P P C 172 Nerium odoratum Apocynaceae Tree P P C Parthenium 173 hysterophorus Asteraceae Herb P P C Peltophorum 174 pterocarpum Leguminosae Tree P P C 175 Plumeria rubra Apocynaceae Tree P P C 176 Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Tree P P C 177 Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae Tree P P C 178 Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae Tree P P C 179 Vernonia cinerea Asteraceae Herb P P C Note: C: Common; R: Rare; S: Sporadic; P: Present; A: Absent TABLE NO.3 LIST OF FAUNA & THEIR CONSERVATION STATUS Sl. Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Conservation No. Status status as per wildlife protection act,1972 1. Bandicota indica Large Bandicoot Rat LC - 2. B.bengalensis Lesser Bandicoot Rat LC - 3. Cynopterus sphinx Short nosed Fruit Bat LC V 4. Felis chaus Jungle Cat LC Part-II of Sch-II 5. Funambulus Three Stripped Squirrel LC IV palmarum 6. Herpestres Common Mongoose LC Part-II of Sch-II edwardsinyula 7. Lepus nigricollis Black napped Hare LC IV nigricollis 8. Mus booduga Little Indian Field LC V Mouse 9. Mus musculus House Mouse LC V 10. Mucaca mulata Common Langur LC Part-II of sch-II 11. Sus scrofa Wild Boar LC III TABLE NO.4 List of AVES either spotted or reported or recorded from the study area. LC means Least Concern Conservation status as per Sr.No Technical Name Local name wildlife protection act,1972 1. Acridotheres tristicus Common myna Sch-IV 2. Aegithina tiphia Iora Sch-IV 3. Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Sch-IV 4. Anas acuta Common Teal Sch-IV 5. Anas querquedula Gangney Teal Sch-IV 6. Ardeola grayii Pond Heron Sch-IV 7. Artamus fuscus Ashy Swallow Shrike Sch-IV 8. Astur badius Shikra Sch-IV 9. Aythya feroma White eyed Pochard Sch-IV 10. Brachypternus Malabar Golden backed Sch-IV bengalensis wood 11. Bubo bubo Indian great horned Owl Sch-IV 12. Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Sch-IV 13. Caprimulgus asiaticus Common Indian jar Sch-IV 14. Centropus sinensis Crow Pheasant Sch-IV 15. Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove Sch-IV 16. Columbus livibus Rock Pigeon Sch-IV 17. Corvus corvus Jungle crow Sch-IV Conservation status as per Sr.No Technical Name Local name wildlife protection act,1972 18. Corvus splendens House crow Sch-V 19. Egretta garzetta Little Egret Sch-IV 20. Eudynamis Koel Sch-IV scolopaceus 21. Gallinula chlorpus Moore hen Sch-IV 22. Gallus gallus Red Jungle fowl Sch-IV 23. Haliastur indus Brahmny kite Sch-IV 24. Hierococys varius Common Hawk Cuckoo Sch-IV 25. Hirundo daurica Redrumped Swallow Sch-IV 26. Lalage sykesi Black headed cochoo Sch-IV Shrike 27. Lobpluvia Yellow wattled Lapwing Sch-IV malabaraica 28. Lobvanella indicus Redwattled Lapwing Sch-IV 29. Megalaima merulinus Indian Cuckoo Sch-IV 30. Merops leschenaulti Chestnut headed Bee Sch-IV Eater 31. Merops orinetalis Common Bee Eater Sch-IV 32. Milvus migrans Pariah kite Sch-IV 33. Milyus migrans Common Kite Sch-IV 34. Motacilla cinerea Grey wagtail Sch-IV 35. Motacilla Large pied wagtail Sch-IV maderaspatensis 36. Oriolus oriolus Indian Oriole Sch-IV Conservation status as per Sr.No Technical Name Local name wildlife protection act,1972 37. Oriolus xanthornus Black Headed Oriole Sch-IV 38. Passer domisticus House Sparrow Sch-IV 39. Ploceus philippines Weaver bird Sch-IV 40. Psittacula Krammeri Rose ringed parakeet Sch-IV 41. Pycnonotus cafer Red vented bulbul Sch-IV 42. Quills contronix Grey quail Sch-IV 43. Temenuchus Brahmny Myna Sch-IV pagodarum 44. Tephrodornis Common Wood shrike Sch-IV ondiceraianus 45. Turdoides striatus White headed babler Sch-IV 46. Baya baya Golden sparrow Sch-IV 47. Tylo alba Barn Owl Sch-IV TABLE NO.5 List of Reptiles either spotted or reported from the study area. LR = Lower Risk; LC = Least Concern; Sl. Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Conservation No. Status status as per wildlife protection act,1972 1. Ahaetulla nasutus Green whip snake LC 2. Naja naja Indian Cobra LC II 3. Vipera russelli Russel Viper LR II 4. Dendrelaphis tristis Common Indian LC Bronze Back or Tree Snake 5. Ptyas mucosus Common Rat snake LC II 6. Amphiesma stolata Buffstriped keelback LC 7. Trimeresurus Green pit viper LC IV gramineus 8. Typhlops Common blind snake LC IV hypomethes 9. Macropisthodon Green keel back LC plumbicolor 10. Xenocchrophis Cheekered keelback LC II piscator 11. Boiga ceylonensis Cat snake LC 12. Bungarus caeruleus Common Indian Krait LC 13. Common Smooth LC Enhydris enhydris Water Snake 14. Varanus bengalensis Common Indian LR II monitor 15. Chamaeleon Chameleon VU II zelanicus 16. Mabuya carinata Common Skink LC 17. Calotes rouxi Forest Calottes LC 18. Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard LC 19. Hemimidactylus House gecko LC brooki 20. Hemidactylus Southern House LC forenatus Gecko TABLE NO.6 List of Amphibians either spotted or reported from the study area. LC means Least Concern Sl. Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Conservation status No. Statu as per wildlife s protection act,1972 1. Bufo Common toad LC Sch-IV melanosticus 2. Rana hexadactyla Commn green LC Sch-IV frog 3. Rana leptodactyla Small forg LC Sch-IV 4. Rana tigrina Bullfrog LC Sch-IV 5. Rhacophorus Common Tree LC Sch-IV maculatus Frog TABLE NO.7 List of fishes either spotted or reported from the study area. LC means Least Concern IUCN Status S.No Scientific Name Family LC 1 Clarias batrachus Clariidae LC 2 Osteobrama cotio Cyprinidae LC 3 Labeo rohita Cyprinidae LC 4 Chela laubuca Cyprinidae LC 5 Salmostoma bacaila Cyprinidae LC 6 Chela cachius Cyprinidae LC 7 Amblypharyngodon mola Cyprinidae LC 8 Tor mussulah Cyprinidae LC 9 Rohtee ogilbii Cyprinidae LC 10 Puntius filamentosus Cyprinidae LC 11 Cirrhinus fulungee Cyprinidae LC 12 Cirrhinus reba Cyprinidae LC 13 Catla catla Cyprinidae LC 14 Garra mullya Cyprinidae LC 15 Crossocheilus latius Cyprinidae LC 16 Notopterus notopterus Notopteridae LC 17 Pangasius pangasius Pangasiidae LC 18 Wallago attu Siluridae LC 19 Ompok bimaculatus Siluridae LC 20 Nangra itchkeea Sisoridae LC 21 Bagarius bagarius Sisoridae LC 22 Glyptothorax lonah Sisoridae TABLE NO.8 List of spiders and scorpions either spotted or reported from the study area. Endemism / S.No. Species Name Family IUCN Status 1 Araneus mitifica Araneidae LC 2 Herennia ornatissima Araneidae LC 3 Neoscona bengalensis Araneidae LC 4 Lychas tricarinatus Buthidae LC 5 Mesobuthus tamulus tamulus Buthidae LC 6 Stenochirus sarasinorums Buthidae LC 7 Myrmarachne plataleoides Salticidae LC 8 Myrmarachne providens Salticidae LC 9 Heterometrus granulomanus Scorpionidae LC 10 Heterometrus swammerdami Scorpionidae LC 11 Heteropoda nilgirina Sparassidae LC 12 Leucauge tessellata Tetragnathidae LC TABLE NO.9 List of Butterflies either spotted or reported from the study area. Though some of them are placed in * Schedule I and II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, none of them is placed under any of the threatened categories of the IUCN. Family Scientific Name Common Name Hesperiidae Badamia exclamationis Fabricus Brown Awl Hesperiidae Borbo bevani Moore Bevan's Swift Hesperiidae Telicota ancilla bambusae Moore Dark Palm Dart Lycaenidae Curetis thetis Westwood Indian Sunbeam Catochrysops strabo strabo Lycaenidae Oriental Forget-me-not Fabricus Lycaenidae Chilades lajus lajus Cramer Indian Lime Blue Euchrysops cnejus Lycaenidae Oriental Gram Blue cnejus Fabricius Lycaenidae Everes lacturnus syntala Cantlie Dakhan Cupid Freyeria trochylus trochylus Lycaenidae African Grass Jewel Freyer Oriental Common Lycaenidae Jamides celeno celeno Fabricus Cerulean Lycaenidae Leptotes plinius plinius Fabricus Asian Zebra Blue Lycaenidae Prosotas nora C & R Felder Common Line Blue Pseudozizeeria maha Lycaenidae Dakhan Pale Grass Blue ossa Swinhoe Lycaenidae Tarucus nara Kollar Rounded Pierrot* Lycaenidae Zizeeria karsandra Moore Dark Grass Blue Lycaenidae Zizina otis indica Fabricus Lesser Grass Blue Nymphalidae Charaxes solon solon Fabricus Black Rajah Nymphalidae Polyura athamas athamas Drury Common Nawab Danaus chrysippus chrysippus Nymphalidae Plain Tiger Linnaeus Nymphalidae Danaus genutia genutia Cramer Striped Tiger Nymphalidae Euploea core core Cramer Common Crow Tirumala limniace exoticus Nymphalidae Blue Tiger Gmelin Nymphalidae Acraea violae Fabricus Tawny Coster Phalanta phalantha phalantha Nymphalidae Common Leopard Drury Nymphalidae Euthalia aconthea meridionalis Baron Moduza procris undifragus Nymphalidae Commander Fruhstorfer Nymphalidae Neptis hylas varmona Moore Common Sailer Nymphalidae Hypolimnas bolina jacintha Drury Oriental Great Eggfly* Nymphalidae Hypolimnas misippus Linnaeus Danaid Eggfly* Nymphalidae Junonia almana almana Linnaeus Oriental Peacock Pansy Nymphalidae Junonia hierta hierta Fabricus Oriental Yellow Pansy Nymphalidae Junonia iphita iphita Cramer Oriental Chocolate Pansy Junonia lemonias lemonias Nymphalidae Chinese Lemon Pansy Linnaeus Nymphalidae Junonia orithya ocyale Hubener Dark Blue Pansy Nymphalidae Symphaedra nais Froster Baronet Nymphalidae Melanitis leda leda Drury Common Evening Brown Nymphalidae Melanitis phedima bela Moore Dark Evening Brown Papilionidae Graphium nomius nomius Esper Indian Spot Sword Tail Papilionidae Graphium sarpedon teredon Dakhan Blue Bottle Papilionidae Papilio demoleus Linnaeus Lime Butterfly Common Mormon Papilionidae Papilio polytes stichius Hubner (stichius) Pachiliopta aristolochiae Papilionidae Common Rose aristolochiae Papilionidae Pachliopta hector Linnaeus Crimson Rose* Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe Pieridae Mottled Emigrant Linnaeus Pieridae Catopsilia crocale Cramer Lemon Emigrant Catopsilia pomona pomona Pieridae Common Emigrant Fabricus Pieridae Colias fieldii fieldii Menetries Dark Clouded Yellow Red-line Small Grass Pieridae Eurema brigitta rubella Wallace Yellow Pieridae Eurema hecabe simulata Moore Common Grass Yellow Pieridae Colotis danae danae Fabricus Crimson Tip Pieridae Colotis etrida Boisduval Small Orange Tip Colotis eucharis eucharis Pieridae Plain Orange Tip Fabricus Pieridae Ixias pyrene sesia Fabricus Yellow Orange Tip Appias albina darada C & R Pieridae Common Albatross Felder Pieridae Belenois aurota aurota Fabricus Indian Pioneer Pieridae Cepora nerissa nerissa Fabricus Common Gull Pieridae Delias eucharis Drury Common Jezebel TABLE NO.10 List of plants identified for greenbelt and plantations within the core area. Botanical name No.of Family Importance trees Acacia auriculiformis 20 Mimosaceae Avenue tree Albizia lebbeck 20 Mimosaceae Shade, timber and scented flowers Azadirachta indica 10 Meliaceae Neem oil & neem products Callistemon citrinus 5 Myrtaceae Ornamental tree Calophyllum 15 Clusiacaceae Multipurpose inophyllum Cassia fistula 15 Caesalpiniaceae Ornamental and bark is a source of tannin Casuarina 15 Casuarinaceae Pulp and construction equisetifolia material Cocos nucifera 15 Arecaceae Grown commercially for coconut fruit Delonix regia 10 Caesalpiniaceae Ornamental avenue tree Dendrocalamus 100 Poaceae Bamboo strictus Ficus benghalensis 2 Moraceae Shade and a source of food for birds Ficus racemosa 2 Moraceae Edible fruits Ficus religiosa 2 Moraceae Shade and a source of food for birds Holoptelia 2 Ulmaceae Fibre and timber integrifolia Peltophorum 5 Caesalpiniaceae Shade pterocarpum Polyalthia longifolia 15 Annonaceae Avenue tree Polyalthia pendula 15 Annonaceae Majestic tree with drooping branches Pongamia pinnata 20 Papilionaceae Source of biodiesel Samania saman 20 Mimosaceae Shade, timber and fruits are a good live stock feed. Syzygium cumini 5 Myrtaceae Minor fruit tree Terminalia catappa 5 Combretaceae Almond tree TABLE NO.11 Phyto sociological characteristics in the study area Kazipalli Botanical name Frequency Rel Density Rel Abundance IVI Acacia nilotica 20 2.44 5.00 10.77 Azadirachta indica 80 17.07 8.75 39.16 Borassus flabellifer 40 4.88 5.00 16.54 Calotropis procera 60 12.20 8.33 30.53 Cocos nucifera 80 12.20 6.25 31.78 Dalbergia sisso 40 7.32 7.50 21.48 Delonix regia 20 4.88 10.00 18.21 Ficus religiosa 20 2.44 5.00 10.77 Peltophorum 20 4.88 10.00 18.21 pterocarpum Phoenix sylvestris 20 2.44 5.00 10.77 Pongamia pinnata 60 9.76 6.67 26.42 Prosopis juliflora 60 7.32 5.00 22.32 Tamarindus indica 20 2.44 5.00 10.77 Tecoma stans 20 2.44 5.00 10.77 Tectona grandis 40 7.32 7.50 21.48 Pottaguda Botanical name Frequency Rel Density Rel Abundance IVI Terminalia catappa 20 3.03 5.75 12.48 Thespecia populnea 40 6.06 5.75 19.22 Ficus benghalensis 20 3.03 5.75 12.48 Tectona grandis 40 6.06 5.75 19.22 Dalbergia sisso 80 18.18 8.62 41.62 Borassus flabellifer 20 3.03 5.75 12.48 Peltophorum 100 21.21 8.05 47.78 pterocarpum Tectona grandis 60 9.09 5.75 25.95 Polyalthia longifolia 20 3.03 5.75 12.48 Samanea saman 20 3.03 5.75 12.48 Tamarindus indica 20 3.03 5.75 12.48 Delonix regia 20 3.03 5.75 12.48 Cocos nucifera 40 9.09 8.62 25.12 Pithecolobium dulce 20 3.03 5.75 12.48 Eucalyptus teretocronis 20 6.06 11.49 21.26 Dulapalle Botanical name Frequency Rel Density Rel Abundance IVI Balanites aegyptiaca 100 17.48 14.19 44.17 Ficus benghalensis 20 0.97 3.94 7.41 Cissus quadrangularis 100 9.71 7.88 30.09 Borassus flabellifer 60 5.83 7.88 21.21 Jatropha gossypifolia 100 21.36 17.35 51.20 Azadirachta indica 60 4.85 6.57 18.92 Cassia auriculata 100 15.53 12.61 40.65 Phoenix sylvestris 80 7.77 7.88 25.65 Acacia nilotica 40 2.91 5.91 13.83 Acacia leucocephala 60 5.83 7.88 21.21 Vitex negundo 80 7.77 7.88 25.65 Jinnawaram Botanical name Frequency Rel Density Rel Abundance IVI Borassus flabellifer 20 1.09 3.83 7.42 Jatropha gossypifolia 100 9.78 6.89 29.17 Azadirachta indica 80 9.78 8.62 28.40 Prosopis juliflora 100 19.57 13.78 45.85 Cassia auriculata 100 22.83 16.08 51.41 Phoenix sylvestris 40 5.43 9.57 20.01 Acacia nilotica 40 2.17 3.83 11.00 Calotropis procera 40 4.35 7.66 17.01 Dalbergia latifolia 60 6.52 7.66 21.68 Vitex negundo 40 3.26 5.74 14.00 Ziziphus numularia 60 5.43 6.38 19.32 Balanites aegyptiaca 100 8.70 6.13 27.32 Aegle marmelos 20 1.09 3.83 7.42 Dabilpur Botanical name Frequency Rel Density Rel Abundance IVI Tectona grandis 100 17.86 12.70 42.19 Azadirachta indica 60 4.76 5.65 17.38 Prosopis juliflora 100 16.67 11.86 40.15 Acacia nilotica 100 14.29 10.16 36.08 Phoenix sylvestris 40 3.57 6.35 14.57 Calotropis procera 60 5.95 7.06 19.99 Erythroxylon monogynum 60 8.33 9.88 25.19 Mimosops elengi 40 3.57 6.35 14.57 Vitex negundo 80 5.95 5.29 20.55 Ziziphus numularia 60 5.95 7.06 19.99 Acacia leucocephala 60 4.76 5.65 17.38 Cissus quadrangularis 60 4.76 5.65 17.38 Terminalia catappa 40 3.57 6.35 14.57 Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Chapter 4 IDENTIFICATION & PREDICTION OF IMPACTS 4.1 Identification of impacts Identification of impacts is one of the basic analytical steps of EIA for subsequent prediction and evaluation of impacts. A number of methodologies are available for the identification of impacts. “Net Work Method”, which follows the cause – condition- Effect relationship is adopted for identifying impacts due to the activities of proposed expansion of M/S Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited. The generation of cause –condition –effect networks (chain of events) should follow the above mentioned activities and actions. This type of method is advantageous in recognizing the series of impacts triggered by the plant activities. Thus this method had provided a “Road map” type of approach to the identification of second and third order effects. The idea was to account for the project activity and identify the different types of impacts that would initially occur. The next was to select each impact and identify the impacts. The main advantage of this approach is that it allowed identifying the impacts by selecting and tracing out the events as they may occur. 4.2 Impact Networks The purpose of identifying the impacts is that if it aids in making appropriate decision to mitigate the adverse consequences if any. It may be pointed out that the distinction between magnitude and importance of the impact should be appreciated. Thus the degree of extensiveness and scale of impacts and consequence based on value judgments are generalized while identifying impacts. As it is imperative that the impact will normally lead to a chain of 4-1 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report reactions. The construction of network charts brings out to certain extent the appropriate levels of the risks that may occur due to the interventions while interacting with hydrogeological, biological and social systems. Fig 4.1 to 4.6 represents the identified impacts for various components of environment viz. air, noise, water land and socio economic aspects. In the above mentioned figure the lines means – “ had an effect on” 4.2.1 Air Environment The Primary impact of air pollutants will be on the air quality. The chemical composition of air may change drastically if dispersion is slow. This will lead to if pollution is for shorter period, immediate health problems. If it continues for a long period, it may also have an impact on climatic changes, ecological equilibrium and economic production of crops. The odor and visibility aspects of air pollutant can have impacts on aesthetics of region 4.2.2 Water Environment Waste water will affect the environment both directly and indirectly primarily it may affect the land and water quality. This leads to deterioration of production levels of both terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna 4.2.3 Noise Environment The noise will primarily effect the ambient noise levels. Excessive noise will trigger health risks such as headaches, depression, deafness and retardation of sensory mechanisms 4.2.4 Land Environment The change in the land use during and after the construction phase is un avoidable. However as long as it is not affecting the soil quality chemistry and sedimentation, the impact is not an 4-2 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report undesirable one At the Secondary level the impact will lead to change of agricultural production and livestock 4.2.5 Biological Environment The particulate matter and chemical compounds tend to alter soil matrix and water quality. The impact will be on the native biota leading to density reduction and extinction of sensitive species. There may be change in the species diversity and food chain 4.2.6 Socio-economic Environment Primarily, the impact is expected on the economic environment. The generation of jobs will occur during operation and construction phases. There is scope of multiplier effect on secondary and tertiary employment. The socio economic structure will have a positive change and quality of life would improve due to increase in urbanization and cosmopolitanism. 4-3 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report PROJECT RELEASE OF AIR POLLUTANTS RELEASE OF HEAT CHANGE IN IMPACTS ON PARTICULATES PRIMARY CLIMATIC CHANGES IMPACTS AIR QUALITY VISIBILITY DEPOSITION ON SOIL, WATER, LAND AESTHETIC IMPACTS ON IMPACTS ON FLORA & IMPACTS AGRICULTURAL FAUNA SECONDARY IMPACT ON IMPACTS HUMAN HEALTH TERTIARY IMAPCTS ON IMPACTS ON SOCIO CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS ECONOMIC OUTPUT Fig 4.1 Impacts Network for Air Environment 4:4 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report PROJECT NOISE EMISSION PRIMARY CHANGE IN AMBIENT IMPACTS NOISE LEVEL SECONDARY HEALTH RISKS IMPACTS ON WORK MIGRATION OF BIRDS, IMPACTS OUTPUT & EFFICIENCY REPTILES POPILATION TERTIARY IMPACTS ON IMPACTS ON SOCIO IMPACTS ECONOMIC OUTPUT CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT Fig 4.2 Impacts Network for Noise Environment 4:5 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report PROJECT PRIMARY DISTRUBANCE OF ABSTRACTION OF DISPOSAL OF WASTE IMPACTS LAND WATER WATER SLUDGE ON LAND CHANGE IN GROUND CHANGE IN SOIL WATER REGIME SUBSTANCES ON LAND TEXTURE & SALTWATER PARTICULATE DEPOSITION PERMEABILITY INTRUSION ON LAND SECONDARY IMPACTS ON SOIL SALINITY IMPACTS ON FLORA & IMPACTS LANDSCAPE FAUNA IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS ON LIVE PRODUCE STOCK TERTIARY IMPACTS ON SOCIO IMPACTS ON IMPACTS CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC OUTPUT Fig 4.3 Impacts Network for Land Environment 4:6 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report PROJECT AIR EMISSION WASTE WATER SOLID WASTE SOIL MATRIX SOIL ACIDIFICATION AFFECT NATIVE SOIL BIOTA NITROGEN FIXING NITRIFYING OTHER pH SENSITIVE MICRO FLORA DECOMPOSITION MINERILIZATION OF ORGANIC MATTER REDUCTION IN SOIL FERTILITY & PRODUCTIVITY Fig 4.4 Impacts Network for Biological Flora & Fauna 4:7 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report EFFECTS OF WASTE WATER DIRECT INDIRECT LAND ECO SYSTEM WATER ECO SYSTEM LAND ECO SYSTEM WATER ECOSYSTEM CHANGE IN SOIL CHANGE IN WATER FERTILITY OF LAND COMMUNITY TEXTURE RESOURCES HEALTH SHIFT IN GROUP OF PATTERN OF CROPS SHIFT IN DYNAMICS SHIFT IN THE DYNAMIC DESIRED ORGANISMS FLORA FAUNA POPULATION OF ACQUATIC INJURIOUS TO FLORA AND FAUNA GROUND WATER EXISTING PLANT TABLES & ITS QUALITY COMMUNITY DELETERIOUS TO WATER LIVING BODIES ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCES SOCIO ECONOMIC IMBALANCES Fig 4.5 Identification of Likely Impacts of waste water 4:8 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report PROJECT ECONOMIC INPUT ECONOMIC COST OUTPUT COST Employment DEMAND for Demand for Communication Infrastructure NET INCOME OUTPUT Opportunities FACILITIES Facilities CHANGE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER AIR WATER AESTHETIC BASE OF THE REGION ANCILLARY PRODUCT LAND NOISE RISK INDUSTRIES AVAILABILITY POLLUTION SAVING OF FOREIGN EFFECT ON EFFECT ON EFFECT ON Visual EFFECT ON Building EXCHANGE HUMAN HEALTH Agriculture & Environment Materials, Fisheries Monuments EFFECT on Supply, EFFECT on EFFECT on Human Sewerage, solid Educations, Medical, health & Recreational waste Management Transport Facilities facilities Fig 4.6 Impacts Network for Socio Economic & Cultural Environment 4:9 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 4.3 Prediction of Impact on Air Quality (Terms of Reference No: 25 & 26) 4.3.1 Details of Mathematical Modeling A large number of different mathematical models for dispersion calculations are in practice in many parts of the world. Most of the models for prediction of down wind concentrations are based on Gaussian dispersion. The principle behind the Gaussian dispersion models is Gaussian probability distribution of concentration in both vertical and horizontal cross wind directions about the plume central line. Predictions of ground level concentrations of the pollutants were carried out based on site meteorological data collected during the study period. For calculation of predicted ground level concentrations, ISCST3 model of Lakes Environmental based on USEPA, ISCST3 algorithms, was used; as it’s based on more sophisticated algorithm incorporating deposition, better algorithm for area sources, etc. Brief History of the ISC Models The ISC3 models are based on revisions to the algorithms contained in the ISC2 models. The latter came about as a result of a major effort to restructure and reprogram the ISC models that began in April 1989, and was completed in March 1992. The reprogramming effort was largely motivated by the need to improve the quality, reliability, and maintainability of the code when numerous "bugs" were discovered after the implementation of the revised downwash algorithms for shorter stacks. However, the goals of the reprogramming effort also included improving the 4-10 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report user interface by modifying the input file structure and the output products. Overview of New Features in the ISC3 Models The ISC3 models include several new features. A revised area source algorithm and revised dry deposition algorithm have been incorporated in the models. The ISC3 models also include an algorithm for modeling impacts of particulate emissions from open pit sources, such as surface coal mines. The Short Term model includes a new wet deposition algorithm, and also incorporates the COMPLEX1 screening model algorithms for use with complex and intermediate terrain. When both simple and complex terrain algorithms are included in a Short Term model run, the model will select the higher impact from the two algorithms on an hour-by- hour, source-by-source, and receptor by- receptor basis for receptors located on intermediate terrain, i.e., terrain located between the release height and the plume height. Some of the model input options have changed and newer input options have been added as a result of the new features contained in the ISC3 models. The source deposition parameters have changed somewhat with the new dry deposition algorithm, and there are new source parameters needed for the wet deposition algorithm in the Short Term model. There are also new meteorology input requirements for use of the new deposition algorithms. The option for specifying elevation units has been extended to source elevations and terrain grid elevations, in addition to receptor elevations. The utility programs, STOLDNEW, BINTOASC, and METLIST have not been updated. While they may continue to be used as before, they are not applicable to the new deposition algorithms in the ISC3 models. 