1
IN THE MATTER OF THE JOINT REVIEW PANEL ("JOINT PANEL")
ESTABLISHED TO REVIEW THE SITE C CLEAN ENERGY PROJECT
("PROJECT") PROPOSED BY BRITISH COLUMBIA HYDRO
AND POWER AUTHORITY ("BC HYDRO")
CANADA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AGENCY
AND
BRITISH COLUMBIA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OFFICE
______
PROCEEDINGS AT HEARING
Day 1: Topic-Specific Session
Aquatic and Downstream Environment
January 10, 2014
Volume 17
Pages 1 to 207
______
C o p y
______
Held at:
Sawridge Inn - Ballroom
9510 100 Street
Peace River, Alberta
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 2
APPEARANCES
JOINT REVIEW PANEL:
Dr. Harry Swain - Chairman Ms. Jocelyne Beaudet Mr. Jim Mattison
Brian Wallace, Esq. (Legal Counsel)
THE SECRETARIAT:
Courtney Trevis (panel Co-Manager) Brian Murphy (panel Co-Manager)
PARTICIPANTS:
Craig Godsoe, Esq., BC Hydro (Legal Counsel) Peter Feldberg, Esq., BC Hydro (Legal Counsel) Ms. Bridget Gilbride, BC Hydro (Legal Counsel)
REALTIME COURT REPORTING:
Mainland Reporting Services, Inc.
Nancy Nielsen, RPR, CSR(A), RCR Leanne Kowalyk, OCR
AUDIO/SOUND SYSTEM:
AVW-TELAV Audio Visual Solutions
Alex Barbour. Technical Services Representative.
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 3
INDEX OF PROCEEDINGS
DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
Opening comments and introduction of 6 the Aquatic and Downstream Environment Topic-Specific panel by Mr. Peter Feldberg, BC Hydro legal counsel:
BC Hydro panel, topic-specific session: 13 Aquatic and Downstream Environment:
Siobhan Jackson. Martin Jasek. Dave Andres. Trevor Proverbs. Renata Kurschner. Amy Pryse-Phillips. Craig Nister. Brent Mossop. Adam Lewis. Gary Ash. Dave Marmorek. Dr. John Smol. Dr. Steve Burges. Dr. Kevin Timoney. Dr. Derald Smith. Celesa Horvath. Bettina Sander
Presentation by BC Hydro, by Siobhan 14 Jackson:
Presentation by the Athabasca Cree 27 First Nations:
Rosanne Kyle (Legal counsel)Megan McConnell (Legal counsel) Doreen Somers Greg Marcel Councillor Scott Flett Elder Charlie Voyageur Elder Rene Bruno Freddie Marcel Joe Marcel
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 4
Introduction of the ACFN panel by 29 Ms. Doreen Somers:
Presentation by Mr. Greg Marcel: 32
Presentation by Councillor Scott Flett: 57
Presentation by Elder Charles Voyageur: 70
Presentation by Elder Rene Bruno: 84
Presentation by Mr.Frederick Marcel: 89
Presentation by Mr.Joe Marcel: 101
Comments by Ms. Doreen Somers: 108
Presentation by the Mikisew Cree First 136 Nations:
Rosanne Kyle Chief Steve Courtoreille Elder George Martin Councillor Terry Martin (Interpreter for Elder George Martin) Terry Marten Elder Larry Marten Mathew Lepine Jocelyn Marten Melody Lepine
Presentation by Chief Steve 138 Courtoreille:
Presentation by Elder George Martin: 157
Presentation by Elder Larry Marten: 163
Presentation by Mathew Lepine: 168
Presentation by Ms. Jocelyn Marten: 174
Presentation by Ms. Melody Lepine: 191
Closing remarks by Chief Steve 204 Courtoreille:
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INDEX OF UNDERTAKINGS
DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
There were no undertakings.
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 6
1 Friday, January 10, 2014
2 Sawridge Inn - Ballroom
3 Peace River, Alberta
4
5 Day 1: Topic-Specific Session:
6 Aquatic and Downstream Environment
7
8 (Proceedings reconvened at 1:00 p.m.)
9
10 THE CHAIRMAN: Ladies and gentlemen, can we
11 come to order, please. And we will now be opening
12 the aquatic and downstream environment session of
13 these hearings on Site C.
14 I made my usual fairly extensive remarks this
15 morning about how wonderfully independent we are,
16 about turning off your cell phones, and so on, and
17 I think I will just dispense with them and turn
18 directly to Hydro for opening comments.
19 Mr. Feldberg.
20
21 Opening comments and introduction of the Aquatic and
22 Downstream Environment Topic-Specific panel by
23 Mr. Peter Feldberg, BC Hydro legal counsel:
24 MR. PETER FELDBERG: If I can just -- thank you.
25 Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 7
1 I will be very brief. Peter Feldberg for
2 BC Hydro.
3 I just have two things to do:
4 The first is give you and the people in the
5 room a brief rundown of the presentations that we
6 will be making over the next day and a half, and
7 then a slightly more lengthy job of introducing the
8 people in the room to you. This is probably the
9 largest panel I've ever had to introduce, panel of
10 witnesses I've ever had to introduce to anyone, but
11 we were asked to bring all of the experts that we
12 were going to need for this session here, and we've
13 done so.
14 So I'll run through those.
15 The first thing I'll do is provide a bit of a
16 roadmap for the presentations. The first today
17 will deal with downstream fish issues, and with
18 BC Hydro's responses to some issues that have been
19 raised by the Province of Alberta. That's what the
20 presentation will be.
21 Tomorrow will be the substantive presentation
22 on what we describe as the spatial boundaries and
23 the extent of the changes that are due to Site C,
24 so we brought the people to do that, and that
25 presentation will be made in the morning.
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 8
1 And then in the afternoon is when we've
2 proposed to present a presentation of BC Hydro's
3 evidence with respect to the PAD and the I suppose
4 the history of regulation on the PAD and the
5 potential effects.
6 With that, I'm going to turn to the
7 relatively daunting talk of introducing you to the
8 panel.
9 In the front row, what we have are the people
10 that largely will deal with the spatial boundaries
11 issues tomorrow and with the presentation today.
12 The panel is going to be managed,
13 quarter-backed, chaired, whatever, by Siobhan
14 Jackson, who is our -- who you have seen before
15 throughout the proceedings, and what we've asked
16 Siobhan to do is when questions come, to assist the
17 panel with making sure the right person of our
18 group is able to give you the answer that you need.
19 To her left is Martin Jasek. Martin has 25
20 years of ice experience. He has a Master of
21 Science and Engineering and 25 years of experience
22 with ice. In addition to the many papers that he's
23 published on the topic, he's also got the practical
24 experience where he 's -- he works with the town of
25 Peace River, as you heard earlier today, on
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1 actually managing the ice regime at the town of
2 Peace River, so Martin has both the academic and
3 practical applied experience with respect to ice on
4 the river.
5 To his left is Dave Andres who is also an
6 extremely senior engineer in respect of ice
7 matters, ice management, hydrology. He was the
8 reviewer of the ice work that was done with respect
9 to the spatial boundaries, and Mr. Andres also has
10 long experience with the Peace River in particular
11 and with ice management and ice regimes on the
12 Peace.
13 On his left is Trevor Proverbs who you have
14 seen before as the director of our First Nations
15 engagement.
16 To Siobhan's right is Renata Kurschner, and
17 Renata is our director of generations operations
18 and she's also the coordinator for the Canadian
19 entity on the Columbia River Treaty. Renata is
20 also an engineer and is able to answer questions
21 about BC Hydro operations, flows, management of the
22 system, those sorts of things. Like Martin, she
23 not only has the academic experience of
24 engineering, but she actually has the applied
25 experience of operating our system.
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1 Next to Renata is Amy Pryse-Phillips, who
2 you've seen. Also she gave evidence at the
3 atmospheric session. Amy did the work for the
4 surface water regime, the defining of the
5 downstream boundaries. Amy is also an experienced
6 hydrologist, and she's -- her evidence is with
7 respect to that work.
8 Craig Nister, who is immediately to my left,
9 is geomorphologist from Knight Piesold. His
10 contribution to the EIS work is the geomorphology
11 with respect to the -- again, the spatial boundary,
12 the setting of the spatial boundaries for sediments
13 and that.
14 When I turn to the back, the rather daunting
15 back panel there is divided roughly in half, I
16 suppose. Well, the four gentlemen that are
17 furthest away from me to your right are the fish
18 scientists, if I can put it that way.
19 To -- the fourth one in is Brent Mossop, and
20 Brent Mossop is BC Hydro's lead on the fish biology
21 work.
22 To his left is Adam Lewis, who is --
23 downstream changes is his area.
24 Gary Ash is the fish ecology and baseline
25 conditions.
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1 And Dave Marmorek is aquatic productivity.
2 They've all been involved in various aspects
3 of the modelling work that's been done. I won't go
4 through their credentials; it would take too long,
5 but they are all fisheries biologists.
6 Now, I turn to the more elderly portion of
7 the group, which is the four gentlemen that are to
8 the right of Mr. Mossop, and the first one I'll
9 reference is John Smol, who is holding his pen up,
10 kindly. John is the Canadian Research Chair in
11 environmental change. His CV is attached at CEAA
12 2106. Most of the CVs are in that bundle.
13 I won't go through his resume. He has about
14 800 publications. He is one of Canada's leading
15 environmental scientists. He's won over 45 awards,
16 including Canada's top scientist or engineer.
17 Dr. Smol will be helping us with the
18 presentation on the PAD work. His area is the
19 paleolimnology work. His expertise is in lakes.
20 To his left is Dr. Burges. Dr. Burges is a
21 professor meritous of Civil and Environmental
22 Engineering. He has a Ph.D. in civil engineering
23 from Stanford. He has published extensively on
24 hydrology. Again, I won't go through his
25 qualifications, but again he's one of the top
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1 hydrologists in America.
2 To Dr. Smol's right is Dr. Timoney.
3 Dr. Timoney is a Ph.D. in plant ecology. He has
4 spent extensive time researching and publishing
5 work on the Peace-Athabasca Delta specifically,
6 including a recent book that was published this
7 year. Dr. Timoney is also here to help us with the
8 Peace-Athabasca Delta.
9 To his right is Dr. Smith. Dr. Smith has a
10 Ph.D. from John Hopkins in geography and
11 environmental engineering. His expertise is in
12 fluvial geomorphology, sedimentology and
13 stratigraphy, and he prepared the report that is in
14 our response on flood frequency on that
15 Peace-Athabasca Delta.
16 To the right of those gentlemen are Celesa
17 Horvath and Bettina Sander. They are both the
18 Environmental Assessment specialists that have been
19 addressing the issues and methodology for
20 cumulative environmental effects, and they are here
21 to assist the panel with the methodology used and
22 its application in this context, and their resumes
23 also are attached and filed, and I won't go through
24 them.
25 So that's the panel, that's the program, and
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1 that's all you'll hear from me.
2 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.
3
4 BC Hydro panel, topic-specific session: Aquatic and
5 Downstream Environment:
6
7 Siobhan Jackson.
8 Martin Jasek.
9 Dave Andres.
10 Trevor Proverbs.
11 Renata Kurschner.
12 Amy Pryse-Phillips.
13 Craig Nister.
14 Brent Mossop.
15 Adam Lewis.
16 Gary Ash.
17 Dave Marmorek.
18 Dr. John Smol.
19 Dr. Steve Burges.
20 Dr. Kevin Timoney.
21 Dr. Derald Smith.
22 Celesa Horvath.
23 Bettina Sander.
24
25 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: We have some slides, so I
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 14
1 will move to the table to present our opening
2 remarks.
3
4 Presentation by BC Hydro, by Siobhan Jackson:
5 THE CHAIRMAN: We have everyone here except
6 the 13-year-old who runs the computers, right?
7 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Thank you, Mr. Chair, and
8 members of the panel.
9 We appreciate the interest of the
10 participants and are pleased to provide some
11 opening remarks.
12 THE CHAIRMAN: We are apparently functional
13 again. Great. Thank you.
14 Ms. Jackson.
15 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Thank you, Mr. Chair and
16 members of the panel. We appreciate the interests
17 of the participants today and are pleased to
18 provide some opening remarks this afternoon.
19 Ms. Yurkovich provided an overview of BC
20 Hydro's understanding of the interests of the town
21 of Peace River earlier.
22 Both the town and the Province of Alberta
23 have identified their interests and in some cases
24 have made several recommendations to which I will
25 provide BC Hydro's response.
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 15
1 I will also provide a summary of result of
2 the value components of fish and fish habitat with
3 respect to the downstream components or downstreams
4 aspects as well as navigation, both of which had a
5 local assessment area that extended into the
6 Province of Alberta.
7 Tomorrow, as referenced earlier, we will
8 provide in our opening remarks an overview of our
9 downstream technical studies in the related
10 downstream spacial boundary results that were used
11 in the Environmental Assessment, and in the
12 afternoon session, an overview of Peace-Athabasca
13 Delta research findings will be presented.
14 This map of Western Canada locates the
15 proposed Site C project in the northeast corner of
16 British Columbia, within the red box, and traces
17 the Peace River's flow generally east and then
18 northward through Alberta toward Lake Athabasca and
19 ultimately into the Slave River, Great Slave Lake,
20 and the Mackenzie River and out to the Beaufort
21 Sea, as was presented earlier by participants in
22 the morning session.
23 The town of Peace River has identified their
24 interests in a submission to the BC Environmental
25 Assessment Office during the consultation phase on
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 16
1 the Environmental Impact Statement Guidelines. The
2 Province of Alberta has participated in the
3 environmental assessment process for the project
4 representing downstream interests, most recently in
5 its submission document CEAR 1982.
6 The town of Peace River interests include
7 changes in the general flow regime of the Peace
8 River. In the Environmental Impact Statement,
9 Section 11, surface water regime and supporting
10 appendices, BC Hydro presents various statistics
11 about expected changes with the Site C project from
12 current baseline conditions at various locations
13 including the town of Peace River.
14 More notable changes are predicted in the
15 surface water regime immediately downstream of the
16 Site C Dam site, upstream of the Pine River near
17 Taylor, BC, and there will be negligible changes in
18 flow at the town of Peace River due to the Site C
19 project.
20 Specific flow concerns raised by both the
21 town of Peace River and the Province are with
22 respect to low-flow thresholds for built
23 infrastructure within Alberta, which includes
24 intakes, outfalls, and ferry operations.
25 These have been taken into account in the
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1 assessment. The Province notes in their submission
2 that current normal BC Hydro operations reduce the
3 frequency of extreme natural low flows which does
4 provide a benefit to Alberta's infrastructure.
5 I note that the proposed minimum flow of 390
6 cubic metres per second from the Site C project
7 accounts for passage of flows from the local
8 catchment area within the Site C reservoir and will
9 therefore continue to support low-flow conditions
10 similar to today.
11 In planning for the relatively short period
12 of reservoir filling, BC Hydro will consult with
13 Alberta and the town of Peace River during the
14 planning stage to understand any sensitivities
15 associated with the filling phase and will include
16 them in related communications during that period.
17 A key concern for the town of Peace River is
18 flow management with respect to ice related risks
19 of flooding and seepage in low lying developed
20 areas. Ice modelling indicates that there will be
21 no changes to break-up-timing, ice thickness, or
22 freeze-up water levels at the town of Peace River,
23 all of which are important factors to be
24 considered. Importantly, Site C will not affect BC
25 Hydro's ability to continue to work with the
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1 Province of Alberta and to adhere to commitments
2 under the joint taskforce on ice that was discussed
3 earlier today.
4 With respect to navigation conditions and the
5 operation of the Shaftesbury ice bridge and ferry
6 crossing, analysis shows that there would be no net
7 change in the number of crossing days as compared
8 to conditions without the project.
9 The Province of Alberta has a responsibility
10 to plan for emergencies and to communicate to its
11 residents about emergency events. BC Hydro will
12 continue to provide the Government of Alberta with
13 information needed for its emergency planning, and
14 will continue to include Alberta in its emergency
15 notification procedures as it does today.
16 This is discussed in further detail in the
17 dam safety technical memo, and we will be prepared
18 to discuss this further during Monday's
19 topic-specific session related to dam safety.
20 The Province of Alberta's submission included
21 several references to their interest in the
22 downstream fish and aquatic environment and their
23 interest in being consulted with respect to the
24 development and implementation of the fish and fish
25 habitat mitigation and monitoring programs as
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1 relevant to Alberta.
2 BC Hydro will consult with them on
3 development of these plans and will include them in
4 communications with respect to reporting out on
5 these plans as they are implemented.
6 Through discussion, BC Hydro and Alberta have
7 agreed that BC Hydro would provide information that
8 will assist Alberta in communicating with anglers
9 in Alberta. BC Hydro would provide information to
10 the province, such as the results of monitoring
11 programs related to fish, and communications
12 appropriate to the topic of methylmercury.
13 The project is expected to affect fish and
14 fish habitat, which is described fully in section
15 12 of the Environmental Impact Statement and
16 supporting appendices.
17 The spatial boundaries for fish and fish
18 habitat were initially selected and defined in the
19 Environmental Impact Statement guidelines. Changes
20 to the surface water regime, fluvial geomorphology
21 and sediment transport, thermal and ice regime, as
22 well as information about the ecology of fish,
23 their distribution, pattern of movement, habitat
24 requirements, and sensitivity to changes in
25 physical habitat conditions informed the spatial
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1 boundaries used in the Environmental Impact
2 Statement.
3 Accordingly, the local assessment area
4 extends downstream from the project to Many
5 Islands, Alberta, approximately 120 kilometres
6 downstream of the project.
7 The regional assessment area extends to
8 Vermilion Chutes, approximately 730 kilometres
9 downstream of the project where there is a natural
10 migration barrier for fish.
11 The Department of Fisheries and Oceans agreed
12 with these spatial boundaries in discussion with
13 BC Hydro and recommended that the boundaries be
14 reviewed once the technical studies of the related
15 physical parameters were completed. BC Hydro did
16 this.
17 There is a distinct distribution of fish
18 communities in the Peace River between -- within BC
19 and into Alberta. They are a cold water community
20 typical of the Peace River flowing from the Rocky
21 Mountains and a cool water community typical of the
22 reach of the Peace River, flowing across the
23 Alberta plateau.
24 The transition zone for these two distinct
25 fish communities begins near the Pine River in
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1 British Columbia, which is approximately 16
2 kilometres downstream of the proposed dam, and
3 continues with the inflow of water, nutrients and
4 suspended sediment from the downstream tributaries
5 including the Pine, Beatton, Kiskatinaw, Alces,
6 Claire, and Pouce Coupe Rivers.
7 Most fish species downstream of Many Islands
8 are non-migratory as described in Volume 2,
9 Appendix O of the Environmental Impact Statement.
10 A small proportion of the population of two
11 species, goldeye and walleye, migrate from as far
12 downstream as Vermilion Chutes, and temporarily
13 reside, spawn, and forage upstream of Many Islands
14 area before returning to overwintering in locations
15 farther downstream on the Peace River and Alberta.
16 The operation of the project is expected to
17 cause modest changes to fish habitat downstream of
18 the dam. Total harvestable fish biomass is
19 expected to increase downstream of the project
20 driven by the predicted doubling of mountain
21 whitefish biomass.
22 Department of Fisheries and Oceans agreed
23 that there would be no significant change over the
24 baseline condition downstream of the Pine River,
25 but they did raise concern with the prediction for
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1 mountain whitefish downstream of the project.
2 Mountain whitefish are the most common
3 species found in areas below the Peace Canyon Dam
4 today and other such facilities with large daily
5 flow variability. Data from these existing
6 facilities support BC Hydro's prediction of the
7 increased mountain whitefish biomass with Site C.
8 In addition, sand and larger particle sizes
9 will be reduced at the outflow of Site C as
10 compared to today, within the suspended sediment
11 load, which would reduce the abrasion and gill
12 erosion on mountain fish and other fish species.
13 I'd like to address two concerns raised by
14 Treaty 8 Tribal Association with respect to
15 downstream fisheries in their recent submission to
16 the Joint Review Panel document CEAR 1842.
17 One was their concern -- one was a concern
18 about the inclusion of downstream tributaries, and
19 the other was the potential for residual effects of
20 the project to combine with the potential effects
21 of the proposed Dunvegan hydro project, which if
22 constructed would be just upstream of the town of
23 Peace River.
24 Tributaries to the Peace River downstream of
25 the project were sampled. These tributaries were
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1 not included in the local assessment area above the
2 confluence of the Peace River, because the project
3 would not affect fish habitat in these tributaries,
4 and fish in the Peace River would continue to be
5 able to use these tributary habitats for spawning,
6 rearing, and feeding.
7 Further, there is only limited fish movement
8 between the Pine River, which is the largest
9 downstream tributary near the dam site, and the
10 Site C Dam site area, confirming little potential
11 for effects in these downstream tributaries.
12 Major tributaries have adequate depth even
13 when Peace River flows are low, such that fish
14 passage into these tributaries would not be
15 affected by the project.
16 With respect to their second concern,
17 Dunvegan's residual effects which are identified
18 during the Environmental Assessment for that
19 project are limited to their local project area,
20 which is located 161 kilometres downstream of the
21 Site C Dam site and thus would not overlap with the
22 residual effects of the Site C project.
23 As mentioned earlier, a small proportion of
24 the population for the two fish species, goldeye
25 and walleye, could migrate between the Dunvegan
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1 project area and temporarily reside in the local
2 assessment area of the project. However, habitat
3 conditions and the abundance of prey species will
4 continue to support these feeding migrations within
5 the local assessment area for fish.
6 That concludes our opening remarks for today.
7 Thank you.
8 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much.
9 Is there any member of the audience who
10 wishes to raise a specific question about these
11 introductory comments? Sir.
12 MR. ERIC JORGENSEN: Yes, Eric Jorgensen,
13 J-o-r-g-e-n-s-e-n, from Fort Williams.
14 The question about the Vermilion Chutes being
15 a boundary. I know at times it's hard to see those
16 chutes in that river, and I would question whether
17 or not it's actually a physical boundary to fish
18 movement.
19 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I'll ask our fisheries team
20 to respond. Thank you.
21 THE CHAIRMAN: All right.
22 MR. GARY ASH: Yes, Gary Ash.
23 It is possible that at certain flows, very
24 high flows, that fish could pass by there, but most
25 of the telemetry studies of tagging of fish have
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1 indicated that the fish primarily range down to
2 Vermilion Chutes and upstream in the Peace River to
3 this area, and the ones in the lower river have
4 moved up to Vermilion Chutes, but throughout most
5 of the year, it's definitely a barrier to fish
6 movement.
7 THE CHAIRMAN: Are there other questions?
8 In that case, I think we will turn to the
9 principal presentations of the afternoon, starting
10 with the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation.
11 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Mr. Chair, panel members.
12 My name is Rosanne Kyle. I'm legal counsel
13 to Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation. My colleague
14 Megan McConnell is here with me as well. We also
15 represent Mikisew Cree First Nation. We'll be
16 starting with Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, and
17 we're just getting the Elders and harvesters
18 together.
19 We do have a PowerPoint presentation that we
20 want to take the panel through. And counsel, legal
21 counsel, would like to be able to control that
22 PowerPoint if possible, which I understand is a
23 possibility, but we're not certain where we'll seat
24 all of the harvesters and Elders. There are about
25 eight, so I don't know if we need to break briefly.
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1 THE CHAIRMAN: Flushed with success.
2 We can certainly reserve the front row to
3 your left and right for them as well as the space
4 at the table.
5 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Well, the Elders need to
6 stand at the microphone to speak.
7 THE CHAIRMAN: You can actually pass the
8 microphone to them. That one is mobile.
9 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Okay. Thank you. If you
10 could just bear with us for a few moments while we
11 bring the Elders and harvesters in.
12 THE CHAIRMAN: May I just ask, is this a
13 combined group of Athabasca Cree and Mikisew Cree
14 or one at a time?
15 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: It's one at a time. So ACFN
16 will present first and then Mikisew Cree following
17 them.
18 THE CHAIRMAN: That's fine. Thank you very
19 much.
20 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: My apologies. Thank you. My
21 apologies, Mr. Chair. We're just waiting for one
22 more member. We weren't aware until about 10 after
23 1:00 that we were starting at 1:00 today, so that's
24 part of the reason why we're scrambling here, but
25 we'll be together in just a couple of minutes.
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1 Thank you.
2 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Would it be acceptable if
3 we -- it's a bit awkward not having them sitting
4 together. Can we move the microphone and have the
5 additional seats brought up?
6 THE CHAIRMAN: Sure.
7 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Thank you.
8 THE CHAIRMAN: You can take it right off the
9 boom there and pass it around. I'm sorry that we
10 arranged to have the room so the witnesses are all
11 in the dark.
12 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Apology accepted.
13 THE CHAIRMAN: It's usually the panel that's
14 in the dark.
15 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: We are all a bit in the dark.
16
17 Presentation by the Athabasca Cree First Nations:
18 Rosanne Kyle (Legal counsel)
19 Megan McConnell (Legal counsel)
20 Doreen Somers
21 Greg Marcel
22 Councillor Scott Flett
23 Elder Charlie Voyageur
24 Elder Rene Bruno
25 Freddie Marcel
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1 Joe Marcel
2
3 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: All right. I think we are
4 ready to go. Thank you so much for your
5 indulgence. We are used to formats in hearings
6 where there is a table for the witnesses, so we
7 just needed a bit of time to make this work for the
8 Elders and the harvesters.
9 So as I indicated earlier, I'm Rosanne Kyle.
10 My colleague Megan McConnell is here with me. She
11 will be facilitating the presentation by ACFN this
12 morning, but we're just here really to introduce
13 the panel and then we'll turn it over to the
14 speakers to make their presentation today.
15 So I'm very happy to, and pleased, to present
16 the Elders and harvesters who have travelled from
17 Fort Chipewyan yesterday to appear before the Joint
18 Review Panel this afternoon to discuss their
19 concerns about impacts to the delta from the
20 proposed Site C Dam.
21 And with that, I'm going to turn it over to
22 Doreen Somers who is the consultation coordinator
23 with ACFN who is going to introduce the individual
24 members of the ACFN panel and then turn it over to
25 Megan to facilitate the progression of the
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 29
1 discussion.
2 Thank you.
3
4 Introduction of the ACFN panel by Ms. Doreen Somers:
5 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Good afternoon, and forgive
6 us. We're creatures of habit, we like to have our
7 tables and all sit together.
8 We will make due, though --
9 THE CHAIRMAN: I'm sorry. If we had
10 understood there would be a dozen of you, we might
11 have made another arrangement, but we weren't
12 informed.
13 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Okay.
14 I'm going to introduce the panel that
15 travelled from Fort Chipewyan as Rosanne explained.
16 Maybe if you guys want to raise your hands as
17 I say your name. I'm going sit this way. I'm
18 feeling awkward.
19 So we have Mr. Greg Marcel. Greg is an avid
20 land and delta user. He is also an elected leader
21 of the ACFN. He has five children and is a
22 grandfather. He frequently takes his children and
23 grandchildren on the land to teach them our way of
24 life.
25 We have Mr. Scott Flett. Scott is a
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1 respected leader in the community. He's a member
2 of council and is entering his third year as an
3 elected leader. Scott is an avid land and delta
4 user and holds a trap line in the area.
5 We have Elder Charlie Voyageur. Charlie is a
6 highly respected Elder in the ACFN community. He
7 often provides guidance and advice to the younger
8 people. We rely on him heavily for the
9 transmission of knowledge and history in the course
10 of our work. Charlie was a frequent land and delta
11 user and has seen the changes to his homelands as a
12 result of industry.
13 We have Elder Rene Bruno. Rene is a father,
14 a grandfather, and a great-grandfather. He's a
15 respected Elder and often provides us with guidance
16 and support in our work. Rene continues to
17 practice his rights and provides teaching to the
18 younger generation. Rene continues to be active in
19 the delta and has seen many changes over his
20 lifetime. Throughout the course of Rene's
21 discussion, he's going to be speaking in Dene, and
22 Mr. Joe Marcel will be translating.
23 We have Mr. Freddie Marcel. Freddie is one
24 of ACFN's most active land users. He's active in
25 the delta and other traditional areas of the ACFN.
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1 He often assists us in the course of our work and
2 is respected as a good bushman in the community.
3 He's also active in teaching the ACFN youth in
4 order to transmit knowledge to future generations.
5 And finally, we have Mr. Joe Marcel. Joe is
6 also one of ACFN's most active land users. He too
7 is active in the delta and other areas of
8 traditional and cultural importance to the ACFN.
9 Joe also assists us by providing land use
10 information and often teaches the ACFN youth about
11 our culture. He's also respected in the community
12 and is known to be a good bushman.
13 And I am Doreen Somers and I am an employee
14 of the ACFN and I work mainly with government files
15 doing consultation.
16 Oh, I do want to -- sorry, before we go on, I
17 want to acknowledge that Mr. Pat Marcel, who is
18 also a respected Elder and Community Member, did
19 travel with us here, but he fell ill last night and
20 that was one of the issues that I had with bringing
21 a community panel mostly of Elders such a far
22 distance. It's very hard on them when we're
23 travelling this far, and we did ask for a community
24 hearing to be in ACFN's territory, so I just wanted
25 to acknowledge that Pat was going to attend and is
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1 now fallen ill.
2 So I guess we can start to hear from Mr. Greg
3 Marcel and he can explain to you the importance of
4 the delta and the impacts that this dam will cause
5 in addition to other developments in our territory.