4-11 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report The salient features of the ISCST3 model are presented below in Table 4.1. The air quality predictions have been made using the model evaluation protocol for fugitive dust impact modeling for surface coal mining operations (EPA 1995, EPA 1994). Table 4.1 Salient Features of the ISCST3 Model S.No Item Details 1 Model name ISCST3 (Based on USEPA algorithm) 2 Source Types Point, Area, Volume, Open Pits 3 Dispersion Steady State Gaussian Plume Equation Equation 4 Diffusion Pasquill Gifford Co-efficient Parameters 5 Plume Rise Briggs Equation 6 Time Average 1 hr to Annual/Period Has Short Term and Long Term modeling options 7 Deposition Both Dry and Wet Deposition 8 Application Input Data: (i) Source Data Stack co-ordinates (ii) Receptor Data Grid interval, number of receptors, receptor elevations (iii) Meteorological Hourly meteorological data i.e. wind speed, Data direction, ambient temperature, stability and mixing heights 4.3.1.1 Model Formulation The model uses the following steady state Gaussian plume equation. The basic equation for calculating the concentration of pollutants for any point in x, y, z co-ordinates is given below: 2 2 C(x,y,z,H) = Q/2π σy σz U exp[-1/2(y/σy) ] x [exp{-1/2(z-h/σz) } 4-12 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 2 + exp{-1/2 (z+H/σz) }] Where C= Concentration of pollutants in mg/cu m Q= Strength of emissions in g/sec. H= Effective Height (m), i.e., physical height + plume raise y, z= diffusion coefficients in y and z directions in m. U= average wind velocity in m/sec. The following assumptions are made in Gaussian dispersion model. This model assumes no diffusion in the down wind direction and thus applicable to a plume and not a puff of pollutant. The dispersion parameter values used for horizontal dispersion coefficient and vertical dispersion coefficients are those given in the “Work book of atmospheric dispersion estimates”. These dispersion coefficients assume a sampling time of about 10 min., the height values of interest to be in the lowest several hundred meters of the atmosphere, a surface corresponding to the open country. The stacks are tall enough to be free from building turbulence so that no aerodynamic down wash occurs. The given stability exists from ground level to well above the top of the plume. The Gaussian dispersion model has been tested extensively for its validity and found to be reasonably applicable for different atmospheric conditions. BIS has also adopted this basic plume dispersion model. Hence the same model is adopted for predictions of downwind concentrations of pollutants in this report. 4-13 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 4.3.1.2 Meteorological Data Data recorded by the weather monitoring station at site on wind speed, direction, solar insolation, temperature and cloud cover at one hourly interval for three months i.e. One full season has been used for computations. Hourly atmospheric stability determined based on the technique suggested by Turner. Visual observations were made on for the solar insolation and cloud cover during study period. The methodology adopted for establishing the hourly stability class is given in Table 4.2. Table 4.2 Atmospheric Stability Classification Insolation (Day time) Night time Wind Thin over cast Speed Moderat <3/8 Strong Slight or >4/8 low (m/sec) e Cloud cloud <2 A A-B B - - 2-3 A-B B C E F 3-5 B B-C C D E 5-6 C C-D D D D >6 C D D D D Mixing Height: As the site specific mixing height is not available USEPA approved general mixing heights as applicable for Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model have been considered for modeling to establish the worst case scenario. The mixing heights considered for modeling is given Table 4.3. 4-14 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 4.3 Mixing Heights Considered for Computations Stability Class Mixing Height (m) A 1300 B & C 900 D 750 E & F 400 4.3.2 Plant Emissions The sources of air pollution from the plants of Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited, are outlined in the table. The major pollutants generated from the fuel combustion are SO2, NOx and Particulate Matter. Based on fuel analysis and combustion details the emission rates of above pollutants are calculated. The emission rates of SO2, NOx and Particulate Matter from each stack are presented in Table 4.4. 4-15 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 4.4 Emission Details of Pollutants from Stack Dia of Temp. of Exit Emission Rate (g/sec) Stack S. No Stack Connected to stack at exhaust gases Velocity PM10 Ht (m) PM2.5 SO2 NOx top(m) (0C) (m/sec) Existing 1 3 TPH CFB 30 0.75 180 7.0 AS per PCB Norms 2 1 x 320 KVA DG Set 3.6 0.2 250 15 Proposed 1 10 TPH CFB 30 1.0 180 7.6 0.55 0.14 1.5 0.6 2* 1 x 750KVA DG Set 5.5 0.3 295 18.42 0.11 0.032 0.19 0.29 * DG set will be used during load shut down. 4-16 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 4.3.2.1 Air Quality Predictions (Terms of Reference No: 30) Predictions of ground level concentrations of the pollutants were carried out based on site meteorological data collected during the period from April – July, 2014. For calculation of ground level concentrations a grid of 20 km X 20 km with a receptor interval of 500 meters is considered. The composition of particulate matter was obtained from USEPA AIRCHIEF AP-42 and the same was considered in determining the source concentration of PM10 for prediction purpose. The predicted maximum 24 hourly ground level concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter, PM10, SO2 and NOx and distance of occurrence during different seasons of study period are presented in Table 4.5. It may be observed that the annual predicted maximum 24 hourly GLC’s of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx are 3.41, 0.894, 8.57 and 4.83 µg/m3 respectively and the maximum values are observed at a distance of 0.2 km from the center of plant site in southeast direction. However it may be noted that the predicted values of the SO2 and NOx are based on the assumption that the DG sets are used constantly, where as the DG set usage is only during load shut down from APSEB. The GLC’s are also predicted at air quality monitoring locations and the predicted GLC’s are presented in Tables 4.6 and the cumulative concentrations at various villages are tabulated in Table 4.7. It may be observed from the Table that the predicted results show that the incremental rise over existing base line status of ambient air quality is within the limits prescribed by CPCB for residential and rural areas. Hence the control measures and height of stack is sufficient to disperse the pollutants into the atmosphere and keeping the baseline levels within the prescribed limits. The predicted ground level concentrations are graphically displayed for PM10, SO2, and NOx respectively in Figure 4.7 – 4.10. 4-17 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 4.5 Maximum Predicted 24 hourly GLC’s S.No Parameter Predicted GLC Distance Direction (µg/m3) (KM) 1 PM10 3.65 0.2 SE 2 PM2.5 0.894 0.2 SE 3 SO2 8.57 0.2 SE 4 NOX 4.83 0.2 SE Table 4.6 Predicted GLC’s at Monitoring Locations S. Predicted GLC (µg/m3) Monitoring Directi Distance PM Location on (Km) PM 2.5 SO NO No 10 2 x Ambient Air Quality Stations 1 Gaggillapur NE 2.40 0.114 0.032 0.286 0.279 2 Annaram N 4.70 0.054 0.014 0.136 0.076 3 Chowdariguda NW 5.30 0.049 0.013 0.124 0.071 4 Borampet SE 3.60 0.074 0.020 0.188 0.105 5 Bandamadharam NE 8.05 0.053 0.015 0.109 0.125 6 Kristhyapalli W 2.50 0.130 0.038 0.228 0.340 7 Kazipalli SW 4.10 0.103 0.029 0.212 0.217 Reserve Forest 1 Kistaipalli RF W 1.43 0.060 0.016 0.153 0.122 2 Kazipalli RF SW 2.97 0.046 0.012 0.110 0.076 3 Dundigil RF E 0.6 0.333 0.087 0.842 0.468 4 wailalpur RF NW 3.27 0.065 0.017 0.164 0.144 5 Pottaguda RF NW 7.62 0.021 0.006 0.050 0.034 6 Kodakanchi RF NW 9.83 0.051 0.014 0.104 0.112 7 Palem RF NW 8.27 0.038 0.011 0.090 0.098 4-18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 8 Jinnawaram RF NW 7.21 0.043 0.012 0.075 0.112 9 Mangampet RF NW 9.07 0.032 0.008 0.079 0.056 10 Bontapalli RF NW 8.68 0.040 0.012 0.070 0.103 11 Dabilapur RF NE 10.44 0.056 0.015 0.125 0.103 12 Gaudavalli RF SE 8.15 0.042 0.012 0.100 0.095 13 Pochampalli RF SE 8.03 0.081 0.023 0.141 0.211 14 Borampet RF SE 4.91 0.060 0.016 0.151 0.116 15 Suraram RF SE 6.22 0.053 0.015 0.117 0.140 Gajularamaram SE 6.17 0.048 0.013 0.121 0.072 16 RF 17 Dulapalli RF SE 8.8 0.043 0.012 0.087 0.099 4-19 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 4.7 Cumulative Concentrations at Various Villages Baseline Concentration Cumulative Concentration Distance Predicted GLC (µg/m3) Station Direction (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (Km) PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx Project site - 0.0 89.6 54.1 12.94 20.36 0.132 0.045 0.290 0.376 89.732 54.1451 13.23 20.736 Gaggillapur NE 2.40 77.26 37.70 12.76 15.08 0.114 0.032 0.286 0.279 77.374 37.732 13.046 15.359 Annaram N 4.70 58.13 39.80 9.14 14.62 0.054 0.014 0.136 0.076 58.184 39.814 9.276 14.696 Chowdariguda NW 5.30 58.40 32.90 12.76 14.92 0.049 0.013 0.124 0.071 58.449 32.913 12.884 14.991 Borampet SE 3.60 57.00 37.05 12.54 14.52 0.074 0.020 0.188 0.105 57.074 37.07 12.728 14.625 Bandamadharam NE 8.05 56.00 40.10 12.32 14.56 0.053 0.015 0.109 0.125 56.053 40.115 12.429 14.685 Kristhyapalli W 2.50 59.32 43.90 12.98 12.88 0.130 0.038 0.228 0.340 59.45 43.938 13.208 13.22 Kazipalli SW 4.10 69.00 44.85 15.18 17.94 0.103 0.029 0.212 0.217 69.103 44.879 15.392 18.157 4-20 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 4.8 Predicted concentrations at various Reserve Forest areas Reserve Forest Distance Direction in KM from site Concentration in µg/M3 from site PM 10.0 PM 2.5 SO2 NOX Kistaipalli RF W 1.43 0.060 0.016 0.153 0.122 Kazipalli RF SW 2.97 0.046 0.012 0.110 0.076 Dundigil RF E 0.6 0.333 0.087 0.842 0.468 wailalpur RF NW 3.27 0.065 0.017 0.164 0.144 Pottaguda RF NW 7.62 0.021 0.006 0.050 0.034 Kodakanchi RF NW 9.83 0.051 0.014 0.104 0.112 Palem RF NW 8.27 0.038 0.011 0.090 0.098 Jinnawaram RF NW 7.21 0.043 0.012 0.075 0.112 Mangampet RF NW 9.07 0.032 0.008 0.079 0.056 Bontapalli RF NW 8.68 0.040 0.012 0.070 0.103 Dabilapur RF NE 10.44 0.056 0.015 0.125 0.103 Gaudavalli RF SE 8.15 0.042 0.012 0.100 0.095 Pochampalli RF SE 8.03 0.081 0.023 0.141 0.211 Borampet RF SE 4.91 0.060 0.016 0.151 0.116 Suraram RF SE 6.22 0.053 0.015 0.117 0.140 Gajularamaram RF SE 6.17 0.048 0.013 0.121 0.072 Dulapalli RF SE 8.8 0.043 0.012 0.087 0.099 4-21 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Figure 4.7 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of PM10 4-22 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Figure 4.8 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of PM2.5 Figure 4.9 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of SO2 4-23 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 4-24 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Figure 4.10 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of NOX 4-25 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 4.4 Prediction of Impacts on the Noise Environment The sound pressure level generated by noise sources decreases with increasing distance corm the source due to waved divergence. An additional decrease in sound pressure level with distance from the source is expected, due to atmospheric effect or its interaction with objects in the transmission path. For hemispherical sound wave propagation through homogeneous loss free medium, cane and estimate noise levels at various locations, due to different sources using model ba=sed of first principle as per the following equation: Lp2 = Lp1 Log (r2/r1) – Area ……… (1) Where Lp1 and Lp2 are sound pressure levels at points located at distances r1 and r2 from the source and Ae1.2 is the excess attenuation due to environmental conditions. Combined effect of all the sources can then be determined at various locations by logarithmic addition. In the first approximation one can assume that for all general population in the villages, every noise source in the plant is a point source. The average equivalent sound power level of such a point source can be estimated for different distances and directions from hypothetical source by applying equation: Lp = Lw - 20 Log r Ae – 81 ………(2) Where Lw is the sound power level3 of the source, Lp is the sound pressure level at a distance of a r and Ae Is environmental attenuation factor. A combined noise level Lp (Total) of all the sources at a particulate place is given by: (Lp1/10) (Lp2/10) Lp (Total) = 10 Log ( 10 + 10 + …..) ……(3) 4-26 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Noise levels emanating from most of the proposed bulk drug industries in the Pharma complex are given in Table 4.8 Table 4.8 Average typical Noise Levels from Existing Industrial Units No Source Noise Level – dB(A) 1 DG Sets 80 – 85 2 Pumps 70 – 75 3 Air Compressor 75 – 80 The DG sets are used only during power failure for controlling emergency operations. Predictions have been made taking into account all operations and utilities thus reflecting the worst – case scenario. The predicted cumulative noise levels due to the source and the existing level as calculated from the logarithmic model without noise attenuation ranged between 40dB to 70 dB at a distance ranging between 100 m and 15 m. There is no residential area in the immediate surroundings and also the area is identified industrial development area, the impact of noise on the population is the surrounding areas are negligible. The model assumes that there are no obstructions/structures. However it must be noted that green belt will attenuate the noise levels further. The DG sets are used only during power failure for controlling emergency operations. Predictions have been made taking into account all operations and utilities thus reflecting the worst – case scenario. The predicted cumulative noise levels due to the source and the existing level as calculated from the logarithmic model without noise attenuation ranged between 40dB to 70 dB at a distance ranging between 100 m and 15 m. There is no residential area in the immediate surroundings and also the area is identified industrial development area, the impact of noise on the population is 4-27 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report the surrounding areas are negligible. The model assumes that there are no obstructions/structures. However it must be noted that green belt will attenuate the noise levels further. 4.5 Prediction of Impacts on Water Environment No impact on water quality is anticipated as the unit proposed Zero Liquid discharge treatment system and proposed to re-use water after the treatment. The total water required for the plant is purchased from outside parties through tankers. The effluents generated in the plant are treated in the Zero Liquid Discharge plant and re-used for plant, utilities and green belt. So the impact on water quality is negligible. 4.5.1 POLLUTION TRANSPORT MODEL IN THE INDUSTRIAL AREA At the time setting up of the Pharma Industry, nearly three decades ago, there were no strict regulatory measures in discharge of treated effluents and pollution control technology was not available in affordable range. The study area, Gaddapotharam and Kazipalli Industrial Area was promoted by the industries as co-op industrial development area. The area is surrounded by the Government lands, forest lands with scattered shrubs and thorny bushes. There was permission to discharge treated effluents, so long as the pollution discharge parameters are kept within the stipulated standards. The project site and its neighborhood is on an elevated ground and forms surface water divide to the Kazipalli village tank a micro watershed covering the Industrial zone. The area has thick sandy soil cover on the surface, capping the weathered granites locally known as Moram. Below the weathered Granites, the rock formations possess crevices, vertical to inclined tension joints and more or less horizontal formation bedding joints. They are technically referred as ‘Rift and Grain’, a characteristic joint system associated to the 4-28 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Granitic formations only, which have been developed beneath the crustal layers during emplacement and cooling of igneous magma at hypabyssal depths (intermediate depths) several millions of years ago. There are reports and recorded evidences that some of the Industries failed to adhere to the norms and procedures, discharged untreated effluents and dumped the hazardous chemical wastes along the roads and in the nearby open lands belonging to the Government. The toxic wastes of huge quantities left on the surface were not able to get assimilated and diluted themselves in the natural processes of self remediation and self regulating system present in the environment. Toxic chemicals and undesired pollutants taken in solution by rainfall water, during each hydrological cycle, slowly and gradually infiltrated through sandy soil and percolated down into the inter connected fracture system and got enriched at depths. Contaminated ground water of higher concentration is lodged in the bedding Joints of the Granite rocks above the massive impermeable hard rocks. It is stored for a long period in the bottom of saturated aquifer zone and is not getting flushed or diluted to the extent that ground water quality gets improved to the permissible / desirable standards as shown in the Figure-4.11. 4-29 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Figure-4.11. Polluted Ground Water Entrapped in the AquiferZones As the ground water source got contaminated, the Industries stopped using ground water extraction. They started out-sourcing their water demands through purchasing of water brought by water tankers collected from the adjoining areas having fresh ground water source. Ground water withdrawal for either Industrial or Domestic requirements has become zero in the Kazipalli and Gaddapotharam Industrial area. Rain fall precipitation is the chief source of ground water recharge. On any rain fall day after wetting the top surface and meeting the soil moisture requirements rain fall in excess, moves as overland flow as shown in the Figure-4.12. Run off generation and amount of flow depends on the intensity of rain fall and total amount of precipitated rain, the topographic gradient, soils, vadose zone thickness and several inter related criteria. 