6
7 Presentation by Mr. Greg Marcel:
8 MR. GREG MARCEL: Okay. Thank you, Doreen.
9 I would like to thank you guys for inviting
10 us over here and us coming and present our case.
11 I'm Greg Marcel. I'm a member of the ACFN,
12 and I've been on my council now for the last
13 12 years, And I was born and raised in Fort Chip,
14 and my family is there, and my grandchildren, my
15 children, we all reside in Fort Chip.
16 My children, my older children are the ages
17 of 26 down to 18, and this is a picture of me going
18 out in the spring hunting, hunting geese. This is
19 how we go out now since there's not enough water
20 flow; the ice doesn't break like it used to when we
21 were younger.
22 This is me with my -- one of my sons and a
23 couple of my nephews that go out every spring, and
24 that's me sitting -- standing there in the boat.
25 I've got some issues with my back, so I can't help
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1 them like I used to.
2 But we're out -- we go out every spring.
3 I've done that since I was about 9, 10 years old
4 with my father and then with my grandfather, and I
5 passed on all this knowledge on to my children.
6 I've got one son and three daughters, and we've
7 always -- we use the land quite a bit every chance
8 we get.
9 I also got a grandson -- actually, two
10 grandchildren. One is 3 and the other one is just
11 over a month. But we've -- like I said, I was born
12 and raised in Fort Chip. I spent all my life
13 there. I went to school there until I went to high
14 school, and then I went to Fort McMurray to finish
15 off my high school and then went to work there.
16 I work with the plants. Probably been there
17 for 20 years, and I'm on a program that they fly us
18 to work and then fly us back home, so for the last
19 20 years I've been flying to work and then flying
20 back home, but I've always resided in Chip. And
21 that's where my family's always stayed, so ...
22 But every chance I get, I'm out on the land,
23 and I always take my children with me and my
24 grandchildren and go with my parents or my friends
25 and family, so it is important for me.
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1 And, you know, I go back and I think of
2 the -- think of when I was younger going out on the
3 land trapping with my father and my mother and the
4 rest of my brothers and sisters, and we used to
5 trap in our reserve, and there was a little creek
6 that we would go into this river and trap our -- we
7 used to trap and harvest our muskrats there in the
8 springtime, and it's about 10 or 15 miles back into
9 the reserve, and we used to go in there with -- we
10 used to go in there with boats or sleds, dog team
11 when I was a kid, and then when the spring --
12 When we are done our trapping and we have to
13 come back out on the land. We come out with a boat
14 and motor on this little creek, go into the main
15 river and would wait for the ice to break and then
16 we would make our way back home to Fort Chip.
17 And this map doesn't really show. We got it
18 all right in here somewhere. This map you can't
19 really see. This map here is an older map too. As
20 you can see on this map, there's a lot of water in
21 this area. This is our reserve here, and that's
22 where I was raised, but now if you see a map of
23 today, there'll be pretty much no water. It might
24 be a small lake. Most of these lakes in here, they
25 are all gone now. And if you look, there's a
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1 little island out here, well, that island now is
2 probably about half a mile inland, so there's been
3 quite a bit of change since I was a kid.
4 And, yeah, so, you know, I spent most of my
5 young life trapping and where we used to go harvest
6 for my parents. We used to harvest every year. I
7 used to go with them when I was a kid, you know.
8 Since maybe, I don't know, '75, '70, we
9 haven't been there too much, but I've never taken
10 my children to the area where I used to go when I
11 was a kid, because there's no way to get in there
12 no more. The river that I used to go in -- the
13 creek we used to travel to get in there is gone.
14 It's been growing over with willows. The water is
15 all gone. The place we used to travel --
16 THE CHAIRMAN: May I interrupt you for a
17 minute. We've got a water problem here. It's
18 dripping on our notes, and we're going to just pull
19 this table back 18 inches. Hold on.
20 Sorry about that. This does seem to be a day
21 for interruption.
22 MR. GREG MARCEL: Can you still hear me? Okay.
23 Perfect.
24 Yeah, and then like I said, the areas that I
25 used to trap in when I was a kid, I can't get there
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1 no more, and I can't show my children where I was
2 trapping as a kid and where I was hunting because
3 of the low water levels, so we got to go in
4 different areas.
5 Where we used to travel in our reserve now is
6 pretty much impossible, so we pretty much have to
7 go around the boundaries, stay on the main river,
8 and then that's where we do most of our harvesting
9 now for the geese and the ducks and the moose and
10 whatever. And the only --
11 The way to get into our reserve is probably
12 in the winter once everything is freezing, and we
13 can't really use the same routes that we used to
14 use when I was a kid because all the creeks have
15 all grown in now because of the low water and
16 willows, and there's no way to pass through there,
17 so we have to find alternate routes to get into the
18 reserve to do our hunting and harvesting.
19 And where was I going? Oh, yeah, like I say,
20 when we used to get off -- once we finished our
21 trapping in the springtime, and we would go back
22 onto the main river to make our way back to town,
23 we used to spend maybe a week or two on the river,
24 and we used to watch the ice jams. We used to
25 be -- we used to watch the water come down and the
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1 ice piled up, and it was loud, and it was -- it was
2 something that I haven't seen -- something that my
3 kids haven't seen yet, because I know that the ice
4 nowadays doesn't seem like it wants to jam up. It
5 seems to just melt away nowadays. It doesn't -- I
6 don't know if it's lack of water. Maybe there's
7 not enough water pushing the ice like it used to be
8 or it doesn't freeze as thick. I don't know. But
9 that's something that we haven't seen in a while.
10 The first picture that you seen us pushing
11 the boat, that's how we get out now. We just go on
12 top of the ice and get into the river and then go.
13 It's not like before where the ice used to jam and
14 we would be cleared up in a couple of days, so
15 that's changed now.
16 So but this isn't something common you see
17 back home before a trip. I'm just the one boat
18 that goes out there. It's usually on a good
19 weekend when the birds start coming in. There'll
20 be pretty much every boat in Chip that's able to go
21 out will be on the land. We're probably looking at
22 maybe, jeez, 40, 50 boats going out on the weekend,
23 and that's how we pretty much all go out there.
24 We're just kind of going out a little bit
25 earlier than everybody else. And that happens on
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1 the weekend when the birds go through.
2 And we use the river -- the areas that I used
3 to go when I was a kid, I -- we cannot go there
4 anymore, so we find other routes. Like I say,
5 along the reserve, along our Traditional Territory,
6 and that's where I take my kids, and that's where
7 we've learned to go.
8 But even that now is getting harder. From --
9 we used to travel -- when we leave Fort Chip, you
10 see the little high spot way in the way back there?
11 That's Chip here, and we have to come -- we have to
12 work our way back that way, and the Embarras is
13 there.
14 So if you go back to the next picture.
15 So from Fort Chip looking this way, and
16 that's that high hill that we see back here in the
17 background, but there's a channel here that we go
18 into. And in the spring, it's very hard to get in
19 there, and we usually hunt all in along here when
20 we hunt the birds and ...
21 And so when we start coming in in the spring,
22 and usually what happens is when the Peace River is
23 high, the ice pushes back out and then pushes the
24 ice back into the lake, and so it's usually opened
25 up to about here and ice is all back into the big
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1 lake over here. So we come into here, and we
2 usually come into the Embarras River.
3 From there, we go into small creeks and make
4 our way back over here to the -- usually to Goose
5 Island or these channels back in here, and that's
6 where we harvest the geese.
7 But over the last, jeez, 20 years or so, in
8 order for us to get back here, we have to come all
9 the way up here and work our way back down, work
10 our way back around this way and then get back in
11 here. Back when I was maybe 20 years old, I was
12 able to work our way through the creeks here. It
13 was deep enough to get back in here. So the travel
14 now takes, jeez, probably half a day where it used
15 to take half an hour.
16 So the cost of travelling there is pretty --
17 is a big difference.
18 And that's just for the hunt in the spring.
19 And once that's done in -- during the summer
20 months we would usually come out here and there
21 would be families living in this area here because
22 of Richardson Lake and the spawning grounds for the
23 fish. We used to come there with my grandparents
24 when I was, jeez, must be 8, 9 years old. And I
25 would be travelling with my grandfather and my
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1 grandmother, and it would take us two days to get
2 up here with a boat, and we would stop and visit
3 camps all along the river and every place we went.
4 There's people drying fish or, you know, just -- as
5 soon as you stop there, they would invite you in,
6 you'd have a good meal, you'd have a coffee, visit,
7 that's probably why it took us so long to get
8 there.
9 But when we go to the Jackfish Lake
10 community, there was a little village, and there
11 was probably must be about seven houses, eight
12 houses and a bunch of camps, like tents that people
13 set up, Elders and families, and every camp and
14 every house there would be a rack of fish, people
15 would be drying fish there. And every -- it wasn't
16 uncommon to see every house with about 100 fish
17 hanging in front of your camp, and everybody in the
18 camp would be working on fish. And that's what
19 they were doing. This wouldn't be -- this is like
20 -- that was something I would see every day every
21 time I go down there. And that's what we would be
22 doing is making fish and drying fish for the summer
23 or for the summer and for the winter, getting stuff
24 ready.
25 This is me working.
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1 There's more photos is there? There's more
2 photos of us with the fish?
3 And a job like this wouldn't be just a
4 one-person job. It's usually the whole family.
5 This is different stages to get it done. So some
6 would be --
7 No, that's a different.
8 There are some that was --
9 No, that's not the one. That's berry
10 picking. No, okay.
11 There's different stages. There's the stage
12 where we go and get the nets. Where you set the
13 net for the fish, and then we'd bring it back. One
14 area would be getting the scales off the fish,
15 washing it, and one area for cutting, one area for
16 slicing, and one person would be hanging, so it's
17 kind of a -- I guess it would be kind of a
18 four-person, five-person job.
19 And won't be just the parents or
20 grandparents, usually the kids are in there helping
21 out, grandchildren would be watching.
22 So it's kind of like a family --
23 family-orientated, everybody gets together and
24 makes sure it's done, because you don't usually
25 have much time to get the fish. Once the fish is
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1 out there and they've got to get it all already.
2 Usually -- you only got a couple of hours from the
3 time you get it out of the net to make sure it's up
4 drying.
5 That's something I used to see lots when I
6 was a kid, and now I go over to that same area
7 again, and there's nothing there. I can only point
8 to my children where it used to be, and we don't
9 see it no more.
10 In that same area there there's an Elder that
11 still does it, but there's nowheres near as much
12 fish as there used to be. Some mornings he catches
13 five; some days two. There's no fish there like it
14 used to be.
15 This picture here was taken on the Athabasca
16 Lake. This is -- I done this in town. This was
17 done last summer, and it's done right in town,
18 because of the -- we can't go back to our land and
19 fish there because there's no more fish there.
20 There's not enough water for the fish to spawn
21 there to get by there, so ...
22 And that's one area that we use it.
23 And there's also the summer months, like I
24 say, we used to go on Richardson Lake. As a kid --
25 as a kid, we would be staying in this area, and we
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1 would go out on the lake here, and there's another
2 little spot right about here that has a beach, and
3 we used to go there swimming, and there would be
4 families out here getting their fish ready for the
5 summer, and that's where we used to go and do some
6 of our swimming and stuff as a kid.
7 Now, in the summer we can't. I can't go down
8 there with my kids, because there's no way to get
9 into the channel here because the water is so low,
10 so we have to go out in the big lake and probably
11 come around this area here, just past this point.
12 It's probably way in here somewhere on the
13 Athabasca Lake. It's probably about 30 miles out
14 or maybe 25 miles out in the lake.
15 When I was a kid, like I say, we used to swim
16 down here, and we can't do that no more.
17 And this is the area too where we usually go
18 and pick berries in the fall, hunt, hunt moose in
19 all this area here, and we can't do that anymore,
20 so now we have to hunt on the river. And usually
21 going up the Athabasca, that's this river here, and
22 whenever possible. But in the summer months, we
23 spent -- what was I going to say? But in summer
24 months, we spent -- yeah ...
25 I lost my thought there.
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1 In the fall -- in the fall, we used to come
2 up here, hunt and pick our berries, in this area
3 here. And last fall, where we used -- we had to go
4 way up on the river on this end where there's a
5 little bit of more water and a little more
6 accessible for us to get the berries.
7 As you'll see the picture --
8 I've got some pictures there, right?
9 Man, lots of pictures of me.
10 There's my son and my grandson and my
11 daughter. We are out harvesting berries last fall.
12 I just had these pictures on my phone. If I knew I
13 was going to present, I would have brought more
14 pictures. These are just pictures I've had for
15 myself on my cell phone from this last fall picking
16 berries.
17 That's one of the activities that we do, we
18 still do today, and we are still hoping to do
19 tomorrow and the year after and the year after and
20 the year after. When you watch my son and my
21 grandson, when they go out and do stuff like this,
22 it's amazing to watch them go out and do it and to
23 see them just gather and see where the berries come
24 from.
25 So, you know, and that's something that --
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1 this area that we went to last year, I don't think
2 I went there, jeez, it's got to be at least when I
3 was about maybe their age when I was in that area.
4 Last summer there was an unusual amount of water in
5 the river, so that's an area I was able to get to.
6 I haven't been there for a few years now, so it was
7 a good --
8 It's good I have these pictures. I never
9 thought I would be able to use them.
10 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Greg, maybe you want to
11 explain for the panel two things:
12 One, why was there an unusual amount of water
13 last year?
14 And why is it so important that able to do
15 these things?
16 Is there major grocery stores in Fort Chip?
17 Do you have year-round access to get in and
18 out of Chip?
19 Can you maybe explain to the panel -- just
20 paint a picture of Fort Chipewyan --
21 MR. GREG MARCEL: Yeah, maybe we can get back
22 to the map.
23 As you can see, Fort Chip is surrounded by
24 water. There's lakes, there's rivers, and there's
25 all the water back in here, so there's no access
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1 there at all, no road. We usually have a road in
2 the winter months that comes through here and then
3 make their way up the south of Fort McMurray, and
4 there's a road heading north to Fort Smith.
5 But we only have those roads probably
6 mid-January or, pardon me, mid-December until
7 March, maybe mid-March, so the window to get out on
8 the -- to go shopping is very small.
9 And I guess I could probably say about 60,
10 70 percent of my meat for myself and my family is
11 gathered in this area. So for us to go shopping in
12 any major stores is pretty much next to impossible
13 for eight months of the year. So all our shopping
14 is done out here for our fish and for our meat.
15 And it's like that not only for my family, but for
16 the rest of my community of 1,200 people.
17 So that's the importance of this delta and
18 for the water level here.
19 What was the other question? Oh, why is it
20 important for me to go out on the land?
21 Oh, the water level, yeah. Last summer, the
22 water was a lot higher than usual, and it's
23 probably got to do with all the rain we had down
24 south. I guess everybody knows about Calgary and
25 Fort McMurray. Fort McMurray had a flash flood,
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1 with all the rain. Well, that's probably the
2 reason. Whenever that happens down south, even in
3 Fort McMurray, if there's a rain down there, within
4 two or three days the water level -- we get the
5 high levels of water, and that's -- we all usually
6 take advantage, and whenever there's high water we
7 always get in our boats and go to the areas that we
8 never go to before.
9 I know it's not very good for the people down
10 south with the flooding basements and the roads
11 being washed out, but I guess for us it's kind of a
12 -- it's kind of good for us so we can get out to
13 areas that we never go to or never been to for
14 years and years, so for us it's a blessing and it's
15 kind of a double-edged sword, not good for the
16 southerners.
17 Is there anything else? I'm not sure what I
18 might have missed.
19 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Greg, could you describe to
20 the panel the occurrence of ice jams in the past
21 and what it did to the PAD?
22 MR. GREG MARCEL: Oh, the ice jams in the past.
23 Like I say, when I was kid I used to remember ice
24 jams, and they used to be loud, and it used to
25 happen within a couple of days. The ice would
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1 start moving, and it would be gone within a couple
2 of days. And like I say, the ice used to come in
3 and it used to come through here and then work its
4 way down and out to the Peace.
5 And I know every spring ice used to jam up
6 probably somewheres in here, right in there
7 somewhere. I think that's Rocky Point that's
8 coming off from the Peace. They used to jam up in
9 there, and then ice ...
10 And when it would jam up, the water, the
11 Fletcher Channel, it might be this little black
12 mark in here. In here somewhere there's a river.
13 And then once the ice backs up in there, it will
14 push the water back, and all the ice that's in this
15 area, because of the back pressure and the water
16 running the opposite way, would come back this way
17 and then push the water, the ice back into the
18 lake, so that will give us access to get in and
19 out.
20 I know that doesn't really happen too much
21 anymore. The ice don't really jam up like it used
22 to.
23 Anything else?
24 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Could you describe how
25 families would prepare for spring flooding?
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1 MR. GREG MARCEL: When I was a kid? Yeah, when
2 we go out on the land and we go out trapping when I
3 was a kid and we would go back into our reserve,
4 every spring before it got too warm, and we would
5 never stay in the same camp every year. It's
6 always a different camp because when the animals
7 moving, we would move with them. And we would have
8 a different camp, and just before the early thaw
9 came, and my parents knew when it was coming, and
10 we would all start building stages.
11 I guess we call them stages but it's kind of
12 platforms. We'd build them 3, 4 feet off the
13 ground, and that's where we would put our tents and
14 we'd store our stuff, because we knew the water
15 would be coming up in the springtime, and we
16 prepared for it. It only lasted for a couple of
17 days probably until the ice jammed up and then it
18 dropped again, so that was something that we were
19 always -- we were expecting, so it was always made.
20 We were always ready for that.
21 You know, some years it happened and
22 some years it didn't, but we were always prepared
23 for it when it did happen.
24 Anything else?
25 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: When did you start noticing
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1 the changes to the delta?
2 MR. GREG MARCEL: Oh, jeez, I was pretty young.
3 Like I said, I could -- I would -- when I was a
4 kid, I probably went out with my grandfather, and
5 he's sitting around with most of the Elders in Chip
6 when I go to my grandfather, it's like guys like
7 Charlie, Rene, you know, his brother. We would sit
8 around campfires, and they would tell stories of
9 their hunting trips in the areas they used to go
10 in, and them areas I never -- I was never able to
11 go there, because by the time I got old enough to
12 go out with my grandparents, we couldn't get in
13 them areas anymore because of the water level, so
14 it's been changing probably, jeez, it must be back
15 in the '70s, maybe, late '60s, early '70s.
16 And it's still changing today. Every year
17 and every season every time the water comes up and
18 the water drops, there's silt build-up every time
19 and there's always -- it gets harder and harder to
20 get back to where we use to go all the time, so ...
21 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Greg, would you be able to
22 explain to the panel or describe the changes in the
23 animal populations?
24 MR. GREG MARCEL: Oh, yeah, like I say, when we
25 used to hunt in the springtime, and there would be
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1 trappers from all this area, and all -- we would
2 all meet at the mouth of Embarras, all the families
3 before we go across, because of the birds, the
4 birds coming in, and we would all hunt in this area
5 here, and there would be lots -- there would be
6 lots of bird.
7 It wasn't hard for us, for my parents or my
8 grandparents, to go out there and kill 30, 40 a day
9 just for each family. And these birds would keep
10 for the summer and we would consume them throughout
11 the year, because we would only hunt them once a
12 year. We won't be bothering them in the summer
13 because of them laying eggs and stuff like that, so
14 we would only harvest them in the spring.
15 Then when they came back in the fall, the
16 geese, we wouldn't bother the geese, because they
17 are not as -- they probably weren't fat enough.
18 They were kind of skinny. We won't bother them
19 when they are skinny. So that's the reason we hunt
20 them in the spring and keep them for the next year.
21 But from what I remember as a kid and how
22 much we used to get and how much birds used to fly
23 back and forth to today, there's -- let's say
24 there's about 1,000 back then, harvested, and now
25 maybe we'll be lucky if there's 10, 10 a day.
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1 That's a difference of -- I don't know if it's
2 because there's not enough food for them there or
3 they don't migrate there no more, but there's not
4 as much birds as there used to be, and they don't
5 stay as long.
6 I remember back when I was a kid, we would be
7 hunting for three weeks, maybe or a month. Now we
8 hunt maybe a week if we're lucky.
9 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Greg, can you describe to the
10 panel how this decline in food populations,
11 wildlife, birds, water levels decreasing, what kind
12 of stress that has on the community, if any?
13 MR. GREG MARCEL: Like I said, when I was
14 younger, there used to be lots, and that would be
15 about 80, 90 percent of our diet. Now we're down
16 to about 50, maybe less.
17 But, jeez, it must have dropped at least
18 70 percent of what it used to be when I was a kid,
19 so there is a big decline.
20 Even with the fish, like I said, there used
21 to people down here sitting doing fish. Even
22 that's probably dropped down just about to next to
23 nothing now. So we have to do all our fishing in
24 the lake here and hopefully -- there isn't as much
25 as there used to be when I was younger, but there
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1 is just a little bit down in this area, just as you
2 go into Chip and there's a little creek here that
3 some people fish in here too, but there's nowhere
4 near as much as there used to be when I was
5 younger.
6 And the ducks and geese, like I say, there
7 isn't as much as there used to be. And even in the
8 fall time, we would gather the ducks that hung
9 around the area all summer, and then we would
10 harvest lots in this area here. And all in the
11 mouth on this end here, on the rivers. And
12 that's -- even that's declining now.
13 I think last year we might have got 20. We
14 were out there for about two days.
15 And the year before we might have got 60.
16 And, you know, we used to get -- we used to get,
17 like, hundreds, and we'd give it to all our
18 families and give them to the Elders in the
19 community. Like I say, I worked with my children
20 and my grandchildren and my nieces and nephews, and
21 what they get -- I always make sure that they go
22 out and give some out to everybody else, because we
23 could never consume that much.
24 But there is, like, way lot less of them.
25 Probably about 80 percent drop from what it used to
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1 be even 10 years ago.
2 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: And do you see that affecting
3 the Community Members?
4 MR. GREG MARCEL: Oh, yeah. It does, because
5 that's our diet. That's what we crave. Even my
6 grandson, he's 3 years old, and just in between the
7 holidays at Christmastime and we were having turkey
8 dinner, and our big meal, and he comes up to me and
9 he says, Papa, he said, I want some dry fish. I
10 said, my boy, we got no dry fish until the summer.
11 We've got to wait until the summer. I said we've
12 got no fish right now. But, Papa, he said, check
13 in the deep freeze. We've got dry fish. I said,
14 no, my boy, there's nothing.
15 So, you know, from that small and into the --
16 into my grand -- well, my grandparents are gone
17 now, but my parents and people in Fort McMurray,
18 all the family members that moves out of Chip
19 because there's no place to sustain themselves or
20 housing. I mean, we send them food steady, like,
21 moose meat and fish, and so -- but it's, like I
22 say, it's getting less and less. It's getting
23 harder to find now even back home.
24 I guess one of the biggest meals that we
25 haven't seen in our area is probably the muskrat.
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1 I think the last time we had muskrat was maybe the
2 '80s. Right now, if you have a muskrat, you could
3 probably sell a muskrat for about $15 easy, and the
4 people from back home would buy it, where we used
5 to -- as a kid, I used to sell it for 10 cents a
6 piece, I think.
7 Anything else?
8 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Greg, can we have you
9 point out Goose Island on the map for the panel?
10 MR. GREG MARCEL: Goose Island. Yeah, Goose
11 Island is the island right there. Like I say,
12 right now, all this water here is gone and the land
13 is probably half a kilometre on this side.
14 Is there a picture from Google?
15 Well, anyways, like I say, that area, that
16 island that I showed you, if you get a picture of
17 Google, that island, it's probably way inland now,
18 and you can see the silt build-up and how much
19 water body we've lost over the last three decades
20 or so. Maybe even longer. Four decades.
21 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: We would just like to pull up
22 this Google Earth map to just depict what Greg was
23 just talking about, but we have an internet problem
24 here, so again we just ask for some indulgence
25 while we pull that up if we can.
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1 THE CHAIRMAN: It looks like you don't have
2 web connectivity.
3 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Yeah, we were told that there
4 would be, so hopefully fingers crossed.
5 MR. GREG MARCEL: Okay. This is -- Fort Chip
6 is right here, and this is our reserve, Richardson
7 Lake is here, and as you can see, there's -- on the
8 older map, there's lakes all in here. This is the
9 reserve I was raised in, and then the reserve that
10 we trap in now, but there's maybe three or four
11 lakes left in that area.
12 And Goose Island is probably somewheres back
13 in here, and I don't know that you can see it on
14 this map anymore. It's so far in now. And as you
15 can see all the silt build up, and it's going
16 further and further out, so I don't know how many
17 more years before we are able to -- probably have
18 to go all the way back out to come back in again.
19 But there is change happening compared to
20 when I was a kid.
21 Can you see that? Okay. Yeah.
22 Like I say, the island is probably somewheres
23 in here. We can't really see it. And, like I say,
24 all the lakes that we used to trap in there as a
25 kid. They are now -- they are not there no more.
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1 They are just willows. If I was to go back there
2 with my kids and show them where the lakes were
3 where I used to trap when I was a kid there,
4 there's nothing there, just willows.
5 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Thank you, Greg.
6 MR. GREG MARCEL: Thank you for listening to
7 me.
8 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: And next we'll hear from
9 Councillor Scott Flett.
10
11 Presentation by Councillor Scott Flett:
12 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Yeah, good evening,
13 everybody. Good afternoon.
14 My name is Scott Flett, and I was a
15 Councillor now for going on the third year.
16 I was -- like, the Dene people lived in this
17 area for thousands and thousands of years. They
18 lived in harmony with the land. They just had a
19 lot of plentiful wildlife and stuff to harvest
20 whenever they want, and then the fur trade came.
21 And, like, Fort Chip is the oldest community in
22 Alberta. I think it's 1788 it was established, and
23 this was a hub of the fur trade, and this is the --
24 the delta is a World Heritage Site that's renowned
25 throughout the world.
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1 I was -- like, I'm a Bill C-31. I came into
2 the band in 1985, and when I was younger, our trap
3 line was down here in the Embarras River. On this
4 side and into a horseshoe shape and Twin Lakes
5 area, we trapped in this area.
6 I remember when I was a little boy, I used to
7 go out there with my grandparents and my dad, and
8 like Greg said, the first thing you do is you build
9 a stage. You have your boat ready to go in case of
10 emergency, because there was -- you are independent
11 at that time. There was no way you'd phone a
12 helicopter to ask for help. You're on your own.
13 So also my grandpa, we used to work for The
14 Hudson's Bay Company, and you want to talk about
15 muskrats that came in. I used to go and help him
16 at the northern store there, the old Hudson's Bay
17 before, and I used to bail muskrats. They have a
18 press downstairs, and you used to put 1,000
19 muskrats in there and put burlap and sew them up,
20 and we used to have piles and piles of muskrats.
21 Thousands and thousands.
22 And finally in the late '60s, the whole thing
23 dried up.
24 And then they had a hearing in Fort Chip, and
25 they built two weirs, one on the Rocher, and one on
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1 the Coupe, and those two weirs are helping Lake
2 Athabasca to hold the water back.
3 But just talking about ice jamming now and
4 stuff. Like, in the springtime, we used to get
5 water coming down. You know, it would stop and jam
6 up and come down to the corner and jam up again.
7 Then right here at Rocky Point, it used to jam up
8 quite a bit. What you see at the 30th baseline, it
9 used to jam up, and all these rivers here, there's
10 the La Cut Pouce River and there's a Coupe River,
11 and sometimes the Rocher will go into reverse and
12 push right out into the lake, and used to get
13 flooding in 19 -- like, prior to the Bennett Dam,
14 they used to get flooding every year. I remember
15 in --
16 '74 was kind of a freak flood, I guess you
17 could say. Well, it was after the Bennett Dam, but
18 used to travel right from the Embarras up here by
19 the airport right across country with a boat.
20 And also during the summertime, we get water
21 coming down the Athabasca River. That's the
22 mountain runoff they call it from the Athabasca.
23 It will come in about closer to the end of June,
24 first part of July, and we used to get that same
25 water from the Peace River up in the mountains, all
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1 that water used to come down, and it will come down
2 here, and this Slave River, somebody reminded me,
3 it's like a funnel. Only a certain amount of water
4 could flow through. So as soon as the water levels
5 come up, if the water level in the Peace is higher
6 than Lake Athabasca all these rivers, like the La
7 Cut Pouce, the Coupe, and sometimes the Rocher all
8 go into reverse, and it will come into Four Forks,
9 and if Lake Claire is lower, then all the water
10 will drain this way, and some will come up into
11 Chip if Lake Athabasca is lower.
12 And last year, we had -- Greg said we had
13 that high water on the Athabasca River where it did
14 a lot of flooding. Even in the spring, we had
15 highest water we had, and the Spring Break-up, and
16 then all that rain and stuff, it just continued
17 coming. We had wash outs on the Richardson, on the
18 Athabasca, they're close here, at Mud Lake.
19 And then we had high water on Lake Athabasca
20 and Lake Claire. Then we had some winds come up.
21 We had a northeast wind blowing with a full swing
22 over the lake, and that came in -- when you have a
23 northeast wind blowing, the water level comes up
24 3 feet or so, so you get flooding in the delta
25 here. And if you have a west wind on this lake,
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1 all these lakes here will get flooded.
2 This Lake Claire is the largest whole lake in
3 Alberta.
4 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Could you explain to the
5 panel about the importance of the Peace River and
6 ice jams in particular.