4-30 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Figure -4.12: Overland Surface Rain Fall Run-off Pattern All the Industries are developing lawns and Greenbelt and plantations in the large extents in compliance of the Environmental conditions and stipulations. Ground water purchased through tankers is being used for all the Domestic, Industrial and Green Belt Development purposes. Nearly 20-40% of the total water used in large quantities applied for Greenbelt / Plantations / Lawns and Domestic Sewage Soak Pits provided in all the Industrial Units are continuously is being added to the ground water regime in the form of return recharge. The total natural land environment has been graded, leveled and modified to suit to the industrial requirements and Vaasthu corrections in all the Industrial Units. This has resulted in the additional rainfall infiltration and deep percolation and enhanced natural rainfall recharge to a great extent. During each hydrological cycle certain amount of precipitated rain- fall water reaches to the underlying aquifer zones from the over land surface 4-31 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report flow by infiltration through soil zone and by deep percolation through interconnected fissure system. Complete stoppage of ground water withdrawal from the watershed and continuous application of fresh good quality water for Lawns and Green Belt have resulted in the increased thickness of saturated horizon. There is significant rise in the water level, the thickness of Vadose Zone (zone of soil moisture) is decreased and thickness of saturated zone has increased as shown in Figure-4.13. Fiture-4.13: Fresh Rain Fall Surface Water Recharge Process During each hydrological cycle, the rainfall water infiltrates through the soils and percolates down through the underlying weathered and inter connected fissures / joints. Added rain water which is fresh with no / less concentration of dissolved salts, as it comes in contact with the contaminated water of higher concentration, there is diffusion potential (Concentration Potential Difference) created between the contaminated water of higher concentration stored at depth and relatively fresh water percolating down from the upper layers, during each occasion. The 4-32 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report contaminants in the form of ionic movement move upwards and further reaches to the sub surface through capillary rise to pollute the subsurface delayed rainfall run off water leaving the area following the gradient. Thus the polluted water stored at higher depths is getting mixed with the solution activity during every rain in the area as shown in the Figure- 4.14. Figure-4.14 Up-rise of Contaminated Ground Water through Diffusion Potential Based on complaints on pollution of surface and ground water sources. Industries implemented the directions of Regulatory Authorities and controlled discharge of effluents. Either they started implementing Zero Liquid discharge treatment facilities or sending effluents to Common ETP in Patacheru. When the problem persisted, under directions of the Authorities, the Industrial Association constructed a seepage collection tank and a Cement Concrete Stream Check on the Jillelavagu Stream Course. It is informed that on the objections of the Local Revenue Authorities the Stream Check Dam was breached to maintain natural flow system during monsoon 4-33 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Seepage Water Collection Tank before Stream Check Cement Concrete Stream Check 4-34 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Seepage of Water in Jillelavagu at Lower Elevation Ground water is a dynamic system. It always moves from higher level to lower elevation, generally following the land slope. It always remains more or less parallel to the land surface. There is a natural discharge / rejection of recharge from accumulated ground water through the ground water level elevation (head) difference. There is sufficient built up of ground water level in the upper reaches for all the said reasons. Therefore, there is continuous seepage of water from the bottom sides of seasonal nallah Jillelavagu (17° 35’ 09.7” N 78° 22’ 26.7”E) even during the dry period in the months of May and June 2014, which should have been otherwise only ephemeral in nature. Adequate measures need to be taken by industrial units to control the contamination of storm water drains during the monsoon. Suggested measures were incorporated in EMP 4.6 Prediction of Impacts on Soil The overall impact on soil is negligible as the treated effluent is reused in the plant and balance is used for greenbelt after treatment. The solid 4-35 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report waste generated from boiler is sold to brick manufacturers in the vicinity. Organic residues generated from process, solvent recovery system, stripper will be sold to cement plants. The evaporation salts containing mainly salts generated in the process are collected and sent to TSDF facilities. However temporary storage facility consisting of an elevated platform, covered with a shed and garland drain to collect any leachate and transfer facility to the effluent treatment plant is provided. Green belt development surrounding the plant site would improve the soil quality and surrounding ecology and aesthetic appeal of the area. Trees will absorb specific air pollutants, reduce noise pollution, reduce soil temperature, help in holding moisture in the soil, attract more birds and overall will help in maintaining the homeostasis of the environment. Further to existing green belt, an additional area of greenbelt is proposed to be developed which will significantly improve the environmental quality 4.7 IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The overall impact on the socio economic status is very positive, as the accrued benefits are both direct and indirect. The direct benefits are, increase in employment, escalation of land prices due to increased activities and improved infrastructure, which in turn have a bearing on the productivity, industrialization and socio economic status of the area in particular and the state in general. Implementation of corporate social responsibility schemes in the area to the needy and vulnerable people of society would improve the perception of people about the industrial units in the area 4.8 Prediction of Impact on local flora and fauna A logical and systematic approach has been taken for impact identification based on the guidelines evolved by IAIA. The aim is to take in to account all the important environmental impacts and interactions, making sure that indirect and cumulative effects, which may be 4-36 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report potentially significant, are not inadvertently omitted. The likely impacts are analyzed in greater detail in accordance with terms of reference specifically established for this purpose. Over time, a number of EIA methodologies and tools have been developed for use in impact identification. In practice, relatively simple methodologies and tools are applied to impact identification. Vast experience of the experts in the field indicates these simple methods are of proven value for undertaking a systematic approach to impact identification. Checklists, matrices, networks, overlays and geographic information systems (GIS), expert systems, and professional judgment are the most common formal methods used for impact identification. The impacts of the proposed project may be divided in to two based when the impacts are likely to occur: 1. Impacts during construction or establishment and 2. Impacts during operation The impacts may further be divided into the following categories: 1. Reversible or Irreversible 2. Direct or indirect; 3. Severe, moderate or light depending on magnitude; 4. Short term or long term depending on duration of impacts. The ecological factors that are considered most significant as far as the impact on flora and fauna concerned are: 1. Whether there shall be any reduction in species diversity? 2. Whether there shall be any habitat loss or fragmentation? 4-37 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 3. Whether there shall be any additional risk or threat to the rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species? 4. Whether there shall be any impairment of ecological functions such as (i) disruption of food chains, (ii) decline in species population and or (iii) alterations in predator-prey relationships? 5. Whether it is possible to attain the global objectives of “no net loss” of biodiversity? 6. Whether it is possible to improve the biological diversity through the proposed activity? 4.8.1 Predicted impacts Parameter based ecological sensitivity score of the core and buffer areas is shown in Table 4.9. It is evident from the information in Table 4.9 that neither the core area nor the buffer area of the project site is ecologically sensitive. The different parameters and the parameter importance based criteria used for evaluation of impacts are shown in Table 4.9. Based on the above it may be concluded that the impact of the proposed project on flora and fauna is negligible. The direct impacts: No direct impact on present vegetation. No destruction of biodiversity within CORE zone and natural ecosystems through removal of natural soils, plants and the floral dependent animals. No wildlife population is present in the study area except the common type of birds and domestic animals. No significant long-term residual impacts on fauna due to project are expected. Indirect Impacts: It is mainly on Buffer zone vegetation. The wind direction was observed and plant species which are going to be effected were studied. But all the plants are highly tolerant towards the gasoues released during the process of activity. 4-38 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 4.9 Grading scheme used for assessment of ecological sensitivity Parameters Importance scale Grade Core Buffer weightage Wildlife Number of Schedule-I & II (> 100 0 0 importance 20 numbers) (endangered species*) Number of Schedule-I & II (10- 50 0 0 20 numbers) Number of Schedule-I & II (<10 25 0 25 numbers) Floral High (>10 species) 100 0 0 endemicity Medium (5-10 species) 50 0 0 Low (Below 5 species) 25 0 25 Faunal High (>10 species) 100 0 0 endemicity Medium (5-10 species) 50 0 0 Low(Below 5 species) 25 0 25 State of Relatively undisturbed forest 100 0 100 terrestrial ( govt/private) vegetation Totally managed estate with 50 0 0 three type of vegetation Totally managed estate such as 25 0 0 coffee and cardamom Agricultural land with crops such 0 0 0 as coconut State of Relatively undisturbed wetland 100 0 0 wetland visited by migratory waterfowl vegetation 4-39 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Relatively undisturbed wetland 50 0 50 not known to be visited by migratory waterfowl Other wetlands with frequent 25 0 25 human activity Agricultural land with crops such 10 0 10 as paddy Legal status National park 100 0 0 Wildlife sanctuary 50 0 0 Reserve forest/wetland 25 0 25 Agricultural land 0 0 0 Conservation Location unique in terms of 100 0 0 importance habitat (world heritage site) or species Habitat although present 75 0 0 elsewhere is under threat in those places Habitat present elsewhere and is 50 0 50 not under any serious threat Habitat is very common 25 25 25 elsewhere Parameter based sensitivity score out of a maximum of 700 25 360 4-40 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 4.10 ECOLOGICAL SENSIVITY OF STUDY AREA S.No Parameters Grade 1 Wildlife importance( endangered species*) 25 2 Floral endemicity 25 3 Faunal endemicity 25 4 State of terrestrial vegetation 100 5 State of wetland vegetation 85 6 Legal status 25 7 Conservation importance 75 Total (700) 360 Table 4.11 LANDUSE PATTERN IN STUDY AREA S.No Land use type Study area (Upto 10 sq km) 1 Agriculture (Irrigated) N 2 Agriculture (Bore wells & tanks) Y 3 Homestead Y 4 Forest Y 5 Notified industrial area Y 6 Grazing Y 7 Fallow land N 8 Orchards N 9 Mangroves N 10 Sand dunes N 11 Intertidal zone N 12 Urban areas Y 13 National park/sanctuary N 14 Water body Y 15 Sea N 16 Flood plain N Y= yes; N= no 4-41 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 4.8.2 Effect on Ecosystems, Food Chain and Food Web Due to the proposed activity, there will be no direct impact in the existing vegetation in the core zone. The impact intensity may be moderate at initial stage but it might be high when it is in full stretched operation condition. The terrestrial habitat is going to be modified as per the green belt plan. The proposed activity is not going to affect the local plants, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The producers are grass species, herbs, shrubs and trees. The consumers are reptiles, aves and lesser mammals. The indirect effects like deposition of air pollutants may affect the local vegetation and agri activities for which conservation measures were suggested. 4.8.3 Effect on migratory corridors, nesting and breeding sites: The proposed activity is far away from such types. There are no migratory corridors, nesting and Breeding sites within the core zone. No need to take any mitigation measures in this connection. One must be very concern towards ecology of the area while altering the habitats. 4.8.4 Effect on REET Species From the list of floral and faunal species it is very clear that there are no Rare or Endangered or Endemic or Threatened (REET) species present in core or buffer zone. Some species are fall under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act. Hence there is a need to take mitigation measures in this connection. 4-42 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report TABLE 4.12 Summary of Pharmaceutical Production Processes and their Environmental Effects Issue Possible impact on biodiversity Caused by Toluene, methanol, Endocrine inhibitors can reduce acetonitrile, Eco- toxicity respiratory function, possibly chloride, poisonous to flora and fauna. chloroform, cyanide compounds, etc. Emissions of Can cause algal blooms that deplete nitrogen oxygen from the water and reduce (ammonia), Eutrophication the penetration of light. Can kill fish, phosphorus and plants, etc. sulphur that may enter water bodies. Chemicals build up in the food chain Dioxins, metals, Bioaccumulation and can cause poisoning or the benzo(a)pyrene, alteration of behaviour. vitamin A Organic compounds Deplete oxygen source in water, biota (starches, sugars), De-oxygenation can die. Can lead to anaerobic inorganic (BOS, COD) conditions in water. compounds, microbes. Decreases light that can penetrate Particles in effluent, water, can cause death of plants and or high velocity Turbidity algae, reduces ability of fish to absorb ejection of oxygen, harbors microbes from harm wastewater. from UV light. Tetragenicity Affects ability to breed and sustain Toluene, 4-43 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report /Spontaneous populations. acetonitrile. abortion Benzenes, methyl chloride, formaldehyde (from Carcinogenicity Can cause death of animals. the breakdown of methanol), Ethylene oxide, Hydrazine Methane CO2, CO, Change of climatic conditions may Climate Change NOx, SOx, HFC cause extinctions. 134(a) Causes discolouring of leaves, affects Ozone and Ground level photosynthesis, affects lung capacity precursors such as ozone of animals. NOx, and VOC’s Burns plants, changes soil – nutrient Acid rain NOx, SOx. equilibriums Emission of warmer Temperature Algal blooms, death of organisms. or cooler water than change ambient. Salinization Death of organisms Salts 4.9 Prediction of Impact on Vehicular Traffic The plant is located 2.13 km from the Hyderabad-Narsapur District Road. On this road is consisting mainly of transport, and passenger vehicle traffic. There will be marginal increase in traffic density to the extent of 25 truck trips, 10 car trips and 50 two wheeler trips. The overall Passenger car Unit addition shall be in the order of 85 and shall have marginal impact on the connecting road and District road 4-44 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report CHAPTER -5: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 5.1.1 Introduction The environmental monitoring program provides such information on which management decision may be taken during construction and operation phases. It provides basis for evaluating the efficiency of mitigation and pollution control measures and suggest further actions that need to be taken to achieve the desired effect. • Visual observations; • Selection of environmental parameters at specific locations; • Sampling and regular testing of these parameters. 5.1.2 Objectives The objectives of the environmental monitoring programme are: • Evaluation of the efficiency of mitigation and pollution control measures; • Updating of the actions and impacts of baseline data; • Adoption of additional mitigation measures if the present measures are insufficient; • Generating the data, which may be incorporated in environmental management plan in future projects. 5-1 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 5.1.3 Methodology Monitoring methodology covers the following key aspects: • Components to be monitored; • Parameters for monitoring of the above components; • Monitoring frequency; • Monitoring standards; • Responsibilities for monitoring; • Direct responsibility; • Overall responsibility • Monitoring costs The proposed expansion project M/s. Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited involves manufacturing of API’s& Intermediates. Environmental monitoring of the parameters involved and the threshold limits specified are discussed below. 5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) Monitoring Ambient air quality parameters recommended are PM10, PM2.5, Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur Dioxide (SO2) & VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds). These are to be monitored at designated location Data should be generated at all identified locations in accordance to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Table 5.1) location, duration and the pollution parameters to be monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed out in the Environmental Monitoring Plan 5-2 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 5.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards Concentration in Ambient Air Industrial Ecological , Sensitive Time Residenti Area S. Methods of Pollutant Weighted al, (Notified No Measurement Average Rural and by Central Other Governme Area nt) (µg.m3) (µg.m3) 1 Sulphur Annual * 50 20 Improved west and Dioxide Gaeke Ultraviolet (SO2) 24 hours** 80 80 fluorescence 2 Nitrogen Annual * 40 30 Modified Jacob Dioxide &Hochheiser (Nn- (NO2) 24 hours** 80 80 Arsenite) Chemiluminescence 3 Particulate Annual * 60 60 Gravimetic Matter TOEM (Size Less 24 hours** 100 100 Beta Attenuation than 10 µm) or PM10 4 Particulate Annual * 40 40 Gravimetic TOEM Matter Beta Attenuation (Size Less 24 hours** 60 60 than 2.5 µm) or PM2.5 5 Ozone (O3) 8 hours** 100 100 UV Photometric Chemilminescence 1 hour** 180 180 Chemical method 6 Lead (Pb) Annual * 0.50 0.50 AAS/ ICP method after sampling on 24 hours** 1.0 1.0 EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper ED-XRF using Teflon filter. 7 Carbon 8 hours** 02 02 Non Dispersive Infra Monoxide red (NDIR) (CO) 1 hour** 04 04 Specctroscopy 8 Ammonia Annual * 100 100 Chemilminescence 5-3 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report (NH3) Indophenol blue 24 hours** 400 400 method 9 Benzene Annual * 05 05 Gas Chromoitoraphy (C6H6) based continuous analyzer Absorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis 10 Benzo (o) Annual * 01 01 Solvent extraction Pyrene ` followed by HPLC/GC (BaP) analysis Particulate Phase Only 11 Arsenic(As) Annual* 06 06 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper 12 Nickel (Ni) Annual* 20 20 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper *Average Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken for a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. **24 hourly/8 hourly values should meet 98 percent of the time in a year 5.1.5 Water Quality Monitoring The physical and chemical parameters recommended for analysis of water quality relevant are pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, oil and grease, COD, Chloride, Lead, Zinc and cadmium. The location, duration and the pollution parameters to be monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed in the Environmental Monitoring Plan. The monitoring of the water quality is to be carried out at all identified locations in accordance to the Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification – IS 10500: 1991 (Stated in Table 5.2) 5-4 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 5.2 Indian Standard Drinking Water Specifications – IS 10500: 1991 S. Substance Requirem Undesirable Permi Methods Remarks No or ent Effect ssible of Test Characteri (Desirabl Outside the Limit (Ref. To stics e Limit) Desirable in the IS) Limit Absen ce of Altern ate ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS 1 Colour, 5 Above 5, 25 3025 Extended Hazen consumer (part 4) to 25 only units, Max acceptance 1983 if toxic decreases substances are not suspected, in absence of alternate sources 2 Odour Unobjectio - - 3025 a) Test cold nable (part 5) and when 1984 heated b) Test at several dilutions 3 Taste Agreeable - - 3025 Test to be (part 7 conducted &8) only after 1984 safety has been established 4 Turbidity 5 Above 5, 10 3025 - NTU, Max consumer (part 10) acceptance 1984 decreases 5 pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 Beyond this No 3025 - range, the relaxati (part 11) water will on 1984 affect the mucous 5-5 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report membrane and/or water supply system 6 Total 300 Encrustation in 600 3025 - hardness water supply (part 21) (as CaCO3) structure and 1983 adverse effects on domestic use 7 Iron (as 0.3 Beyond this 1 32 of - Fe)mg/l, limit 3025 Max taste/appeara :1964 nce are affected, has adverse effect on domestic uses and water supply structures, and promotes iron bacteria 8 Chlorides 250 Beyond this 1000 3025 - 9as CI) limit, taste, (part 32) mg/l, Max corrosion and 1988 palatibillity are affected 9 Residual, 0.2 - - 3025 To be free (part 26) applicable chlorine, 1986 only when mg/l, min water is chlorinated . Tested at consumer end. When protection against viral infection is required, it should be Min 0.5 mg/I 5-6 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS 1 Dissolved 500 Beyond this 2000 3025 - solids mg/l, palatability (part 16) Max decreases and 1984 may cause gastro intestinal irritation 2 Calcium (as 75 Encrustation in 200 3025 - Ca) mg/l, water supply (part 40) Max structure and 1991 adverse effects on domestic use 3 Magnesium 30 Encrustation in 100 16, 33, - (as Mg) water supply 34 of IS mg/l, Max structure and 3025: adverse 1964 effects on domestic use 4 Copper (as 0.05 Astringent 1.5 36 of - Cu) mg/l, taste, 3025: Max discoloration 1964 and coloration of pipes, fitting and utensils will be caused beyond this 5 Manganese 0.1 Beyond this 0.3 35 of - (as Mn) limit 3025: mg/l, Max taste/appeara 1964 nce are affected, has adverse effects on domestic uses and wattersupply structures 6 Sulphate(as 200 Beyond this 400 3025 May be 200 SO4) causes gastro (part 24) extended mg/l, Max intestinal 1986 up to 400 irritation when provided 5-7 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report magnesium or (as Mg) sodium are does not present exceed 30 7 Nitrate (as 45 Beyond this, 100 3025 - NO2) mg/l, may cause (part 34) Max methaemoglob 1988 inemia 8 Fluoride (as 1 Fluoride may 1.5 23 of - F) mg/l, Max be kept as low 3025: as possible. 