7 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Well, like I said, this Peace
8 River is, like, they call it the hydro-electric
9 dam. If you've got this piece of pie, all this
10 water has to stay over here. If you get any water
11 coming out of the Athabasca River, it just filled
12 up this lake.
13 This is a -- the Peace is one of the main
14 controllers, and then you have the Lake Athabasca
15 controlling all the rest of the delta with Lake
16 Claire. All this is all connected. Probably back
17 in the day, this was all one big lake.
18 So we're lucky we have -- like I said in '72
19 they had some hearings, and they built a weir here
20 and one on the Coupe, and those two weirs helped to
21 restore part of the lake, but then you have kind of
22 a slow drawdown from the lake during the winter
23 months.
24 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Are there higher costs
25 associated with -- from not being able to travel
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1 your preferred routes? So costs of fuel, does that
2 increase when areas are now low water levels and
3 you can't access in the way that you used to?
4 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Well, it does have a big
5 effect, because remember in '96 when they had the
6 sinkhole on the Peace River, on the Bennett Dam?
7 We had very high water levels, and this whole lake
8 remained open all winter. We had to get some Hercs
9 and fly in the fuel and all the groceries and
10 stuff. I couldn't get out. We used to have -- and
11 like Greg said, we had a winter road that comes
12 into here, like, from the south, and they couldn't
13 haul anything in.
14 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Scott, can you talk about how
15 the drying of the delta affected the muskrat
16 population?
17 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Well, yeah, I remember I was
18 at one hearing. I think there's some -- George and
19 Jocelyne here, they are -- Shell Martin (phonetic)
20 once said -- he said it pretty bluntly. He said,
21 "Water is the boss." He said, "Not too much and
22 not too little, but just the right amount."
23 And that's what you need for the delta to
24 have a good muskrat population. You need a
25 flooding every so often to flush these lakes out
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1 and put new growth for the muskrats to feed. The
2 lakes get too stagnant, and the -- kind of the
3 muskrats die off.
4 And the muskrat is a very important animal,
5 like, for us to eat. I mean, a person brings a
6 couple muskrats in from out trapping, and people
7 are just right now are just running to the house
8 and trying to get a muskrat to eat.
9 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you describe how the
10 drying of the delta has affected your ability to
11 travel?
12 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Well, when it's really low
13 water, like even this lake here, like I said, I
14 trapped in this area here, so I was into the -- I
15 had access into the park, and I think I trapped --
16 we travelled across this Mamawi Lake, you know, I
17 used to hunt here by this point. Another one
18 across here. And this lake is pretty shallow. It
19 freezes right to the bottom, so you have to wait
20 until the water gets into this lake.
21 I think if anybody seen that movie called
22 Death of the Delta, you see -- I think Larry Marten
23 here was going across this lake on a dog team
24 pulling a skiff, it was so low.
25 And then I used to -- like, it was over by
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1 Linkstand. I used to go over here and hunt some
2 geese and stuff, and sometimes it's really shallow
3 in this area here.
4 And at the mouth over here too at the
5 Embarras, you get the silt and stuff coming in. It
6 fills in, and you don't have access, not enough
7 water to get a boat through with something.
8 Sometimes you have to pull or use a smaller boat to
9 get in. You can't use any bigger boats.
10 THE CHAIRMAN: I would like to ask a
11 question. How do you think the new dam at Site C
12 would affect what you're seeing?
13 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Well, what I'm seeing is that
14 the water, like, coming out of the -- between the
15 two dams, there's a -- I see a major creek coming
16 out of the there, and that water that should be
17 coming all the way downstream, like, on the Peace.
18 It should come right down to us like down into the
19 delta. And then it's all regulated now, so you
20 guys have control of all the water with the -- by
21 the Bennett Dam. Right now we have trappers.
22 You guys, you know, release water to bring
23 the level of the Peace River here, Nahtanny
24 (phonetic) Peace River up to a certain level so we
25 could get the flow during the winter months. But
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1 all that water, that surge of water, goes down.
2 Our winter road crossing on Moose Island, gets
3 water on both sides. All the trappers down by the
4 Slave and Peace, they are all flooded out and the
5 creeks and stuff.
6 So you guys regulate the flow, so we're not
7 getting all the water we could. The tap is getting
8 shut off some more, I see, anyway.
9 THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, I understand the point
10 about the regulation of the Peace River and what
11 it's doing, but if we -- if Hydro adds another dam
12 at Site C, and it's basically a run-of-the-river
13 dam, how do you see, if you will, nature in the
14 delta changing?
15 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Well, it has to because
16 you're going to regulate some more water from the
17 other dam down to this dam, then when are you going
18 to release it? You're going to shut the water off
19 until you get -- want power, don't you?
20 THE CHAIRMAN: Well, as I --
21 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: If you want to generate power
22 during the winter months, that's when the power is
23 needed, so you're going to have more storage in the
24 summertime, and we need that little bit extra water
25 to come down and, like, to have break-up. So we
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1 can go up, go out in the land in the spring, so
2 have a proper break-up in the channel in Fort Chip,
3 have that water break up and then maybe jam a bit
4 and then have some flooding in some areas.
5 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you.
6 MR. MATTISON: I have a brief question for
7 Mr. Flett, it is. You mentioned the weirs. Are
8 they still in place?
9 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Yes, they are, yeah.
10 MR. MATTISON: And are they effective at
11 all? Can you describe --
12 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Well, they are effective.
13 Like, sometimes they have a head difference maybe
14 of, say, 6 feet, like especially in the fall and
15 stuff, but once, like I said, BC Hydro starts
16 releasing water, then you get kind of a -- it
17 flattens out. It's kind of level, like, during the
18 late November/December.
19 MR. MATTISON: Thank you. That's fine.
20 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you talk about how you're
21 travelling around in the delta during the winter
22 and how your travel has been affected?
23 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Well, most of the travel we
24 just, we just -- like Greg said, the community is
25 so isolated. We have two winter roads going out:
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1 One to Fort Smith, that was in place since the
2 1950s, and one going south here that was built in
3 the -- I think '85 or something.
4 But all the mode of travel is on the rivers.
5 All the river systems. That's where we use our
6 snow machines to cross down the Rocher, when you go
7 down the Slave, and, you know, like across the
8 lake. All the rivers were -- it's a major travel
9 routes for us by snow mobile and prior to that it
10 was dog team.
11 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Is there any concerns when
12 you out on the land on your skidoo during the
13 winter?
14 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Like I said, we kind of
15 always got used to the water coming down on the
16 Peace. Like, you know, sometimes you go to Smith,
17 they said, oh, watch you don't -- make sure you get
18 back early and don't get stuck on that side because
19 there'll be water on both sides of the river, and
20 the same thing when you're travelling down the
21 Rocher and towards the Slave River and the Peace.
22 You got to be careful.
23 I remember Albert, late Albert Gladue once
24 said at a meeting, he said back in the day, he
25 said, there was over at Sweetgrass, over here at
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1 Sweetgrass, they had a sawmill here one time, and
2 they used to -- that's where the road came here, he
3 went down towards the Baril Creek and hit this and
4 then looped over to this road here, but he said he
5 crossed a D6 Cat before Christmas, and that's
6 pretty heavy, without making any ice.
7 I was talking to a local trapper here last
8 week, and he said down on the Slave right now he
9 has one foot of ice at his basin hole.
10 So the high flows on the Peace River during
11 the winter months must have some influence on the
12 thickness of ice.
13 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: So are there concerns about
14 safety in terms of travelling across the ice?
15 COUNCILLOR SCOTT FLETT: Safety? Well, we have to be
16 careful when you're travelling. You got to make
17 sure you check ice when you're crossing a river for
18 the first time or a lake and stuff. I know -- like
19 I mentioned back when '96 or when they had that
20 high water on Lake Athabasca, we lost a young
21 fellow there that went across the ice up at a lake
22 here right here. He had a skidoo trail, because
23 this was all wide open, and he came and he went
24 through the ice here, and we lost him that one
25 winter.
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1 This here is a picture of one of the most
2 productive lakes that was in the delta. This is
3 called Egg Lake. It's situated alongside the Coupe
4 River. It's in between the Peace, like, and the
5 Lake Athabasca. And this lake here at one time,
6 somebody mentioned they had 21 trappers here, and
7 this lake was -- the muskrats that came out of this
8 lake were -- these were the number one muskrats and
9 all the rest were based under these -- that were
10 caught on this lake -- like, right now a muskrat, I
11 checked the other day, a muskrat is worth average
12 of 10 bucks, at the top, you know, 30 bucks. Last
13 year it was up to 50 bucks a muskrat, so a person
14 that kills, you know, 50 muskrats a day, or some
15 guys a hundred, you know, they going to make a good
16 living for their families and stuff.
17 I don't think this lake got any water since
18 the -- prior to 1960s, I think.
19 And this is what it looks like today. All
20 dried up. You know, the trees and stuff are
21 starting to grow now here. There'll be all full of
22 trees.
23 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Thank you, Scott.
24 Elder Voyageur will now address the panel and
25 give them the historical context and the changes
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1 that he's seen in his homelands during his
2 lifetime.
3
4 Presentation by Elder Charles Voyageur:
5 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, I think I'll do it
6 sitting here instead of standing, because I've been
7 standing for the last 80-some years, so I think
8 I'll sit down on this one.
9 My name is Charlie Voyageur, and I was raised
10 on the Reserve 201. That's the one they were
11 talking about here, and we used to live on the
12 Reserve for quite a few number of years until I
13 went to school.
14 Before I went to school, we used to do --
15 what we used to do is we used to go out trapping
16 muskrats and stuff like that. We made a good
17 living living off the land. Them days, like the
18 same picture you seen here, like, the way the water
19 used to be, and the water it is now, we don't have
20 the same picture.
21 Whenever we used to trap, I used to kill
22 100 muskrats a day. I don't even know where the
23 lakes are anymore. It's all grown in. No more
24 water.
25 You know, things like that, you know, it
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1 really affects a person that live off the land.
2 Where it used to be, it's not there anymore, so
3 that makes it kind of hard for us Elders, like, you
4 want to go to a certain place that used to be your
5 favourite, and when you go there, you don't know
6 where it is.
7 You know, ever since Bennett Dam come in.
8 Before Bennett Dam, things were good.
9 1975, we went out and there was a few
10 muskrats around. Not very many. Later years, we
11 got nothing. No muskrats. Because all the lakes
12 that we used to trap in, it's all grown in.
13 Everything growed right in. Like, what do you call
14 the ... I can't think right now.
15 All the traps that we used to -- we used to
16 all trap -- one lake, sometimes 10, 15 of us on one
17 lake. It's not a very big lake, maybe a kilometre
18 across. Like them days was miles across, but now
19 it's kilometres, so it makes a difference.
20 We used to catch maybe 50 to 100 muskrats
21 apiece that -- a day.
22 Peace-Athabasca Delta used to produce between
23 400,000 and 600,000 muskrats a year. That's what
24 they used to bring out of there.
25 And now you would be lucky if you get 10.
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1 See how it affected us guys on down the
2 river?
3 And that was a very hard blow for us, like,
4 living off the land.
5 And one thing I was listening to this
6 morning, I want to bring that up. I was listening
7 to all these guys talking about the fish habitat.
8 They goldeyes go down to Twin Islands, all that.
9 That's not right.
10 The truth is all the goldeyes that comes down
11 the Peace River, they go into Lake Claire, Lake
12 Mamawi to spawn every year. That's where they
13 spawn.
14 Wildlife is spawn at Richardson Lake. They
15 trying to say that they spawn on the river. They
16 don't. They spawn on these lakes. I seen it
17 forever, since I was a kid. It's been the same
18 thing over and over.
19 That's what I wanted to bring up to the lady
20 that was talking about how far the goldeyes go and
21 stuff like that.
22 Different time of year, different fish spawn.
23 Burbot spawn in the winter months. Whitefish spawn
24 in the winter months. Walleye spawn in the spring.
25 Goldeye spawn in the spring, and Northern spawn in
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1 the spring. See, all different times.
2 And us guys like Elders, we know when
3 anything that's going to spawn where and will be
4 there taking our share of the fish. That's how we
5 lived.
6 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you explain the
7 importance of the muskrat and how you use the
8 muskrat?
9 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, the muskrat is one of
10 these things that you provide for your family. The
11 money you get out of a muskrat, the pelts, and the
12 meat is all put away for a later date. Like, when
13 you get 100 muskrat meat, that lasts you a couple
14 of weeks.
15 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: So where are people in Fort
16 Chip having to go for food if there's no muskrat?
17 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, we would have to go
18 to -- what do you call? We can't say Safeway,
19 because there's none there. We can't say -- what
20 do you call -- there's no -- there's only one
21 outlet in Fort Chip. It's a northern store.
22 That's the only place you can buy any kind of meat
23 you want. To buy yourself one little T-bone steak
24 costs you $28, so that's -- that's not our diet,
25 because we can't afford it.
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1 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you describe to the panel
2 the places that you can't access on the delta
3 anymore.
4 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, like Greg was telling
5 you guys about that, we cannot access anywhere like
6 we used to in the years back. We used to go right
7 from Ghost Island (phonetic) straight to Chip.
8 Now, if you tried that, you'll never make it,
9 because you have to go maybe 50 miles back up the
10 river, back down to Chip. That's how long it
11 takes. Before you used to take 10 minutes, it
12 takes you an hour.
13 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: And why is this the case?
14 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Pardon me?
15 MS. MEGAN MCCONNEL: Why is that the case?
16 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, the water -- we have no
17 water to travel on. We used to have -- well, the
18 whole Lake Athabasca, we'll say, dropped about
19 between 3 and 4 metres of water, so that makes a
20 lot of difference.
21 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: So how is it affecting your
22 ability to go out on the land then?
23 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: We have a very tough time
24 getting out on the land right now. In the last few
25 years. Last summer it was good, you could get out
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1 on to the land, but before that, even the main
2 river going from Fort Chip going down to Cut Pouce,
3 you couldn't even get in there with a small boat
4 and motor. That's how low the water is.
5 THE CHAIRMAN: Can I ask Elder Voyageur a
6 question? Back when you were a boy, and you were
7 asking your grandfather about the old times, those
8 were times when people didn't have skidoos and
9 didn't have outboard motors and aluminium boats and
10 whatnot. How did your grandfather travel around
11 the delta?
12 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, he had -- usually had a
13 canoe and paddled the canoe, because I used to go
14 hunting with them when I was about 8 or 9 years
15 old, and I used to sit in the canoe with him, but
16 he made sure that I didn't paddle. I might tip
17 him. So he did the paddling; I did the sitting.
18 Did that answer your question?
19 THE CHAIRMAN: I think that's got the
20 question, sir. Thank you.
21 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Yeah. Well, you know, when I
22 was growing, up, every young guy had a dog team,
23 all of us. Maybe you had four dogs. My dad had
24 five. That is the way we travelled. Four dogs,
25 you can kill a moose, put it on, they'll take it
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1 home for you. There used to be a lot of power in
2 them dogs in them days.
3 And now they got skidoos. You go
4 100 kilometres in an hour. We never did that. It
5 used to take us a week to go that far.
6 I tell you a little story about when I was a
7 kid. My dad used to work for The Hudson's Bay
8 Company in Fort McMurray.
9 After the spring harvest, we used to go up
10 the Athabasca River. We would take off. It's only
11 about 180 clicks, 180 miles or so. It used to take
12 us two weeks to get up there. Three-horse motor
13 with a big skiff, like same built as a Dory
14 (phonetic), that's what we used to use. All the
15 whole family; there was 12 of us in the family. It
16 would take us two weeks to get up there.
17 And now it takes, what, 2-and-a-half, 3
18 hours.
19 See how time changes? And everything is
20 changing nowadays.
21 THE CHAIRMAN: So the story, as I understand
22 it, is that since the Bennett Dam was built, you
23 have experienced drying up of the delta in general?
24 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Yes, that's right.
25 THE CHAIRMAN: And if the Site C Dam is
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1 built, do you think that that would just continue?
2 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, you know, when first
3 time BC Hydro came to Fort Chip, they said when we
4 close our dams, within 4 years, your water, it will
5 be back normal. And 40 years went by, and the
6 water never came back.
7 See, that's what we're afraid of right now.
8 If you put Site C in there, how long will it be
9 before we get some more water back? That's our
10 biggest problem.
11 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: How does it make you feel
12 that you can't go to the places that you went to
13 when you were younger?
14 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, we don't feel good, but
15 there's not a thing we can do about it, you know.
16 You want to go somewhere where you used to go, you
17 can't.
18 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you explain the
19 importance of passing on your traditional knowledge
20 that your father and grandfather taught you to the
21 younger generations?
22 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Yeah, I think I was going to
23 start-up a camp with the school in Fort Chip. I
24 donated my trap line to the school in Fort Chip so
25 that they can train -- younger people can train the
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1 young guys how to survive on the land. That is
2 what I give my line, my trap line, to.
3 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: So how have the water levels
4 affected your ability to teach the younger
5 generations?
6 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: It's very hard. You've got
7 to find -- you know, like, where we used to go by
8 boat, we can't. Now, we have to fly to get into
9 the places that we are trying to teach the young
10 people.
11 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you describe how the
12 delta was replenished in the past and how this has
13 been affected since? How this has changed?
14 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, ever since the water --
15 we got no more water, the delta is not there
16 anymore. It used to be a delta, but it's not a
17 delta anymore.
18 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you talk about your
19 memories of flooding that happened when you were
20 younger.
21 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, I used to remember we
22 used to go out trapping, and my dad used to tell me
23 you better start building a stage and put our stuff
24 up there in case we get a flood, because in them
25 days, when they starting the break-up, the ice was
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1 so thick, it's over a metre thick when I was a
2 young guy, and when the ice breaks up above, it
3 breaks all the way down the river, and it's 4-foot
4 thick ice. It jams and we get floods all the way
5 down. It let go one place and get stuck another
6 place, it floods again.
7 See, that's what used to flush all our lakes
8 out, all our sloughs.
9 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: How far back do you remember
10 the flooding happening in the delta?
11 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, let's see, last time I
12 can -- as far as back as I can remember was 1941
13 when we had a big flood there. That's a few years
14 back. Ever since then, every now and then,
15 every -- some -- sometimes every year for about
16 three, four years, sometimes none, it floods every
17 year when the ice was thick.
18 And nowadays, we don't get no ice jams. The
19 river is about we'll say 100 metres wide. In the
20 fall in the year, you might get it 10 metres wide
21 channel. That's all the ice you have on the main
22 river.
23 In the spring of the year, when the water
24 comes in, you have no ice. All you got there is a
25 10-metre-wide chunk of ice on the Athabasca River.
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1 So that's why there is no more logjams.
2 There is no water to build ice.
3 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: So I think we have one more
4 thing. Would you be able to describe this photo to
5 the panel?
6 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Now, here is -- the river
7 here -- you see that top here? That used to be the
8 bank. The water dropped so far down that this here
9 is the first new growth of willows that's growing
10 all through here. That river used to be way back
11 there, maybe 50, 60 feet back. But now, it come
12 ahead that far. See, the water is still dropping.
13 THE CHAIRMAN: Could you address the panel,
14 please. We want to hear you.
15 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Sorry, I was asking Charlie
16 how he had mentioning that the water is still
17 dropping, and I would like him to point out how he
18 can tell that.
19 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: You see here now. Look. You
20 see, as the water drops, you see that? It's
21 starting to grow. Again, it's starting to drop.
22 Pretty soon the water will be way down here.
23 That's going to be all -- pretty soon we won't be
24 able to go down that river if we don't get some
25 more water back into the rivers.
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1 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Do you think it might look
2 like the Egg Lake picture at some point in the
3 future?
4 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, I think it will be the
5 same as Egg Lake. You see the way Egg Lake looked
6 at one time? That's just a few years back. Now
7 the way it is, that's what's going to happen to
8 both of the lakes.
9 MS. BEAUDET: I have a few questions,
10 please. The first point was I think it was an
11 interesting point that you made that you were told
12 by BC Hydro that in four years' time your river
13 would be okay again.
14 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Yeah, that's right.
15 MS. BEAUDET: And what I'm trying to find
16 out is, is it the apprehension that it would get
17 worse with the Site C Dam? Or is it the loss of
18 hope that you would never get your river back?
19 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: I don't think we'll get our
20 river back. If we put up another dam site there,
21 that's going to slow the Peace River down again.
22 So we wouldn't get the flow of the river down our
23 end, not like it used to be before.
24 MS. BEAUDET: The other question I'd like
25 to ask is within the hunting, fishing, the use of
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1 the territory or the use of the land, correct me if
2 I'm wrong, but you probably have your own part of
3 the territory because you've learned from your
4 father, grandfather, and each family presumably
5 hands more or less through generations the same
6 area.
7 So when you lose an area like this, is there
8 collaboration between families that you can use a
9 territory somewhere else, that you can use other
10 people's territory?
11 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: No, we cannot do that,
12 because, like, it's -- each one of us, we have our
13 own registered trap line. If your trap line,
14 something happens, you can't go and trap the next
15 guy's line, because they are a restricted area of
16 their own. A registered trap line, it's just like
17 a farm. You got a farm here and there's another
18 farm here. Something happens to yours, you can't
19 go over there and seed.
20 See, the same difference.
21 MS. BEAUDET: So the trap line is used also
22 as a territory to hunt, like moose or --
23 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: That's fur-bearing animals.
24 Like you trap for muskrat, beavers and stuff like
25 that.
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1 MS. BEAUDET: Yes.
2 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: That's what that registered
3 trap line is for.
4 MS. BEAUDET: What about big animals,
5 hunting of big animals? You can do it anywhere?
6 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: No, there is no boundary
7 there. Big animals, no boundary.
8 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
9 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Charlie, if the water
10 continually dries up, will there be big animals
11 here to hunt?
12 ELDER CHARLES VOYAGEUR: Well, if the rivers dry up,
13 there is no way you can go out and hunt, because
14 you can't get around, because the main highway for
15 the hunters is the rivers. That's what we use to
16 go hunting from point A to point B. If we can't
17 get to point B, we can't hunt.
18 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Thank you, Charlie.
19 THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Kyle, we will probably
20 want to stop for a coffee break in between, you
21 know, 15 or 20 minutes or so from now. And then
22 we'll have 2, 2-and-a-half hours after that, so you
23 will ration your time accordingly. Thank you.
24 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you. We've budgeted 2
25 hours for each of the panels, so I think we're on
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1 track with that. Thank you.
2 Are you suggesting a break now? A coffee
3 break now? Or would you like us to continue?
4 THE CHAIRMAN: No, no, I said 15 or
5 20 minutes, at a convenient time.
6 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you.
7 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Elder Rene Bruno will speak
8 now, and in the interests of time, he'll discuss
9 the importance of water and it flowing into Lake
10 Athabasca.
11
12 Presentation by Elder Rene Bruno:
13 ELDER RENE BRUNO: (Native words spoken).
14 Translator: Okay. What Rene just said
15 was when he was growing up, you know, the delta was
16 pristine and plentiful, water was always -- it
17 wasn't a factor. And since the Bennett Dam
18 happened, you know, the changes are being
19 drastically every year, and it's getting worse
20 every year, where we see it, because we're from
21 Fort Chipewyan and we experience all that.
22 But in his time, what he said was Lake
23 Claire, like Lake Mamawi, used to be the spawning
24 grounds of a lot of other fish, and the travelling,
25 the travelling to and from Lake Mamawi, Lake
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1 Claire, and that area was -- it wasn't a problem,
2 because there was always water.
3 And now we have to depend on the winds in
4 order to get to the places, because if you get a
5 major wind off of Lake Athabasca, which is the east
6 wind, and it raises the water to Lake Mamawi and
7 Lake Claire, and that's the only time you can
8 travel.
9 But if you get a west wind going from Lake
10 Claire and going out to Lake Athabasca, it's almost
11 impossible to travel in those places because the
12 water is so low.
13 And he said, you know, if the Site C is going
14 to go through, what water are we going to have?
15 You know?
16 ELDER RENE BRUNO: (Native words spoken).
17 What I'm saying, what I remember, Peace --
18 since before that dam, every spring, water break
19 out, water came out, come out from Cut Force River,
20 every year, every spring, ice break out towards the
21 lake.
22 Since they built that dam, I never seen that
23 anymore. In the middle of the summer, in June, for
24 the July, they get a flood every year. Same thing
25 happened; water goes into Lake Athabasca for about
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1 a month. That's what's happening. Fill up the
2 Lake Athabasca.
3 When the Lake Athabasca is high, you get an
4 east wind, that push the water out from the other
5 end to this end, all the way, and they fill up the
6 delta, because the delta is flat.
7 I seen that last fall. I wasn't there
8 because I was in the river.
9 There'd be lots of water. Lots of staying in
10 Fort Chip. Even some boats drifted away just about
11 over the dock there.
12 When I was in the delta there, I was on the
13 river. I went to the lake. It's about two miles,
14 just like a dam, there's no current in the river,
15 that's how much water there was.
16 I remember about 50-something years ago,
17 there were fishing goldeyes there, Canadian
18 fisheries between Lake Claire and Lake Mamawi.
19 They call them Hay River, we had a camp, and then
20 lots of people there. You know what happened?
21 They got a big east wind came. We're all flooded.
22 We all had to move out of there and do something,
23 because of the big wind.
24 The main thing, you got to have a water at
25 Lake Athabasca. You want to get the water. Back
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1 in the delta, just like what I said, water, it
2 never pushed into the current; it goes into the
3 Lake Athabasca in 40 years. In the summer and then
4 in the spring. And so, like, how to say, what I
5 was going to say some more, but my friends are all
6 saying, Greg and Charlie, so ...
7 I don't talk about it then, then that's the
8 main thing. You got to have lots of water at Lake
9 Athabasca or the -- put some water back in the
10 delta.
11 All that water from the Athabasca, they're
12 all up there somewhere in BC. They don't come down
13 there anymore.
14 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Rene, can you describe this
15 picture to the panel?
16 ELDER RENE BRUNO: What's that?
17 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Could you tell them about
18 this day?
19 ELDER RENE BRUNO: Went hunting on the delta
20 with my grandson and great-grandson. They kill a
21 moose there. That young guy there, that's my
22 great-grandson. Yeah, that's his first moose.
23 Well, he's just a young little guy. I still go
24 hunting all the time in summertime. Even I'm
25 79 years old now, but I go all the time. I don't
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1 do very much, but I like that land, because I grew
2 up in the delta.
3 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Thank you, Rene.
4 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Would now be a good time to
5 take a break?
6 THE CHAIRMAN: Are you ready for a break
7 now?
8 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Yes, we need a break.
9 THE CHAIRMAN: Sorry, are you ready for a
10 break now or do you wish to continue?
11 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Yeah, I understand that the
12 Elders appreciate a bit of a break, because it's a
13 long time to sit, so if you wouldn't mind, that
14 would be wonderful.
15 THE CHAIRMAN: Understood. We're all
16 getting older. Okay. We'll break until 3:30.
17
18 (Brief break)
19
20 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Ladies and gentlemen,
21 shall we reconvene?
22 I think we've solved our local weather
23 problems. The lights are no longer burning us to
24 death up here, and we are eager to hear from your
25 next witness.
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1 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Thank you for that
2 much-needed break.
3 Addressing you next will be Fred Marcel, and
4 Freddie will hit on and talk about the importance
5 of Treaty and the -- sorry, I lost my notes here --
6 the exercise of rights, and he will also talk to
7 you about the importance of water for navigability.
8
9 Presentation by Mr. Frederick Marcel:
10 MR. FREDERICK MARCEL: Hello? Hi.
11 So my name's Freddie Marcel. I was born in
12 Fort McMurray and raised up in Jackfish Creek. To
13 my childhood, I'm a Traditional Land User. I use
14 the river as my transportation. As a young child,
15 we always used the river by dog team in the winter,
16 and in the summer, we used it by boat throughout
17 the whole delta and on the lake.
18 When we were young, when I was young, I used
19 to live at Jackfish there with all my brothers and
20 sisters and Mom and Dad. They were the ones that
21 taught me how to trap, hunt.
22 Did my first moose when I was 13. From there
23 on, life just kept on going good for me. Until
24 now.
25 I used to fish and trap on Richardson
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1 river -- Lake. I was raised at Jackfish Creek. We
2 fished just across from the house called Jackfish
3 Creek, which was Richardson Lake, but that was the
4 white man's word, which, like, we always used to
5 call it Jackfish Lake, and we used to harvest fish
6 in the Jackfish Lake as we were growing up, a white
7 fish to make dry fish, and we used to -- there's a
8 grave site there on the Jackfish Creek, and we used
9 to hunt the whole creek all the way to the
10 Richardson Lake.
11 We just set nets for dogs and for ourselves.
12 We used to have 100 dogs, because there was a lot
13 of us, so that was my job to fish for the dogs and
14 for us.
15 And I did my first moose somewhere on the
16 delta. If I show you where, you wouldn't know, so
17 it doesn't matter.
18 And I did all my trapping around this whole
19 delta. This picture is taken in the early '70s.
20 There's a lot of water. There's Goose Island right
21 there, but now it's just all dried out.
22 As I know it, I've been around this whole
23 reserve hundreds of times, almost every lake. I
24 trapped on every lake for muskrats, lynx, beaver.
25 It's whatever I could get my hands on throughout
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1 the delta.