1964 High fluoride may cause fluorosis 9 Phenolic 0.001 Beyond this, it 0.002 54 of - compounds may cause 3025: (As C6H5OH) obhectionable 1964 mg/l, Max taste and odour 10 Mercury (as 0.001 Beyond this, No (see To be Hg) mg/l, the water relaxati Note) tested Max becomes toxic on Mercury when ion pollution is analyzer suspected 11 Cadmium 0.01 Beyond this, No (see To be (as Cd) the water relaxati Note) tested mg/l, Max becomes toxic on when pollution is suspected 12 Selenium 0.01 Beyond this, No 28 of To be (as Se) the water relaxati 3025: tested mg/l, Max becomes toxic on 1964 when pollution is suspected 13 Arsenic (as 0.05 Beyond this, No 3025 To be Hg) mg/l, the water relaxati (Part 37) tested Max becomes toxic on 1988 when pollution is suspected 14 Cyanide (as 0.05 Beyond this, No 3025 To be As) mg/l, the water relaxati (part 27) tested Max becomes toxic on 1986 when pollution is suspected 5-8 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 15 Lead (as 0.05 Beyond this, No (see To be Pb) mg/l, the water relaxati Note) tested Max becomes toxic on when pollution is suspected 16 Zinc (as Zn) 5 Beyond this 15 39 of To be mg/l, Max limit it can 3025: tested cause 1964 when astringent pollution is taste and an suspected opalescence in water 17 Anionic 0.2 Beyond this 1 Methylen To be detergents limit it can e blue tested (as MBAS) cause a light extraction when mg/l, Max forth in water method pollution is suspected 18 Chromium 0.05 May be No 38 of To be (as Cr6+) carcinogenic relaxati 3025: tested mg/l, Max above this on 1964 when limit pollution is suspected 19 Poly nuclear - May be No 38 of - aromatic carcinogenic relaxati 3025: hydrocarbon above this on 1964 s (as PAH) limit g/I, Max 20 Mineral oil 0.01 Beyond this 0.03 Gas - mg/l, Max limit Chromato undesirable graphic taste and Method odour after chlorination take place 21 Pesticides Absent Toxic 0.001 - - mg/l, Max 22 Radioactive - - - 58 of - materials 3025: 1964 23 a) Alpha - - 0.1 - - emitter Bq/l, Max 24 Beta - - 1 - - 5-9 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report emitters pci/l, Max 25 Aluminimum 200 Beyond this 600 13 of - (as Al) mg/l, limit taste 3025: Max becomes 1964 unpleasant 26 Aluminimum 0.03 Cumulative 0.2 31 of - (as Al) mg/l, effect is 3025: Max reported to 1964 cause dementia 27 Boron, mg/l, 1 - 5 29 of - Max 3025: 1964 Source: Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification-IS10500:1991 5.1.6 Noise Level Monitoring The measurements for monitoring noise levels would be carried out at all designated locations in accordance to the Ambient Noise Standards formulated by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in 1989 (refer table 5.3) Sound pressure levels would be monitored on twenty-four hours basis. Noise should be recorded at a “A” weighted frequency using a “slow time response mode’ of the measuring instrument. The location, duration and the noise pollution parameters to be monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed in the environmental Monitoring Plan (table 5.3) Table 5.3 Noise Level standards (CPCB) Type Noise Level for Day Noise level for Time Leq dB(A) Night Time dB(A) Industrial area 75 70 Commercial area 65 55 Residential area 55 45 Silence zone 50 40 Day time – 6.00am-9.00pm (15 hours) Night time – 9.00pm- 6.00am (9 hours) 5-10 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report The monitoring plan along with the environmental parameters and the time frame is presented in the table 5.4 Table 5.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan S. Particulars Monitoring Standards Duration Important No Frequency Of monitoring Sampling parameters Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 1 Industry main Once a Air 24hrs PM10, PM2.5, SO2, Gate, and 3 month (Prevention NOX, VOC Monitoring and control locations of Pollution) Rules, CPCB, 2 Work Place Monthly 1994 8 hr PM10, PM2.5, VOC Monitoring Stack Emissions Monitoring 1 Stacks Once a Air - Particulate matter Connected to month (Prevention SO2, NOX, Boiler and DG and control recommended set. of Pollution) methods of CPCB Rules, CPCB, 1994 Water Quality Monitoring 1 Ground water Monthly Water Grab pH, TDS,SS, BOD, and surface Quality COD and Oil & water 3 standards by Grease Harness, locations CPCB chlorides, using APHA or BIS analytical methods 2 Treated Daily Grab pH, TDS,SS, BOD, effluent (ETP COD and Oil & water) Grease Harness, chlorides, using APHA or BIS analytical methods 5-11 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Noise Quality Monitoring 1 Noise Levels Once a Noise 8hrs Equivalent Noise at 3 Locations month standards by levels in dB(A) with in plant CPCB site and 2 locations outside the plant site Solid waste 1 Soil – 3 Quarterly pH, EC, CEC, locations Lead, Moisture, Texture, Bulk Density etc. 5.1.7 Responsibility of Monitoring and Reporting System The overall responsibility of monitoring the above parameters shall lie with the management of M/s. Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited. The EHS department shall be responsible for day to day monitoring of effluent, raw water and treated water quality. The Ambient air quality, Stack emissions, soil, noise and water quality shall be monitored by either third party or by the Environment management department of the site. Records shall be maintained for the analysis of raw effluents and treated effluents, ambient air quality data, stack emissions monitoring results, and noise levels. These records are not only required for perusal of the pollution control equipment as the objective of the project proponent is not only compliance with statutory regulations, but also a serious commitment towards clean environment. The EHS department shall maintain the records as per the hazardous waste regulations and EPA regulations and apply for the annual consents for air and water, and renewal of authorization for the 5-12 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report storage of hazardous waste as per Hazardous Waste (Management, handling and trans boundary Movement ) Rules, 2008 and The records of hazardous waste manifest will be maintained. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure quality of the works and that the management plan is in implementation. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan get implemented at the site. 5.2 Environmental Monitoring Budget The estimated environmental budget for the various environmental management measures in the EMP is detailed in Table 5.5. There are several other environmental aspects that have been addressed as part of good engineering controls and practices. A portable VOC meter will be procured by the proponent to monitor VOC levels at various places in the plant Table 5.5 Estimated Environmental Monitoring Budget Component Item Frequency Unit Cost Total (INR) Cost/Year (INR) AIR Stack monitoring ( Once in a 2000 1,44,000 6 sources) month AIR Ambient Air Quality Once in a 4000 1,44,000 at locations Month specified in the monitoring plan: 3 locations AIR VOC levels Once in a - 15000* week ( Using in house 5-13 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report portable VOC meter) WATER At locations 3 no. of 2,500 90,000 QUALITY specified in the samples monitoring plan monthly Wastewater Weekly 1000 1,92,000 (Treated and Untreated effluent) ( In house) (4 Samples) NOISE At heavy Once in a 1000 36,000 equipment month functioning At locations Quarterly 1500 22500 specified in the monitoring plan SOIL At locations Quarterly 2000 24000 specified in the monitoring plan:3 locations, one near hazardous waste storage Total 6,67,500 *Equipment calibration costs per annum 5-14 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report CHAPTER-6 RISK ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT 6.1 INTRODUCTION M/S. EmmennarPharma(P) Ltd. proposes to set up a Bulk Drugs &Drug Intermediates manufacturing facility at Survey No.10, IDA Gaddapotharam (V), Jinnaram (M), Medak District, Telangana. The project site co-ordinates are between 17035’19.3” N Latitude & 78022’51.0”E Longitude. The nearest village to the plant site is Gaddapotharam which is located at about 2.0 km from the site. Theland area of the plant is 8.5 acres.There are no ecologically sensitive areas like national parks,sanctuaries within 10 km radius of the site. 6.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE The production of Bulk Drugs &Drug Intermediates involves usage of many chemicals which are both hazardous and non-hazardous in nature. Risk analysis has been carried out to identify the hazardous materials and quantify the hazards to arrive at safe disaster management plan and emergency preparedness plan for storage and handling of the potentiality hazardous material also.The purpose of carrying out risk assessment study for M/S. Emmennar Pharma(P) Ltd. Industries is to obtain clearance from the Ministry of Environment and forests (MOEF) which calls for a study on nature of hazards due to proposed location of process and storage units and also to study whether any accident,ifoccurs,leads to any off-site disaster. In this endeavour, the study objectives are outlined here under. 6-1 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 1. Hazard identification and Visualization of Maximum Credible Accident Scenarios. To identify major hazards relating to fire, explosion and toxicity due to chemicals, processes and storages of the proposed units. 2. Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment Hazard analysis is the process of determining the release probabilities and quantities, emission or release rates, the routes/pathways by which the released substances could reach the receptors, the fate of the substances in environmental media through which they are transported or moved and the characteristics of the receptors at risk. 3. Disaster Management To provide guidelines for Disaster Management Plan(DMP) for on- site emergencies and Emergency Preparedness Plan(EPP) for off- site emergency, based on above 1 & 2 studies of proposed plant. 6.3 HAZARD ANALYSIS AND RISK ASSESSMENT 6.3.1 Introduction Hazard analysis is the process of determining the release probabilities and quantities, emission or release rates, the routes/pathways by which the released substances could reach the receptors, the fate of the substances in environmental media through which they are transported or moved and characteristics of the receptors at risk. The basis of risk estimation is to determine the dose-effect relationship between an indicator chemical and receptor. Estimation of risk follows only when the hazard analysis shows a frequency or occurrence, which is significant. Risk evaluation is the process of identifying, whether the estimated level of risk is tolerable. Tolerable risk is not equated with 6-2 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report acceptability; it refers to a willingness to live with a risk so as to secure certain risk benefits, and in the confidence that the risk is being properly controlled. Hazard analysis involves the identification and quantification of the various hazards (unsafe conditions) that exist in the plant. On the other hand, risk analysis deals with the identification and quantification of risks, the plant equipment and personnel are exposed to, due to accidents resulting from the hazards present in the plant. Hazard and risk analysis involves very extensive studies, and requires a very detailed design and engineering information. The various hazard analysis techniques that may be applied are hazard and operability studies, fault-tree analysis, event-tree analysis and failure and effects mode analysis. Risk analysis follows as extensive hazard analysis. It involves the identification and assessment of risks; the neighbouring populations are exposed to as a result of hazards present. This requires a thorough knowledge of failure probability, credible accident scenario, vulnerability of population’s etc. Much of this information is difficult to get or generate. Consequently, the risk analysis is often confined to maximum credible accident studies. The common terms used in risk Assessment and Disaster Management are elaborated below: “Risk” is defined as a likelihood of an undesired event (accident, injury or death) occurring within a specified period or under specified circumstances.This may be either a probability depending on the circumstances. 6-3 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report The term “Hazard” is defined as a physical situation, which may cause human injury, damage to property or the environment or some combination of these criteria. “Hazardous substance” means any substance or preparation, which by reason of its chemical or physic chemical properties or handling is liable to cause harm to human beings, other living creatures,plants,micro-organisms,property or the environment. “Hazardous process” is defined as any process or activity in relation to an industry which may cause impairment to the health of the persons engaged or connected therewith or which may result in pollution of their general environment. “Disaster” is defined as a catastrophic situation that causes damage, economic disruptions, loss of human life and deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected area are community. Disasters occasioned by man are factory fire explosions and release of toxic gases or chemical substances etc. “Accident” is an unplanned event, which has a probability of causing personal injury or property damage or both. “Emergency” is defined as a situation where the resources out pass the demand. This highlights the typical nature of emergency; it will be after experiences that enough is not enough in emergency situations. Situations of these kinds are avoidable but it is not possible to avoid them always. In the sections below, the identification of various hazards, probable risks in a process industry manufacturing optical brighteners, maximum credible accident analysis, consequence analysis are 6-4 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report addressed which gives a broad identification of risks involved in the plant. 6.3.2 Hazard Identification Identification of hazards in the synthetic chemicals organic plant is of primary significance in the analysis, quantification and cost effective control of accidents involving flammable compounds. A classical definition of hazard states that hazard is not in fact the characteristic of system/plant/storage that presents potential for an accident. Hence, all the components of a system/plant/process need to be thoroughly examined to assess their potential for initiating or propagating an unplanned event/sequence of events which can be termed as an accident. Typical schemes of predictive hazard evaluation and quantitative risk analysis suggest that hazard identification step plays a key role. Estimation of probability of an unexpected event and its consequences from the basis of quantification of risk in terms of damage to property, environment or personal.Therefore the type, quantity, location and conditions of release of a toxic or flammable substance have to be identified in order to estimate its damaging effects, the area involved, and the possible precautionary measures required to be taken. Some of the hazard identification procedures are as follows: 1. Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index(FETI) Approach; 2. HAZOP studies 3. Maximum Credible Accident and Consequence Analysis(MCACA); 6-5 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 6.3.3 Hazards related to materials Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Proposed to manufacture Bulk drugs and Drug Intermediates. Capacities of are presented in Table 6.1. Raw materials – inventory is presented in Table 6.2. Table 6.1 Products proposed Production S.No Product Name Capacity TPM Bulk Drugs 1 Ciprofloxacin 60.0 2 Tramadol Hydrochloride 90.0 Total Bulk Drugs 150.0 Drug Intermediates 1 Methyl Isothiocyanate 195.6 2-Nitro-1-(Methylamino)-1- 2 90.0 (Methylihio) Ethane (NMSM) 3 Diethyl-D-Tartarate 33.75 Diethyl-1,3-Acetone Dicarboxylic 4 27.3 Acid Total Drug Intermediates 346.65 1 R&D Activity 0.15 Table 6.2 List of Raw Materials and Inventory Maximum CAS No. Physical Nature of storage Sl. No Chemical Kgs/day form Storage quantity Kgs 64-19-7 1 Acetic Acid 1271.74 Liquid Drums 3850 67-64-1 2 Acetone 8550.0 Liquid Tank farm 25000 3 Acetophenone 1984.54 Liquid Drums 6000 98-86-2 4 Carbon 121.6 Solid Bags 400 7440-44-0 5 Carbon Disulfide 7664.0 Liquid Tanks 15350 75-15-0 6-6 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 6 Catalyst 80.0 Solid Bags 250 29-2760 7 CS Flakes 2999.06 Solid Bags 9000 1310-73-2 8 Citric Acid 2100.0 Solid Bags 6300 77-92-9 9 CycloPropylAmine 420.5 Liquid Drums 1300 765-30-0 10 Cyclohexanone 1080.0 Liquid Tank farm 50000 108-94-1 11 D(-) Tartaric Acid 1126.0 Powder Bags 3400 147-71-7 Dimethyl Carbonate 616-38-6 12 1282.0 Liquid Drums (DMC) 3900 Dimethyl Formamide 68-12-2 13 717.92 Liquid Drums (DMF) 2200 Tank 75-18-3 14 Dimethyl Sulphide 5796.4 Liquid Farm 17400 15 Di methylamineHCl 999.0 Solid Bags 3000 506-59-2 16 Dimethyl Sulphoxide 19359.0 Liquid Tank 25000 67-68-5 17 Ethanol 7524.0 Liquid Drums 22600 64-17-5 18 Ethylene Dibromide 15.0 Liquid Drums 50 106-93-4 4647-01-0 19 Hydrochloric Acid 4789.61 Liquid Tank farm 20000 20 Hyflow 10.26 Solid Bags 50 68855-54-9 67-63-0 21 Isopropyl Alcohol 11340.0 Liquid Tank farm 50000 22 Potassium Hydroxide 2208.0 Solid Bags 6700 1310-58-3 23 Magnesium Turnings 270.0 Solid Bags 850 7439-95-4 24 Meta chloro Anisole 2265.0 Liquid Tank farm 25000 2845-89-8 25 Methanol 10256.0 Liquid Tank farm 75000 67-56-1 26 Methyl IsoThioCyanate 2400.0 Solid Bags 7200 556-61-6 27 Methylene Dichloride 43190.0 Liquid Tank farm 50000 75-09-2 28 Mono Methylene Amine 3504.0 Liquid Drums 10550 74-89-5 29 N-Butanol 1435.84 Liquid Tank farm 25000 71-36-3 30 Nitric Acid 693.0 Liquid Tank farm 25000 7697-37-2 31 Nitro Methane 2160.0 Liquid Drums 6500 75-52-5 32 Oxygen Gas 2000.0 Gas Cylinder 6000 7782-44-7 33 Paraformaldehyde 333.0 Solid Bags 1000 30525-89-4 34 Piperazine 1538.4 Solid Bags 4650 110-85-0 35 PTSA 136.0 Solid Bags 450 104-15-4 36 Sodium Hydride 425.62 Solid Bags 1300 7646-69-7 37 Sodium Bicarbonate 140.0 Solid Bags 450 144-55-8 7664-93-9 38 Sulphuric Acid 10245.0 Liquid Tank farm 25000 39 Tetrahydrofuran 4200.0 Liquid Tank farm 25000 109-99-9 40 Toluene 31168.2 Liquid Drums 93550 108-88-3 6-7 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 6.3.3.1 HAZARDOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW MATERIALS Out of the total 40 raw materials, 17 chemicals were listed in Part II of Schedule I of MSHIS Rules, 1989. None of the chemical inventories are exceeding threshold quantities listed in schedule III of MSHIS Rules. Out of the 17 chemicals listed bulk storages proposed is only for 14 chemicals. List of Hazardous chemicals and Hazardous characteristics of key raw materials are given in Table 6.4. List and quantities of bulk Storages proposed at the site are given in Table 6.5 6-8 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Table 6.3 List of Hazardous Chemicals (Listed in Part II of Schedule I) Threshold storage Whether storage List of Physica Maximum quantities specified quantity comes S.No Hazardous Type of hazard Units l Form Inventory in MHSIS Rules under any Chemicals threshold Under Under Rule Rule 5,7,9 &13 10&12 and 15 Not Not 1 Acetic Acid Liquid Flammable 3.8 KL 1st level hazard only specified specified 25.0 KL Not Not 2 Acetone Liquid Flammable& Toxic 1st level hazard only specified specified 15.3 Tons 20 T 200 T 3 Carbon disulphide Liquid Toxic 1st level hazard only 50.0 KL Not Not 4 Cyclohexanone Liquid Flammable & Toxic 1st level hazard only specified specified Di methyl 25.0 KL Not Not 5 Liquid Flammable & Toxic 1st level hazard only sulphide specified specified 22.6 KL Not Not 6 Ethanol Liquid Flammable 1st level hazard only specified specified Ethylene di 25.0 KL 5 T 50 T 7 Liquid Toxic 1st level hazard only bromide 20.0 KL Not Not 8 HCl Liquid Corrosive 1st level hazard only specified specified 50.0 KL Not Not 9 IPA Liquid Flammable 1st level hazard only specified specified Potassium 6700 Kgs Not Not 10 Solid Non-Flammable 1st level hazard only Hydroxide specified specified 6-9 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Threshold storage Whether storage List of Physica Maximum quantities specified quantity comes S.No Hazardous Type of hazard Units l Form Inventory in MHSIS Rules under any Chemicals threshold Under Under Rule Rule 5,7,9 &13 10&12 and 15 Magnesium 850 Kgs Not Not 11 Solid Flammable 1st level hazard only Turnings specified specified 75.0 KL Not Not 12 Methanol Liquid Flammable 1st level hazard only specified specified Methyl 7200 Kgs Not Not 13 Solid Flammable 1st level hazard only IsoThioCyanate specified specified Methylene di 50.0 KL Not Not 14 Liquid Toxic 1st level hazard only chloride specified specified 25.0 KL Not Not 14 N- Butanol Liquid Flammable 1st level hazard only specified specified Reactive / 25.0 KL Not Not 15 Nitric acid Liquid 1st level hazard only Corrosive specified specified 25.0 KL Not Not 16 Tetra hydro furan Liquid Flammable/Toxic 1st level hazard only specified specified 93.5 KL Not Not 17 Toluene Liquid Flammable 1st level hazard only specified specified 6-10 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Table 6.4 List of Hazardous Chemicals Physical properties& Hazard characteristics of Key Raw materials Explosive Boiling Flash Name of the Limits S.No point Point in NFPA Rating Material volume % oC oC in air Fire Reactivi Health reactivity ty Methylene 1 40 - 15.5-66.4 2 1 0 dichloride Di Methyl 2 189 89 2.6-42 2 2 0 Sulphoxide Di Methyl 3 37 -38 2.2-9.7 2 4 0 Sulphide 4 Cyclohexanone 155.6 43.8 1.1-8.1 1 2 0 5 Iso Propyl 82.5 12.77 2-12.7 1 3 0 6 AlcoholAcetone 55.6 -17.8 2.5-12.8 1 3 0 Tetra Hydro 7 65 -14.5 1.8-11.8 2 3 1 Furan Meta Chloro 8 193 73 - 1 2 0 Anisole 9 Methanol 65.5 16 6.3-6.5 1 3 0 10 N- Butanol 117.7 28.9 1.7-12 1 3 0 Ethylene 11 83.5 13 6.2-15.6 2 3 0 Dichloride Carbon Di- 12 Sulphide 13 Sulphuric acid 270 - - 3 0 2 14 Nitric acid 121 - - 4 0 0 15 HCl 108.58 - - 3 0 1 6-11 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Table 6.5 List of bulk storages & quantities proposed at the site S.NO Chemical/Solvent Total storage MOC quantity KL 1 Methylene dichloride 50 MS 2 DMSO 25 MS 3 DMS 25 MS 4 Cyclohexanone 50 MS 5 Iso Propyl Alcohol 50 MS 6 Acetone 25 MS 7 Tetra Hydro Furan 25 SS 8 MCA 25 SS 9 Methanol 1x 25, 1x 50 MS 10 N- Butanol 25 MS 11 Ethylene Dichloride 25 MS 12 Sulphuric acid 25 MS 13 Nitric acid 25 SS 14 HCl 30% 20 PP/FRP 6.3.4 Fire& Explosion Index (F&EI): 6.3.4.1 Methodology Dow Chemical Company issued a guideline for hazard determination and protection. By this method a chemical process unit is rated numerically for hazards. The numerical value used is the Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) which is most widely used for hazard evaluation in chemical process industries. The guide applies to process unit only and not to auxiliary units such as power generating stations, plant water systems, control 6-12 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report rooms, fired heaters, structural requirements, corrosive nature of material handled and personal safety equipment. These are regarded as basic features that do not vary according to the magnitude of the fire and explosion hazard involved. The guide also does not cover the processing and handling of explosives such as dynamite, TNT etc. 6.3.4.2 Computation of F&EI The computation of fire and explosion index of each unit is based on the material factor. This is a measure of the intrinsic rate of potential energy release from fire explosion of most hazardous material or mixture of materials present in significant quantity, whether it is raw material, intermediate, product, solvent etc., by combustion or chemical reaction. “In significant quantity” here means such quantity that the hazard represented by the material actually exists. The Nationality Fire Protection Agency of USA (NFPA) have specified standard values for material factor which should be used for F&EI calculations and are available in DOW’s hazard classification guide.in case it is not readily available, it can be calculated using the heat of combustion, flammability indices etc. General process hazard are factors that play a primary role in determining the magnitude of loss of incident. It takes into account the nature of the reaction, ventilation of the unit, accessibility of the unit, drainage facilities etc., special process hazards are factors that contribute primarily to the probability of a loss incident. They consist of specific process conditions that have shown themselves to be major causes of fire and explosion incidents. It takes into account toxicity of the material, operatingpressure, operation near flammable range, quantity of material, joints and packing, use of hot oil exchange system etc., 6-13 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report The F&EI calculated as a product of material factor, general process hazard factor, and special process hazard factor. 