2 And I travelled -- after the fall, we did --
3 after freeze-up, we get a few pelts when the
4 river's -- we get enough ice, we go up the
5 Embarras, which is located somewhere around here.
6 There's a little trading store there. We could
7 get -- we'll trade our fur in for food, gas.
8 That's when we -- in the '70s, that's when the
9 skidoos started coming, that's when we started
10 going by ski-doos. Before then, it was all dog
11 team.
12 Well, this is the whole delta I travelled.
13 It's not only the delta I travel on. I do a lot of
14 travel on the Lake Athabasca, south shore, north
15 shore. I travel all the way through the bare
16 lands, 1,800 kilometres from Fort Chip. I do
17 caribou hunts on the bare lands. I travel all
18 across the lake to Fond du-lac and back up the bush
19 from there.
20 And south shore, I do Beaufort. There's
21 Willow Point. Willow Lake, I do all that trap,
22 hunting for moose in the fall.
23 And I was -- as I was getting older, I
24 started taking youth with me to the bush, trying to
25 teach them things that I was taught when I was
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1 growing up.
2 And now we can't do, like -- we sure have so
3 much trouble getting around now. To go anywhere in
4 the delta, we have to wait for a wind, a certain
5 wind, like the water flex with the wind. It works
6 like a tide now, so we get a big east wind, so we
7 go anywhere in the delta. We get a west wind, we
8 stay home.
9 So all this land, all this water was -- that
10 once was there is very important to us, it's not
11 there no more.
12 When I go trapping now, I do some trapping
13 yet. And I go travel to the delta, I can't even
14 recognize the lakes anymore because it's all dried
15 out. I used to have to walk, like portage canoes,
16 like, it's from one lake to another lake. We
17 carrying the gears and canoe, traps, go to the next
18 lake and set more traps and keep on going through
19 that. That's all day -- that's all day one way,
20 and you have to go back home again. So you're
21 working, like, 16, 20 hours a day just to get a few
22 pelts.
23 I didn't mind that, because it was part of my
24 life, which I enjoy.
25 And now you can -- or I still enjoy the
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1 outdoors, but not as much as like I used to,
2 because now you got to work a little harder to get
3 where you want to go, and you have to consider the
4 directions, like Greg said, it used to take us a
5 half hour to get one way, and now it takes us the
6 whole day. And sometimes you get there, and you
7 can't even get there, because it's dried out;
8 there's no more water.
9 We get a big west wind, we just never going
10 into some of these creeks from the lake. It's all
11 dried out, and the water is so low you'll never
12 make it in the creeks or lakes.
13 Like I say, I used to -- transportation, it's
14 -- the Athabasca River to Fort McKay, we got a
15 relations order. And sometimes in the fall, going
16 up the river, there's -- the water is so low, you
17 have to walk the boat across the other side of the
18 town just to get the other side of the river,
19 because there's no -- there's no more water because
20 the water is so low.
21 And that's how the lake and the moose and all
22 the deltas.
23 Like, Jackfish Creek at the Graveyard, about
24 three years ago, there's no way you could go there.
25 There's no water. It's like Greg, I know he
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1 lost shoes because of the water. It's pretty
2 costly for the water getting lower for us. There's
3 more snags, more rocks coming out. There's a few
4 reefs on the river. If Greg doesn't know about it,
5 there's a lot of few people lost their shoes on the
6 boats because of the low water.
7 And I hunt moose throughout this whole delta,
8 this little Snye here, we call it, it's big Snye.
9 That's my route, like, my background. It's my
10 background trail. We travelled this whole route.
11 The one time this whole Snye was full of water.
12 Well, this is the old picture, but now the Snye is
13 all dried out, but we got water in last year. That
14 help out the our whole reserve. The reserve looked
15 like it was in my day, well, that might not last.
16 A couple years it will be dried out again. It will
17 never last, because it goes away. As the waters
18 get lower, the Peace River goes down, all the water
19 goes back to the Slave.
20 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you explain to the panel
21 how you pull a moose out of an area after you've
22 shot it?
23 MR. FREDERICK MARCEL: Well, many times if we hunt
24 on inland, we have to pack the moose out of the
25 inland, and we go by canoe in the Snyes or lakes,
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1 but we always have a boat in the river. We portage
2 the boat. If there's lake, then we paddle across
3 the lake and we portage canoe to a Snye. It will
4 take about two trips just to get to the Snye, and
5 you jump in your canoe and you paddle into the
6 Snyes. We call it Snyes. We get our moose,
7 harvest our moose, and the way back is almost like
8 a whole day's job just to get a moose out, but that
9 was life. That's how we grew up.
10 Like, now, I never have tried to go inside
11 the delta to harvest my moose, because there's no
12 way I could get into inside the delta anymore, not
13 unless you have a quad. It's getting all dried
14 out. We can't even get into our sites that we used
15 to go into, so now I have to stick to the rivers
16 and to the lakes, and have other access. Wherever
17 I know there is an access to a lake or a creek,
18 I'll use the route. But, like I said, we're
19 getting dried out, so it's getting harder to
20 harvest anything nowadays. You have to work twice
21 as hard.
22 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you talk about what was
23 promised under the Treaty?
24 MR. FREDERICK MARCEL: The Treaty, we're promised
25 that we take the animals as we need, as we need it,
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1 and we don't take more than what we need. We just
2 take what we need. We got a big family, and a
3 moose doesn't last very long, maybe a week to 10
4 days, because we have to feed about 20 of us.
5 There's 22 of us I think it was all together, and
6 so one moose doesn't last very long, but those are
7 our Treaty Rights.
8 Now, it's harder to harvest anything because
9 of our Treaty Rights is -- we're losing it slowly.
10 They are taking our Treaty Rights away daily as we
11 speak.
12 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: So how could even a small
13 drop in the water levels in the delta affect your
14 ability to exercise your Treaty Rights?
15 MR. FREDERICK MARCEL: Well, I cannot get from A to
16 B, if I want to go. Like, for instance, on this
17 point here, one year, this Old Fort, we got a
18 reserve right here called Old Fort. Behind here is
19 Old Fort Creek, and there's no way I could get in
20 it, because there's no water to get into that creek
21 so I could do my harvesting my moose there. Like,
22 anywhere else in the delta, you cannot go to this,
23 my reserve, my land, to harvest moose, because
24 there's no way to get it. The water has getting so
25 low where I can't get to the spots where I used to
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1 harvest my moose.
2 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you describe to us the
3 importance of water and what it means to you?
4 MR. FREDERICK MARCEL: Yes, like I said, I was
5 raised by the river; the water is my life. Without
6 it, we're nothing.
7 It's very important to me. It's like if the
8 water is not there, there's no way I could get to
9 anywhere I want to go. For me, it's -- and if I
10 can't get to where I want to go, is it worth the
11 use of me trying to go soon -- like, many times I
12 want to get to somewhere; I cannot get there. We
13 have to try a different route to get to where we
14 want to go. Could be anywhere between -- there's a
15 creek here called King Creek. There's little lakes
16 here. There used to be a real good part is for
17 ducks, for ducks harvesting, and we can't get into
18 the lake to harvest ducks, because the creek is
19 dried out at the mouth of the river.
20 And almost -- that's one. That's just an
21 example of one creek.
22 Richardson Lake was a very good place to
23 harvest ducks, and now that it's dried out to where
24 I used to hunt to go harvest ducks. It's almost
25 like -- well, you can't drive your boat no more
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1 where I used to go, because the mouth of the
2 Richardson has turned to a mud flat. All this
3 turns to -- all this is all mud flat, and there's
4 no way you can get in the lake. So without getting
5 to where I want to go, there's no way I can harvest
6 anything around Richardson Lake anymore.
7 Or else the Old Fort -- this is Flour Bay.
8 This is another harvest place. You come in from
9 this side of the lake, and at one time was real
10 good hunting there, but now we can't get in there,
11 because it's been dried out.
12 So water is very important to me. So without
13 it, I won't be able to do what I want to do.
14 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: How much does it cost for you
15 to go out on the land in terms of fuel?
16 MR. FREDERICK MARCEL: It all depends so which way I
17 want to go. For -- to make a trip around the whole
18 delta, it would cost me about $200 in gas. That's
19 just to ride around the whole delta. But 30 years
20 ago, it would cost like 20 bucks, maybe $10 to do
21 the whole delta, because we go through short cuts,
22 we had a lot of short cuts to get from A to B. I
23 want to go to Goose Island? I don't have to go
24 right around this. I just go by back channels and
25 it takes me a half hour. But now I have to go all
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1 through here just to get to there.
2 Because if the water is low, I won't be able
3 to get there through there from the lake in through
4 the river, so I have to go in from this river. I
5 have to go all the way to there, just to go
6 hunting, so that's pretty costly.
7 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you please describe this
8 photo for the panel?
9 MR. FREDERICK MARCEL: Yes. Well, you see this is
10 the water level now. What you see was about a
11 month ago. The water dropped this month. And
12 probably this was in the spring water. The high
13 water was probably sitting there in the spring, up
14 to the willows.
15 As the water -- as the summer months come on,
16 this -- probably this picture is taken in August,
17 because of the water, the way it has dropped. It
18 takes a few months to drop this low. By the time
19 it freezes over, a puddle of water, I'd be sitting
20 over here, in another bank, like in two steps.
21 It's like about two-foot-step drop between there
22 and here.
23 So you can tell how much water drops quite a
24 bit.
25 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Freddie, can you tell me
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1 about, and the panel, about the safety and
2 navigation and how important it is to know that
3 river?
4 MR. FREDERICK MARCEL: Yes, travelling on the river,
5 you got no -- hardly -- water. It's -- you have to
6 know where the sandbars are. There are sandbars in
7 between channels. Sometimes the channel's only
8 about 10 to 15 feet wide, that's the deepest spot,
9 and other places it will only be like a foot.
10 Like, here it might be a foot, and earlier it was
11 white and that looked like channel. It could be
12 10 feet of water, and the other side of it could be
13 another foot.
14 And if you miss that channel, that
15 10 feet-wide channel, and so you hit the sandbar,
16 you wreck your motor. Take a shoe out, get stuck,
17 jump out of the boat. You keep on -- you got to do
18 what you do. You have to do it to get out of a mud
19 flat.
20 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Thanks Freddie.
21 And next we have Joe Marcel. And Joe will
22 talk about the importance of rights, navigation,
23 and impacts of development and the concerns with
24 Site C.
25
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1 Presentation by Mr. Joe Marcel:
2 MR. JOE MARCEL: Hi. Good afternoon.
3 My name is Joe Marcel. I was born in August
4 the 24th, 1953, in Saskatchewan, but since I was
5 two years old, I moved to the Jackfish Reserve, as
6 they call it which, is a Reserve 201.
7 Growing up with my parents, there was the
8 best -- the best years of my life, because we had
9 plenty of everything. We had lots of fur to trap,
10 animals to harvest, and after Bennett Dam was
11 built, we didn't feel the impact just right away,
12 but you see the water level in Lake Athabasca drop
13 10 to 12 feet in one season, and you see the size
14 of Lake Athabasca. It's 210 miles long. You drop
15 10 feet of water from a lake that big, so you
16 imagine how much water we lost in our --
17 And the Lake Athabasca sustains the whole
18 Delta. There's not only the Reserve 201, but
19 you're also looking at Lake Claire and surrounding
20 areas, and that's all the tributaries that the
21 Peace River sustains.
22 And, you know, I seen it drop because, you
23 know, as a trapper -- as a trapper, I supply food
24 for, you know, my neighbours that can't hunt for
25 themselves or our cousins. You know, we are
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1 providers of food. We provide for everybody that
2 can't hunt for themselves.
3 And we always -- you know, I was taught to do
4 that, and until today, I still do it to the best of
5 my -- the best I can. But then lately, it started
6 to get pretty difficult because, you know, I can't
7 get from point A to point B, where I used to,
8 because of the water levels, and it's almost
9 impossible now, you know, to go out and practice my
10 rights, you know, my Treaty Rights.
11 And water is a very important thing to us.
12 Water is a giver of life. Without water, life
13 can't be sustained.
14 And, you know, I trapped. Yeah, I trapped in
15 this whole delta most of my life, and trapping
16 nowadays, it's almost dwindled down to nothing
17 because of lack of water.
18 Anyway, you've seen some of the examples on
19 these photos that were presented here. Like the
20 one of Egg Lake.
21 Egg Lake was a good example because it
22 sustained about 20 trappers and lived well, and now
23 that Egg Lake is not there anymore. You know --
24 well, you can say it used to be a lake at one time,
25 but it's not there. It's all grown in.
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1 And that's just one example of the whole
2 delta, the way it's drying up. And if you put in
3 Site C again -- you put Site C, what we experience
4 right now, and we figure we're having a hard time,
5 with Site C it's just going to be absolutely
6 nothing left for us.
7 And what for?
8 So somebody can line their pockets more on
9 our behalf?
10 No, I can't see it happen. And it's not only
11 me that feel that way. You know, it's my whole
12 community.
13 Anything else?
14 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you please talk about
15 what's happening in the Athabasca right now and how
16 it's changed, the river. Can you describe how the
17 Athabasca River has changed since you were young?
18 MR. JOE MARCEL: Well, since I was -- as long
19 as I remember, the Athabasca River was my main mode
20 of transportation. I used to travelled from Fort
21 Chipewyan to Jackfish Reserve, which is 201, and to
22 get to back and forth, before any of these dams or
23 anything was built, we had no problems travelling
24 through these rivers. The Athabasca River is --
25 it's a route to Fort McMurray, go shopping. You
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1 know, go do your stuff. Whatever you need that you
2 don't have in Fort Chip, we used the rivers. The
3 river system was our -- it's our mode of
4 transportation.
5 And lately -- no, let me get before that.
6 Okay. The Athabasca River used to supply Fort
7 Chipewyan with all the groceries. We used to barge
8 with NTCL. They used to barge from Fort McMurray
9 and on to Fort McMurray and on to Fort Smith. Used
10 to bring groceries and such.
11 And now, since this last 20, 25, 30 years,
12 there's no more barging, because the water levels
13 are so low that even the tug boats can't get
14 through.
15 So in order for them to haul all these
16 groceries here to Fort Chip, they have to go up and
17 around all the way to Fort Smith and then come down
18 the Slave River to Fort Chip. The Athabasca River
19 can't be used anymore because the water levels are
20 so low that, you know, like my brother put it, Fred
21 said, there's some places in Athabasca River you
22 could walk across. And how is a person going to
23 travel with that kind of levels of water?
24 And that's -- you know, the Athabasca River,
25 it's not going to be a river anymore. It's going
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1 to be a little trickle, and before my lifetime, I
2 imagine. Because I seen it from -- from being one
3 of the biggest rivers in Canada to probably the
4 biggest creek in Canada, you know, for that matter,
5 you know.
6 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you talk about the
7 dangers of travelling by boat on the Athabasca
8 River? Or the Peace?
9 MR. JOE MARCEL: Well, to travel by boat on
10 the Athabasca River, a person can't just say, well,
11 I'm going to go travel the Athabasca River,
12 because, you know, if you don't know the channels,
13 you don't know the sandbars, and lately the
14 sandbars have been, you know, getting bigger and
15 more frequent. You know, it's starting to take
16 lives, because people that don't know how to -- the
17 channels and such, there was accidents.
18 Like this one here, this is last fall. A
19 buddy of mine, he hit a sandbar and he got killed
20 on it because of the sandbar, because he thought
21 there was a channel there. The channel was there
22 at one time, I guess. And now, you see, that's --
23 you know, you start losing lives like that. It's
24 -- you know what? It's scary.
25 See, at one time, where this picture was
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1 taken, that was probably about 4 or 5 feet of
2 water, and now you're standing on a mud flat that's
3 probably even got growth on it.
4 See, I travelled all over the waters, you
5 know, in our part of that country. And Site C, you
6 go ahead with that, what kind of water are we going
7 to have? You know?
8 We have a trickle right now. There's not
9 even going to be a trickle later.
10 THE CHAIRMAN: Excuse me, do you use the
11 Peace River for navigation? Do you go upstream to
12 Fort Vermilion or something?
13 MR. JOE MARCEL: No, I got friends that
14 live at Peace Point Reserve, and I use the Peace
15 River not as frequent as some of the people from
16 Fort Chip do. I use the -- near the delta more
17 than the Peace River.
18 But, don't get me wrong, the Peace River is a
19 very important river for us, because that
20 fluctuates the, you know, the water table in that
21 whole delta. And without the Peace River, the
22 water will just flow from Lake Athabasca all the
23 way right through down in Slave River, right down
24 north.
25 And with the Peace River there, whatever it
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1 has left, it is still sustaining that much, but
2 then with Site C, it's not going to be there.
3 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Can you talk about the other
4 factors that are affecting the delta?
5 MR. JOE MARCEL: Well, with all the oil sands
6 production that's happening in central Alberta,
7 around Fort McMurray and area, with all these oil
8 plants, in order for them to run, they have to use
9 water to break down the bitumen.
10 And, you know, they say that, you know, they
11 only use so much water, they are allowed to use X
12 amount of water. But -- and that's between --
13 How many oil mines?
14 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: There's so many I lost count
15 now. 26.
16 MR. JOE MARCEL: You know, it's so many oil --
17 and every oil -- every oil plant has to have water,
18 and some say they take it from the Athabasca River.
19 Some of them use from water tables, you know,
20 underground streams, but, you know, water is always
21 been -- it has to be used.
22 And with that many oil plants, you know,
23 sucking, like, I don't know how many millions of
24 gallons of water per day, the Athabasca River can't
25 sustain itself, and with all the other tributaries
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1 coming into Lake Athabasca, it's dwindling down to
2 nothing.
3 I see my reserve from being a very productive
4 piece of land where it sustains people's lives,
5 family after family, and nowadays, you're lucky if
6 you see just a few of us out there, because there's
7 no way you could get out there.
8 And if they did, you know, at that last one
9 of us too would take them along, because we
10 practice our, you know, our rights and we travelled
11 that land, and we know that land.
12 But then, you know -- and -- and I say, even
13 before my lifetime for sure, I want people to
14 travel out to my reserve (sic). And that's
15 infringing on my Treaty Rights.
16 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: Thank you, Joseph.
17 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: I'd like to thank the
18 Community Members that travelled with me.
19
20 Comments by Ms. Doreen Somers:
21 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: I'm going to now describe to
22 you some of the issues that we've had with
23 procedure or consultation throughout the process
24 with regard to Site C.
25 Like I said earlier, my name's Doreen Somers.
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1 And first before I start speaking, I want to
2 acknowledge those nations whose territory we're on
3 and thank them for having us and allowing us to be
4 here to speak.
5 I'm a very proud Mohawk woman, and I'm from
6 Ontario. I'm a granddaughter, a daughter, a sister
7 and auntie, and most importantly a mother.
8 I also hold Treaty 9 rights.
9 I have a very traditional and spiritual way
10 of life, and I'm grateful for those teachings. I'm
11 passionate about those and the laws that the
12 Creator has provided us. I protect and guard them
13 dearly.
14 I'm deeply saddened when rights are trampled
15 upon and laws are broken.
16 I've also studied law, and I've also been
17 optimistic about the law. I've always advocated
18 for use of the justice system. Even though my
19 professors, mentors, some of my bosses and family
20 members have told me that there's nothing just
21 about it, I've always believed that there was.
22 Until now.
23 I'm starting to feel quite naive when it
24 comes to this system or even in being optimistic
25 about the government and/or regulators following
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1 their own legislative obligations and duties.
2 We, the ACFN panel, are quite perplexed. The
3 BC Government, who is the Proponent, is actually
4 arguing that this dam will not impact our Treaty
5 Rights, that the additional dam that is being
6 proposed will not affect the delta. In fact,
7 they've completely left the delta out of the EIS.
8 It's our position that the JRP direct the
9 Proponent to do additional studies on the delta and
10 provide a proper cumulative effects assessment that
11 deals with those impacts on the rights of the ACFN.
12 THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Somers, can I slow you
13 down just a bit --
14 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Sure.
15 THE CHAIRMAN: -- for the transcription.
16 Thanks.
17 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Oh, I'm sorry.
18 We cannot carry the burden of proof or the
19 onus in showing you through western science what
20 those effects will be.
21 The ACFN cannot be given the impossible task
22 of studying all the effects of this proposed
23 project. That's the Proponent's job.
24 This is what the EIS guidelines have
25 purportedly been set up and required to do, but it
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1 seems here that the Proponent has somehow, and
2 pardon the pun, watered down that -- watered that
3 down and limited our issues to a degree that they
4 are somehow left out, and now the ACFN is looking
5 at being left out of preferred areas of their
6 territory.
7 This brings me to an additional point. This
8 Nation has been at the forefront of regulatory
9 battles for some time. We are exhausted and tired
10 of demanding that Proponents and regulators do
11 their due diligence and follow the laws that they
12 create and that exist. We've been put into
13 impossible positions and are expected to exhaust
14 our resources within a system that we don't even
15 understand, quite frankly.
16 The regulatory bodies who have a legislative
17 duty to uphold the laws that they themselves create
18 refuse to even do that.
19 We, through various mechanisms, continually
20 exhaust our resources, always in good faith, to
21 tell government, Proponents, regulators, and the
22 judiciary, that our Treaty Rights are being
23 impacted to the point that they could be rendered
24 useless, that we expect that the appropriate
25 studies be done in conjunction with us in order to
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1 determine what those impacts might be and work with
2 us in good faith with an attempt to mitigate those
3 impacts.
4 I just realized that I was going fast. I'm
5 sorry. I get passionate.
6 Our Treaty is -- oh, sorry, I've lost my spot
7 here.
8 We are tired of having to demand that the
9 supreme law in this country, which is the
10 Constitution, be respected and upheld. Our Treaty
11 is embedded within that law. We have upheld our
12 end of the bargain, and we are demanding that the
13 Crown uphold theirs.
14 It's important here for me to explain the
15 importance of our Treaties. They don't -- rights
16 don't exist in a vacuum. Our Treaties are
17 incredibly important to us as First Nation people.
18 Quite frankly, they should be incredibly important
19 to everybody in this room as well. There are two
20 parties to the Treaty: First Nations and the
21 Crown.
22 This is a unique and special relationship and
23 for this nation was created in 1899. Theirs is
24 known as Treaty 8.
25 From this relationship, there grew to be many
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1 beneficiaries. Everybody here is a beneficiary.
2 We're all able to be here as a result of that
3 Treaty.
4 Our ancestors entered into agreements with
5 the knowledge that we would retain the right to be
6 who we are, that the Crown and those seeking to
7 reside in this -- on this land would do so without
8 causing harm to us and to our way of life. Our
9 ancestors were incredibly smart. They were able to
10 understand and identify that our way of life was so
11 deeply embedded in us that we would want to
12 continue to practice our rights until the end of
13 time, that we as First Nation people would never be
14 able to give that up, and that the Crown, as hard
15 as they try, they would never be able to beat that
16 out of us.
17 Neither party can ever escape that fact.
18 Our Treaties for us are about our existence,
19 our way of life. It's not about the actual
20 document, but what that document stands for. It
21 seeks to identify and protect who we are as a
22 people and it embeds that into law.
23 For us, it's about everything that we are as
24 a people. Our rights and practices ground our
25 culture, and that is what we fight to have
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1 government respect and uphold so that we can
2 continue to live in the way that we do. It shocks
3 me how easily government continues to breach our
4 Treaties. They fail to realize, and maybe some of
5 you even fail to realize, that your economic need
6 and your economic engines would not exist without
7 those Treaties.
8 What you also might fail to realize is that
9 we also have the guaranteed right of our
10 livelihood, and that we would continue that
11 livelihood after the Treaty, just as it did before
12 the Treaty was signed.
13 We as First Nation people hold those promises
14 close us to. And we are expecting that you do the
15 same.
16 I'm extremely frustrated by the so-called
17 consultation process that existed with this
18 Proponent. They were told by government to consult
19 with us. We met. We raised issues. We feel we
20 provided sufficient information that clearly stated
21 we have preferred hunting and trapping rights in
22 the delta and that this dam would negatively impact
23 those.
24 This fell on deaf ears or it was ignored
25 altogether. We were told by BC Hydro at times that
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1 they would agree to disagree, rather than make
2 attempts that were real and of substance to deal
3 with those issues.
4 This process was nothing more than providing
5 the optics that issues were being dealt with. What
6 was missing was dealing with the issues that were
7 raised and coming to a meaningful solution that
8 sought to reconcile our issues. The process was
9 nothing more than a show. A place provided to blow
10 off steam.
11 The ACFN is getting to the point that we can
12 no longer afford to participate in processes that
13 do not contribute to reconciliation, that do
14 nothing to deal with the impacts on our rights, and
15 that do nothing to ensure that the ability to
16 continue to practice our way of life is protected.
17 That do nothing to ensure that the honourability of
18 the Crown and of the Treaty that was signed and
19 entrenched within the Constitution are upheld.
20 We are here today hoping that this process is
21 not one that yields a lack of protection in the
22 same vein as the Shell hearing that we have just
23 participated in.
24 It was very important for us to be here, and
25 we travelled a long way in order to try to get you
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1 to understand that something has to be done and
2 that the delta requires protection.
3 You do have the ability under CEAA 2012 to
4 request more information and to request that proper
5 assessments be done to fill the gaping holes that
6 exist within this EIS.
7 This Proponent is doing everything in their
8 power to keep that delta out of the assessment, and
9 we found it important enough to travel a great
10 distance to tell you that the delta will be
11 impacted by this project if it's approved.
12 It is also important for you to understand
13 that you cannot trust that the government will
14 follow any of the recommendations that you might
15 come up with in your decision. I'm telling you
16 this based on my first-hand knowledge. We know
17 this based on the JRP decision that was released
18 from Shell that took place last year.
19 In that decision, the JRP made 88
20 recommendations. The Federal Government dummied
21 those down within the approval and none of those
22 worked to mitigate any of the issues that the ACFN
23 raised.
24 This is important for you to know, because
25 you might be contemplating recommendations at some
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1 point. However, the Minister has the ability to
2 either take them or leave them, and from what we
3 just witnessed, they might choose to leave them.
4 I myself am completely disheartened by the
5 process that existed with this project. Not once
6 did I ever think, wow, are we ever working hard to
7 resolve issues and create ways to mitigate impacts.
8 Instead, I felt as though BC Hydro was doing
9 nothing but wasting my time and the Nation's
10 incredibly limited resources. Throughout these
11 discussions existed an incredible lack of substance
12 and any motivation to deal with issues in a
13 substantive manner. There's a fatal error within
14 this entire process.
15 The feds told BC Hydro to consult with us, as
16 we may be impacted, and then left it to BC Hydro to
17 dictate what, when, how, and whether the issues
18 would be dealt with or not.
19 The result of those discussions have led us
20 here today because BC Hydro failed to include our
21 issues or deal with our impacts. In fact, they
22 were ignored.
23 My question throughout this process has
24 always been why are they wasting our time? Is it
25 because of the litigation that exists in the
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1 background?
2 This has been nothing more than a process
3 established to make it seem as though the issues
4 are being dealt with. It was simply a process to
5 have a process to make it seem as if the ACFN
6 impacts are being looked at.
7 The Crown, whether Provincial or Federal, are
8 not dealing with impacts on rights to the ACFN from
9 this project either. The EIS is incomplete, and
10 the discussions did nothing to address the issues.
11 In short, it lacked substance and failed
12 miserably.
13 Now, it seems that they have left this to you
14 to make a determination on whether to proceed.
15 It's my sincere hope that you will seek to obtain
16 all of the information that is required to make a
17 good decision, that you will seek to address those
18 gaping holes that exist, and that you look at those
19 legislative instruments that you can utilize so
20 that you can make a decision that is truly informed
21 and that deals with the impacts on our ability to
22 practice our rights.
23 This community has told us time and time
24 again that the ACFN requires and depends on
25 conditions -- I'm talking about environmental
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1 conditions, not approval conditions -- requires and
2 depends on the conditions that support the
3 meaningful practice of rights.
4 That is the objective of the IRC, the entity
5 that I work for, and our role is to fight for and
6 maintain the conditions that protect the ACFN's
7 rights.
8 Our Elders, community, Chief and Council,
9 they've all stated that in order to have a
10 meaningful practice of rights, they require the
11 following:
12 The right to harvest specific species in
13 specific locations as well as those incidental
14 rights that are essential to the meaningful
15 exercise of their rights.
16 That ACFN members have access to their
17 preferred lands.
18 That there are routes of safe access and
19 transportation, and this includes water routes.
20 That there is sufficient water quality and
21 quantity.
22 That there is a sufficient quality and
23 quantity of resources in their preferred harvesting
24 areas.
25 That they maintain cultural and spiritual
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1 relationships with the land.
2 That there is an abundance of berry crops in
3 preferred harvesting areas.
4 That traditional medicines are available and
5 accessible in preferred harvesting areas.
6 That they continue to have the experience of
7 remoteness and solitude while out on the land.
8 That construction of shelters on the land to
9 facilitate hunting, trapping, gathering and/or
10 fishing continue without impediment.
11 That the use of timber to live on the land
12 while hunting, trapping, gathering, and/or fishing
13 is available.
14 That there is access to safe lands within
15 which to practice rights, not impeded by industrial
16 development.
17 That they have the right to feel safe and
18 secure in the conduct of those practices.
19 That this is -- that lands and resources are
20 accessible within the constraints of time and cost.
21 You've heard these harvesters tell you today about
22 the cost of going out on to the land, and that food
23 security is an issue.
24 That there are sociocultural institutions for
25 sharing and reciprocity.
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1 That spiritual sites and associated practices
2 remain intact and have areas in which to flourish.
3 That we maintain the right to instruct our
4 younger generations on that land.
5 This is our duty and obligation as First
6 Nations people. This is why past and current
7 assimilation tactics do not work. Our number one
8 duty is to pass that information to our youth. If
9 we don't do that, we fail, and our spirit is
10 harmed.
11 If this project receives approval, those
12 essential elements that support our cultural and
13 traditional way of life will be impacted. The
14 Elders tell us that their Treaty Rights, culture
15 and wellbeing are approaching a point where
16 sustaining them may not be possible into the future
17 and that one constant that they discuss is the
18 destruction of land that is the result of
19 industrial development, along with the pollution of
20 waters.
21 That this project will negatively impact an
22 area that is of critical importance to the ACFN,
23 and I cannot say that enough. Our Elders and land
24 users also warn us that we are at a tipping point,
25 that the sensitivity of the delta cannot handle
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1 more water regulations, that the water is
2 detrimental to the survival of everything that
3 lives and breathes, that it has a spirit and that
4 spirit is being harmed approval after approval, and
5 that our rights are also being harmed.
6 That a proper cumulative effects assessment
7 is required for this project. The ACFN Panel
8 Members are experts in traditional knowledge and in
9 the bush, and when they tell you that they are
10 having a detrimental and negative effect on the
11 very land and water that sustains them as a people,
12 I would believe them.
13 The area in which they were discussing is a
14 preferred traditional area. Coupled with ongoing
15 approvals from the south due to oil and gas
16 development, all of these issues are destroying the
17 land and depleting the water quality and quantity,
18 and will likely cause harm and impact our ability
19 to maintain our rights now and into the future.
20 We are asking that you deal with these issues
21 in a substantive manner that seeks to prevent
22 future harm to our way of life.
23 Thank you.
24 MS. MEGAN MCCONNELL: So this brings us to the end
25 of our presentation, and I just wanted to thank the
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1 panel for listening to our stories and the
2 traditional knowledge of the Elders.
3 And I wanted to thank the Elders of ACFN and
4 harvesters for travelling all the way from Fort
5 Chipewyan to Peace River to share their stories and
6 knowledge with everybody.
7 Thank you.
8 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Thank you.
9 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much. I would
10 like to thank the Elders for making the long trip
11 down here. I think we've learned a lot from
12 hearing you.
13 We also hear the admonitions in Ms. Somers'
14 statement.
15 Thank you.
16 Wait a minute. Wait a minute. You can't go
17 away. There's a question.
18 MS. BEAUDET: It's not just questions
19 addressed to you, it's also to BC Hydro.
20 I don't think we're going to solve everything
21 today. I mean, there's also sessions tomorrow that
22 are more technical, as you are aware, but I think
23 we have to look at every pebble in the river and we
24 might as well start now.
25 I was wondering if the Secretariat could put
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1 up two figures, 19.1 and -- I think and 19.2, which
2 are the area covering the current use of lands and
3 resources for traditional purposes.
4 The 19.2 one regards fish and fish habitat.
5 And the BC Hydro has determined that the LAA
6 goes up to Many Islands. And the RAA up to
7 Vermilion Chutes, and I was wondering if it would
8 be possible for the benefit of all here to explain
9 how these two areas were determined.
10 THE CHAIRMAN: Hydro.
11 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Thank you.
12 I would just start by saying that we have a
13 presentation tomorrow specifically outlining the
14 results of the key environmental background studies
15 which are surface water regime, thermal, and ice
16 regime, and sediment transport and fluvial
17 geomorphology, so we will plan to provide more
18 information then.
19 But I will ask our fisheries team
20 specifically to speak to the question directly
21 about the fisheries assessment boundaries that were
22 of course informed by those studies.
23 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
24 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Thank you, Brent Mossop.
25 I will review some of the information that
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1 was provided earlier today in the opening, as well
2 as information in the spatial boundaries technical
3 memo that describes the local assessment area and
4 the regional assessment area for the valley
5 component of fish and fish habitat.
6 The spatial boundary for fish and fish
7 habitat was selected by taking into account the
8 appropriate scale and spatial extent of the
9 capacity of the project to caused adverse effects
10 on the valley component. This is for the local
11 assessment area.
12 So we looked at the potential for the project
13 to affect three key categories of change. We
14 looked at potential to effect changes in fish
15 habitat, we looked at the potential to change fish
16 habitat and survival, and the potential to -- for
17 the project to change fish movement.
18 So with an understanding of the description
19 of the project and information on the physical
20 changes that would occur in the Peace River from
21 the project, we looked at that information together
22 with an understanding of fish and fish habitat, the
23 sensitivity of fish to those potential changes, and
24 we looked to understand the area in which the
25 project could affect fish.
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1 From that information, we used that with our
2 understanding of the river and the understanding to
3 determine a conservative downstream extent to which
4 the project could affect fish habitat and fish and
5 the appropriate boundary was selected at Many
6 Islands and was reviewed and determined to be an
7 appropriate boundary for the downstream extent of
8 the local assessment area.
9 For the regional assessment area, we looked
10 at the area in which the potential effects of the
11 project could combine with effects of other
12 projects, and those could combine in the regional
13 assessment area, and we looked broadly, took into
14 account information on fish movement, existing
15 information on fish movements, as was described
16 earlier today, and came up with a conservative
17 downstream boundary of Vermilion Chutes that was
18 described as a -- I would describe it as a partial
19 migration barrier, but it is certainly an area that
20 separates populations upstream and downstream of
21 that location, as Gary Ash described earlier as
22 been shown from other telemetry studies.
23 So that's the maximum extent to which fish
24 could move upstream and downstream as mentioned.
25 The small proportion of walleye and goldeye do move
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1 upstream and downstream beyond Many Islands, as far
2 downstream as Vermilion Chutes, so that was
3 selected as the downstream spacial boundary for the
4 regional assessment area.
5 MS. BEAUDET: When we look at this figure,
6 up to Fort St. John and Taylor and probably up to
7 the border of BC, there seemed to be a buffer zone
8 that you have determined anyway for other VCs,
9 which I believe is 3 kilometre wide, including the
10 river, and I was wondering if you have the same
11 buffer zone on the river on the Alberta side?
12 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I think you refer -- the
13 buffer that you're referring to is the vegetation
14 and wildlife local assessment area.
15 MS. BEAUDET: Yes, so --
16 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I believe it was
17 1,000 kilometres on either side.
18 MS. BEAUDET: Not 1,000.
19 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: 1,000 metres. 1,000 metres,
20 my apologies.
21 MS. BEAUDET: 1,000 metres on either side,
22 yes. I wish you had done 1,000 kilometres, but
23 it's not the case.
24 And I want to know if you have a similar
25 buffer zone to look not necessarily vegetation, but
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1 riparian vegetation, wildlife, et cetera, or on the
2 Albertan border side, it's only the river.
3 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: So I am going to ask the
4 fisheries team to answer the question, because it
5 is only the local assessment area for the fisheries
6 and fish -- fish and fish habitat BC that extended,
7 so as you pointed out, the vegetation and wildlife
8 wouldn't have had such a buffer in Alberta, because
9 it didn't extend that far.
10 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
11 Can we have the map for the hunting and
12 trapping, please? The other figure, I think it's
13 19.1 or 19.3. No, this is 19.2 we just saw, but
14 that's for fish.
15 I believe that for hunting and trapping,
16 there's no extension on the other side of the BC
17 border, if I'm correct. Yes?
18 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Yes, it's -- the local
19 assessment area had described the flexibility to
20 take into account potential changes that may have
21 been observed or reported in the biological
22 environment, and if those had been reported within
23 the vegetation and wildlife assessment, then the
24 boundaries within the harvest VC would have been
25 extended to take that into account, but as there
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1 were no such findings, there was no need to adjust
2 or move essentially the harvest boundary.
3 MS. BEAUDET: The problem here is because
4 you have accepted that there could be some change
5 on the river, the question remains as to why you
6 haven't extended for the waterfowl or any other
7 wildlife that would use the river, and it puzzled
8 me a bit why you didn't study at least to Many
9 Islands, those VCs.
10 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Your questions are focused on
11 wildlife? Yes. We will have two days on the
12 wildlife panel next week with our wildlife
13 biologists present, and surprisingly with the size
14 of the panel, we do not have the wildlife team
15 here, but with respect to the changes that were
16 observed, I can comment generally that they were
17 found to be in the aquatic environment for fish,
18 and that the considerations of those changes was
19 taken into account when the harvest section was
20 completed with the results of the assessment on
21 fish and fish habitat in hand.
22 And we can speak further to the spatial
23 boundaries and considerations further. I do
24 believe that they will comment then, and they can
25 expand on it further that the boundary was
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1 considered to be conservative in being as far
2 downstream as it was for vegetation and wildlife,
3 given the direct spatial effects on the terrestrial
4 environment for wildlife, and that with the
5 results, they didn't -- they didn't find it
6 necessary to move the boundary downstream.
7 MS. BEAUDET: So you'll keep that in mind
8 so that we can have an answer next week, please.
9 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Yes, we will direct them
10 specifically to be prepared.
11 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you. The reason why
12 I'm asking about these special boundaries is I
13 believe you did object, as you said, in your
14 closing remarks to the boundaries that were
15 established, and I was wondering if the boundaries
16 that you do not accept that were taken have more to
17 do with the cumulative effects assessment than to
18 just the effect of the people using the delta.
19 If we look, for instance, in Volume 5, for
20 the Athabasca-Chipewyan, you have an Appendix,
21 Appendix 1, Part III, BC Hydro has covered the data
22 that was submitted by your communities, and they
23 have concluded that there's no specific information
24 identified for the LAA and RAA, that they have
25 studied, and it's the same for the Mikisew Cree,
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1 Volume 5 again, Appendix A-18, part I, there is
2 also no specific information that was provided by
3 your communities that would indicate that these
4 communities are using the LAA or RAA.
5 Now, the detail is not -- unfortunately they
6 were supposed to be here today, but they are not,
7 and there is information that they are using, for
8 instance, the RA to hunt geese, and that's why I
9 want to know about wildlife a little bit more,
10 because some communities that are Alberta seem to
11 use the river from Fort St. John down.
12 And so I don't want you to leave and feel
13 that the Environmental Assessment per se in terms
14 of the project impact is insufficient, and I'm
15 trying to understand exactly what you mean when you
16 say it's not sufficient or it has gaps or is
17 lacking.
18 And I'd like to know if you feel that it's
19 more with respect to the effects of the previous
20 dams that, you know, there should have been an
21 extension of the spatial boundaries. That's the
22 first thing.
23 The second thing, I think tomorrow we'll have
24 to look more at flow regimes, because there is
25 strong apprehension that what happened with the
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1 Bennett Dam could happen again, and I think when we
2 cover that area, we'll try to understand a bit more
3 about the flow regimes and what's going to happen
4 exactly.
5 So today I think we should restrict ourselves
6 to the spacial boundaries and try to understand
7 exactly what are your concerns.
8 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: I know you have an extensive
9 and vast amount of paperwork to probably review
10 when you're considering this project. We do have a
11 pretty extensive consultation record, and while
12 you're going through that, you'll see issues raised
13 by -- I can't speak for MCFN. I just want to make
14 that clear -- but ACFN was raising issues that, to
15 answer your question, that it's both.
16 It's historic and it's cumulative coupled
17 with the new dam that's being proposed, and our
18 issue has always been that they had scoped out that
19 delta. And time and time again, we kept raising
20 that as an issue, and it just -- I don't know what
21 happened, but it fell apart, and it never made its
22 way into the EIS.
23 So it's gaping a hole in my point of view,
24 and in the point of view of the Nation.
25 MS. BEAUDET: When you look at the data
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1 that has been provided to us in the EIS at Volume
2 5, this section I was talking about, I don't know
3 if you had a chance to review it. We would like to
4 know if you agree to what BC Hydro has provided in
5 terms of your concerns and what can affect your
6 communities. And let us know if there's anything
7 that you disagree and if there's anything that was
8 left out. We would appreciate that. Thank you.
9 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: If I may, just to advise the
10 panel that we will be submitting final written
11 submissions, and we will ensure that we address
12 that question in those submissions.
13 THE CHAIRMAN: Then seeing no further
14 questions from the hall in general or from Hydro, I
15 would thank the Athabasca Cree for their
16 presentation. Thank you all for coming such a long
17 distance to speak with us. We appreciate it.
18 Thank you.
19 MS. DOREEN SOMERS: Thank you.
20 THE CHAIRMAN: While we're arranging our
21 next panel, from the Mikisew Cree, I think we could
22 use some of the time to question the fisheries
23 experts that Hydro has.
24 Jim?
25 MR. MATTISON: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
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1 I want to take advantage of the high priced
2 help on the second row there to help with my
3 education.
4 I've heard -- I read a number of things about
5 fisheries, and I want to start with mercury, and
6 I'm confused.
7 And I wonder if -- Ms. Jackson, you choose
8 who should best answer me. If you choose -- if you
9 ask someone to take 2 minutes and talk about how
10 the mercury gets methylized, how it gets into the
11 sediments, I guess, and the process by which it
12 enters the food chain with the benthic
13 invertebrates and the process by which -- take me
14 from mercury to bioaccumulation of fish, just so
15 that I understand that.
16 Is there someone prepared to do that in 2
17 minutes? Or is there a better time for this?
18 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Yeah, I apologize for having
19 to give you a similar answer as I just did. When
20 we have our human health session, we will have
21 Randy Baker who is an expert specifically in
22 methylmercury, and we will -- he will be able to
23 address the chain.
24 I would note that that is described in the
25 technical study report in the interim, and we will
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1 make sure Randy is -- Mr. Baker -- is prepared
2 specifically to speak to the process.
3 And inherently, I think therefore to support
4 the rationale for the modelling, you know, how
5 that's taken into account, the background levels of
6 mercury, the pre-existing levels and the process by
7 which they move into the food chain and
8 justification for that being primarily through fish
9 being consumed by humans.
10 MR. MATTISON: Okay. Then just to make sure
11 we can cover off the fish questions that I was
12 going to follow this with, at that session would be
13 fine.
14 We've heard over the last several days,
15 primarily First Nation testimony, and I heard
16 something this morning about forest fires and
17 mercury. I would like to put that to bed or have
18 it explained as well. But what I heard before
19 was -- I've heard there isn't a lot of migration
20 from the tributaries into the Peace River, and in
21 terms of downstream effects, I want to know if
22 there's -- and I didn't see it in the memorandum,
23 but I'm hearing stories that there is mercury in
24 fish downstream, and, you know, is there? Are
25 there studies on that?
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1 And secondly, with respect to -- this now is
2 an upstream issue. With respect to the Halfway
3 River or Moberly river, will there be -- those fish
4 are not mercury-contaminated typically in the
5 tributaries, but will they be once there is a
6 reservoir there? And that relationship, again --
7 we heard there's not a lot of migration, so I would
8 just like to know the linkages, the migration, and
9 this is primarily a food-fish-human-health issue,
10 so if there's a better time to do it, that's fine.
11 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Yes, there will be a better
12 time with Randy Baker present.
13 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. We'll take that as
14 notice then.
15 And we are now ready to hear from the Mikisew
16 Cree.
17
18 Presentation by the Mikisew Cree First Nations:
19 Rosanne Kyle
20 Chief Steve Courtoreille
21 Elder George Martin
22 Councillor Terry Martin (Interpreter for Elder George
23 Martin)
24 Terry Marten
25 Elder Larry Marten
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1 Mathew Lepine
2 Jocelyn Marten
3 Melody Lepine
4
5 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: So thank you very much for
6 your indulgence as we got set up here. I'm pleased
7 to introduce to the panel, members of the Mikisew
8 Cree First Nation, including the Chief and Elders
9 and harvesters who have travelled as well from Fort
10 Chipewyan to come here today to speak to the panel
11 about their concerns about Site C.
12 And we appreciate the water very much, so
13 thank you, Courtney.
14 And so I will just do a brief introduction of
15 the members of the panel. The format for this will
16 be somewhat different than for the --
17 Thank you.
18 Somewhat different than for the ACFN panel,
19 in that we'll be taking them through different
20 issues for them to address in their presentation to
21 you today.
22 So on my left is Chief Steve Courtoreille,
23 chief of the Mikisew Cree First Nation.
24 We also have George Martin behind me, if you
25 just put your hand up, who is an Elder and a
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1 Traditional Land User with Mikisew.
2 Beside him is Terry Martin, who will be
3 interpreting for George Martin today as he will
4 want to speak in Cree for part of his presentation.
5 We have Larry Marten, who is also an Elder,
6 and a Traditional Land User with Mikisew.
7 Mathew Lepine, Traditional Land User.
8 And Jocelyn Marten, as well, a Traditional
9 Land User.
10 And we have Melody Lepine as well, who is the
11 director of the Mikisew government and industrial
12 relations branch of Mikisew Cree, who is the person
13 responsible for consultation of Mikisew Cree.
14 So with that, I will turn it over to the
15 chief for some introductory comments.
16
17 Presentation by Chief Steve Courtoreille:
18 CHIEF STEVE COURTOREILLE: Good afternoon.
19 Mr. Chairman, members of the panel, and
20 ladies and gentlemen.
21 As the introduction, my name is Steve
22 Courtoreille, Chief of the Mikisew Cree First
23 Nation. I'm here as elected official for the
24 Mikisew Cree, to fully support our submission and
25 intervention in this hearing.
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1 Slowly? Okay. Sorry.
2 To describe Mikisew Cree First Nation to you,
3 we have been occupying the Peace River and the
4 Athabasca delta, say, for the past 10,000 years.
5 Still today we have hundreds of our members
6 striving to exercise their
7 Constitutionally-protected Treaty rights.
8 It is important for you, Mr. Chairman, to
9 understand that we will be impacted by this
10 project, the Site C.
11 We first saw the impacts from BC Hydro in the
12 early '70s. Our interests are both immediate and
13 long-term for the future generations of Mikisew yet
14 to come, and that's how our First Nation tries to
15 manage our way of life, our land, keeping in mind
16 when the Treaties were signed in 1899, our
17 leadership back then thought about us when we
18 weren't there. That's how we think about the
19 future generations that are yet to come.
20 We care so much about these issues that led
21 to filing a lawsuit against BC Hydro regarding the
22 impacts of the Bennett Dam.
23 It is not that we were not in support of
24 development, but only request that it is done right
25 and that the Mikisew Cree concerns not be ignored.
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1 Not assessing the impacts to Mikisew Cree is not a
2 right, and largely ignoring our concerns is not
3 consultation.
4 You may be wondering what is Mikisew Cree
5 asking for.
6 We're simply asking for certainty and also
7 protecting the future.
8 Certainty and evidence that the delta will be
9 protected for Mikisew use, certainty that our
10 rights will be protected as they were promised to
11 us in 1899 when we signed the adhesion to Treaty 8
12 with the Crown.
13 Mr. Chairman, we ask you to please seriously
14 consider our concerns to make a decision for this
15 project to be denied until an assessment to be done
16 to determine the impacts to the delta to include
17 the Bennett Dam in this assessment, and an
18 assessment of the impacts to the Mikisew Cree First
19 Nation.
20 I also request that the Mikisew Cree First
21 Nation be included in these assessments.
22 And that's where I'll end for now.
23 Thank you.
24 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.
25 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: So the members of Mikisew
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1 Cree Nation that are with us today wanted to be
2 able to explain and describe to the panel what the
3 delta looks like, and we thought the best way to do
4 that was to show a clip, a small short part of the
5 National Film Board of Canada film on Footprints in
6 the Delta, which is from I believe 1999, and so
7 we're just going to show a very short clip of that
8 which shows some images of what you've heard today
9 from the ACFN and what you'll be hearing more from
10 Mikisew Cree.
11 I should add while it's loading that a number
12 of Mikisew Cree members were featured in this film.
13
14 (Video played)
15
16 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: So we just had a very short clip
17 there because of the time constraints, but we will
18 leave the video with the panel to view the rest of
19 that video.
20 So we wanted to start by talking about the
21 Treaty Rights of Mikisew Cree First Nation and the
22 importance of those rights. The Chief has spoken
23 in his introductory comments about that, but he's
24 going to talk more about those Treaty Rights and
25 harvesting activities of Mikisew Cree people.
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1 Chief.
2 CHIEF STEVE COURTOREILLE: When the Treaties were signed
3 on our behalf in 1899, it wasn't just the signing
4 on a piece of paper to agree that the land would be
5 used; it was done through a ceremony. To us, the
6 ceremonies are very sacred. It gives us the right
7 to continue to practice our way of life. It gives
8 us the right to protect our land, our water.
9 And that's what our beliefs are that we
10 always maintained. We went as far as lending the
11 land, which today is called Wood Buffalo National
12 Park; that's because we want to be good neighbours.
13 Somewhere along the way we start to lose
14 control. Regulations were imposed on us without
15 proper consultation.
16 Our people, some of our people, were thrown
17 out of Wood Buffalo National Park because they
18 broke the regulations.
19 The very thing that sustained their lives,
20 the animals, the birds, the fish, that was
21 plentiful in our Traditional Territory. Today we
22 can't say that. We're not able to do what we used
23 to do. It has nothing to do with the regulations.
24 It has to do with no water.
25 Lakes where they used to be once plentiful of
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1 muskrat, where trappers, year after year, would
2 make a good living, look like farmland today. No
3 science result at the end of the day is going to
4 tell you different, because we lived it. We
5 breathe it. We're there.
6 The land is us. The water is us.
7 Water is life. Without water, there's no
8 life, and that's for all mankind. It's not just
9 the First Nations people.
10 We won a case in 2005, the right to be
11 consulted with. I was there at the Supreme Court,
12 and hoping that we -- the decision would be made in
13 our favour and it had. We won that, and we were
14 very pleased about it, because finally now we're
15 going to start moving forward and continue to
16 practice our way of life and protect our lands as
17 we thought.
18 The Government of Canada didn't win that
19 case, we did, the Mikisew Cree, and, yet, they
20 forced their own interpretation on what
21 consultations would look like. Once again, pushing
22 us back.
23 When they ram through the bill C-38 and 45
24 last year, the whole country was in uproar.
25 Mikisew Cree took the proper steps and filed an
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1 application to do a judicial review on those bills,
2 and we're in the courts for that today.
3 Why should we have to remind Canada or
4 Alberta that they have a responsibility? They must
5 consult.
6 Why create legislation if they are going to
7 break it?
8 We haven't been consulted.
9 Consultation to us, what we interpret that as
10 Mikisew people, you come us to and ask us what do
11 you think. What do you think about how we should
12 manage our lands? Because we done that before, and
13 we did a good job of it.
14 And we're telling you that water, less and
15 less water are coming down from the Peace River.
16 It's going to destroy the delta. Then what?
17 We can't go to somebody else's territory to
18 go and think that we're going to be taken in there.
19 It doesn't work like that.
20 First Nations people are proud people, they
21 protect their own land, their own territory. We
22 will open our doors for our visitors, but we have
23 our own areas where we've been there for
24 generations.
25 Just imagine if your house was destroyed, are
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1 you going to go knock on the door of somebody
2 else's house and say can I come live with you? I
3 don't think that's going to happen.
4 The same goes for us here. This is our land.
5 Our land that's being destroyed without us being
6 asked to be part of this process. How do we look
7 at it? At the end of the day, we're not saying no
8 to development, but so far nobody's listening.
9 It's important that we start doing things
10 right.
11 In 2003, we went to a hearing in Fort
12 McMurray, and we thought we sent a strong message
13 there to the panel to ensure that at least give us
14 an opportunity to really find a way how we're going
15 to manage our lands properly.
16 No.
17 This was just the process that we went
18 through. Everybody was already rubber stamped as
19 far as I'm was concerned.
20 Is this the same thing here today? Is this
21 just part of a process that we're going through
22 that's already been rubber stamped and the money
23 has already been given to the Federal and
24 Provincial Governments?
25 Are we wasting our time here?
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1 We come here. We travel a long ways.
2 THE CHAIRMAN: If we thought so, we wouldn't
3 be here.
4 CHIEF STEVE COURTOREILLE: And I appreciate that.
5 I think we -- things need to slow down. We
6 need to step back and look at the whole
7 environment, look at the lands.
8 And if -- back in my territory, back in our
9 home territory, the weather patterns have changed.
10 They are going to call it global warming. Maybe
11 so. But what causes that?
12 You know, and when are we going to stop? And
13 when are we going to say enough is enough.
14 What about the future generations? Not only
15 our kids. It's all your kids also, every person
16 that's in this room. Think about it. Is it money
17 that's the driving force here? Or is it common
18 sense? And I think we need to use common sense.
19 You can do all your arguments and testing,
20 and I've seen that. Western science against
21 western science, that's it. Traditional knowledge
22 had no room in this table, and we proved it wrong.
23 But yet we weren't heard.
24 And I think we need to really think about
25 what we need to do. Why was there a boundary in
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1 place at Peace Point?
2 Why did they say it's not going to impact the
3 delta?
4 That's because they figured we would just go
5 away. We're not going to go away, especially when
6 it has to do with our way of life. You know, we
7 can enjoy this water. We can drink it today. Can
8 we drink it tomorrow? 10 years down the road? Is
9 it the only time that we can't drink that water
10 when we finally realize that we can't drink oil or
11 eat money? Let's think about that.
12 I feel very emotional today, because just a
13 few weeks ago I buried my brother that would have
14 been sitting here with me today. He was on my
15 council also, but I know he'd want us to continue.
16 He'd want us to keep fighting, and that's what
17 we're going to do.
18 I ask you to really give a lot of
19 consideration and look at the whole picture,
20 because it's going to really affect the future of
21 this delta.
22 You know, it's a beautiful country. Once you
23 look at that video, you're going to see a lot of
24 beautiful pictures there. But you know what? They
25 are not there no more.
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1 Thank you.
2 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Chief
3 Courtoreille.
4 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: So, Chief, if you can just
5 tell the panel a little bit about your history of
6 your father, the areas that he harvested in, the
7 places that you harvest, what you harvest, just
8 give some background about your harvesting
9 practices.
10 CHIEF STEVE COURTOREILLE: I was born in Fort Chip, like
11 a lot of young people were placed in the
12 residential school, but the -- in the -- during the
13 holidays, we would go out into the land. We would
14 learn how to trap. We would learn how to hunt. We
15 would learn how to fish, and to be able to trap in
16 areas where there's plentiful of muskrat, to see
17 all the trappers out in the land. Right now there
18 would be a lot of people out there, but today
19 there's nobody out there except for a couple of my
20 Elders that are here.
21 We trapped alongside the Athabasca River, the
22 Embarras, Lake Mamawi, Crick Creek (phonetic),
23 areas that maybe don't mean a whole lot for the
24 people listening. It means a lot to me because my
25 parents are no longer with me, but they are still
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1 part of me through that.
2 Someone mentioned earlier having high water
3 this past summer, the past couple summers. It's
4 true. It took me and my brother, my late brother,
5 that just passed away, we went on a camping trip,
6 and we went to check out the areas that I haven't
7 been there in years. I'll tell you, years, over
8 30 years. We're able to get there.
9 There's a lot of water, but no wildlife.
10 Nothing. No muskrat. Willow sticking out of the
11 water.
12 And there was all mainly rainwater runoff,
13 nothing to do with BC Hydro releasing water that
14 made that change.
15 We have sacred areas in our traditional
16 lands. The last time I've been to one of the
17 areas, I was only 13 years old with an Elder by the
18 name of Snowbird Marten (phonetic).
19 The teachings that I got from that I still
20 remember today and I still practice.
21 The spiritual sites, Cree word, (Native words
22 spoken), sweat lodge lake. I'll guarantee you on
23 the map, it will be a different name. Somebody not
24 giving any thought to history of what was there
25 before. That's how -- the respect that we get.
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1 There's areas where on both sides of Lake
2 Claire, the north side, the south side, where
3 sacred areas -- where our people would make their
4 offerings. They respect the land. They respect
5 the animals. Before we take anything, we all make
6 offerings.
7 That's how we managed our lands. That's how
8 we treated our lands, our water.
9 My grandfather was a medicine man, probably
10 one of the last ones that did ceremonies, something
11 that I picked up a few years back and still am
12 practising.
13 My dad was a chief. My brother was a chief.
14 We all had the same values. It's respect.
15 Respect the way of life, and teach the young ones.
16 The fear is today is that all that will be
17 taken away. Then what? Where do we go?
18 Our Treaties are always being challenged.
19 Someone talking about continuous erosion of our
20 Treaties. I'm not surprised. It happened from day
21 one over 137 years ago.
22 You know, the question was asked by one of
23 the university students to one of our Elders, why
24 don't we just be equal? Why don't we just break
25 the Treaties?
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1 The Elder's response: Sure, it would be nice
2 to do that, but your country of origin take you
3 back? That's something to consider.
4 This land belongs to the First Nations people
5 across this country that we call Turtle Island.
6 This land was loaned. Somehow things changed along
7 the way, and yet we still try to respect the
8 visitors of this land.
9 All we ask for is work with us or let us work
10 with you.
11 At the hearing in 2003, Dr. David Schindler
12 was asked a question: If the damage was done over
13 50 percent, is there opportunities to have change,
14 to turn it around?
15 His answer was: If the damage was done to
16 over 50 percent, there's no turning back.
17 And in our territory, we're getting it from
18 both ends, from the Tar Sands, also from the hydro
19 dams.