6.3.4.3 Hazard Ranking The hazard ranking based on F&EI value is as follows Table 6.6 Degree of Hazard for F&EI F&EI Index Range Degrees of Hazard 1-60 Light 61-96 Moderate 97-127 Intermediate 128-158 Heavy 159 & above Severe The estimated values of F&EI reflect light hazard in view of the low volume of chemicals. The fire and explosion index evaluation can be very useful in developing plant layouts or adding equipment and buildings to existing plants. Evaluation of the F&EI calculations and layout considerations will result a safe operable, maintainable and cost effective arrangement of equipment and buildings 6-14 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Table 6.7 Heat Radiation Damage Distances(flammable) – Tank Farm Storage Tank Details Scenario Details Name of the FEI Tank Release Heat radiation damage Hole S.No Index Diameter Height Rate/Burn distances in m for solvent Capacity No.s Dia (m) (m) rate KW/m2 (cm) (KL) (Kg/min) 10 5.0 2.0 1 DMSO 16 25 1 2.5 5.0 2.54 27.6 10 10 12 2 Cyclohexanone 42 50 1 3.5 6.0 2.54 26.0 10 10 13 Iso Propyl 90 3 50 1 3.5 6.0 2.54 23.8 10 10 12 Alcohol 4 Acetone 95 25 1 2.5 5.0 2.54 23.4 10 10 13 Tetra Hydro 108 5 25 1 2.5 5.0 2.54 24.8 10 10 14 Furan 6 Methanol 68 25 1 2.5 5.0 2.54 23.5 10 10 11 7 N- Butanol 78 25 1 2.5 5.0 2.54 23.7 10 10 14 Ethylene 98 8 25 1 2.5 5.0 2.54 29.5 10 10 10 Dichloride 6-15 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report The storage is a small capacity facility and accordingly the F& E index value is found to be moderate reflecting the threshold limits as prescribed in MSHC rules. Based on MSHC rules and F & E index the risk levels are restricted to premises only. In regards to toxic chemicals, 6 chemicals are identified as potential toxic threats. Based on Modelled data (Using ALOHA), Toxic threat distances in case of leakages are presented in Table 6.8 and Table 6.9 below 6-16 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Table 6.8 Toxic threat zones on release of chemicals Storage Tank Details Scenario Details Name of Toxic concentration Storage Release the Hole distances in m S.No Diameter Height Rate/Burn Capacity No.s Dia solvent (m) (m) rate AEGL-3 AEGL-2 AEGL-1 (cm) (KL) (Kg/min) Red Orange Yellow Methylene 50 2 2.5 5.0 2.54 27.0 21 87 154 1 Di-chloride Ethylene 2 50Kg Drum storage 50.0 291 401 468 dibromide Cyclo - 3 50 1 3.5 6.0 2.54 0.167 10 11 11 hexanone 4 Acetone 25 1 2.5 5.0 2.54 20.1 22 32 157 Tetra 5 Hydro 25 1 2.5 5.0 2.54 20.4 21 88 205 Furon Carbon Di- 50 Kg Drum storage 50.0 23 43 153 6 Sulphide 6-17 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Table 6.9 Concentration levels and toxic zone distances Red Distanc Orange Distanc Yellow Distan S.N TLV IDLH Chemical zone e in Zone e in Zone ce in O PPM PPM PPM Meters PPM Meters PPM Meters Methylene 6900 21 560 87 200 154 1 25 2300 Di-chloride Ethylene 20 400 46 291 24 401 17 468 2 dibromide Cyclo - 10 20 11 20 11 3 20 500 5000 hexanone 500 2500 5700 22 3200 32 200 157 4 Acetone Tetra 200 2000 5000 21 500 88 100 205 5 Hydro Furon Carbon Di- 6 10 500 480 23 160 43 13 153 sulphide 6.3.4.4 Analysis of quantitative risk assessment data : Based on the above quantitative risk assessment, following conclusions can be made. ‹ Flammability threat zones and heat radiation zones for flammable chemicals are within the plant premises ( 10 -14 Meter radius) ‹ FEI index for flammable chemicals is moderate for all chemicals ‹ Storage quantities of flammable chemicals are well below the threshold quantities ‹ Toxic threat zones (red, Orange & Yellow) are within factory premises for 4 chemicals and beyond factory premises for two chemicals. However in all cases IDLH levels ( Immediate Danger to Life or health) are well within the specified limits for all chemicals 6-18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 6.3.4.5 Health Hazards from exposure to hazardous substances and control measures. Existing hazards considered from operational/equipment manuals. Detailed Hazard identification and health based risk assessment of various operations and processes are carried out. Based on analysis 3 chemicals are identified as toxic chemicals in liquid form. Toxic concentrations distances are determined based on the modeling data and presented. Based on the data following risk measures are suggested ‹ Material data sheets shall be available at user places. ‹ Engineering controls for leak detection and control of storage tanks ‹ Availability of neutralization agents to control impact of any leakages of chemicals ‹ Closed material handling system through pipes ‹ Spill control kits and procedures are established. ‹ Good Manufacturing practices and housekeeping practices are established. ‹ Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles and respirators. ‹ Operators training on control measures by on job training/induction training. ‹ Carry out practice drills for cleaning up spills safely – do this before any spillages happen. ‹ Annual health checks are being carried out for all employees. ‹ Information to District authorities to tackle off-site emergency situations Ensuring availability of antidotes in the plant and nearby public hospital to tackle any off-site emergency situation 6-19 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 6.4 Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) Safety and reliability of modern processing plant can be improved by using procedures that recognize and eliminate potential problems in the design stage. This is especially important because of the increasing need to operate the different units, for economic reasons, more closely to known risk situations. Hence, it requires refined methods like HAZOP study technique for identifying hazardous situations and problems and eliminating them at the design stage. Based on process reactions, a list of process reactions were identified for taking additional care precautions and presented in Table 6.10 Table 6.10 Hazardous processes and precautions suggested UNIT Chemicals Equipment& Temp/ Emiss Safety ions PROCESS Involved Utilities pressure Measures Product : TRAMADOL .HCl STAGE-I DMA HCl, para GLR, 25-95॰C NIL Safety Relief Formaldehyde, valve, PPE SS316Reactor. Cyclohexanone, Atmospheric to be used IsopropylAlcohol, UTILITIES: pressure by work HCl 30%, Water. force Steam, cooling tower water, chilled water(+5॰C) STAGE-II Stage-I, Mg GLR, 25-80॰C NIL Safety Relief Turnings, THF, valve, SS316Reactor, Meta chloro Atmospheric Rupture disk Centrifuge, anisole, Ethylene pressure &PPE to be di bromide, Fluidized bed used by Sulfuric acid, dryer, Blender. work force Caustic Flakes, UTILITIES: Nitric acid , 6-20 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Isopropyl Alcohol Steam, cooling tower water, chilled water(+5॰C) Product : CIPROFLOXACIN .HCl STAGE-I 2-4Dicloro 5 SS316Reactor 25-60॰C NIL With floroAcetophenone with hot oil indirect , Dimethyl circulation. Atmospheric heating & carbonate, sodium pressure cooling, hydride, UTILITIES: Safety Relief cyclopropylamine, Steam, cooling valve, PPE toluene. tower water, to be used chilled by work force water(+5॰C) STAGE-II Stage-I product, SS316Reactor, 25-100॰C NIL Safety Relief valve, Toluene UTILITIES: Atmospheric Rupture disk Caustic flakes Steam, chilled pressure &PPE to be used by water(+5॰C) work force STAGE- Stage-II SS316Reactor, 25-120॰C NIL Safety Relief III compound, n- valve, UTILITIES: Butanol, Atmospheric Rupture disk piperzine. Steam, cooling pressure &PPE to be tower water, used by chilled, work force water(+5॰C) STAGE- Stage-III GLR. 25-60॰C NIL Safety Relief IV compound, valve, UTILITIES: methanol, HCl Atmospheric Rupture disk Steam, chilled pressure &PPE to be used by water(+5॰C) work force Product : METHYL THIO ISO CYANATE STAGE-I Carbon di sulfide, SS316Reactors, 25-100॰C NIL Safety Relief monoMethylamine, nutch filter, valve, methylene di distillation 1.2 Rupture disk chloride(MDC), &PPE to be 6-21 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report catalyst, oxygen, column. kg/m2(s) used by Water. work force UTILITIES: Steam, cooling tower water, chilled water(+5॰C) Product : (2-NITRO-1-(METHYLAMINO)-1-(METHYLTHIO)ETHANE {NMSM} STAGE-I Methyl SS316Reactor, 0-120॰C NIL Safety Relief Isothiocyanate, centrifuge, valve, Nitromethane, distillation Atmospheric Rupture disk DMSO,DMS,KOH column, steam pressure &PPE to be Flakes, Water. tray dryer. used by work force UTILITIES: Steam, cooling tower water, chilled water(+5॰C), chilled brain(- 10॰C) Product : DIETHYL-D-TARTARATE STAGE-I D-Tartaric Acid, SS316Reactor. 30-70॰C NIL Safety Relief Ethanol, valve, PPE UTILITIES: Toluene, PTSA, Atmospheric to be used Water. Steam, cooling pressure by work tower water, force chilled water(+5॰C) Product : DIETHYL-1,3-ACETONE DI CARBOXYLIC ACID STAGE-I Citric Acid(food GLR. 10-50॰C NILL Safety Relief grade), valve, PPE UTILITIES: Ethanol, Atmospheric to be used Sulphuric Steam, cooling pressure by work Acid(98%), 6-22 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Methylene tower water, force Dichloride, chilled brain (- Sodium 10॰C) Hydroxide, Water. 6.4.1 HAZOP STUDY GUIDELINES A checklist of guide words is applied to each stage of the process in turn thereby generating deviations opposite of all conceivable eventualities. Table 6.11gives the checklist of guide works. A team chosen carefully to provide the knowledge and experience appropriate to the objectives of the examination carries out HAZOP study. It is important to keep the team small enough to be efficient, while retaining a sufficient spread of skills and disciplines for all aspects of the study to be covered comprehensively. Every investigation must be led by someone familiar with the HAZOP study technique, who is primarilyconcerned with applying, controlling the discussions and stimulating team thinking, but who may also make an active technical contribution provided that these primary requirements are being met. Table 6.11 Checklist of guide words in HAZOP NO,NOT,NONE No activity or operation takes place. There is The activity is not no forward flow when should be. A task may carried out of ceases not be done, something may not be done, something may not be delivered or be there. There may be no action in response to activating signal. A check is omitted.no catalyst present. MORE OFF There is more of something. More of any A quantitative increase physical quantity than there should be. For 6-23 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report in an activity example, of Temperature, pressure quantity of flow. More of a task can be carried out.An activity is done for a longer time LESS OFF There is loss of something present. Less of an A quantity decrease in activity is carried out. Less time is taken an activity PART OF Only part of an action is carried out. There Incomplete Performance might be a transfer of part of a load or batch. of an activity More components or an extra phase or impurities might be present. REVERSE Something happens backwards. A back Inversion of an activity siphon occurs. Heating rather than cooling occur. This keyword can also be used to generate ideas as to how to recover from a situation OTHER(THAN) A gas X can be sent down the line instead of gas Y.An operator might press the wrong bottom or open the wrong valve. This key word is also used to identify what needs to happen other than normal operation—for example, start-up, shutdown, regeneration, maintenance. AS WELL AS Can button A and B pressed only A was Another activity occurs meant be pressed? Can both gas X and gas Y as the original activity be sent down the line? What happens if the operator eats his lunch at the same time as packing cyanide? SOONER/LATER THAN Every system has its running clock. What An activity occurring at happens if task G is done before task K? what the wrong time/relative if batch reaction is not completed in the to others normal time 6-24 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Potential problems as represented by the consequences of the deviation should be evaluated as they arise and a decision reached on whether they merit further consideration or action. Except for major risk areas where a fully quantitative assessment is required this decision is made semi-quantitatively on the consequence (usually scaled as trivial, important or very probable) There are no temperature and pressure conditions in this process. Hence only flow is considered for the HAZOP.The sheets of HAZOP study are presented below; 6.4.2HAZOP WORK SHEETS Following work sheets shall be used for development of safety measures 6-25 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Table 6.12 HAZOP Work Sheet – Raw Material Flow Safety S. Deviati Conseque Causes Features/Measur Remarks No on nces es No supply No Operation control Inspect Malfunctioning of Reaction devices and Operations pump emergency plant Frequently Power failure shut down 1 No Flow procedure, alarm system etc. Alternative Automatic power source Malfunctioning of Operational Operation control Check the pump trouble in devices and shut off valve. Less Malfunctioning of reactors emergency plant Ensure the 2 Flow Shut off valve shutdown feed valve is Valve on charging procedure, alarm opened line not opened systems etc. Malfunction of Operational Flow regulators, Flow control control valve trouble in Excess flow devices reactor diversion devices to inspection and More Alternative storage examination 3 Flow or Flare etc. and maintenance will be continuous 6-26 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Table 6.13 HAZOP Work Sheet– Pressure S. Consequen Safety Deviation Causes Remarks No ces Features/Measures Not Envisaged No 1 ------Pressure during operation Malfunctionin Operational Periodic inspection Pipe line and g of pump trouble in &Examination, flow control Malfunctionin reactors Maintenance g of Shut off Leak detect system devices valve Shut off valve examined Low pressure Valve on alarm/indicators shall frequently Low charging line be provided 2 Pressure not opened Leakages in pipe line High Operational Periodic inspection Pipe line and Temperature trouble in &Examination, flow control Excess reactor Maintenance High 3 supply Rupture of Pressure relief system devices Pressure Malfunction pipe line Automatic flow diverter examined of control Fire or Alternative storage valve Explosion system frequently 6-27 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Table 6.14 HAZOP Work Sheet: Temperature Safety Consequen S.No Deviation Causes Features/Measur Remarks ces es Not No envisaged 1 Temperatu ------during re operation Malfunctionin -- Calibration of Examine the g of Temp. Temperature pipe line and Indicator indicators, periodic control Low External Inspection devices 2 Temperatu cooling Examination working re conditions frequently Malfunctionin Rupture/ Calibration of Examine the g of failure in Temp.Indicator, pipe line and Temp.Indicat pipe line periodic Inspection control High or Examination devices 3 Temperatu External Thermal Insulation working re fire/Heating Around the pipe conditions Radiation frequently Detectors/Sensors will be provided 6.4.3 Hazard Factors A study of past accident information provides an understanding of failure modes and mechanisms of process and control equipment and human systems and their likely effects on the overall plant reliability and safety. Some of the major contributing factors for accidents in chemical industries are: 6-28 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Table 6.15 Contributing factors for accidents S.No Contributing Factor Per cent Loss 1 Equipment design faults 41 2 Process design faults 10 3 Operator errors 31 4 Maintenance deficiencies 12 5 Material Hazards 6 A study AICHE (1972) indicates that majority of equipment of component failures involve compressors, furnaces and heat exchangers as there are lesser opportunities to take them off for maintenance. The frequency of equipment or component failures is observed as follows: Table 6.16 Failure frequency statistics of key equipment S.No Equipment Frequency (%) 1 Compressors 30 2 Furnaces 18 3 Heat Exchangers 17 4 Process Vessels 18 5 Others 17 However, failures of storage vessels and those during transportation have been reported more frequently than cases of plant failures. The failure rate of various equipment in a typical power plant is provided in the following table. 6-29 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 6.4.4EQUIPMENT FAILURE RATES (Data from reliability Technology by A.E.Green and J.R Bourne, Copyright C,1972,reproduced with permission of John Wiley and Sons,Inc) Table 6.17 Equipment failure rates Failure Equipment Rate(Failures/106h) Electric Motors 10 Transformers(<15 kv) 0.6 Transformers(132-400k V) 0.7 General, (33k V) 2 Circuit breakers 10 Pressure vessels(general) 3 Pressure vessels 0.3 (High standard) Pipes 0.2 Pipe joints 0.5 Ducts 1 Gaskets 0.5 Bellows 5 Diagrams(metal) 5 Diagrams(Rubber) 8 Unions and junctions 0.4 Hoses(heavily stressed) 40 Hoses(Lightly stressed) 4 Ball bearings(heavy duty) 20 Ball bearings(Light duty) 10 Roll bearings 5 Sleeve bearings 5 Shafts(heavily stressed) 0.2 6-30 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Shafts(Lightly stressed) 0.02 Relief valves leakage 2 Relief valves blockage 0.5 Hand-operated valves 15 Control valves 30 Ball valves 0.5 Solenoid valves 30 Rotating seals 7 Sliding seals 3 ‘O’ring seals 0.2 Couplings 5 Belt drives 40 Spur gears 10 Helical gears 1 Friction clutches 3 Magnetic clutches 6 Fixed orifices 1 Variable orifices 5 Nozzle and flapper assembles: blockage 6 Nozzle and flapper assembles:breakage 0.2 Filters: blockage 1 Filters: Leakage 1 Rock and pinion assembles 2 Knife edge fulcrum: wear 10 Springs(heavily stressed) 1 Springs(Lightly stressed) 0.2 Hair springs 1 Calibration springs: creep 2 Calibration springs: Breakage 0.2 Vibration mounts 9 6-31 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report Mechanical joints 0.2 Grub Screws 0.5 Pins 15 Pivots 1 Nuts 0.02 Bolts 0.02 Boilers(all types) 1.1 Boilers feed pumps 1012.5 Cranes 7.8 6.4.5 Common Causes of Accidents Engineering and Instrumental Based on the analysis of past accident information, common causes of major chemical plant accidents are identified as: • Poor house keeping • Improper use of Tools,equipment,facilities • Unsafe or defective equipment facilities • Lack of proper procedures • Unsafe procedures • Failure to follow prescribed procedures • Jobs not understood • Lack of awareness of hazards involved • Lack of proper tools, equipment, facilities • Lack of guides and safety devices • Lack of protective equipment and clothing 6.4.6 Failures of Human Systems An assessment of past chemical accidents reveals human factor to the cause for over 60% of the accidents while the rest are due to other plant component failures. This percentage will increase if 6-32 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report major accidents alone are considered for analysis. Major causes of human failures reported are due to: • Stress induced by poor equipment design, unfavourable environmental conditions, fatigue, etc. • Lack of training in safety and loss prevention • Indecision in critical situations. • Inexperienced staff being employed in hazardous situations Often, human errors are not analysed while accident reporting and accident reports only provide information about equipment or component failures. Hence, a great deal of uncertainty surrounds analysis of failure of human systems and consequent damages. The number of persons/materials are potentially exposed to a specific hazard zone is a function of the population density and distribution near the accident location. The failure rate data and ignition sources of major fires are presented in the Tables 6.17 and 6.18 Table 6.18Ignition Sources of Major Fires S. No Ignition source Percent 1 Electrical (wiring of motors) 23% 2 Smoking 18% 3 Friction 10% 4 Overheated material 8% 5 Burner flames 7% 6 Combustion sparks 5% 7 Spontaneous ignition 4% 8 Cutting & Welding 4% 9 Exposure (fires jumping into new areas) 3% 10 Incendiarism (fires maliciously set) 2% 11 Mechanical sparks 2% 12 Molten substances 1% 13 Chemical actions 1% 14 Static sparks 1% 15 Lightening 1% 16 Miscellaneous 1% 6-33 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 6.5 Suggested safety measures for storage of chemicals Following measures are suggested for safe handling of chemicals in EmmennarPharma(P) Ltd. ° Containers shall be labelled and level indicators shall be installed. ° AppropriateSafetysignsshall be posted. ° Material safety Data sheets shall be made available. ° Chemical safety training shall be provided and an inventory of hazardous chemicals is maintained. ° Proper preventive measures on electrostatic hazards. ° Follow good CGMP and dispensing practices. ° Regular inspection and checking to assure risk control (proper earthling, functioning of safety interlocks, bonding, transferring in closed system and no spillages). ° Dykes shall be provided for all storage tanks as per the statutory norms. ° Preventive maintenance of storage vessels shall be followed. 