20 And one of his advice is no disrespect to
21 non-First Nations people, and one of his comments
22 was: Listen to the Native people, listen to the
23 traditional knowledge. Don't have these little
24 white boys running around doing all their little
25 testing and that to tell you what's right and
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1 what's wrong. It's the people, the real people
2 that live off the land, that breathe it, that eat
3 it day-in and day-out are the scientists, and
4 that's something that needs to be considered.
5 You know, we come here basically on our own
6 because we care, but how many people can say the
7 same? How many are being paid big dollars to be
8 here to argue the points to win a case for a
9 company that seems like they don't care?
10 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you, Chief. If you
11 could also tell the panel about the Mikisew Cree
12 community reliance on traditional harvest.
13 CHIEF STEVE COURTOREILLE: One of the things we missed
14 for a few years now is having muskrat for part of
15 our diet. It's something that every member of our
16 community enjoys. It doesn't matter who you are.
17 And that's something that we haven't seen
18 enough of or very little. If one of us was trying
19 to make a living trapping muskrat today, we would
20 probably starve out there.
21 And years ago they used to bring thousands
22 and thousands and thousands.
23 And to go into those lakes that dried out or
24 the ones that are still water in them, that water
25 is useless, that water is dead. They've killed the
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1 spirit of the water, so that water can't provide
2 life for anything. It's dead.
3 The floods that we used to have that used to
4 flush out those perched basins, those sloughs, the
5 creeks, no longer happens.
6 The fish, the numbers of fish and that in our
7 areas have dwindled. One of our Elders still has a
8 net out in the traditional land, depends on that,
9 and yet he's having a hard time getting enough for
10 himself.
11 The birds, the birds have pretty much changed
12 their fly-way because different vegetation.
13 And, again, you can use western science to
14 argue that, but still it's what we see, it's what
15 we know.
16 The moose, we don't know that they are
17 healthy. The Buffalo.
18 Water, all that, is life.
19 The very thing that gives us life, the
20 animals, the birds, the fish is the very thing
21 that's killing us today.
22 And how are we going to get drinking water?
23 How is it -- how is it these -- that delta,
24 being one of the largest deltas in the world, is
25 able to flush itself out if there's no water?
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1 Long ago, you go out on the land, you take
2 what you need, and you leave the rest for another
3 time.
4 Today, you're not able to do that. You would
5 be lucky sometimes to get anything.
6 When I was a young man, when I travelled with
7 Snowbird Marten, when we went out and checked out
8 the spiritual sites, 13 years old I was, I was his
9 pack horse because the Old Man was old already. I
10 carried the backpack, canoe, and he walked in front
11 of me. Of course, the Old Man didn't walk very
12 fast, and I swear to God he was counting every
13 blade of grass on the way, but the -- we got to
14 where we were going to make a cup of tea. We'd dip
15 our pot into the water and boiled our water for
16 tea.
17 Today, if I have to go over there, that same
18 trail, I'd have to take jugs of water, more water
19 than gas to get there, because I wouldn't trust
20 drinking that water or even using that snow to melt
21 for water. I would not trust it. I would not give
22 it to my children, let alone give it to my worst
23 enemy.
24 So these are very important issues for us,
25 and the most important thing is water, again.
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1 Water is life.
2 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: And, Chief, despite all of
3 these challenges that you talked about and the
4 changes, do Mikisew Cree members still go out on
5 the land and harvest and rely on the harvest for
6 food for themself and their families?
7 CHIEF STEVE COURTOREILLE: Yes, they do. As often as
8 they can get out there, there's a -- each family
9 has their own traditions. They go out there and
10 they take their children, teach them how to hunt
11 moose, how to call moose, how to properly skin,
12 prepare the moose, for -- to package, and that
13 teachings has always been passed down.
14 In the last two years we were able to do that
15 because of the high water.
16 Previous years we could not get through our
17 traditional lands.
18 One of the lakes that has been shallow for
19 many years, Lake Mamawi, we are not able to get
20 across.
21 We were going to take BC Hydro officials
22 there for a boat ride just to go and show them the
23 areas that we're talking about, and we got stuck.
24 They got stuck. I didn't go with them. I knew
25 better to stay home.
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1 But it proves the point that, you know, the
2 water level is -- it's so low that you can't
3 travel, and there's a lot of dangers to that.
4 One of the gentlemen from the ACFN mentioned
5 the damages to their motors. When they said
6 "shoe", it's a shoe of their motors, what they're
7 saying. Just to make it clear. It's not their
8 shoes that they wear.
9 But, you know, their concerns and our
10 concerns are the same. And for us, you know, we've
11 been doing this for years. Getting the fish, the
12 birds, the berries, go for a moose hunt. If you
13 get one, you're lucky.
14 And it's getting harder to do that.
15 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: And that clarification of
16 shoe, it reminded me that I wanted to just seek a
17 clarification from you, Chief. Earlier in your
18 presentation, you talked about regulations,
19 regulation by government, you were talking about
20 regulations passed by government and not dams on
21 the river; correct?
22 CHIEF STEVE COURTOREILLE: That's right. That's a
23 government park regulations.
24 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Yes, I just wanted to clarify
25 that, because regulation has a different meaning
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1 here, primarily in this hearing.
2 Thank you, Chief.
3 I wanted to now turn to the other panel
4 members to talk about their harvesting activities
5 in their traditional lands.
6 And so, George, if you would like to tell the
7 panel about your harvesting practices on the lands
8 and Mikisew Traditional Territory.
9 We'll get a mic here for you.
10
11 Presentation by Elder George Martin:
12 ELDER GEORGE MARTIN: Good evening, everyone.
13 My name is George Martin. I was born and raised in
14 the bush, in the trap line, and I want to talk a
15 little bit about it.
16 How the water, it's affecting the area, but I
17 have to say it in Cree. My translator here will
18 interpret.
19 Okay. Are you ready?
20 (Native words spoken).
21 (Interpreted by Councillor Terry Martin):
22 COUNCILLOR TERRY MARTIN: Good afternoon, everyone.
23 I'm Councillor Terry Martin, younger sister of my
24 brother George.
25 I would like to say that I'm very honoured to
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1 be able to translate and interpret for my brother
2 George, who was born and raised out in our
3 traditional way.
4 I was in a convent. They put me in a
5 convent, and I did go and spend summer months at
6 home.
7 And the reason why I want to say this is
8 because here's my daughter on the other side of my
9 brother who was raised by my mother and dad, but
10 they chose to raise her in our traditional way of
11 life. And, boy, that's an honour.
12 I was leery when they first did that, because
13 I thought she should be going to school, but, boy,
14 what a great decision they made. They knew exactly
15 what they were doing. Today, my daughter has got a
16 Grade 12 through Keyano College because she had to
17 go to school later on in life. Plus at the same
18 time, she knows her traditional way of life. So
19 she has two worlds, both two worlds, and that's a
20 very, very, very highly honour. I love that.
21 I had to say that.
22 Thank you.
23 Now, I'll translate what my brother George
24 said.
25 Ever since he remembers, he was born and
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1 raised out in the bush. Ever since -- I'll just
2 speak as what he's saying.
3 Ever since I was born, I was happy to live
4 out in the bush. There was good times. There was
5 a lot of water. Everything was plentiful. We were
6 able to travel anywhere out in Lake Claire,
7 anywhere in the lakes. We were able to travel
8 anywhere that we wanted to out in the lakes by
9 water, via water.
10 We were able to stop anywhere, go to a shore
11 with a boat and motor at any place. We'd stop
12 there, then we would go to shore, and then we would
13 be playing out on the shoreline while the family is
14 setting up camp.
15 Today, you can't do that. Ever since the dam
16 was built on the Peace, that has declined the water
17 level. Now you have to stop about 7, 6, 7 feet
18 away from the shore, walk in the water, wade in the
19 water pulling your boat, loaded boat, ashore. Same
20 thing when you want to go out, you have to pull
21 your boat out again, 6, 7 feet, from the shore.
22 When I was younger, you were able to land at
23 the shore, get out of the boat, and when you were
24 going to leave, you loaded up your boat and you
25 started your motor there and away you went.
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1 It's very different today.
2 Did I miss anything?
3 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: And, George, can you tell the
4 panel where your harvesting areas are and what kind
5 of animals and birds you harvest? So where and
6 what you harvest.
7 ELDER GEORGE MARTIN: (Native words spoken).
8 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Yeah, there's a map there,
9 and do we have the pointer?
10 ELDER GEORGE MARTIN: (Native words spoken). Hay
11 River goes to Mamawi Lake and then to Chip, and
12 this end here, that's where river is going into the
13 -- towards the Embarras, portage, that's where I
14 had my cabin.
15 We used to go there, like, in the summertime
16 to go bring some stuff, haul the moose meat out of
17 there, everything.
18 (Native words spoken).
19 COUNCILLOR TERRY MARTIN: Okay. All where he was
20 going, all those little red dots that was going, he
21 was indicating where he was going. That's Lake
22 Mamawi, lake trail out there, how he go through Hay
23 River, Fort Chip over there, then Lake Mamawi, goes
24 through Hay River then out to Lake Claire, and all
25 that area where he was going, that's where he
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1 hunted moose. He was able to hunt moose inland, be
2 able to take it to the -- by creeks and rivers and
3 take it out, haul it out of there. Not a problem.
4 Today you can't. If you do that, you have to
5 make portage, you have to haul it. It's a hell of
6 a lot of work to haul meat out of the bush, because
7 it's not a road. There's no road there. Just your
8 own road that you make, and it's in the bush.
9 And that's where he hunted. He trapped. For
10 birds and for other wildlife, like moose and that.
11 And then he also said that, like I said, he
12 went all over, and that's where there was rats.
13 That he did his rat trapping around there, and then
14 if there's no rats, there's no other predators like
15 the foxes, the minks that feed off the rats, the
16 predators.
17 So if there's no rats -- if there's no water,
18 there's no rats, there's no rats. There's no other
19 chain, the chain of life, it does not go through
20 with the animal kingdom. And that they need fish
21 and rat to feed on, the predators.
22 So the chain of life is completely gone.
23 And there's no rats there. How are the rats
24 going to survive there when there's no water?
25 Did I miss anything, Jim?
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1 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: And could you just clarify.
2 When you say rat, are you referring to muskrat?
3 COUNCILLOR TERRY MARTIN: Yeah, muskrats. That's our
4 traditional way of talking again. Rat is we just
5 assume everybody knows it's muskrat. We are
6 speaking about muskrats.
7 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Okay, thank you.
8 ELDER GEORGE MARTIN: (Native words spoken).
9 COUNCILLOR TERRY MARTIN: He said birds, all other
10 species, birds and other things that he used to
11 hunt and trap are all gone. There is water, but
12 it's -- it's stagnant. You know, like the water's
13 been sitting there. It's not fresh water.
14 So everything, grass, everything needs to
15 grow every year. They need that new -- that good
16 water to grow. Like, we don't have that, so
17 everything dies off.
18 We need freshwater, and we had water last
19 summer because there was a lot of rain and there
20 was a lot of snow, so we had a lot of water, but
21 because it had been so dry for many years, the
22 flood hadn't been happening, the land has been so
23 dry that the water that we had last summer just
24 went -- sunk into the ground because it was so dry,
25 so all the rain, the snow fall that we had, didn't
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1 do anything. It just went through, just went
2 underground, because the land was so dry.
3 He also said that he hasn't seen any dead
4 rat, muskrats. He hasn't seen any dead ducks or
5 birds for that matter. Anything. He hasn't found
6 anything, any dead animals. So he said that's not
7 because they are dying. That's because they have
8 left. The ducks have left because there's no
9 water, there's nothing. There's no good vegetation
10 to feed on, no water to --
11 ELDER GEORGE MARTIN: (Native words spoken).
12 COUNCILLOR TERRY MARTIN: And the land, the earth has
13 been poisoned because of no water, because of that
14 stagnant water that's been there, so it has
15 demolished everything.
16 It has created a lot of destruction when we
17 have no water.
18 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you.
19 Larry, if you could share with the panel your
20 history of harvesting on the land in the past and
21 continuing to today.
22
23 Presentation by Elder Larry Marten:
24 ELDER LARRY MARTEN: Hi. My name is Larry. I was
25 born in Fort Chip and I -- as a young boy, I was in
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1 the bush with my family a lot until I -- well, I
2 went to school and then when I got out of school, I
3 started trapping, and then I seen what happened,
4 what it was like before the Bennett Dam, and, like,
5 the thing that I can -- the late '50s, when our
6 trapping area is around Prairie River here, Lake
7 Mamawi and Lake Claire, and Hilda Lake area and
8 north of Lake Claire here, and all this area here,
9 and a bit around the bridge over up here.
10 But anyway, this is the area we used to hunt
11 in the summertime, but we used to go through with a
12 boat from Prairie River into Baril Lake and into
13 Peace River. Baril Creek, in there. So I think
14 they are going to show that the mouth of Baril
15 Creek later, what it looks like now, but there was
16 no -- it was a real good river, and the creeks were
17 good -- there's no grass and willows. That's what
18 it's full of now.
19 Anyway, I started trapping when I was 16. It
20 was back in 1966. Yes, 1966, the Bennett Dam came
21 in a couple years later, I think, and then anyway,
22 those days when I was trapping, all these -- this
23 map here, all these lakes, they were -- you know,
24 they existed at that time. Now they don't. They
25 are there, but they are all full of willows and
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1 grass. There's no water. That's been dry since --
2 oh, I don't know, 30 years.
3 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you, Larry. And if you
4 could talk about places that you still go to now,
5 places where you may have cabins or places where
6 you go to harvest today.
7 ELDER LARRY MARTEN: Yeah, I still have a cabin
8 here by Prairie River, that's called Hay River, by
9 Lake Mamawi and Lake Claire. My dad and grandpa
10 had cabins, but I do have a cabin there, and then
11 early parts of the late '60s and maybe about 1974,
12 1975, there was a bit of rats yet around the area,
13 around this area here. It wasn't completely dry at
14 that time yet, and just northern parts here, so I
15 still trapped around that area, like, in the spring
16 and the fall, in that area. And I didn't do too
17 much trapping up to the Birch River at the time.
18 But after the delta really tried up here,
19 that there was all mud flats and everything, no
20 water, no muskrats.
21 And the water is the boss, and if we don't
22 have water, we don't have no rats or anything like
23 that.
24 So that's when I moved up -- oh, the day I
25 was trapping around here, the early parts, I was
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1 using a dog team, and then my source of fuel for my
2 dogs where I used to have a net, we had nets in the
3 Prairie River, that would feed our dogs there
4 year-round.
5 And when the Bennett Dam came in, I remember
6 one year -- now, this I don't remember what year it
7 was exactly, but it was in early '70s, and we used
8 to catch fish there all winter. You know, we'll
9 set a net in the fall, and then visit every other
10 day for our dogs, because they got the eat.
11 Anyway, and then in that one year, we were catching
12 fish until Christmas. And then there was nothing
13 all of a sudden. There was no fish. The water was
14 so low -- I think it was the same year probably
15 that one time it was -- we had to drive our dogs in
16 the fall. We came in from Chip to the river here,
17 and then we had to drive our dogs across. We had
18 two boats, my two brothers and I, and there was a
19 little film about that, about us driving dogs
20 there. My mom and dad flew in. There was a float
21 plane, so we had to haul all of our groceries, you
22 know, our gear for the winter.
23 And so that was, that was around the early
24 '70s.
25 And in the later years, when there was no
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1 muskrats around, so trapping was mostly my way of
2 life, and then I would trap all winter and all
3 spring.
4 In the summertime, I would have a summer job,
5 but just seasonal work. So in the fall I got to go
6 back and got to do something in trap lines, but I
7 don't have -- there's no work like that.
8 So I moved up here, and then I got a cabin
9 here at Spruce Point, and I built it in 1979, I
10 think it was. Somewhere's around in that area.
11 But I trapped there before, like I said, around
12 '74, '75, but we were staying in tents.
13 And I've got another cabin here at French
14 Lake.
15 And then I got another cabin up here --
16 there's a tower, Penance Tower (phonetic), around
17 that area, and then I had a loop route that goes in
18 here to Spruce Point, and that's all the way from
19 Chip. You know, I camp here and then, you know, do
20 my trap line.
21 That's how I -- I had to move out here,
22 because there's almost no muskrats. And then
23 there's no find for around this area, so I had to
24 look for where I could make ends meet.
25 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you very much, Larry.
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1 Mathew, if you could do the same and share
2 your history on the land and your current
3 harvesting practices with the panel.
4
5 Presentation by Mathew Lepine:
6 MR. MATHEW LEPINE: My turn.
7 My name's Mathew Lepine, and I grew up
8 around -- well, I was born in Fort McMurray, but I
9 was raised in Chip, and I spent a lot of time in
10 a -- out on the land.
11 But just before or about the time the Bennett
12 Dam came into play, I think that's about the time I
13 left to work out in the oil patch.
14 But I always thought one day when I get done,
15 when I get close to retirement, I could come back
16 to this country and enjoy what I could, what's left
17 of it, and so I spent quite a few years out in the
18 oil patch, and then I -- for the other half of my
19 life, I spent in a local Aboriginal politics, and I
20 was chief and I was on council.
21 So I came home, back to where I was going
22 to -- I was thinking of living when I retire. Much
23 to my surprise, half of that -- well, 75 percent of
24 that land was dry. This was after the Bennett Dam.
25 But I guess where I'm talking about is Rocky
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1 Point. That's where -- I have a cabin there now.
2 I'm there 90 percent of the year. I spend a lot of
3 time there. I live -- I try and live off the land
4 as much as I could, because of what the cost of
5 food is in Chip and everything else, and so I'm
6 kind of trying to live, you know, make a living.
7 But anyway, when we talk about how the water
8 is now compared to what it was before the Bennett
9 Dam, when you go down river here, you get to the
10 mouth of Peace, there's channels in here that go
11 through, used to be shortcuts to get out on to the
12 Slave River. Those now are almost literally not
13 passable through the summer. Matter of fact, one
14 summer we went through one of them with quads where
15 we used to travel with boats. We made it through
16 with a quad.
17 And even with the couple -- for a couple
18 of years the bit of high water we had, even with
19 that, it didn't -- we got enough to travel them
20 again, and that made a big difference. Just remind
21 you of a long time ago. Now you could go there all
22 of a sudden, and that's one area.
23 And then down river from there, there's
24 another area here, you see a small little kind of a
25 lake here. That used to be a much bigger lake, and
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1 there used to be -- everybody used to go there for
2 birds, like, geese and that. Now that's all dry.
3 You could walk across it with no shoes.
4 You can't even find a channel that goes --
5 there's a channel in here, well, there used to be a
6 channel that goes into that lake.
7 Now all that, there's a big willow island
8 there. You can't even see where the channel is.
9 The only reason I know is because I knew
10 where it was, and that's how I could --
11 And also there's other places here that,
12 along the Peace, actually all the way up to Peace
13 Point, there's a lot of places where there used to
14 be short cuts when you're travelling the river.
15 Now, they are all -- they are passable sometimes
16 halfway through the summer, and then there's
17 nothing and you can't get through them.
18 And that's where we do a lot of our hunting
19 on the river. Now, like, we just stay in the
20 river, and we can't get off those side channels to
21 go and hunt in the back, because we can't -- small
22 boats even can't get in.
23 And also in this area, right across from
24 where I am, there's a couple of channels. There's
25 a channel across from where I am, but used to be a
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1 short cut to go to Chip. Now you can't, because
2 there's a wier and a coupe (phonetic), but, you
3 know, if we're lucky, we can travel that river
4 maybe into July, if we're lucky. Then we can't
5 because the water is too low, you can't go through
6 the weir.
7 There's a lot of places that even right where
8 my cabin is, behind my cabin, there used to be --
9 well, it's a prairie. Well, it's kind of a meadow
10 now, it's not even a prairie anymore. That used to
11 have rats. That used to have beaver, and now
12 there's nothing in there. Buffaloes come around in
13 the fall. That's about it.
14 And also when we talk about how the water
15 affects the animals, when we talk about the beaver,
16 the beaver used to live in a lot of those sloughs
17 that are in the back that are now dry, so that
18 forces the beavers to go and live in the river.
19 Now they make lodges on the river, and everyone
20 once in a while they get the water coming up in the
21 fall and everything floats away. All the food
22 they've been storing is gone again.
23 And a lot of beavers also -- like, I've seen
24 where beavers get -- the water gets so low through
25 the fall and whatever. In the wintertime, they
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1 will come out on top the bank. That's it, their
2 history. There's a wolf around, whatever there, so
3 that's affects the way they do their damming and
4 that too.
5 And all of the sloughs that are back here,
6 there used to be an abundance of beavers, and now
7 as they dry up, the beavers are gone. I have a
8 slough not too far from my place. That used to be
9 -- I had three lodges there for years. The last
10 lodge, the last beaver left last spring, and that
11 was it now for that slough. It's dry.
12 That's about it.
13 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Larry, do you want us to pull
14 up that Google Earth map so you can show some of
15 the things that you are talking about, about areas
16 drying up? Would that assist you?
17 Sorry, Mathew, sorry. Do you want us to pull
18 the Google Earth map up?
19 ELDER MATHEW LEPINE: Well, not really. I covered
20 everything the best I could with this map.
21 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Okay.
22 ELDER MATHEW LEPINE: Except for those pictures you
23 had. Remember?
24 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Yes, so we'll -- yeah, we'll
25 show those.
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1 ELDER MATHEW LEPINE: Where the water level used to
2 be.
3 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Yeah, we'll show those in a
4 little bit.
5 Mathew, can you tell the panel what your
6 ability to continue to harvest means to you, your
7 ability to do that into the future and for your
8 children and grandchildren too.
9 ELDER MATHEW LEPINE: Did you say moose?
10 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: The importance of harvesting,
11 for you to be able to continue harvesting.
12 ELDER MATHEW LEPINE: Well, like, for me, like,
13 mostly I hunt moose and that. Now, I said, it's a
14 little harder because a lot of the places you
15 couldn't get in those areas anymore. You got to
16 kind of time it right in the fall, and you only got
17 so much time before the water gets too low and you
18 can't get in there to hunt, so that forces us to go
19 in the back.
20 At one time, we used to have good sloughs in
21 the back that we could go hunting. Now we can't
22 even do that either. So we are more or less stuck
23 in whatever water is left to go up and down the
24 river in the fall for hunting.
25 And I know that one area, like, somebody
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1 talked about Baril Creek. That used to be a real
2 good area for bear hunting. Now, you can't get in
3 it, you know.
4 And same with the other area I was talking
5 about for the birds.
6 And there's also another area up here. There
7 used to be an abundance of birds in the fall coming
8 out of Lake Claire. They go feed on sand and come
9 back. Now they don't do that either, so ...
10 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you, Mathew.
11 Jocelyn, I'll pass the mic to you now, and if
12 you could tell the panel about your history, living
13 on the land and your continuing use of resources in
14 your territory.
15
16 Presentation by Ms. Jocelyn Marten:
17 MS. JOCELYN MARTEN: Hi. My name is Jocelyn
18 Marten. I was born in Edmonton, raised out on the
19 trap line with my grandparents Sal, Charles, Martin
20 and Philamine (phonetic), my two uncles George and
21 Sami (phonetic), and a few other cousins.
22 I'm also a mother of two girls. They are 21
23 and 22 this month, and I have a grandson, but he's
24 just 14 months, that I'll be taking on the land.
25 I'm going to talk about the areas that I've
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1 travelled and grew up around. This is the
2 Athabasca River, and this is Old Fort that -- it's
3 called Snowbird's -- people call it Snowbirds. I
4 called it Embarras House when I was growing up.
5 And then back here there's sloughs and creeks
6 and stuff that we would go, that my Uncle George
7 had mentioned into Gull River, Frog Lakes, and
8 stuff. We would take this -- in the fall, we would
9 leave Fort Chip, come down to the Embarras,
10 probably spend the winter months around the
11 snowbirds area, Embarras House, and then towards
12 spring around April, May, we would move back using
13 the sloughs and creeks of this area here into these
14 lakes here.
15 And we would move there in the spring, and we
16 would travel around going back. This is the route
17 I would take.
18 It was just like a big circle. That's the
19 area I grew up on, so I have a lot of knowledge
20 within this area.
21 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: And, Jocelyn, do you continue
22 to harvest out on the land today?
23 MS. JOCELYN MARTEN: Yeah, I still go around all
24 these -- I still go around Lake Claire when it's
25 passable, accessible, within Lake Mamawi, which is
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1 not too often. I go around Lake Claire and come
2 around this area.
3 There's a river here, it's called Shal River
4 (phonetic) on the maps, I know it as Gull River.
5 There's cabins in there. There's a cabin inside
6 about, I don't know, maybe 7, 8 miles inside that,
7 my uncle, George Martin, owns. And we used to take
8 that river to go in, but now there's bulrushes at
9 the ends where we can't go in with the boat, we
10 have to take another river, portage over, use
11 another boat, and make our way in there.
12 So I still go in the areas that I can go, but
13 on the Athabasca River now, using the trails that
14 we used to use, the sloughs and stuff to get the
15 short cut, from this Snowbirds to Frog Lakes, I
16 think, or to Gull River, I think it was 7 miles
17 straight across. We can't go there anymore.
18 There's no water in these sloughs. It's all dried
19 up.
20 We went hunting last fall into Gull River,
21 and we made it to the end, and it was all dry.
22 Like, there was a slough back there where I used to
23 spend time with my grandfather shooting beaver and
24 stuff, and it was, like, you couldn't -- you
25 couldn't -- there was nothing there, it was dry.
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1 Just dry. Willows were growing. Everything was --
2 there was nothing, and I used to paddle in there.
3 That's like 20 years ago.
4 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: And, Jocelyn, are there
5 gathering activities of herbs or other things that
6 you did previously that you can't do in certain
7 locations?
8 MS. JOCELYN MARTEN: Yeah, we would gather mint
9 every year, and when we would come out for the
10 spring, and when we were hunting birds, ducks,
11 whatever it is, we would gather mint around the
12 Lake Claire, around Lake Claire, on the south end
13 of Lake Claire, or even in Prairie River, but
14 there's nothing there. There's different plants
15 that took over. Thistle, some kind of a thistle
16 that took over all this whole area. Like, these
17 big bays and stuff. There's just all grown out.
18 There's no wild mint. There's no other herbs that
19 we are able to pick.
20 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you, Jocelyn.
21 So the Panel Members have all talked about
22 some of their observations of the effects of
23 Bennett Dam or their observations of things after
24 the Bennett Dam went in, but I just want to go do
25 another round through to give people an opportunity
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1 to describe --
2 THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Kyle, I'm mindful of the
3 time.
4 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Yes, and by my count, I think
5 we're about an hour and 10 minutes in on the
6 two-hour presentation.
7 THE CHAIRMAN: No, you are not, and the
8 panel wishes to ask some questions as well, so
9 could you wrap this up, please.
10 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: We did advise the panel that
11 we needed two hours for ACFN and two hours for
12 Mikisew. Or actually we asked for more than that
13 time, but we were advised that we would have two
14 hours for each of those panels, and I did make a
15 note of when we started this panel, and it was at
16 4:55, so I did understand that we would have a full
17 two hours. Is that not the case?
18 THE CHAIRMAN: You have been on the floor
19 since 1:30, roughly, with a break, and we really do
20 want to ask you a few questions rather than spend
21 the whole evening, so ...
22 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Just to clarify.
23 Mr. Chairman, I haven't been on the floor.
24 ACFN was on the floor at 1:30. Mikisew's a
25 different First Nation than ACFN, and they have not
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1 been on the floor --
2 THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Kyle, all I'm saying is
3 we have a limited amount of time. I am not
4 stopping you. I'm asking you to draw your
5 conclusions, please.
6 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
7 We'll do our best to relay the information.
8 Mikisew have come a long way to have this chance to
9 talk to the panel, but we'll do our very best to go
10 through things as quickly as we can.
11 So if I could turn it over to the chief just
12 to talk a little bit about some of the other
13 changes that he has observed in his lifetime since
14 the Bennett Dam was built.
15 CHIEF STEVE COURTOREILLE: Maybe I'll just -- what I'll
16 do is just give a little before and after because
17 of the map that was -- what was -- we're looking --
18 the kind of a -- would tell the story of the
19 before, before Bennett Dam, and that Google map
20 that I'd like to also bring up is the after, and
21 the changes that impacted our delta and our way of
22 life. It's important that it's looked at.
23 As you see now, a lot of those lakes are no
24 longer there that you seen on the other map, and
25 the sad part is that if we were to take our Elders
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1 that are still alive today out to the land, they
2 would be lost; they wouldn't recognize the place.
3 It's important that also that you understand
4 what the Peace River did for us. The mighty Peace
5 helped us to, when the floods came, to be able to
6 flush out all the contaminants, replenish all the
7 sloughs, creeks, and that's something that was --
8 that helped the animals stay healthy and alive and
9 plentiful of that.
10 And also the bad timing of BC Hydro's release
11 of water in the fall, and the damage that was done.
12 If the general public was to be aware of it, they
13 will be crying out bloody murder, because what it
14 does -- when the water released -- a water release
15 in 1994, where the water level in the fall came up,
16 and one of the Elders that lived on the Slave
17 River, the banks where his cabin was, was at least
18 15 feet, and that water came up almost to the level
19 of where the banks were. And the beavers that have
20 their lodges on the rivers, imagine what happened
21 to them. They basically drowned it.