6.6 Disaster Management Plan 6.6.1 Introduction A disaster is a catastrophic situation in which suddenly, people are plunged into helplessness and suffering and, as a result, need protection, clothing, shelter, medical and social care and other necessities of life. Disasters can be divided into two main groups In the first, are disasters resulting from natural phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, storm surges cyclones, tropical storms. Floods, avalanches, landslides, and forest fires. The second group includes disastrous events occasioned by man, or by man’s impact upon the environment. Examples are armed conflict. Industrial 6-34 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report accidents, radiation accidents, factory fires, explosions and escape of toxic gases or chemical substances, river pollution, mining or other structural collapses, air, sea rail and road transport accidents and can reach catastrophic dimensions in terms of human loss. There can be no set criteria for assessing the gravity of a disaster in the abstract since this depends to a large extent on the physical, economic and social environment in which it occurs. However, all disasters bring in their wake similar consequences that call for immediate action, whether at the local, national or international lever, for the rescue and relief of the victims. This includes the search for the dead and injured, medical and social care, removal of the debris, the provision of temporary shelter for the homeless, food, clothing and medical supplies, and the rapid re-establishment of essential services An emergency may be said to begin when operator at the plant or in charge of storage of hazardous chemicals cannot cope up with a potentially hazardous incident, which may turn into an emergency. The emergencies could be a major fire or explosion or release of toxic gas or a combination of them The proposed plant will store fuels, which are flammable in nature, and the storage will be as per the Controller and the project is still in the initial stages of designing. Hence a tentative disaster management plan is prepared to be suitably modified before commissioning of the plant. 6.6.2 Objectives of Emergency Management Plan (On-Site) A quick and effective response during emergency can have tremendous significance on whether the situation is controlled with 6-35 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report little loss or it turns into a major emergency therefore, the objectives of this onsite emergency plan (ONSEP) During Emergency: is to provide basic guidance to the personnel for effectively combating such situations to minimize loss of life, damage to property and loss of property. • To localize the emergency and if possible eliminate it; • To minimize the consequences of an emergency; • To prevent spreading of the damage in other areas • To give necessary warning to plant personnel and neighbourhood; • To maximize resource utilization and combined efforts towards the emergency operations; • To mobilize internal resources and utilize them in the most effective way; • To arrange rescue of persons, transport and treatment of causalities; • To seek necessary help from industries in neighbourhood or local authorities; • To provide information to government agencies and to provide information to public During Normal Time: • To keep the required emergency equipment in stock at right places and ensure their working condition; • To keep the concerned personnel fully trained in the use of emergency equipment; • Preserving records, evidence of situation for subsequent emergency etc. 6.6.3 Scope of ONSEP This ONSEP is prepared for industrial emergencies like fired, explosions, toxic releases, asphyxia and does not cover natural 6-36 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report calamities and societal disturbances related emergencies (like strikes, bomb threats, civil Commissions etc.) Also, the scope this ONSEP is limited to onsite emergencies and does not include measures for offsite Emergency Management. Necessary information with regards to Off Site Emergency Management will be furnished to district authorities. 6.6.4 Methodology of Development ONSEP The consideration in preparing this Emergency Plan includes the following steps: • Identification and assessment of hazards and risks; • Identifying, appointment of personnel & Assignment of Responsibilities; • Identification and equipping Emergency Control Center; • Identification of Assembly, Rescue points, Medical facilities; • Training, Rehearsal & Evaluation; • Action on site. Earlier, a detailed Hazards Analysis and Risk Assessment were carried out for the plant facilities and the hazards are quantified. The likely location of hazards and consequences are evaluated, duly following the standard procedure. 6.6.5 Elements of onsite Emergency Plan Important elements considered in this plan are: • Identification of emergencies • Emergency organization • Emergency facilities • Emergency procedure • Communications during emergency • Rescue, Transport and Rehabilitation • Roles and responsibilities of key personnel and essential employees 6-37 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report • Mutual aid 6.6.5.1 Emergencies Identified Typical emergencies identified in this type of industries - Fire accidents at Bulk solvent storage &HSDareas - Fire accidents at Boiler area, DG area - Fire in reactors area - Food /Water Contamination.. - Fire accidents in QC Laboratory. - Major Spillage of solvents & HSD. - Fire accident in scrap yard. - Electric shocks. - Reaction hazardsin Hydrogenation area - Cylinder explosion - Catalyst fire Priority of protection in the event of an emergency is; Life and Safety of personnel, preservation of property, restoration of normalcy. 6.6.5.2 Emergency Organization The project employs a total of 100people in 3 shifts. The general shift will be for the administrative employees, while the three shifts of 8 hours each are for technical employees. Key personnel and essential employees are identified and are assigned emergency responsibilities. The organogram of the essential organization are presented below: Security personnel, all operators, filters, electricians etc. in the shifts are designated essential employees. During emergencies, their services are drafted for essential operations. 6-38 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 6.6.5.3 Emergency Facilities 1. Emergency Control Centre (ECC) It is a location where all key personnel like chief coordinator; Emergency controller maintenance coordinator can assemble and monitor aspects related to emergency and take decisions related to emergency. The office room is designated as ECC. In case if this area is affected, zone security room is designated as alternative ECC. The following information and facilities would be maintained at the ECC Plant control room: Latest copy of Onsite Emergency Plan and Off Site Emergency Plan (as Provided by District Emergency Authority) • Intercom Telephone • P&T Telephone • Telephone Directories (internal and P&T) • Factory Layout, Site Plan • P&I diagrams, electrical connections plans indicating locations of hazardous inventories, sources of safety equipment, hydrant layout, location of pump house, road plan, assembly by points, vulnerable zones, escape routes; • Hazard Chart; • Emergency shutdown procedures for generators and fuel supply system; • Nominal roll of employees; • List and addresses of key personnel; • List and addresses of first aid providers; • List and addresses of employees trained in fire fighting; • List and addresses of qualified trained persons; • Material safety data sheets of raw materials; • Duties of key personnel; 6-39 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report • Important addresses and telephone numbers including those of fuel supplying company, government agencies, neighbouring industries and other sources of help, outside experts; The following emergency equipment will be made available at alternate ECC (Security point): • Fire proximity suit/Gloves/Helmets; • Hand tools suitable for pipelines (non sparking type); • Gaskets; • Teflon tape; • Gas Explosimeter; • Flame proof torches/batteries; • ½ crow bar; • Spade; • Manila rope; • Spark arrestor; • Spare fan belt for truck; • First aid box; • Special fire fighting information related to hydrocarbon fuels; • Public address megaphone, hand bell, emergency torch. 2. First Air center :A full fledged first aid center is in place in the company to provide first aid for the people injured. Eye wash stations and safety showers are provided at different places in plant and laboratory 3. Safe Assembly Points Safe assembly points shall be identified and notified to all employees 6-40 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 4. Fire Fighting Facilities The fire fighting facilities which shall be provided are presented in Table 6.19 Table 6.19 List of Fire Extinguishers S.No. Description of Item Quantity 1 DCP 10 Kg 6Nos 2 Foam 50 ltrs 6 Nos 3 CO2 22.5 Kg 10 Nos 4 CO2 6.8 Kg 30 Nos 5 ABC Soda Acid 5 Kg 3Nos 6 ABC Soda Acid 1 Kg 9Nos 7 Fire Buckets with Stand 15 Nos 8 Fire reel holes of 30mmx 1’’ 6 Nos 9 Fire hydrant system 140 m3/hr x 70m head 1 Nos jacking pump 1 Nos Electrical motor pump 1 Nos Diesel drum pump( standby) 1 Nos Storage Tank 300KL Fire hydrant points 15 Nos (15 m x2) fire hoses Fire Nozzle 15 Nos 500 L AFF Foam nozzles 2 Nos 4. Location of First Aid Boxes The first aid boxes will be located at the following places; preparation areas, administrative office, time office, and will be under the change of security coordinator 6-41 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 5. Emergency Siren Emergency siren will be provided with 1.0km range of audibility and the location will be time office. The siren will operate on regular supply and also on emergency electrical supply. Shift electrical engineer of plant on receipt of information from shift in-charge, is authorized to operate the siren. 6. Emergency Escapes Emergency escapes in the plant area and floor wise emergency will be conspicuously marked. 7. Wind Sock Wind socks are located at the following locations S.No. Location 1. Top of Production Block 2. Top of Boiler house 3. Top of Administration Building 6.6.5.4 Emergency Procedures 1. Procedure for Raising Emergency alarm Whenever and whoever notices an emergency or a situation with a potential emergency should forth wise raise alarm by calling on the available communication network or shouting or approaching the shift in charge, furnishing details. Anybody noticing fire should inform the plant control room immediately. The shift electrical engineer at control room informs the site controller. 2. Control room staff if an emergency is reported then plant control room staff must, request for the location nature and severity of emergency and obtain the caller’s name, telephone number and inform the shift in charge or site controller whoever are available in the shift. 6-42 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 3. Emergency Communication The following communications will be used during emergencies; P&T Telephones, intercom, walkie-talkies, hand bell and siren. If any of the equipment is not working, runners would be engaged to send the communication. 4. Warning/Alarm Communication of Emergency Emergency siren would be operated to alert all other employees on the orders of manager (electrical). The emergency is communicated by the Emergency siren mode of walling for 3 minutes when the emergency has been brought under control, the Emergency Controller will direct plant control staff giving ‘all clear signal’, by way of normal siren (continuously for 3 minutes). 6.6.5.5 Rescue and Rehabilitation Emergency vehicle will be made available round the clock under the charge of manager (electrical) who is emergency coordinator. Security personnel are trained in rescue operations. Persons rescued would be taken to First aid centre for further medical attention or Safe Assembly Points as per the condition of the rescued person. 1. Transport Vehicles and Material Trucks The transport vehicles and vehicles with materials would immediately withdraw to outside the factory. Security guard of the shift is responsible for this. Transport vehicles would wait at the security at the main entrance to provide emergency transport. This is ensured by security coordinator. 2. Mock drill Occasional mock drill is essential to evaluate that the ONSEP is meeting the objectives. Adequate training is given to all staff members before conducting the mock drill. Mock drills will be 6-43 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report initiated with table top exercise, followed by pre-informed mock drills, and few uninformed mock drills in the first phase. Functional exercises (communication, Emergency shutdown, fire fighting at different locations, rescue etc.) are carried out in the second phase. Mock drills will familiarize the employees with the concept and procedures and help in evaluating their performance. These scheduled and unscheduled mock drills are conducted during shift change, public holidays, in night shift once in 6 Months. Response time, strict adherence to discharge of responsibilities, difficulties and inconsistencies experienced are recorded and evaluated. Fire officer will assists Emergency coordinator in designing and extending such mock drills and in evaluating the response. 3. Review The Emergency Plan is reviewed periodically to evaluate the effectiveness, and during change in organizational structure, isolation of equipment for longer duration, and during increase in Inventory of fuel and other chemicals. Manger Electrical and emergency co-coordinator initiates and authorizes such review as and when required, and the changes if any will be duly informed to all the employees concerned. 6.6.5.6 Emergency Responsibilities 1. Chief Coordinator The chief coordinator shall be General Manager and Alternate is Manager Electrical. • He is overall in charge of emergency operations. • He reaches emergency control centre as soon as he receives emergency information. • He coordinates with emergency controller, maintenance coordinator. 6-44 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report • He provides necessary resources required at the emergency site. • He will inform the inspector of factories, and other statutory authorities. • Prepares accident report/ investigation. • Arranges for keeping records of chronological events and orders an investigation report and preserves evidence. • Gives a public statement if necessary. 2. Emergency controller – Shift in charge On receiving the message about emergency; • He will assume charge as chief coordinator till general manager arrives at scene and takes charge as a chief coordinator. • Takes actions to minimize the consequences and directs emergency management and fore control/ other causes with available personnel to put off or to reduce the consequences. • On the arrival of chief coordinator, he will hand over the charge of chief coordinator and assists him. • He will identify the need of evacuating any personnel in the vicinity of the affected zone. • Exercises operational control of the installation and outside the affected area and directs emergency operations. • Declares emergency and orders plant control room for operation of emergency siren. • Continuously reviews and assesses possible development to determine most probable courses of events • Initiates suspension of all work permits during the period of major emergency for safe guarding the plant and other personnel. 6-45 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 3. Incident Controller The supervisor assumes the role of incident controller in the following instances of emergencies. • Protects him and proceeds to site quickly. • Assess the magnitude of the incident. • Initiates the emergency procedure to secure the safety of the workers and minimize damage to installation and property. • He will undertake all possible steps for safe isolation of plant systems, first aid and fire fighting. • He keeps in touch with plant control room till emergency controller arrives at the scene of emergency. • Organizes essential employees present in the shift. • Ensures that adequate personal protective equipment is available for essential employees. • Arranges for search of causalities. • Arranges evacuation of non-essential workers to assemble at designated assembly points. • During the fire fighting operations seeks help from electrical / mechanical maintenance personnel for isolation of machine / section involved in fire as the need arises. • Once the situation is under control, guides different persons for salvage and cleanup operations. • Assists in assessing the loss, preparation of accident report with assistance of security officer and senior officials of respective departments present during the accident, investigates the fire with a view to find out causative factors and action needed to prevent recurrence. 4. Communicator – production supervisor • The Control room Shift Electrical Engineer assumes the role of Communicator and passes the information related to emergency to Incident Controller and Chief Coordinator. 6-46 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report • Other vulnerable installation in the plant is altered about the emergency. • On the Instructions from Chief Coordinator, neighbouring installations are altered about the emergency. • On the instructions from Chief Coordinator, mutual assistance is called from neighbouring industries. • On the instructions from Chief Coordinator, seeks help from fire brigade. • Provides emergency Telephone rosters are provided in plant control room and Fire Station. 5. Maintenance Coordinator Dy. Manager Mechanical shall assume the role of maintenance coordinator. His responsibilities include; • Protecting him self • Reaching the emergency spot. • Arranging all resources for assisting Emergency controller to mitigate the Emergency scene, with respect to maintenance requirements. • Assisting Emergency controller in arranging the needed containment measures. • Undertaking post emergency maintenance work upon termination of emergency. • Ensuring availability of adequate quantities of protective equipment and other emergency materials, spare parts etc at Emergency control centre. • Ensuring upkeep of fire systems, emergency lighting in order. 6. Resource Coordinator Shift in charge shall assume the responsibility of resource coordinator. 6-47 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report • Arranges first aid, rescue acts, ambulance, attendance roster checking and security. • Interacts with chief coordinator with necessary data and coordinates the emergency activities. • Assists chief coordinator with necessary data and coordinates the emergency activities. • Maintains liaison with civil administration and mutual aid agencies- neighbouring industrial management • Ensures availability of humanitarian needs and maintenance of rehabilitation centre. • Ensures emergency transport facility. • Mobilizes extra medical help from outside if necessary. • Maintains first aid and medical emergency requirements. • Keeps list of qualified first aid providers and seeks their assistance. • Ensures availability of necessary cash for rescue/ rehabilitation and emergency expenditure. • Coordinates mutual aid • Participates in reviewing Emergency plan and arranges revision if required. 7. Security Coordinator The production supervisor will assume the responsibilities of security coordinator, and his responsibilities are; • On receipt of fire call from plant control he prepares for fire fighting and collects necessary equipment. • Organizes rescue of persons trapped in work areas • Assists administration coordinator in organizing Mock drills, evaluation and debriefing. • During normal situations keeps the fire fighting capabilities in fully ready condition by maintaining equipment. • Organizes fire drills on periodic basis and evaluates the same 6-48 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report • Arranges to clear off unconnected persons and trucks from the vicinity and off the mail gate. • Instructs security guards posted on duty in the nearby industries to cordon off the affected section and to control the crowd at the scene of fire. • Arranges to control law and order till local authorities for law and order till police arrive at site • Post security guard at the scene of fire to check for possible re-ignition, after the emergency is over. • Assists Resource coordinator in organizing Mock Drills, evaluation and debriefing. 8. Person Noticing Fire Any employee on noticing fire will take the following steps; • Takes protection. • Raises alarm – shouts fire! Fire!!Fire!!! or other emergency. • Informs Shift In charge, or at the control room over telephone giving clear message about the exact location of fire and names of equipment/ machinery involved in fire. • If telephone is not working, quickly goes to either Plant Control Room and informs. 9. Trained Fire Fighting Person; The employees trained in fire fighting will take the following steps in the event of fire apart from following the instructions of security coordinator apart from; • Protects self • Raises alarm • Attempts to put out the fire using fire extinguishers • If necessary, operates fixes fire fighting equipment. • Stands by in safety for further instructions. 6-49 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 6.6.6 REMEDIAL ACTION The cause of emergency is identified and action is taken from operation point of view such as isolating or shutdown etc. 1. Failure of pipelines: Feeding into the pipeline is stopped. Isolate the leaking pipeline by closing the relevant valves. Transfer the material present to other pipelines. Shutdown the pump. Close the suction and discharge valves of the pump. 2. Personal protection:The people, who are assigned to the rescue operations, must wear suitable personnel protective equipment such as self- contained breathing apparatus and fire suit. They should remain in the incident area as long as he can safely stay there. Inspire of the wearing safety protective equipment if he is unable to stay in the contaminated area, he should leave immediately. 6.6.7 BASIC ACTION IN EMERGENCIES Immediate action is the most important factor in emergency control because the first few seconds count, as fires develop and spread very quickly unless prompt and efficient action is taken. 1. Take immediate steps to stop leakage/ fire and raise alarm simultaneously. 2. Initiate action as per fire organization plan or disaster management plan, based on gravity of the emergency. 