22 And so the bad timing of the release of water
23 on a part of BC Hydro really does a lot of damage
24 than what the -- you know, the people would know
25 about.
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1 And it's our people that have witnessed that,
2 that have seen that. Literally, beavers are dying
3 in the lodges, whether it's out of starvation or
4 being drowned in their lodges because there's no
5 way to get out.
6 So it's important that you understand what
7 the pre-Bennett Dam, how it helped us, and now
8 what -- after Bennett Dam, what it's doing to the
9 animals on that river.
10 And, you know, that's something that's very
11 concerning to us. When they release the water, the
12 timing of that is important that if they want to
13 really work with us, they need to understand what
14 our concerns are.
15 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: So in the interests of the
16 time limit, I won't ask the others to add to that
17 topic of the Bennett, but I do note that they were
18 hoping to talk a little bit more about their
19 observations of the impacts of Bennett today.
20 But I do want to ask them if they can, if the
21 panel, whoever would like to, can talk about -- the
22 panel of witnesses can talk about their
23 observations of ice jamming in the Peace River
24 since before the Bennett Dam went in and after the
25 Bennett Dam went in, so whoever would like to start
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1 with that topic.
2 CHIEF STEVE COURTOREILLE: Before the Bennett Dam, we
3 could -- we used to be able to -- we knew where the
4 ice was going to jam for the spring to get our
5 spring floods, and one place used to be right at
6 where my cabin is. That's where the ice used to
7 jam up.
8 And the other big place was down on the
9 Slave, a place they call the 30th Baseline. That's
10 another place that we used to have a big -- we'd
11 get a big ice jam, and that will back -- get some
12 of the water backed up and some even going up
13 the -- this part of the Rocher would flow into the
14 Athabasca and so would the Cut Float River would
15 flow into the Lake Athabasca in the spring.
16 And after -- well, I guess after the Bennett
17 Dam, that's -- there was, there was literally no --
18 no ice jams. Might have been a couple, but the ice
19 seemed to be different than it used to be before
20 the Bennett Dam and what kind of ice we get now.
21 The ice we get now, like, doesn't seem to
22 have the strength it used to have for ice jams
23 years ago.
24 THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Kyle?
25 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Sorry, Mr. Chairman. I'm
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1 just trying to make the best use of the time that
2 we have left.
3 I would ask George, perhaps, if he could talk
4 about his memories of what the ice jamming was like
5 before the Bennett Dam went in.
6 ELDER GEORGE MARTIN: Hello.
7 (Native words spoken).
8 Back in 1950s, (Native words spoken).
9 MS. TERRY MARTEN: George said the importance of
10 flood and ice jams is because it creates floods.
11 Back in 1950s, when he first started growing up --
12 he was born in '42 -- started growing up and
13 started trapping, everything was alive and
14 plentiful back then. Everything was because it was
15 being replenished through floods because of the --
16 by ice -- by the ice jams. There was able to build
17 nice ice, so it created ice jams in the spring
18 which created the floods and then replenished the
19 delta.
20 Everything was beautiful and alive until the
21 dam was built.
22 Then everything started going down then. We
23 started losing our birds, our animals. It seems
24 like the moose are getting less and less too now,
25 he said.
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1 The ice dams causes floods and replenishes
2 the land for new growth. We need water to have our
3 traditional resources to be able to survive. If
4 they build another dam, that's the one dam that did
5 that. Now if we build another dam, there will be
6 no life or no delta left, for that matter. So
7 therefore we cannot just let the dam go and be --
8 another dam be built, we have to somehow work
9 together. We need to work together to be able to
10 discuss things where we can minimize the impacts,
11 because we certainly cannot let the second -- this
12 dam go without being -- without being certain that
13 our traditional way of life will keep going.
14 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you.
15 And if you could maybe just pass the mic to
16 Larry. Larry, we're going to pull up a photograph,
17 and if you could just explain what the photograph
18 is depicting for the panel, is showing for the
19 panel.
20 ELDER LARRY MARTEN: Yeah, this is Baril Creek. I
21 was talking earlier when I was a kid. We'd come
22 through for -- there's the Peace River here.
23 That's a channel at the mouth of Baril Creek, and
24 as you see now, that's the way it is most of the
25 time. There's no water. And here was -- see, all
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1 this -- this grass and these willows, this is the
2 main land up here. This is all new growth in here.
3 You know, the last 30, 40 years, I'd say. Well,
4 yeah, 40 years. 30 years for sure.
5 Anyway, and this is the driftwood that
6 probably drifted down the river, but I guess that's
7 the way it is now, so ...
8 Like, this is after the Bennett Dam.
9 Before the Bennett Dam, I talked about it
10 when I was a kid that, you know, we'd come out on
11 Lake Claire and through Baril Lake, and come out
12 here. There's the river, and then Mathew also
13 brought that, like, there's good bear hunting in
14 that area, so we've seen that.
15 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: And can you just explain how
16 it is from this photo that you know how high the
17 water used to be in that area, if you can just
18 point out the features that explain that to you.
19 ELDER LARRY MARTEN: How high the water used to
20 be? Like I say, you see, this is all new growth.
21 You can't see the bank behind it. That's where
22 the -- this is all this, what you call it, red
23 willow. What do you call this? That's all new
24 growth, so, you know, the bank would be in here
25 somewhere, so the water difference here would be
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1 about 4 or 5 feet.
2 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Okay. Thank you.
3 And if I could turn it over to the chief
4 again now to talk about his observations with
5 spring flooding in the delta.
6 CHIEF STEVE COURTOREILLE: The area where I want to take
7 you to is the other river, also in comparison with
8 the Peace River, the Athabasca River.
9 Anyways, it's a little too dark to identify
10 it for you to recognize where I'm trying to ...
11 But the Athabasca River where the Embarras
12 River joins up with -- it's where -- Snowbirds
13 area, we call. And the ice break-ups back then,
14 because the ice was so solid, the ice formation is
15 different today. It's more of a greyish slushy
16 type of ice that's frozen.
17 Back then the ice was blue, bluish colour,
18 and that ice is very solid. You know, 30-foot
19 trees, it would snap it in half, no problem.
20 That's how powerful that river and the ice was back
21 in I'd say the -- in late '60s, when we used to
22 have good floods and good ice break-up.
23 Standing by the riverbank and the speed of
24 that ice travelling, you can get dizzy. That's how
25 powerful it would be.
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1 And when that happens, when the river level
2 starts to rise, we would take refuge up into the
3 higher lands, into the Jackpines. Some of the
4 families would have these so-called stages where
5 they build -- get off the ground level to protect
6 the families, their dogs, the dog teams that they
7 would take with them.
8 So, you know, we always take those
9 precautions. Chances are we couldn't predict when
10 the floods are going to come.
11 And, today, the Athabasca River and the
12 mighty Peace pretty much melts away without much of
13 ice jams or big ice break-ups.
14 When -- listening and watching the ice
15 break-ups back then was like a runaway freight
16 train. The ice would -- I mean, big chunks of ice
17 would be flipping over, trees were being snapped in
18 half. I mean, that's how powerful that river was,
19 and the ice, the strength of that ice.
20 The river crossings back then, water would
21 come into the -- over the ice, and these transport
22 trucks would cross them with no problem, but,
23 today, you know, we don't take those chances,
24 because the ice itself is not strong enough.
25 So pre-Bennett, tells us that where the
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1 problem areas -- you know, we're not saying it's
2 all Bennett Dam's fault. It has a lot of, you
3 know, factors to it, but at the same time what our
4 concerns are is the water level. If it was brought
5 back to, where, you know, it works for us, where we
6 would be able to have the proper flooding and to be
7 able to continue our way of life, to be able to
8 pass on our teachings, it's important that the --
9 that you understand Mikisew's concerns.
10 What we're trying to do today is still
11 continue to try to get our people out on the land.
12 We're building cabins out in our traditional lands,
13 but the challenges are is trying to get there in
14 the fall time by boat, and that's where the
15 challenges are with us.
16 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you, Chief.
17 And, Jocelyn, if you could just share with
18 the panel the importance of being able to be on the
19 land in order to teach language and harvesting
20 practices to younger generations.
21 MS. JOCELYN MARTEN: Hello.
22 When I was growing up out on the land, I
23 learned about safety, the travel, where it's safe
24 to travel, how to travel, what to pack, where to
25 pack, depends what time of the year, spring, fall,
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1 winter, spring.
2 So I think it's very important that you have
3 your kids, your grand kids, your friends, any
4 younger generation to take out in the bush, out
5 into the cabins, out and teach them the way of
6 life, the way I was brought up, the way your
7 tradition, your life, I mean, how to hunt properly.
8 Not in a classroom, because a lot of times,
9 finding -- to teach -- I think a lot of times to
10 teach kids in the classroom of the way of life is
11 you can't teach them safety. You can't show them a
12 river. You can't ask them to cross a river in a
13 classroom and stuff like that.
14 So it's very important to have your youth out
15 on the land, out where you were brought up in all
16 these areas.
17 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Thank you, Jocelyn.
18 And would anybody else --
19 THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Kyle, if I may, I would
20 like Jocelyne Beaudet to have a chance to ask a
21 couple of questions.
22 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Absolutely. Thank you,
23 Mr. Chairman.
24 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
25 I'd like to cover the same three areas that I
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1 did with the previous representatives of the
2 Athabasca and Chipewyan First Nation.
3 The first one was about spatial boundaries,
4 and I believe that we will have a better
5 definition. We'll have some definition tomorrow
6 how the LAA and the RAA were defined and
7 established.
8 The second area of questioning was the
9 comments that your community has made regarding
10 gaps in the information of the EIS and trying to
11 understand if you consider that the assessment of
12 the project effects on your community wasn't done
13 properly? Or is it because the cumulative effects
14 assessment did not consider the effects of the two
15 previous dams?
16 And I'd like you to answer that, please.
17 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: With the -- if the panel is
18 fine with this, I'm happy to answer that as legal
19 counsel, because it will be addressed in the final
20 argument, but if you want to direct it to a
21 particular person on the panel, that's fine as
22 well. I'm in your hands in that regard.
23 MS. MELODY LEPINE: I may be addressing that in
24 my talk as well.
25 MS. BEAUDET: In your final talk?
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1
2 Presentation by Ms. Melody Lepine:
3 MS. MELODY LEPINE: Yes, and I'm very anxious to
4 speak. I've been waiting almost three years to sit
5 in this seat as I've been part of the consultation
6 in managing this for Mikisew, so if I may start.
7 MS. BEAUDET: Okay.
8 MS. MELODY LEPINE: Okay. And having just the
9 comments about the critical issue of time, this is
10 now the ninth regulatory hearing that I've been
11 involved in on behalf of the Mikisew Cree, and
12 we've never been rushed ever in any of those nine
13 hearings, so I'm now feeling pretty nervous.
14 However, I'll begin.
15 Good afternoon, panel. My name is Melody
16 Lepine, and I too am a member of the Mikisew Cree
17 First Nation. And the director of the Government
18 and Industry Relations Department, which oversees
19 all of the consultation with various resource
20 developers, including overseeing the consultation
21 efforts of BC Hydro in relation to this project,
22 Site C.
23 Since everybody has sort of provided an
24 explanation of where their family roots are, in
25 relation to the map, my -- I can discuss where --
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1 I'm not a traditional harvester myself, but I was
2 brought out on the land as a young girl, and it's
3 at an early stage when you're brought out on the
4 land that you're able to learn your identity, and
5 you're able to understand your culture, where you
6 come from, so that you can understand where you're
7 going to go in the future, and so being out on the
8 land has done that for me, and so I've pursued the
9 environmental science career and been able to
10 assist my nation, maybe not as an active land user,
11 but in the capacity of helping protect the
12 environment.
13 In terms of my -- where my grandfather comes
14 from, he was born and raised in Jackfish River,
15 which is on the Peace River. I spent, as a young
16 girl, many summers in his cabin, one of his two
17 cabins, in Peace Point. Peace Point is actually
18 one of our Reserves, and we used to have beautiful
19 log cabins there, many still standing today, and I
20 got to, as a young girl, spend many summers there
21 with my grandfather. I was really quite fortunate.
22 My grandmother, I've never been to her area,
23 is on the Birch River, which is just south in one
24 of the tributaries into Lake Claire, and I hope to
25 one day get to see the home that she's told me many
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1 stories about as a young girl growing up there, and
2 maybe visit the grave sites of many of my
3 relatives.
4 And I hope to bring my daughter there so she
5 can also see where she comes from.
6 So that's a little bit of a history about me.
7 An important part of my responsibility as the
8 director is to communicate to Proponents the issues
9 and concerns of the Mikisew Cree. I believe that
10 the Mikisew Cree have done an excellent job in
11 informing BC Hydro and the regulators the Mikisew
12 Cree's crucial concerns regarding the proposed
13 Site C project.
14 Today, our panel, are only a few of the
15 hunters and trappers that have provided testimony
16 to allow you to fully -- well, maybe not fully --
17 but attempt to understand a lot of those concerns.
18 If the hearing had been held in Fort Chip, I
19 can assure you that if we were in the community
20 hall right now, it would be pretty full with a lot
21 of concerned residents in the community.
22 THE CHAIRMAN: Probably wouldn't have had
23 overhead plumbing either.
24 MS. MELODY LEPINE: No, and you would have a
25 really good traditional meal at lunch.
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1 Just in light of that, we did bring BC Hydro
2 or welcomed them into the community last February,
3 and they did see many of Mikisew Cree land users,
4 many of the seats in the hall were filled, and they
5 heard very -- I think out loud and clear what our
6 concerns were.
7 They heard that -- it was very vocal. There
8 was a lot of frustration in the room, but they
9 heard very loud and clear that they have destroyed
10 the delta, and that they will continue to destroy
11 the delta with Site C.
12 They have taken all of the water, and the
13 community feels nothing is left for them, and not
14 only feels it, you can actually see it. It's -- I
15 think the pictures have proven a lot, but as well
16 as the oral and written evidence.
17 I think you've also heard that without the
18 water in the delta, that is going to cripple the
19 Mikisew Cree's ability to meaningfully exercise
20 their Constitutionally-protected rights. Those
21 Treaty Rights that the Chief spoke of, they are
22 there. They were promised to us from the Crown,
23 and one of the things that we are continuously
24 striving and one of the important key factors in
25 consultation is that we try to protect those
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1 rights. The ability to exercise those rights. And
2 without the water, those rights will vanish.
3 I think that's a very important matter that
4 I'm sure our legal counsel will further explain in
5 another session where there is discussion on Treaty
6 Rights. Is that correct?
7 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: In final argument we will,
8 yes.
9 MS. MELODY LEPINE: In final argument.
10 I guess the difficulty with us in the
11 consultation with BC Hydro is that they sort of
12 expect us to trust them with the given EIS that has
13 been filed that they have provided enough
14 information, and when you look at and understand
15 the damages that they have done to the delta so
16 far, how can we trust them?
17 They were not asked to provide an assessment
18 on the delta. They were not asked to provide an
19 assessment to include the Bennett Dam. So, really,
20 essentially not a full comprehensive cumulative
21 effects assessment.
22 And they are the regulator in this. They
23 control the water coming down that river.
24 So I think it's very important that they
25 play, you know, a role in ensuring that their
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1 actions are not going to have those detrimental
2 effects to us downstream.
3 It's also the role of Canada and BC to ensure
4 that their impacts, their actions or their projects
5 will not affect us downstream.
6 How can everybody be assured that those
7 impacts won't be there if you're not provided the
8 information? We have not seen the assessments, so
9 we're not convinced.
10 Throughout the whole -- the entire
11 consultation process. There have been meetings.
12 There have been reports. And I'm not going to
13 repeat everything Ms. Somers has stated. I will
14 adopt many of her comments, because we have done
15 joint meetings with ACFN, joint studies and joint
16 reports that we have submitted, but I will echo the
17 frustration that you heard from her.
18 I too felt the same frustration and voiced
19 those frustrations in many, many meetings with the
20 regulators and with BC Hydro.
21 My statements and the statements of ACFN
22 should come as no surprise today to those parties.
23 It's almost disgraceful to have participated
24 in such a process where you're led to believe you
25 have a voice, and that you feel that you're
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1 representing a nation, a nation that has these
2 important rights that are part of the Constitution
3 of Canada, and yet your voice is completely
4 ignored.
5 So it's almost like, you know, what is the
6 purpose of these consultation processes if you're
7 allowing for them to continue by leading people to
8 believe that it's meaningful.
9 So I think the whole process is flawed and
10 really needs to be reviewed.
11 With the absence of the scientifically
12 rigorous assessment on the most important
13 freshwater delta in the world, the film did mention
14 that it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and it got
15 that designation because of its ecological
16 importance, being one of the largest freshwater
17 deltas in the world, it deserves that recognition.
18 It deserves that recognition by BC Hydro. It
19 deserves that recognition by you, the panel, and by
20 everybody that is involved in assessing the impacts
21 to it.
22 That delta that we're all talking about, it's
23 in a very fragile state. It's ready, and as you've
24 heard, it's near -- it's near its last days
25 perhaps, and I'm a firm believer that, you know,
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1 despite if western science or traditional science
2 says otherwise, maybe it can be brought back.
3 Maybe with releases that can be in a right time.
4 BC Hydro, I understand, releases at the wrong time,
5 when the water goes over the ice, and in fact does
6 damages to the delta and to wildlife, but if they
7 were to do maybe releases at the right time of the
8 year, maybe the delta could rejuvenate and
9 replenish. We don't know.
10 There was an interesting photo, the one with
11 Baril Creek, and all along in my discussions with
12 BC Hydro, they keep indicating that it's climate
13 change that is causing all of those problems to the
14 delta, and yet when you look at this photo, climate
15 change really decreased 5 feet of water? I mean,
16 if that's the case, one, where are the studies that
17 say that? And, two, I mean, my understanding of
18 climate change is limited, but that's pretty
19 detrimental. And maybe the international audience
20 that's dealing with climate change impacts should
21 really be looking at how severe it is in in the
22 delta.
23 I'm not reading this, I'm just kind of
24 skimming it over, so pardon me for my pauses.
25 I think in essence, I would like to just
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1 stress the importance of traditional knowledge and
2 the fact that it was from Mikisew Cree, it was very
3 minimal. We do acknowledge that BC Hydro did
4 provide us with some funding to do a desktop study.
5 I'm involved in numerous EIAs in Alberta, in the
6 oil sands, and it's very typical that a
7 comprehensive traditional knowledge and land use
8 study be done, and they are quite comprehensive.
9 And what was done in this case was very
10 minimal, so I ask you not to rely entirely on the
11 report that was filed as true evidence of the full
12 scale of what traditional knowledge could be
13 provided. However, when BC Hydro does do the
14 proper assessment and the cumulative effects
15 assessment in the delta, you will see a more
16 comprehensive traditional knowledge done because
17 we'll be involved in those assessments when they
18 happen.
19 However, you're going to ask BC Hydro, is my
20 hope, to do those assessments.
21 I think I've covered many of the issues, and
22 that, you know, this hearing is very important to
23 us. We have so much to lose. I think from, you
24 know, if this project goes ahead, and we have a lot
25 of water to lose, obviously, but more than that, we
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1 really have nothing to gain. We're not even
2 recipients of the electricity. We deal with ATCO
3 Electric, so I mean, we really -- we're downstream,
4 and we're forgotten, so I think that's a really
5 important thing to consider as well.
6 And what has changed? You know, given that,
7 just that statement, we have everything to lose. I
8 mean, if you go back to the 1800s, a lot was lost.
9 You know, our lands were taken. We signed a
10 Treaty, yes, to agree to sharing those lands, but
11 today what has changed? You know, these projects
12 continue to take more and more resources, and the
13 Mikisew Cree are left with nothing.
14 And when you -- when we talk to Proponents,
15 such as BC Hydro, and we say, well, what's
16 important to you? And they say, well, building a
17 meaningful relationship with Mikisew Cree is
18 important. Well, we say -- well, if that is
19 important, then why won't you listen us to? Why
20 won't you consider impact? You know, consider our
21 concerns on what the impacts will be to the
22 Mikisew. If you're so concerned and you really
23 want to have a good relationship with us, why don't
24 you just do the simple things?
25 And it's not like we're coming late in the
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1 process to ask them to do these things. These are
2 things we said since day 1, since the draft Terms
3 of Reference, before even before they started doing
4 studies.
5 So we don't want to delay their project.
6 These are things we stated very early. We wouldn't
7 be here today saying do an assessment on the delta,
8 do an assessment to include the Bennett had they
9 listened to us, you know, three years ago.
10 So with those assessments, had they been
11 done, we could have had possible mitigation
12 measures, you know, that we could have worked out
13 with them. We could have had monitoring programs
14 developed with them. We could have had adaptive
15 management strategies and plans developed with
16 them.
17 Speaking of monitoring, Mikisew Cree is
18 actually quite advanced in monitoring. We have a
19 community-based monitoring program that we started
20 about three years ago. We have active land users
21 that are out on the land collecting water samples,
22 monitoring flows, taking photographs, interviewing
23 land users that are seeing changes.
24 We are doing that all with funding from
25 Mikisew, because time and time goes on and we are
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1 losing a lot of our land users, so we want to
2 record and collect data to ensure that the land is
3 safe and that these changes are being recorded, not
4 only in a traditional knowledge way, but in a
5 western science way as well.
6 So with that, I'll just close, and I think
7 indicate one last time that, panel, we've done our
8 best to inform CEAA, to inform the Environmental
9 Assessment office, and to inform BC Hydro of what
10 our concerns are in regards to this project, and
11 they have all been largely ignored.
12 We don't know how BC Hydro can draw the
13 conclusion of negligible impacts without having
14 done any proper assessments on the delta.
15 I can't believe we are now at the hearing
16 stage and that the regulators have allowed them to
17 get away with this and deem a lot of the
18 information as sufficient already.
19 It must be because many people don't want to
20 know the answers. Is there something to hide?
21 Because the conclusion will be there that
22 there are impacts and that something will then have
23 to be done about it, but I thought that is the
24 purpose of many of these projects is to avoid and
25 minimize impacts.
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1 I have faith in you, panel, that you will
2 make this change and that you will ensure proper
3 assessments and studies are done to allow you to
4 make a well-informed public-interest decision. You
5 must realize that this adequate assessment is
6 required, and I spoke about mitigation measures and
7 monitoring.
8 The onus should not be placed on the Mikisew
9 Cree to have to prove these impacts that we've
10 tried to do today. Forcing First Nations to have
11 to go out and do their own studies and do the
12 studies that should be required by Proponents who
13 are proposing the projects is ridiculous.
14 We do not have the resources to go out and do
15 multi-million-dollar Environmental Impact
16 Assessments. It's -- that just can't happen.
17 So I'd like to thank you, panel, for hearing
18 all of our concerns today, and if you have any
19 questions, we would be happy to answer.
20 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.
21 Madam Beaudet had a third question.
22 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
23 I will ask the same question I asked of the
24 previous presenters regarding the information in
25 the EIS, Volume 5. I think for your community,
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1 it's Appendix A-18, part I.
2 In this Appendix, it says that there's no
3 specific information identified by the Mikisew Cree
4 to BC Hydro regarding the LAA and RAA, and I'd like
5 you to review that Appendix, please, and let us
6 know if there's anything you disagree with or that
7 you would like to add.
8 Thank you.
9 MS. ROSANNE KYLE: Yes, we will do that in our
10 final written submissions if that is acceptable to
11 the panel. Thank you.
12 And the Chief would just like to close this
13 witness panel's submissions to the panel today.
14
15 Closing remarks by Chief Steve Courtoreille:
16 CHIEF STEVE COURTOREILLE: I want to take this
17 opportunity to thank you for listening.
18 And, you know, there's always hope. There's
19 always hope that the right things will be done and
20 the right decisions will be made.
21 You know, we don't just come over here just
22 to hear ourselves talk. It's a great concern to us
23 in our community, our Elders, our future
24 generations that are going to be heavy impacted by
25 any, you know, further challenges facing, you know,
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1 the drying out of the delta. And that's --
2 The delta is not just a land mass of water
3 and animals and plants and vegetation. It's us.
4 It's our people. It's who we are, and it will
5 continue to be that unless we have no choice. We
6 didn't ask for this. And I really sincerely hope
7 that, you know, our submission, our concerns, are
8 heard, and that, you know, make sure that all
9 avenues are covered, all areas are covered, to
10 ensure that the right decisions are made, you know.
11 We don't want to feel that once again we've -- we
12 wasted somebody else's time. We're not wasting our
13 time, because it is a concern. It's always going
14 to be a concern, and we're always going to keep
15 voicing our concern.
16 So it's us, it's our life, it's our way, and
17 we'll continue until we can't do it no more.
18 So I really appreciate you taking the time
19 with us, and I pray that, you know, something comes
20 out of this in a positive for all.
21 Thank you.
22 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Chief
23 Courtoreille.
24 And I thank also the Elders who came some
25 distance to talk to us today.
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1 This has been an informative panel, if
2 possibly slightly longer than intended, and I don't
3 believe we've wasted any time at all. Thank you.
4 We are adjourned until tomorrow morning.
5 Thank you.
6 (Proceedings adjourned at 6:50 p.m.)
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1 REPORTER'S CERTIFICATION
2
3 I, Nancy Nielsen, RCR, RPR, CSR(A), Official
4 Realtime Reporter in the Provinces of British Columbia
5 and Alberta, Canada, do hereby certify:
6
7 That the proceedings were taken down by me in
8 shorthand at the time and place herein set forth and
9 thereafter transcribed, and the same is a true and
10 correct and complete transcript of said proceedings to
11 the best of my skill and ability.
12
13 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto subscribed
14 my name this 11th day of January, 2014.