3. Stop all operations and ensure closure and isolation valves. 4. All efforts must be made to contain leakage / fire. 5. Saving of human life shall get priority in comparison to stocks/ assets. 6. Plant personnel with specific duties should assemble at the nominated place. 6-50 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report 7. All the vehicles except those required for emergency use should be moved away from the operating area, in an orderly manner by the predetermined route. 8. Shift the injured to the nearest first aid centre located in chintal, shapurnagar /Ram Hospital,Hyderabad 9. Electrical system except for control suppliers, utilities, lighting and fire fighting system should be isolated. 10. If the feed to the fire cannot be cut off, the fire must be controlled and not extinguished 11. Start water spray system at areas involves or exposed to fire risks to avoid domino effects. 12. In case of leakage of chemicals without fire and inability to stop the flow, take all precautions to avoid source of ignition. 13. Block all roads in the adjacent area and enlist police support for the purpose if warranted. 6.6.8 Fire Fighting System • Enlist support of local fire brigade • Fire fighting personnel working in or close to uninvitedvapour clouds or close to fire must wear protective clothing and equipment including safety harness and manned lifeline. They must be protected continuously by water sprays. Water protection for fire fighters should never be shut off even though the flames appear to have been extinguished until all personnel are safety out of the danger area. • Exercise care to ensure that static charge is not generated in vapour cloud. For this purpose solid jet of water must be avoided, instead fog nozzles must be used. • Fire fighters should advance towards a fire in down wind direction. • If the only valve that can be used to stop the leakage is surrounded by fire, it may be possible to close it manually. The attempt should be directed by trained persons only. The person 6-51 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Ltd Environmental Impact Assessment report attempting closure should be continuously protected by means of water spraying (through fog nozzles), fire entry suit, water jet blanket or any other approved equipment. The person must be equipped with a safety harness and manned lifeline. • Any rapid increase in pressure or noise level of should be treated as a warning of over pressurization. In such case all personnel should be evacuated immediately. • In case of any emergency situation, it is of paramount importance to avoid endangering human life in the event of fire, involving or seriously exposing plant equipment. 6-52 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Ltd Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report II. Environmental Management Plan 1-1 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 1.0 Introduction Environmental Protection is an issue that no organization can neglect and hope to survive. The by- products of civilization are being dumped upon the environment to a degree that the environment finds difficult to assimilate. The key to success of the integrated approach to pollution prevention and control is the management and operation of the organization. Effective committed management delivers a successful industry. As total commitment to the environment, not just for compliance with legal or regulatory compliance will be the essence of environment management of an industry. Many companies have recognized the benefits of implementing an effective environmental management system. Environmental management Plan can be effectively implemented to mitigate the pollution levels by observing the following; • Pollution will be prevented or reduced at the source, • Pollution that cannot be prevented will be recycled in an environmentally safe manner, • Pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled will be treated in environmentally safe manner, and • Disposal and other releases into the environment will be used “only as a last resort” and will be conducted in an environmentally safe manner. The management plan is drawn in consultation with the project proponents with reference to various potential monitored, identified and predicted in the previous chapters. And the necessary measures to be taken for the mitigation and control of the same presented, various pollution control measures adopted which are present in the proposed Expansion and measures identified for adoption are discussed in the 1-2 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Environmental Impact Assessment Report of the same are presented in appendix of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report. Review of the process is the essential component of Environmental management Plan. M/S. Emmennar Pharma Pvt. Limited involved in continuous R&D to optimise the consumption of raw materials and to increase the yield &purity of the product thus by reducing waste generation. 1.1 Environment Management Plan During Construction Phase As the unit already exists and only few additional utilities and environmental infrastructure are added, potential of pollution during the construction phase will be minimal when compared to the operational stage. However the industry will ensure to keep the pollution potential level in the construction phase to a minimum. Wherever applicable, detailed procedures will be developed for control of pollution during project execution phase. The following are few important parameters to be appropriately managed to minimize the pollution load. 1.1.1 Site Preparation During the site preparation considerable amount of soil movement is involved due to slight levelling operations, which will be carried out. During construction it is necessary to control uplift of dust during the excavation, levelling and transportation by spraying water in the paths, and along the temporary roads. The clearing of plants, shrubs and trees will be kept to the minimum so as to leave sufficient space for erection of mechanical units and for civil constructions. 1.1.2 Sanitation Considering the standards of hygiene, the workers involved in construction will be provided proper sanitation facilities. The facilities 1-3 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report like toilets, drinking water shall be provided to the construction labour. As this is an existing plant there is no need for additional facilities 1.1.3 Noise The site is located in a place where habitation is minimum and at distance of 2.0 Km. thus there will be no significant impact due to noise generated on the inhabitants. The construction workers on site will be provided with necessary noise protection devices like earmuffs whenever they have to work near the noise generating equipment/ sources. 1.1.4 Wastes from Construction Equipment The construction activity may involve movement of heavy vehicles for earth moving and to move the equipment like dozers and cranes, etc. the vehicles will be maintained properly so as to minimize the emissions from exhaust. In addition to the emissions, the waste oils, generated will be disposed off for reprocessing. Also care will be taken to avoid spillage, which may contaminate the surface and ground water resources. The hazardous wastes of oil and batteries will be sold to authorized buyers. The construction wastes will be used for levelling purpose. 1.2 Environment Management Plan during Operation Phase During operation stage the major pollution from the proposed plant is from liquid effluents from process, utilities and domestic facilities, and air pollution from utilities and or combustion of fuels/ wastes. The effluent treatment system shall convert most of the liquid effluents to solids by way of Batch evaporation. The environment management plan is drawn in consultation with the project authorities, R & D experts of M/S. Emmennar Pharma (p) Limited. The management, mitigation and 1-4 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report enhancement measures identified for significant impact sources are presented as follows; 2.0 Source of Pollution from Manufacturing Process The major contributions of pollution in the proposed expansion are effluent generation from process, utilities and domestic effluent and gaseous emission from process and utilities. The water pollution is due to the effluent generated from process, washings, Scrubber utility blow downs and domestic effluents. The majority of effluent generated will be from process and it will have considerable amount of COD and TDS load and suspended solids, which has to be effectively treated. The air pollution is caused due to combustion of both fuels and solid/ gaseous wastes. The quantities and quality of effluents, emissions and solid wastes are identified and quantified in the environmental impact assessment study. The pollution control measures proposed are described as follows; 2.1 Water Pollution and Treatment Scheme The effluents generated in the process, separation techniques and during purification contain organic residues of raw materials, solvents, and products. Some of the raw materials used in the process are also inorganic in nature. Hence the effluents contain both organic and in- organics in various quantities leading to high COD and TDS levels respectively. The quantity of effluents generated from process is presented in Table 1.1 and Total quantity of Effluent generated is presented in Table 1.2. 1-5 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 1.1 Effluent Generated from Process and Characteristics Loads Concentration S.N Product Effluent COD- TDS COD mg/l TDS mg/l o quantity in Kg/day Kg/day Litre/day 1 Ciprofloxacin HCl 16548.72 61.54 5225.64 3718.62 315773.16 Tramadol 2 Hydrochloride 17589.00 27.00 2121.00 1535.05 120586.73 Methyl IsoThio 3 Cyanate 1696.00 120.00 0.00 70754.72 0.00 2-Nitro-1- (Methylamino)-1- 4 (Methylthio) Ethane (NMSM) 1482.00 49.50 0.00 33400.81 0.00 Diethyl - D(-) 5 Tartrate 2142.00 337.50 0.00 157563.03 0.00 Diethyl 1,3 - 6 Acetone Dicarboxylic Acid 976.00 15.00 238.00 15368.85 243852.46 7 R & D products 105.00 3.00 2.00 30000.00 20000.00 Table 1.2 Quantity of Effluents Description Effluent –KL/day Process effluent 40.5 Washings & Scrubber effluent 5.0 DM &Softner plant regeneration and 35.0 RO Back washes& rejects Boiler Blow down 5.0 Cooling Tower Blow down 5.0 Domestic effluent 4.0 Total 94.5 1-6 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 1.3 High TDS and COD Effluent – Characteristics Description Quantity (KLD) Characteristics (in mg/lit) Process Effluents 40.5 COD: 15135 TDS:187145 Scrubber &Washings 5.0 COD: 4500 TDS:10000 Total 45.5 COD :13966.31 TDS : 1,67,678.51 Table 1.4 Low TDS and low COD Effluent – Characteristics Description Quantity (KLD) Characteristics in mg/lit Boiler Blow down 5.0 COD :200 TDS : 4000 Cooling Tower Blow down 5.0 COD : 5000 TDS: 6000 DM/Softner regeneration 35.0 COD : 500 and RO Backwashes TDS : 5000 Domestic 4.0 COD : 450 TDS : 1500 Total from utilities 49.0 COD: 925.0 TDS : 4715 Condensate from MEE 61.9 COD : 1500 TDS : 500 Total feed water to 110.9 COD :1246 biological ETP & RO TDS : 2362 1-7 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 2.2 Effluent Treatment The main sources of effluent from the plant are process, washings, blowdowns from utilities like cooling tower, boiler &domestic effluents. The process effluents are segregated on the basis on TDS and COD loads into high TDS, COD stream and low TDS and COD stream and low TDS and COD Stream. It is proposed to establish an effluent treatment system on zero liquid discharge plan. The details of treatment system are as follows; 2.2.1 ETP for High TDS Effluent Treatment System: Effluent Process and washings are equalized in equalization tank followed by neutralization. The neutralized effluents are sent to stripper to remove the (volatile organic solvents present in the wastewater) organics. The distillate from the stripper upon further fractionation or enrichment of solvent is sent to cement industries/ TSDF for Co- processing or incineration or sold as mixed recovered solvent to down- stream industries. The stripped effluents are passed through MEE followed by ATFD. The salts from the ATFD are disposed to TSDF. The condensate from MEE and ATFD will be sent to ETP (Biological) for further treatment. High TDS Effluent treatment System is presented in Fig 1.1. The design details for the proposed ETP are given below 1-8 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Data for Design Designed Capacity : 50 m3/day Average Flow : 40±5 m3/day COD : 13966 mg/l TDS : 167678 mg/l COD load : 635.46 Kg/day TDS : 7629.37 Kg/day Neutralization Tank Used for process & washes, R&D, and scrubber Average flow : 2.08 m3/hr Hydraulic retention time : 12 Hrs.at peak flow Volume : 25 m3 Tank : RCC tank 3x 6x 2.5M size Stripper The effluents contain wastes, which contribute to both the organic and inorganic loads, hence stripping technology has been identified to segregate the organic component of the wastes to reduce the COD. The condensate from the stripper shall be sent to incinerator, while the residue collected from the incinerator shall be sent to TSDF. Feed designed : 50 m3 /day Feed actual : 45.5 M3/day : 1855 Kg/hr COD : 13966 mg/l Feed Temperature : 35 C 1-9 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report LP Steam : 2.0 Kg/hr Height of Stripper : 10.0 m estimated column (packed section) Stripped product from : 43.225 M3/day bottom Top distillate : 6.775 M3/day COD removal efficiency : 95% Multiple effect Evaporator The evaporation system contains Multiple effect evaporators(MEE). Typically MEE will be a 3 effect evaporator. Effluent from the stripper column will be fed to MEE calendrias. The system operates under vacuum. The effluent is separated into condensate and concentrate. Condensate is further treated into biological treatment plan and RO for recycle, whereas concentrate is sent back to MEE &ATFD . The sludge generated would be sent to TSDF. RO Reject from biological treatment system would be 30% of total feed ie. 33.27. Thus the total feed to MEE system would be 43.22 +33.27 = 76.49 Design capacity : 100 m3/day Average flow : 3187 Kg/hr TDS in Feed : 1,01,538 mg/l Estimated Feed Temperature to : 95 C calendrias Utilities Required Cooling Towers Specific Steam : 2257 Typical Consumption kg/Hr LP Steam : 3.5 Kg/cm 2 (Estimated) Typical height of : 10 M Calendrias 1-10 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Approximate rejects : 15.476 KLD send to ATFD for further from MEE concentration Approximate : 61.9 KLD send to Bio treatment condensate quantity from MEE Agitated Thin Film Dryer (ATFD) ATFD is to convert the concentrated effluents from MEE to sludge Design capacity : 20000 KG/D Operating Capacity : 16000 KG/D ATFD : 1 Nos. 25M2 Feed rate : 667 Kg/hr Feed concentration : 50% Solids Solids generation : 327 Kg/hr (Sent to TSDF) Solids M.C% : 4% Water evaporation 352 2.2.2. Low TDS Effluent Treatment System The low TDS and COD effluents from boiler and cooling towers, back washers from RO and DM Plant along with the condensate from MEE and ATFD and domestic effluents are Proposed to be treated in biological treatment plant (Extended aeration principle) followed by reverse osmosis. The Biological system consists of screens, equalization, neutralization, aeration tank and clarifier. The sludge from ETP, after dewatering in the filter press will be disposed to TSDF. The filtrate is recycled to ETP for further treatment. It is seen from the above arrangements that the industry proposed for “zero liquid discharge”. Low TDS Effluent Treatment System is presented in Fig 1.2. 1-11 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Design Details: Design inputs Data Flow from MEE : 61.9 KLD Boiler Blow down : 5.0 KLD Cooling Tower Blow down : 5.0 KLD DM/Softner/RO : 35.0 Domestic : 4.0 Domestic effluents are mixed before primary clarifier after screen chamber Total Flow : 110.9 KLD Design Capacity : 120 m3/day COD : 1246 mg/l Total Dissolved Solids : 2362 mg/l COD load 138.18 Kg/day Total dissolved Solids 261.94 Kg/day 1.Equalization Tank Peak Flow : 4.62 m3/hr Hydraulic retention time : 12 Hrs. at peak flow Volume of the tank : 55.44 m3 Assuming depth : 3.0 m Area : 18.48 m2 Length of the tank : 4.5 m 1-12 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Width of the tank : 4.5 M Air required for agitation : 0.01 m3/m2 min Total air required : 12.15 m3/hr Air blower required : 5 HP m3/[email protected] 2.Neutralization Tank Designed flow : 120 M3/day Average flow : 4.62 m3/hr Hydraulic retention time : 12 Hrs. Volume : 55.44 m3 Tank : 2 no. Proposed 2x 4x4x2.5 Meters so that 1 can be stand by 3) Primary clarifier Design quantity : 120 KLD Surface over flow rate : 16 m3/m2-day Surface area Provided : 7.5 m2 Diameter of the tank : 3.09 Say 3.2 M dia 4) Aeration Tank 1 Actual Flow : 110 KLD Designed flow : 120 KLD COD : 1246 mg/l % Removal : 80% COD Load : 138.18 Kg/day 1-13 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Outlet COD Load : 27.76 mg/l MLSS : 2800 mg/l F/M ratio : 0.23 Flow Designed : 120 m3/day Volume of the tank : 120 m3 Assuming depth : 3.5 m(3.5+0.6 F.B) Width of the tank : 6.0 m Length of the Tank : 6.0 m Oxygen required : 2 Kg/kg COD Oxygen transfer efficiency : 0.08 Air required : 2760.5 Kg Air Blower required : 3.0 HP Two blowers proposed with one as stand by 5)Aeration Tank 2 COD Load : 27.76 Kgs/day % of BOD removed : 80 % Out let COD Load : 5.552 Kg/day MLSS : 4500 mg/l Hydraulic retention time : 14 hours Volume of the tank : 70 m3 Assuming depth : 3.5 m(3.5+0.6 F.B) Width of the tank : 3.5 m Length of the Tank : 6.0 m 1-14 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Oxygen required : 2 Kg/kg BOD Oxygen transfer efficiency : 0.08 Air required : 220 M3/day Air Blower required : 2.0 HP 6) Clarifier- 2 Design quantity : 120 KLD Surface over flow rate : 16 m3/m2-day Surface area Provided : 7.5 m2 Diameter of the tank : 3.09 Say 3.2 M dia and 3.5 M Depth 7. Holding tank The flow from the each individual settling tank I,e the supernatant liquid is let into the respective Pre-Filtration Tank, which has a minimum 8 hours holding capacity. This tank is provided to hold the treated effluent and give an even flow to the pressure sand filter. Designed Flow : 5 m3/hr Provide min 8.0 hours holding capacity Hence required volume of : 40 m3 the tank 8. Reverse Osmosis Design Capacity : 120 KLD Operating capacity : 110.9 KLD Recovery : 77.63 70% Reject 33.27 To MEE 1-15 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Fig1.1: High TDS Effluent Treatment System Effluent from Stripper Process and Equalization Neutralization Setting Aq. Distillate to cement plant/ Tank Tank Tank Authorized recyclers washings , Scrubber R&D RO Reject To TSDF MEE Condensate to Biological Treatment Condensate to Biological ATFD Treatment Sludge to TSDF 1-16 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Fig 1.2 Low TDS Effluent Treatment System Domestic effluent Screen Chamber Effluents from utilities & MEE condensate Screen Equalization Neutralization Clarifier Aeration Aeration Clarifier Chamber Tank Tank 1 Tank1 Tank2 2 Holding Tank Sludge Holding Tank Sand filter Carbon Filter Press Filter Sludge to TSDF Sludge Cake Ultra RO Permeate for re-use filtration Rejects to MEE 1-17 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 2.2.3 Recommendations for Storm Water Management: Following measures are suggested to avoid any impact on the ground water quality in the surrounding areas 1) As envisaged the Industry need to follow strictly the zero liquid discharge method of chemical process in manufacturing the products. 2) All collection, treatment and storage tanks shall be constructed overhead to avoid any seepage of stored effluents into ground 3) Collection pits shall be made at the end of storm water drains for checking of quality of storm water during the rainy season before let out the water outside. If any contamination is found, the entire water shall be treated before discharging 4) Surface run-off quality shall be checked and records shall be maintained by the industry 5) All the internal drains shall be closed drains and pipes shall be over the ground and shall not be buried 6) Traps shall be constructed in the process and storage areas to collect any spillage of chemicals so that storm water contamination can be avoided 2.2.4 Water Conservation Measures: Project site is in semiarid region and receives low rainfall. Water is scarce and is required to adopt all possible methods to conserve the resource. All the possible methods of Reduce, Recycle and Reuse of water shall have to be implemented along with the minimization of waste generation in the process. 1-18 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report In order to reduce consumption of fresh water the following options will have to be adopted at every stage. (1) In the process selection stage, which needs less water consumption shall have to be procured. (2) Concepts of reduce – re-use – recycle shall be adopted to reduce the overall water consumption (3) Leakages from taps and joints will have to be avoided. (4) Care should be taken to avoid accidental breakages and spillages. (5) Water meters shall be installed to measure and monitor the consumption of water 2.2.5 Rain Water Harvesting Plans: Keeping in view of the existing levels of contamination of ground and surface water in the region, it is suggested only Roof top Rain Water Harvesting methods to collect rainwater from all the buildings. The harvested water should be stored in the tanks placed above the surface. Purchase of water during rainy season should be avoided to the extent harvested. 2.2.6 Ground Water Recharge Methods The project site and Industrial Area has very shallow ground water level. There is no scope of undertaking artificial ground water recharge structures in the Core Zone. In the peripheral areas of heavy ground water draft having deep ground water levels, Recharge Techniques such as Gully Plugs, Nala Bunds, Check dams and Gravity Recharge Wells may be planned in consultation with the 1-19 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Local Officials and farmers in private lands under Corporate Social Responsibility. 2.3 Air Pollution 2.3.1 Emissions from utilities The sources of air pollution from the plant are existing 1 X 3 TPH Coal fired Boiler and new 1 x 10 TPH Coal fired Boiler, and DG set of 1 X 320 & 1 X 750 KVA capacities. The proposed air pollution control equipment for coal fired boilers is multi-cyclone followed by bag filter before letting out through a chimney. The major pollutants generated from the fuel combustion details the emission rates of above pollutants are calculated. The emission details are presented in table 1.5. 1-20 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 1.5 Emissions Details of Pollutants from Stack Stack Dia of Temp. of Exit Emission Rate (g/sec) S. No Stack Connected to Ht stack at exhaust Velocity PM (m) top(m) gases (0C) (m/sec) 10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx Existing 1 3 TPH CFB 30 0.75 180 7.0 AS per PCB Norms 2 1 x 320 KVA DG Set 3.6 0.2 250 15 Proposed 1 10 TPH CFB 30 1.0 180 7.6 0.55 0.14 1.5 0.6 2* 1 x 750KVA DG Set 5.5 0.3 295 18.42 0.11 0.032 0.19 0.29 * DG set will be used during load shut down. 1-21 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 2.3.2 Process Emissions Control The process emissions contain O2, CO2 and Hydrogen. No specific objectionable gases are generated from the process. However all process reactors are connected to Vent condensers and scrubber 2.3.3 Solvent Use and Recycle Quantity in S.NO Details (TPD) 1 Total solvent requirement 134.9 2 Solvent losses in process and 6.75 consumed in reactions Fugitive Loss Waste Water & Residues 3 Recovered solvents 127.15 4 Mixed solvents 1.0 5 Re-usable solvents ( In house) 127.15 6 Fresh solvents requirement 134.9-127.15=7.75 Solvent distillation facilities are available in the plant for distilling the solvents. Wherever solvents are distilled in reactors, vent condensers and chillers are proposed to reduce fugitive losses of solvents. All solvent storage tanks are being provided with vent condensers 2.4 Solid Waste Solid Waste are generated from the process, solvent distillation, salts from multiple effect evaporation, sludge from collection/neutralization tank, ash from boiler, waste oil, used batteries from DG sets. The solid wastes from the, ETP Sludge, Process residue and solvent residues from solvent 1-22 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report distillation shall sent to TSDF, while the hazardous wastes of waste oil and used batteries shall be sent to authorize recyclers. The other solid waste expected from the unit are containers, empty drums which will be used for packing product, and or returned to the product seller or sold to authorized buyers after detoxification, the ash from boiler is sold to brick manufacturers. The list of solid wastes generated from the process is presented in Table 1.6. The solid wastes quantities and disposal practices are presented in Table 1.7 Table 1.6 Solid Wastes Generated from Process S.No. Product Organic Spent Inorganic Residue Carbon Salts Kgs/day Kgs/day Kgs/day 1 Ciprofloxacin HCl 0.00 41.03 0.00 2 Tramadol Hydrochloride 645.0 30.00 1512.00 3 Methyl IsoThio Cyanate 720.00 0.00 0.00 2-Nitro-1- 4 (Methylamino)-1- (Methylthio) Ethane (NMSM) 0.00 81.00 6912.00 5 Diethyl - D(-) Tartrate 576.00 0.00 0.00 Diethyl 1,3 - 6 Acetone Dicarboxylic Acid 410.00 0.00 0.00 Total 2351.00 152.03 8424.00 1-23 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 1.7 Hazardous and Non-hazardous wastes & Disposal HW Quantities Catego S. Description Disposal ry No. Unit No of Waste After Option as per Current Expansion rules Disposal option 1. Forced 34.3 TPM 4.05 228.9 TSDF, HWMP, Evaporation Dundigal Salts 2. Process 28.1 TPM Not 252.6 TSDF, HWMP, Inorganic specified Dundigal Salts 3. ETP Sludge 34.3 TPM Not 30.0 Cement specified Units/TSDF, HWMP, Dundigal 4 Process 28.3 TPM Not 70.5 Cement organic specified Units/TSDF, residues HWMP 5 Spent Carbon 28.2 TPM Not 4.5 Cement Units specified /TSDF, HWMP 6 Distillation 36.4 TPM Not 51.0 Cement Bottom specified Units/TSDF, Residue HWMP, Dundigal Wastes with recycling option 7 Mixed Spent 28.5 KLM Not Authorised Solvents & specified 40.0 recyclers Stripper Distillate 8 Detoxified 33.3 Nos/M Not 500 After Containers onth specified detoxification and Container disposed to Liners outside agencies 9 Used 5.1 LPM 2.0 50.0 Agencies Oil/Waste authorized by Lubricating Oil APPCB 1-24 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 10 Spent Paraffin -- TPM Not 3.1 Send to specified authorized recyclers 11 Piperazine -- KLM Not 307.7 Recovery ML’s specified within the premises and reuse 12 Used Lead -- Nos./ Not 10 Returned back Acid Batteries annu specified to dealer/ m Supplier 13 Boiler Fly Ash -- TPD 2.9 9.5 Brick Manufacturers 2.5 Noise Pollution Noise is anticipated from motors, compressors and DG set. The DG shall be kept in a separate enclosed room with acoustic enclosure. The motors and compressors shall be provided with guards and shall be mounted adequately to ensure the reduction of noise and vibration. The employees working in noise generating area shall be provided with earmuffs. The employees shall be trained in the mitigation measures and person protection measures to be taken to avoid noise related health impacts. 2.5.1 Measures to Control Noise Pollution An effective hearing conservation program will be undertaken where exposure to industrial noise is capable of production hearing loss. The objective is to ensure that an employee hearing is not affected during his working life to an extent greater than that usually occurring with age and to preserve it at a level sufficient for normal speed perception. The following engineering control aspects are identified fro further implementation to reduce noise levels/exposure. ‹ The noise generating sources like motors and compressors will be provided with casings and guard to reduce the noise levels. ‹ Placing attenuating screens between the operators and the sources 1-25 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report ‹ Adequate spacing between noise sources and operators will be provided. In free field conditions the sound levels roughly varies with the square of the distance ‹ Reflected noise is reduced by use of absorbent materials on roofs, walls and floors. ‹ By proper maintenance, which corrects vibrations and other imbalances, will be taken up. ‹ Training would be imparted to plant personnel to generate awareness about the damaging effects of noise. ‹ Personal protective equipment: ear plugs and muffs consisting of fine glass wool, ear muffs consisting of ear cups with a soft seal, fitted with a spring or adjustable headband. Comfort, maintenance and cleaning are important aspects of use. ‹ Plantation of tall as well as short trees around the plant area will protect the outside environment from any noise and dust nuisance. ‹ It is possible to reduce the noise levels by3-5 dB (A) as per 30-m width of the green belt. 3.0 Occupational Safety and Health Based on the characteristics of the chemicals the hazard potential of chemicals and storage quantities were presented in Chapter 6 including detailed disaster management plan. In regards to toxic chemicals, only 3 chemicals comes under the definition of toxic chemicals (MSHIS Rules) based on LD 50 values. List and quantities handled are given in the Table 1.8 below 1-26 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Table 1.8 List of Toxic Chemicals & handling quantities Storage Tank Details Scenario Details TLV in PPM Toxic concentration distances in Name of the Storage S.No Hole m Diameter Height Release solvent Capacity No.s Dia (m) (m) Rate AEGL-3 AEGL-2 AEGL-1 (cm) (KL) Red Orange Yellow Methylene Di- 50 2 2.5 5.0 2.54 27.0 1410 21 87 154 1 chloride Ethylene 50Kg Drum storage 50.0 108 291 401 468 2 dibromide 50 2 2.5 5.0 2.54 2.07 1516 10 50 50 3 Cyclo -hexanone 25 1 2.5 5.0 2.54 20.1 750 22 32 157 4 Acetone Tetra Hydro 25 1 2.5 5.0 2.54 20.4 1650 21 88 205 5 Furon 1-27 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 3.1 Safety Precautions: Following precautions are suggested for handling of these chemicals to ensure exposure of people is minimized • All the chemicals shall be stored in isolated place in stores with proper labeling • MSDS shall be made available to workers • All workers in the area of handling and use shall be trained • Personnel protective equipment shall be made mandatory to handle the chemicals. • Detailed safety instructions shall be placed at the place of use • All the reactors where these chemicals are used shall be connected to wet scrubber • Periodical health check shall be made mandatory for work force involved in handling of these chemicals as per the provisions of the Factory Act • All containers and container liners shall be de-toxified and certified by production in –charge before sending to disposal area 3.2 Health check- ups: In order to safe guard the health of the employees, all the employees under go pre-employment health check-up then after periodic health checkup. An occupational health centre with basic amenities is proposed to be established for health surveillance of employees. Tie up with local hospitals at District Level (28 KM From the site) will be established for periodic tests such as Liver Function tests for employees. All the employees will be trained and educated periodically about the hazardous nature of chemicals used in the process and safety precautions to be taken. 1-28 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 3.3 Chemical handling measures& PPE’s Worker exposure to chemicals can occur during manufacturing when chemicals spill, leak or discharge from the process system and contaminate area where workers are present. The most frequently reported industrial exposure occurs during the transfer of materials. The entry of workers in to systems, equipment, or enclosures that are contaminated may occur inadvertently, but routine servicing, non-scheduled maintenance, and process monitoring appear to be the kind of activities with potential for significant exposure. All raw material, intermediates and finished products are handled in completely closed system using pumps, Vacuum systems and pipelines. All precautions are taken during design stage itself, to completely to eliminate the risk of any kind of exposure. As an additional safety measure, Personal protective equipment viz. Hand gloves, Safety goggles, nose masks and Safety helmets are provided to all the employees working in the plant. 3.4 Measures proposed to control VOC emissions Following measures are proposed to reduce VOC emissions and other fugitive emissions from the operational areas ‹ Below the norms of Threshold Limit Value (Time Weighted Average) TLV- TWA promulgated by ACIGH will be strictly maintained. ‹ Free fall of flammable and toxic liquids into vessels will be avoided. ‹ All the nozzles are perfectly fastened with suitable gasket system. ‹ Powders charging through manhole are avoided and safe hopper charging only will be implemented. ‹ Reactor vent lines with flame arrestors and with vent condensers to avoid VOCs are extended outside upto the roof level. ‹ The double mechanical seals are provided to all the reactor agitators and pumps where, volatile flammable materials are processed 1-29 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report ‹ Nitrogen Blanketing is provided wherever pyrophoric chemicals are handled. ‹ Local exhaust system is provided to reactors and centrifuges ‹ General ventilation also is provided in the process area to maintain the fugitive emissions within the limits ‹ All the process area workmen are provided the personnel protective Equipment (PPE) viz, gloves, shoes, goggles, face shields, and self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) ‹ Safety slogans and posters are displayed ‹ The material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) of Chemicals are made available at the shop floor for ready reference. ‹ All centrifuges shall be covered and will be provided with fume extraction system 4.0 Prevention, maintenance and operation of Environment Control System The pollution control equipment, and the effluent treatment systems and effluents will be monitored periodically will be checked for its performance and pro-active maintenance will be adopted. The environmental monitoring results will be evaluated to identify the problems/under performance of the equipment. Necessary steps will be taken to rectify the identified problems/defects. The management agrees that the evaluation of the performance of pollution control measures and occupational measures to arrive at their efficiency and proposes to adopt new measures for efficient pollution control which will be a regular exercise. All pollution control equipment are adequately sized manner and operating staff of the pollution control equipment have good experience in the operation and maintenance of the equipment. Standby equipment provided for all the critical equipment to ensure continuous operation of pollution 1-30 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report control equipment and preventive maintenance is done as per the schedule to avoid break down. Characteristics of influent and effluent are monitored on daily basis by the industry and air emissions and effluent characteristics on monthly basis by third party. 5.0 House Keeping Good House Keeping practices will be adopted. Floor washing is avoided and wet mopping will adopted to minimize liquid waste generation. Paper waste is minimized by adopting by intra office network. Sufficient work space and proper lighting will be provided. 6.0 Corporate social Responsibilities The project provides an opportunity for the local people to get employment directly or in directly and helps in the upliftment of the socio economic status of the area. The project proponents propose to involve in social activities of the stake holders/surrounding community by planning the betterment of neighbouring social conditions through awareness and welfare programs will ensure and improved relation, useful in the long run. The commitment of management can include up-liftment of social, health, basic needs of drinking water supply and provision of educational facilities. Many of the beneficiaries of such programs shall include own employees as well. The good will of the local populace can never be ignored. The channels employed may vary either through direct contact or by means of local organizations. Another important facet of social environment identified by the project proponent is a green appearance; hence the management will develop a green belt towards aesthetic beautification as the same is necessary to be considered as a responsible, neighbour 1-31 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report As a part of corporate social responsibility M/S Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited Proposed to carry out following activities in the surrounding villages ‹ Health camps to own employees ,families and other villagers and blood donation camps ‹ Vocational training to local un-employed youth ‹ Construction roads in nearby villages ‹ Providing books, uniforms and bi-cycles to school children ‹ Contribution for construction new school building blocks M/S Emmennar Pharma Pvt Limited will allocate funds as per the new companies Act 7.0 Transport Emergency systems All the raw materials and finishes products are transported by road. Sufficient parking facilities are provided for vehicles loading and unloading of goods. There will be an increase of 5 truck trips per month to the factory. The vehicles are provided with parking space near the gate, and traffic signs are placed in the battery limit. All the drivers of the vehicles will be provided with TREM cards and will be explained the measure to be adopted during various emergencies. 8.0 Recovery-Reuse of Waste Products As a part of recovery and re-use concept, it is proposed to recover piperzine from process ML’s of Ciprofloxacin. Reaction optimization- Alternative use of non-toxic/less toxic solvents and catalysts, Choice of catalysts that would provide highest reaction yields, Selection of Reagents with lowest toxicity are adopted. Additionally the treated effluents are reused for cooling tower make up, first batch mother liquors are reused, solvents are recycled and reused where ever possible. Condensers are 1-32 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report provided for storage tanks, reactors etc., to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds. 9.0 Green Belt Development Green belt is recommended as one of the major components of Environmental Management Plan. The proposed industry has green belt and the management emphasizes the development of further greening of the site to enhance environmental quality through: mitigation of fugitive emissions, attenuation of noise levels, balancing eco-environment, consumption of treated effluent, prevention of soil erosion, and creation of aesthetic environment. The total area of plant is 8.5 Acres. Out of this, green belt is developed in 3.0 acres. Proper attention and management is required to maintain the survival rate of the planted species. Around 21 plants were suggested under the green belt plan and around 15 lakhs financial budget is proposed to develop the habitat. As given in the table, species like Terminaliatomentosa, Acacia nilotica, Tectonagrandis, Acacia auriculiformis, Chloroxylonsweitenia, Pongamiapinnata, Buteamonosperma, Dendrocalamusstrictus, Delonixregia, Azadirachtaindica, can be raised in large number towards all the directions Species like Leucaenaleucocephala, Agave Americana, Cassia fistula, Cassinealbens, Dalbergiapaniculata, Ficusbenghalensis, Ficusreligiosa, Ficusglomerata, Limoniaacidissima, Phyllanthusemblica, Strychnospotatorum, Pterocarpussantalinus, Anonasquamosa, Bauhinia purpurea, Collistemonlinearis, Bauhinia acuminate can be raised in buffer areas. Small herbs, ornamental species and common flowering plantsas per the availability can also be raised near the paths and corridors of the mining offices and check posts. 1-33 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report Proposed financial Budget for the Green belt development (Rs in Lakhs) S.No Component First Second Third Fourth Fifth Total year year year year year 1 Plant seeds/ 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 10.0 saplings 2 Worker charges 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.0 3 Maintenance cost 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.0 4 Miscellaneous 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.0 Grand Total 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 15.0 10.0 Staff Required for Post Project Monitoring At present the Unit has a full fledged EHS Department where the environment wing is having qualified, experience and trained personnel to man the operations and related environmental management activities. Strength of environment wing is 5. In the proposed expansion, another 10trained and qualified personnel will be inducted in to the team. Records shall be maintained for the analysis of raw effluents and treated effluents, ambient air quality data, stack emissions monitoring results, micro-meteorological data and noise levels. These records are not only required for the perusal of the pollution control board authorities but also to derive at the efficiencies of the pollution control equipment as the objective of the project proponents not only compliance with statutory regulations, but also a serious commitment towards clean environment. The industry shall be regularly maintaining the records as per the Hazardous waste regulations and other Environmental regulations and is applying for the annual consents for air and water, and renewal of authorization for the storage of hazardous waste. 1-34 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report 11.0 Other Sustainable development measures adopted M/S Emmennar Pharma adopted many good practises towards sustainable development. Few are ‹ Implementing reuse of treated wastewater ‹ Heat value of Organic wastes (solids & liquids) is utilized in manufacturing of cement instead of incineration of wastes ‹ Manufacturing systems equipped with enhanced in-process solvent recovery systems by adopting primary and secondary condensers, dry vacuum pumps, etc. ‹ Fugitive losses reduced through closed pipeline transfer, nitrogen blanketing on bulk storage tanks ‹ Embraced non-CFC chilling systems, viz., VAMs, Liquid Ammonia. ‹ Recycling of packing drums for re-filling 12.0 Regulatory Compliance The industry will maintain records as per the hazardous waste regulations and EPA regulations and apply for the annual consents for air and water, and renewal of authorization for the storage of hazardous waste as per the Hazardous Waste (Handling & Management) Rules, 1989. The records of hazardous waste manifest will be maintained. The industry shall obtain the consent for Establishment (CFE) and Consent for operation (CFO) as required under the section 25/26 of the Water Act, 1974 and the under Section 21/22 of Air Act, 1981 before the trial production and commissioning from the A. P. Pollution Control Board. The CFO will be renewed each year by the industry. The industry will obtain the necessary permissions under Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1989, and Manufacture, Storage and Impact of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989, issued by the Ministry of Environment Forests, New Delhi. The industry will submit the 1-35 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report environmental statement every year before September 30. The management ensures that it will comply with all the directions and regulations issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi, State and Central Pollution Control Boards. The Consent for Establishment, Consent for Operation will be displayed in a conspicuous location for the information of the inspecting authorities of different departments. 13.0 Cost Estimate for Environment Management Plan Cost Estimate for Environment Management Plan & Responsibility It is estimated that the capital cost for implementing the Environment Management Plan is Rs. 2.07 Crores while recurring costs for the same is Rs. 75 lakhs per annum. The cost estimate is presented in Table 1.9 The overall responsibility for allocation of funds and implementation lies with Managing Director of the company. Plant Head will be directly responsible for implementation of the plan supported by all the sectional heads Table 1.9 Environmental Management - Cost Estimate (Rs in Lakhs) S.No. Description Capital cost Recurring cost 1 Waste water treatment 100 35 facilities 2 Air pollution control 30 10 3 Noise pollution control 5 1 4 Hazardous and solid wastes 5 10 5 Occupational Health 5 3 6 Green belt 2 1 7 Environmental Monitoring 7 3 Total 154 75 1-36 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited Emmennar Pharma (P) Limited Environmental Impact Assessment Report It is estimated that the capital cost for implementing the Environment Management Plan is Rs. 2.0 Crore (existing Rs. 0.5 Cr. + Rs. 1.5 Cr for the proposed expansion), while recurring costs for the same is about Rs 0.75 Cr. 1-37 Pridhvi Envirotech (P) Limited