15
16
17
18 ______
19 Nancy Nielsen, RCR, RPR, CSR(A)
20 Official Realtime Reporter
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Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 2
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10:22; 13:15 Albert [2] - 67:23 APPEARANCES [1] - 2:1 arranging [1] - 133:20 adaptive [1] - 201:14 Alberta [30] - 1:25; 6:3; 7:19; appendices [2] - 16:10; ASH [1] - 24:22 add [3] - 141:11; 181:16; 14:22; 15:6, 18; 16:2, 23; 19:16 Ash [5] - 3:12; 10:24; 13:16; 204:7 17:13; 18:1, 9, 12, 14; Appendix [7] - 21:9; 130:20; 24:22; 126:21 addition [3] - 8:22; 22:8; 32:5 19:1, 6, 8-9; 20:5, 19, 23; 131:1; 204:1, 5 ashore [1] - 159:19 additional [4] - 27:5; 110:5, 21:15; 57:22; 61:3; 107:6; application [2] - 12:22; 144:1 aspects [2] - 11:2; 15:4 9; 111:7 127:11; 128:8; 131:10; applied [2] - 9:3, 24 assessing [2] - 140:1; address [8] - 22:13; 69:24; 144:4; 199:5; 207:5 appreciate [8] - 14:9, 16; 197:20 80:13; 118:10, 17; 133:11; Alberta's [2] - 17:4; 18:20 88:12; 133:8, 17; 137:12; Assessment [6] - 12:18; 134:23; 137:20 Albertan [1] - 128:2 146:4; 205:18 15:11, 25; 23:18; 131:13; addressed [2] - 123:19; Alces [1] - 21:5 apprehension [2] - 81:16; 202:9 190:19 Alex [1] - 2:19 131:25 assessment [39] - 15:5; 16:3; addressing [3] - 12:19; 89:3; alive [4] - 180:1, 8; 183:13, approaching [1] - 121:15 17:1; 20:3, 7; 23:1; 24:2, 5; 190:23 20 appropriate [5] - 19:12; 110:10; 116:8; 122:6; adds [1] - 65:11 allow [2] - 193:16; 203:3 111:24; 125:8; 126:5, 7 124:21; 125:3, 11; 126:8, adequate [2] - 23:12; 203:5 allowed [2] - 107:11; 202:16 approval [5] - 116:21; 119:1; 13; 127:4, 14; 128:5, 19, adhere [1] - 18:1 allowing [2] - 109:3; 197:7 121:11; 122:4 23; 129:20; 130:17; adhesion [1] - 140:11 almost [13] - 85:10; 90:23; approvals [1] - 122:15 140:15, 17-18; 190:11, 14; adjourned [2] - 206:4, 6 95:7; 97:20, 24; 102:8, 16; approved [1] - 116:11 195:17, 19, 21; 197:12; adjust [1] - 129:1 167:22; 169:12; 180:18; April [1] - 175:12 199:14; 201:7; 203:5 admonitions [1] - 123:13 191:4; 196:23; 197:5 aquatic [4] - 6:12; 11:1; ASSESSMENT [2] - 1:6, 8 adopt [1] - 196:14 alone [1] - 154:22 18:22; 129:17 Assessments [1] - 203:16 advanced [1] - 201:18 alongside [2] - 69:3; 148:21 Aquatic [6] - 1:13; 3:4, 6; assessments [8] - 116:5; advantage [2] - 47:6; 134:1 alternate [1] - 36:17 6:6, 21; 13:4 140:21; 196:8; 199:17, 20; adverse [1] - 125:9 altogether [1] - 114:25 area [103] - 10:23; 11:18; 201:10; 202:14; 203:3 advice [2] - 30:7; 151:20 aluminium [1] - 75:9 15:5; 17:8; 20:3, 7; 21:14; assimilation [1] - 121:7 advise [2] - 133:9; 178:10 amazing [1] - 44:22 23:1, 10, 19; 24:1, 5; 25:3; assist [5] - 8:16; 12:21; 19:8; advised [1] - 178:13 America [1] - 12:1 30:4; 34:21; 35:10; 39:21; 172:16; 192:10 advocated [1] - 109:17 amount [7] - 45:4, 12; 60:3; 41:14; 42:6, 10, 22, 25; assists [2] - 31:1, 9 affect [12] - 17:24; 19:13; 62:22; 107:12; 132:9; 43:11, 17, 19; 44:2; 45:1, associated [3] - 17:15; 23:3; 64:12; 96:13; 110:6; 179:3 3, 5; 46:11; 48:15; 51:1, 4; 61:25; 121:1 125:13, 25; 126:4; 133:5; Amy [5] - 3:10; 10:1, 3, 5; 53:1, 9-10; 54:25; 55:15; Association [1] - 22:14 147:20; 196:5 13:12 56:11; 57:17; 58:5; 63:14; assume [1] - 162:5 affected [7] - 23:15; 62:15; analysis [1] - 18:6 64:3; 82:6, 15; 85:1; 94:21; assure [1] - 193:19 63:10; 66:22; 72:1; 78:4, ancestors [2] - 113:4, 9 107:7; 121:22; 122:13; assured [1] - 196:6 13 AND [2] - 1:4, 7 124:2; 125:3, 11, 24; AT [1] - 1:11 affecting [4] - 54:2; 74:21; Andres [4] - 3:8; 9:5, 9; 13:9 126:8-10, 13, 19; 127:4, ATCO [1] - 200:2 107:4; 157:16 anglers [1] - 19:8 14; 128:5, 19; 132:2; Athabasca [72] - 3:18; 12:5, affects [3] - 71:1; 171:15; animal [3] - 50:23; 63:4; 157:16; 160:25; 164:6-8, 8, 15; 15:12, 18; 25:10, 13, 172:3 161:20 10; 165:12, 15-16; 167:10, 16; 26:13; 27:17; 42:15; afford [2] - 73:25; 115:12 animals [18] - 49:6; 82:23; 17, 23; 169:22, 24; 170:23; 43:13, 21; 59:2, 21-22; afraid [1] - 77:7 83:4, 7, 10; 95:25; 101:10; 173:25; 174:2, 4, 6; 60:6, 11, 13, 18-19; 61:11, afternoon [11] - 8:1; 14:18; 142:20; 150:5; 153:20; 175:11, 13, 19-20; 176:2; 14; 68:20; 69:5; 71:22; 15:12; 25:9; 28:18; 29:5; 160:5; 163:6; 171:15; 177:16; 185:14, 17; 186:6, 74:18; 76:10; 79:25; 84:10; 57:13; 101:2; 138:18; 180:8; 181:9; 183:23; 13; 190:8; 192:22 85:5, 10, 25; 86:2, 25; 157:22; 191:15 205:3 areas [41] - 17:20; 22:3; 87:3, 9, 11; 91:14; 93:14; age [1] - 45:3 answer [12] - 8:18; 9:20; 30:25; 31:7; 35:24; 36:4; 101:12, 14, 17; 103:15, 17, 38:2; 47:7, 13; 50:9, 13; AGENCY [1] - 1:6 75:18; 128:4; 130:8; 19, 24; 104:6, 18, 21, 24; 62:2; 66:4; 101:20; 111:5; 105:7, 10-11; 106:22; ages [1] - 32:16 132:15; 134:8, 19; 151:15; 119:24; 120:3, 5; 121:2; 107:18, 24; 108:1; 130:20; ago [14] - 54:1; 86:16; 93:24; 190:16, 18; 203:19 answers [1] - 202:20 124:9; 144:23; 148:6, 16, 133:15; 139:4; 148:21;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 3
175:2; 176:13; 182:14; basin [1] - 68:9 166:5; 168:11, 24; 169:8; blade [1] - 154:13 186:8, 11; 187:11; 190:2 basins [1] - 153:4 177:23; 179:14, 19; 181:7, blessing [1] - 47:14 Athabasca-Chipewyan [1] - battles [1] - 111:9 17, 19, 24-25; 182:2, 16, bloody [1] - 180:13 130:20 Bay [4] - 58:14, 16; 76:7; 20; 183:5; 185:8; 187:25; blow [2] - 72:3; 115:9 atmospheric [1] - 10:3 98:7 188:2; 195:19; 201:8 blowing [2] - 60:21, 23 attached [2] - 11:11; 12:23 bays [1] - 177:17 benthic [1] - 134:12 blue [1] - 186:17 attempt [2] - 112:2; 193:17 BC [71] - 1:4; 2:9; 3:5, 16; berries [7] - 43:18; 44:2, 6, bluish [1] - 186:17 attempts [1] - 115:2 6:23; 7:2, 18; 8:2; 9:21; 11, 16, 23; 156:12 bluntly [1] - 62:20 attend [1] - 31:25 10:20; 13:4; 14:4, 19, 25; berry [2] - 41:9; 120:2 Board [1] - 141:5 audience [2] - 24:9; 198:19 15:24; 16:10, 17; 17:2, 12, beside [1] - 138:2 boat [31] - 32:24; 34:13; Audio [1] - 2:18 24; 18:11; 19:2, 6-7, 9; best [12] - 101:8; 102:4; 37:11, 17, 20; 40:2; 58:9; AUDIO/SOUND [1] - 2:17 20:13, 15, 18; 22:6; 66:15; 134:8; 141:3; 172:20; 59:19; 64:7; 75:3; 78:8; August [2] - 99:16; 101:3 77:3; 81:12; 87:12; 110:3; 179:7, 9; 183:1; 202:8; 89:16; 93:17; 95:1; 97:25; auntie [1] - 109:7 114:25; 117:8, 15-16, 20; 207:11 100:17; 105:7, 9; 155:22; AUTHORITY [1] - 1:4 123:19; 124:5; 127:7; better [6] - 78:23; 134:17; 159:11, 19, 21, 23-24; available [2] - 120:4, 13 128:6, 16; 130:21; 133:4; 136:10; 155:25; 190:4 164:12; 176:9, 11; 188:14 avenues [1] - 205:9 139:11, 21; 149:13; Bettina [3] - 3:15; 12:17; boats [11] - 34:10; 37:22; average [1] - 69:11 155:21; 180:10, 23; 13:23 47:7; 64:9; 75:9; 86:10; avid [2] - 29:19; 30:3 191:21; 193:11; 194:1; between [15] - 20:18; 23:8, 94:6; 104:13; 166:18; avoid [1] - 202:24 195:11; 196:3, 20; 197:18; 25; 54:6; 64:14; 69:4; 169:15; 170:22 198:4, 12; 199:3, 13, 19; AVW [1] - 2:18 71:22; 74:19; 82:8; 83:20; bodies [1] - 111:16 200:15; 202:9, 12; 204:4 86:18; 97:14; 99:21; 100:7; AVW-TELAV [1] - 2:18 body [1] - 55:19 beach [1] - 43:2 107:12 awards [1] - 11:15 boiled [1] - 154:15 bear [3] - 26:10; 174:2; beyond [1] - 127:1 aware [3] - 26:22; 123:22; bone [1] - 73:23 180:12 185:13 big [31] - 38:25; 39:17; 43:10; book [1] - 12:6 bearing [1] - 82:23 52:19; 54:8; 61:17; 62:4; awkward [2] - 27:3; 29:18 boom [1] - 27:9 beat [1] - 113:15 71:17; 76:13; 79:13; 83:4, border [3] - 127:7; 128:2, 17 [1] 7, 10; 86:21, 23; 92:6; B Beatton - 21:5 born [14] - 32:13; 33:11; Beaudet [3] - 2:3; 189:20; 93:9; 94:8; 96:2; 101:15; 89:11; 101:3; 148:10; 203:21 152:7; 169:20; 170:7; 157:13; 158:2, 25; 159:3; backed [2] - 8:13; 182:12 BEAUDET [22] - 81:9, 15, 24; 175:18; 177:17; 182:8, 163:25; 168:8; 174:18; background [7] - 38:17; 82:21; 83:1, 4, 8; 123:18; 10-11; 187:13, 16 183:12; 192:14 94:9; 118:1; 124:14; 135:5; 124:23; 127:5, 15, 18, 21; bigger [3] - 64:9; 105:14; boss [2] - 62:21; 165:21 148:8 128:10; 129:3; 130:7, 11; 169:25 bosses [1] - 109:19 backpack [1] - 154:10 132:25; 189:24; 190:25; biggest [4] - 54:24; 77:10; bother [2] - 51:16, 18 105:3 backs [1] - 48:13 191:7; 203:22 bothering [1] - 51:12 [2] Bill [1] - 58:1 bad [2] - 180:10, 22 Beaufort - 15:20; 91:20 bottom [1] - 63:19 [4] bill [1] - 143:23 bail [1] - 58:17 beautiful - 147:22, 24; boundaries [20] - 7:22; 8:10; baker [2] - 134:21; 135:1 183:20; 192:18 bills [1] - 144:1 9:9; 10:5, 12; 19:17; 20:1, Baker [1] - 136:12 beaver [6] - 90:24; 171:11, bioaccumulation [1] - 12-13; 36:7; 124:21; 125:2; Ballroom [1] - 1:23 15-16; 172:10; 176:23 134:14 128:24; 129:23; 130:12, ballroom [1] - 6:2 beavers [8] - 82:24; 171:18, biological [1] - 128:21 14-15; 131:21; 132:6; band [1] - 58:2 23-24; 172:6; 180:19; biologists [2] - 11:5; 129:13 190:3 bank [5] - 80:8; 99:20; 172:1; 181:2 biology [1] - 10:20 boundary [15] - 10:11; 15:10; 185:21, 24 bed [1] - 135:17 biomass [3] - 21:18, 21; 22:7 24:15, 17; 83:6; 125:6; banks [2] - 180:17, 19 begin [1] - 191:14 Birch [2] - 165:17; 192:23 126:5, 7, 17; 127:3; 129:2, Barbour [1] - 2:19 begins [1] - 20:25 bird [1] - 51:6 25; 130:6; 146:25 bare [2] - 91:15, 17 behalf [3] - 103:9; 142:3; birds [24] - 37:19; 38:1, 20; box [1] - 15:16 bargain [1] - 112:12 191:11 51:3, 9, 22; 52:4, 11; boy [7] - 54:10, 14; 58:6; barge [2] - 104:7 Behind [1] - 96:18 142:20; 153:11, 20; 75:6; 158:11, 13; 163:25 barging [1] - 104:12 behind [3] - 137:24; 171:8; 156:12; 160:5; 161:10; boys [1] - 151:24 Baril [7] - 68:3; 164:14; 185:21 162:9; 163:5; 170:2; 174:5, branch [1] - 138:12 174:1; 184:20, 23; 185:11; beliefs [1] - 142:9 7; 177:10; 183:23 breach [1] - 114:3 198:11 believer [1] - 197:25 bit [27] - 7:15; 27:3, 15; 28:7; Break [1] - 60:15 baril [2] - 164:12 belongs [1] - 151:4 33:7; 35:3; 37:24; 44:5; break [29] - 17:21; 25:25; barrier [3] - 20:10; 25:5; below [1] - 22:3 53:1; 59:8; 65:24; 66:3; 32:20; 34:15; 65:25; 66:2; 126:19 beneficiaries [1] - 113:1 88:12; 99:24; 110:13; 78:25; 83:20; 84:2; 85:18, based [4] - 69:9; 116:16; beneficiary [1] - 113:1 129:8; 131:9; 132:2; 148:5; 20; 88:5, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18; 201:19 benefit [2] - 17:4; 124:8 157:15; 164:9; 165:12; 89:2; 107:9; 144:7; 150:24; baseline [5] - 10:24; 16:12; Bennett [38] - 59:13, 17; 169:18; 173:4; 179:12; 178:19; 186:13, 22; 21:24; 59:8; 182:9 62:6; 64:21; 71:7; 76:22; 181:18; 193:6 187:13, 15 basements [1] - 47:10 84:17; 101:10; 132:1; bitumen [1] - 107:9 break-up [4] - 65:25; 66:2; 139:22; 140:17; 164:4, 20; black [1] - 48:11 78:25; 186:22
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 4
Break-up [1] - 60:15 bunch [1] - 40:12 catch [2] - 71:20; 166:8 changed [9] - 37:15; 78:13; break-up-timing [1] - 17:21 bundle [1] - 11:12 catches [1] - 42:12 103:16; 146:9; 151:6; break-ups [3] - 186:13; burbot [1] - 72:23 catching [1] - 166:11 153:11; 200:6, 11 187:13, 15 burden [1] - 110:18 catchment [1] - 17:8 changes [28] - 7:23; 10:23; breaks [2] - 79:2 Burges [4] - 3:13; 11:20; categories [1] - 125:13 16:7, 11, 14, 17; 17:21; breathe [2] - 143:5; 152:2 13:19 caught [1] - 69:10 19:19, 24; 21:17; 30:11, breathes [1] - 122:3 buried [1] - 147:13 caused [1] - 125:9 19; 50:1, 22; 69:25; 76:19; Brent [5] - 3:11; 10:19; burlap [1] - 58:19 causes [2] - 146:11; 184:1 84:18; 125:14, 20, 23; 13:14; 124:24 burning [1] - 88:23 causing [2] - 113:8; 198:13 128:20; 129:15, 18; 155:4; BRENT [1] - 124:24 bush [10] - 91:18, 24; 122:9; CEAA [3] - 11:11; 116:3; 179:13, 21; 201:23; 202:3 Brian [2] - 2:5, 7 157:14; 159:1, 4; 161:6, 8; 202:8 changing [4] - 50:14, 16; bridge [2] - 18:5; 164:9 164:1; 189:4 CEAR [2] - 16:5; 22:16 65:14; 76:20 Bridget [1] - 2:10 bushman [2] - 31:2, 12 Celesa [3] - 3:15; 12:16; channel [16] - 38:17; 43:9; brief [5] - 7:1, 5; 66:6; 88:18; buy [3] - 55:4; 73:22 13:22 48:11; 66:2; 79:21; 100:11, 137:14 BY [1] - 1:3 cell [2] - 6:16; 44:15 14-15; 105:21; 170:4-6, 8, briefly [1] - 25:25 central [1] - 107:6 25; 184:23 channel's [1] - 100:7 bring [13] - 7:11; 26:11; C cents [1] - 55:5 41:13; 64:22; 71:24; 72:6, ceremonies [2] - 142:6; channels [8] - 39:5; 98:24; 19; 104:10; 152:21; 150:10 100:7; 105:12, 17; 169:10; C-31 [1] - 58:1 160:16; 179:20; 193:4; ceremony [1] - 142:5 170:20, 24 C-38 [1] - 143:23 Charles [3] - 4:4; 70:4; 194:1 certain [8] - 24:23; 25:23; cabin [13] - 160:14; 165:7, bringing [1] - 31:20 60:3; 64:24; 71:4; 92:4; 174:19 10; 167:8, 13, 15; 169:1; brings [3] - 63:5; 111:7; 177:6; 184:12 CHARLES [27] - 70:5; 73:9, 171:8; 176:5; 180:17; 17; 74:4, 14, 16, 23; 75:12, 122:24 certainly [3] - 26:2; 126:19; 182:6; 192:16 British [3] - 15:16; 21:1; 184:11 21; 76:24; 77:2, 14, 22; cabins [7] - 165:5, 10; 176:5; 78:6, 14, 21; 79:11; 80:6, 207:4 certainty [3] - 140:6, 8 188:12; 189:5; 192:17, 19 19; 81:4, 14, 19; 82:11, 23; BRITISH [2] - 1:3, 8 CERTIFICATION [1] - 207:1 Calgary [1] - 46:24 83:2, 6, 12 broadly [1] - 126:13 certify [1] - 207:5 camp [10] - 40:13, 17-18; Charlie [11] - 3:22; 27:23; broke [1] - 142:18 cetera [1] - 128:1 49:5, 8; 77:23; 86:19; 30:5, 10; 50:7; 70:9; 80:15; broken [1] - 109:15 chain [6] - 134:12, 23; 135:7; 159:14; 167:19 83:9, 18; 87:6 brother [10] - 50:7; 104:20; 161:19, 22 campfires [1] - 50:8 check [3] - 54:12; 68:17; 147:13; 149:4; 150:13; Chair [8] - 11:10; 14:7, 15; camping [1] - 149:5 149:6 157:24; 158:1, 9, 23 25:11; 26:21; 133:25; camps [2] - 40:3, 12 checked [2] - 69:11; 154:7 brothers [3] - 34:4; 89:19; 189:24; 203:22 Canada [9] - 15:14; 105:3; chief [18] - 137:8, 22-23; 166:18 chaired [1] - 8:13 141:5; 143:18; 144:3; 138:15, 22; 148:2, 4; brought [10] - 7:24; 27:5; Chairman [9] - 2:3; 6:25; 196:3; 197:3; 207:5 150:13; 152:10; 155:2; 44:13; 185:13; 188:4; 138:19; 139:8; 140:13; CANADA [1] - 1:6 156:17; 157:2; 168:20; 189:6, 15; 192:2; 198:2 178:23; 179:6; 182:25; Canada's [2] - 11:14, 16 179:11; 186:3; 188:16; Bruno [6] - 3:22; 4:5; 27:24; 189:23 Canadian [3] - 9:18; 11:10; 205:22 30:13; 84:7, 12 CHAIRMAN [52] - 6:10; 13:2; 86:17 Chief [11] - 4:11, 16, 23; BRUNO [4] - 84:13; 85:16; 14:5, 12; 24:8, 21; 25:7; cannot [13] - 38:3; 74:5; 119:8; 136:20; 138:17; 87:16, 19 26:1, 7, 12, 18; 27:6, 8, 13; 82:11; 96:15, 22; 97:12; 141:22; 142:1; 194:21; bucks [4] - 69:12; 98:20 29:9; 35:16; 56:1; 64:10; 110:18, 21; 116:13; 204:12, 15 buddy [1] - 105:19 65:9, 20; 66:5; 75:5, 19; 121:23, 25; 184:7, 11 CHIEF [11] - 138:18; 142:2; budgeted [1] - 83:24 76:21, 25; 80:13; 83:19; canoe [8] - 75:13, 15; 92:17; 146:4; 148:10; 152:13; Buffalo [3] - 142:11, 17; 84:4; 88:6, 9, 15, 20; 94:25; 95:3, 5; 154:10 155:7; 156:22; 179:15; 153:17 106:10; 110:12, 15; 123:9; canoes [1] - 92:15 182:2; 186:6; 204:16 buffaloes [1] - 171:12 124:10; 133:13, 20; Canyon [1] - 22:3 child [1] - 89:14 buffer [5] - 127:7, 11, 13, 25; 136:13; 140:24; 146:2; capacity [2] - 125:9; 192:11 childhood [1] - 89:13 128:8 148:2; 178:2, 7, 18; 179:2; care [3] - 139:20; 152:6, 9 children [14] - 29:21; 32:15; build [10] - 49:12; 50:18; 182:24; 189:19; 193:22; 33:5, 23; 35:10; 36:1; 42:8; 55:18; 56:15; 58:8; 80:2; career [1] - 192:9 203:20; 205:22 53:19; 154:22; 155:10; 183:16; 184:4; 187:5 careful [2] - 67:22; 68:16 challenged [1] - 150:18 caribou [1] - 91:17 173:8 build-up [2] - 50:18; 55:18 challenges [4] - 155:3; carried [1] - 154:10 Chip [45] - 32:13, 15; 33:12, building [4] - 49:10; 78:23; 188:13, 15; 204:25 20; 34:16; 37:20; 38:9, 11, 188:12; 200:16 carry [1] - 110:18 chance [5] - 33:7, 22; 133:3; carrying [1] - 92:17 15; 45:16, 18, 23; 50:5; built [15] - 16:22; 58:25; 179:8; 189:20 53:2; 54:18; 56:5; 57:21; 61:19; 67:2; 76:13, 22; case [13] - 25:8; 32:10; 58:9; chances [2] - 187:9, 23 58:24; 60:11; 66:2; 73:16, 77:1; 85:22; 101:11; 74:13, 15; 78:24; 127:23; change [16] - 11:11; 18:7; 21; 74:7, 10; 75:2; 77:3, 103:23; 159:16; 167:9; 143:10, 19; 152:8; 178:17; 21:23; 35:3; 56:19; 125:13, 23-24; 86:10; 91:16; 104:2, 179:14; 183:21; 184:8 198:16; 199:9 15, 17; 129:4; 149:14; 16, 18; 106:16; 148:10; bulrushes [1] - 176:8 cases [1] - 14:23 151:13; 198:13, 15, 18, 20; 160:11, 23; 163:25; cat [1] - 68:5 203:2
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 5
166:16; 167:19; 168:9; combined [1] - 26:13 193:9, 12, 17; 194:6; 10; 115:16; 120:6, 10; 169:5; 171:1; 175:9; coming [26] - 32:10; 37:19; 200:21; 202:10; 203:18; 142:7; 143:15; 147:15; 193:18 38:21; 48:8; 49:9, 15; 51:4; 205:7 173:6, 11; 175:21; 188:7, Chipewyan [13] - 25:10, 13, 59:5, 21; 60:17; 61:11; concluded [1] - 130:23 11; 194:10; 197:7; 200:12; 16; 28:17; 29:15; 45:20; 64:5, 14-15, 17; 67:15; concludes [1] - 24:6 205:5, 17 84:21; 103:21; 104:7; 91:9; 94:3; 108:1; 115:7; conclusion [2] - 202:13, 21 continued [1] - 60:16 123:5; 130:20; 137:10; 133:16; 144:15; 171:20; conclusions [1] - 179:5 continues [4] - 21:3; 30:16, 190:2 174:7; 195:23; 200:25 condition [1] - 21:24 18; 114:3 choice [1] - 205:5 comment [2] - 129:16, 24 conditions [12] - 10:25; continuing [2] - 163:21; choose [3] - 117:3; 134:7 comments [11] - 3:3; 6:18, 16:12; 17:9; 18:4, 8; 19:25; 174:13 chose [1] - 158:10 21; 24:11; 108:20; 138:15; 24:3; 118:25; 119:1, 6 continuous [1] - 150:19 Christmas [2] - 68:5; 166:12 141:23; 151:21; 190:9; conduct [1] - 120:18 continuously [1] - 194:23 Christmastime [1] - 54:7 191:9; 196:14 confirming [1] - 23:10 contribute [1] - 115:13 chunk [1] - 79:25 Comments [1] - 4:8 confluence [1] - 23:2 contribution [1] - 10:10 chunks [1] - 187:16 commitments [1] - 18:1 confused [1] - 134:6 control [4] - 25:21; 64:20; chutes [2] - 24:16; 124:7 common [4] - 22:2; 37:16; conjunction [1] - 111:25 142:14; 195:23 Chutes [7] - 20:8; 21:12; 146:17 connected [1] - 61:16 controllers [1] - 61:14 24:14; 25:2, 4; 126:17; communicate [2] - 18:10; connectivity [1] - 56:2 controlling [1] - 61:15 127:2 193:8 conservative [3] - 126:3, 16; convenient [1] - 84:5 circle [1] - 175:18 communicating [1] - 19:8 130:1 convent [2] - 158:4 Civil [1] - 11:21 communications [3] - 17:16; consider [8] - 93:3; 140:14; convinced [1] - 196:9 civil [1] - 11:22 19:4, 11 151:3; 190:11, 14; 200:5, cool [1] - 20:21 Claire [26] - 21:6; 60:9, 20; communities [7] - 20:18, 25; 20 coordinator [2] - 9:18; 28:22 61:2, 16; 72:11; 84:23; 130:22; 131:3, 10; 133:6 consideration [1] - 147:19 corner [2] - 15:15; 59:6 85:1, 7, 10; 86:18; 101:19; Community [3] - 31:18; 54:3; considerations [2] - 129:18, correct [5] - 82:1; 128:17; 150:2; 159:6; 160:24; 108:18 23 156:21; 195:6; 207:10 164:7; 165:9; 174:8; community [28] - 20:19, 21; considered [3] - 17:24; cost [7] - 39:16; 98:14, 18, 175:24; 176:1; 177:12; 30:1, 6; 31:2, 11, 21, 23; 130:1; 152:4 20; 120:20, 22; 169:4 185:11; 192:24 40:10; 46:16; 52:12; 53:19; considering [1] - 132:10 costly [2] - 94:2; 99:6 clarification [2] - 156:15, 17 57:21; 66:24; 103:12; constant [1] - 121:17 costs [3] - 61:24; 62:1; 73:24 clarify [3] - 156:24; 162:1; 118:23; 119:8; 152:12, 16; Constitution [3] - 112:10; council [4] - 30:2; 32:12; 178:22 190:9, 12; 193:19, 21; 115:19; 197:2 147:15; 168:20 classroom [3] - 189:8, 10, 13 194:2, 13; 201:19; 203:25; Constitutionally [2] - 139:7; Council [1] - 119:8 CLEAN [1] - 1:2 204:23 194:20 Councillor [10] - 3:21; 4:3, clear [4] - 132:14; 156:7; community-based [1] - Constitutionally-protected 12; 27:22; 57:9, 11, 15; 194:5, 9 201:19 [2] - 139:7; 194:20 136:22; 157:21, 23 cleared [1] - 37:14 company [1] - 152:9 constraints [2] - 120:20; COUNCILLOR [18] - 57:12; clearly [1] - 114:20 Company [2] - 58:14; 76:8 141:17 61:7; 62:4, 17; 63:12; clicks [1] - 76:11 compared [4] - 18:7; 22:10; constructed [1] - 22:22 64:13; 65:15, 21; 66:9, 12, climate [4] - 198:12, 14, 18, 56:19; 169:8 construction [1] - 120:8 23; 67:14; 68:15; 157:22; 20 comparison [1] - 186:7 consult [5] - 17:12; 19:2; 160:19; 162:3, 9; 163:12 clip [3] - 141:4, 7, 16 complete [1] - 207:10 114:18; 117:15; 144:5 Counsel [4] - 2:5, 9 close [6] - 60:18; 77:4; completed [2] - 20:15; consultation [17] - 15:25; counsel [10] - 3:5, 20; 6:23; 114:14; 168:15; 202:6; 129:20 28:22; 31:15; 108:23; 25:12, 20-21; 27:18; 204:12 completely [5] - 110:7; 114:17; 132:11; 138:13; 190:19; 195:4 closer [1] - 59:23 117:4; 161:22; 165:13; 140:3; 142:15; 144:9; counsel)Megan [1] - 3:19 Closing [2] - 4:23; 204:15 197:3 191:5, 19-20; 194:25; count [2] - 107:14; 178:4 closing [1] - 130:14 component [2] - 125:5, 10 195:11; 196:11; 197:6 counting [1] - 154:12 Co [2] - 2:7 components [2] - 15:2 consultations [1] - 143:21 country [8] - 59:19; 106:5; Co-Manager [2] - 2:7 comprehensive [4] - 195:20; consulted [3] - 18:23; 112:9; 143:24; 147:22; coffee [3] - 40:6; 83:20; 84:2 199:7, 16 143:11; 144:8 151:2, 5; 168:16 cold [1] - 20:19 computers [1] - 14:6 consume [2] - 51:10; 53:23 coupe [1] - 171:2 collaboration [1] - 82:8 concern [9] - 17:17; 21:25; consumed [1] - 135:9 Coupe [6] - 21:6; 59:1, 10; colleague [2] - 25:13; 28:10 22:17; 23:16; 204:22; contaminants [1] - 180:6 60:7; 61:20; 69:3 collect [1] - 202:2 205:13 contaminated [1] - 136:4 couple [18] - 26:25; 32:23; collecting [1] - 201:21 concerned [3] - 145:19; contemplating [1] - 116:25 37:14; 42:2; 47:25; 48:1; College [1] - 158:16 193:21; 200:22 context [2] - 12:22; 69:25 49:16; 63:6; 73:13; 94:16; colour [1] - 186:17 concerning [1] - 181:11 continually [2] - 83:10; 148:19; 149:3; 164:21; COLUMBIA [2] - 1:3, 8 concerns [25] - 16:20; 22:13; 111:19 169:17; 170:24; 182:18; 28:19; 67:11; 68:13; Columbia [4] - 9:19; 15:16; continue [28] - 17:9, 25; 189:21 21:1; 207:4 100:23; 132:7; 133:5; 18:12, 14; 23:4; 24:4; 77:1; coupled [2] - 122:14; 132:16 137:11; 139:25; 140:2, 14; combine [3] - 22:20; 126:11 84:3; 88:10; 113:12; 114:2, course [5] - 30:9, 20; 31:1; 156:9; 181:14; 188:4, 9;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 6
124:22; 154:11 68:17 dangers [2] - 105:7; 156:3 78:12, 15-17; 79:10; 84:15; COURT [1] - 2:13 crossings [1] - 187:20 dark [4] - 27:11, 14-15; 186:9 86:6, 12; 87:1, 10, 19; Court [1] - 143:11 Crown [8] - 112:13, 21; data [4] - 22:5; 130:21; 88:2; 89:17; 90:16, 19; Courtney [2] - 2:7; 137:13 113:6, 14; 115:18; 118:7; 132:25; 202:2 91:1, 12-13; 92:4, 7, 13; Courtoreille [10] - 4:11, 17, 140:12; 194:22 date [1] - 73:12 94:7; 95:11; 96:13, 22; 23; 136:20; 137:22; crucial [1] - 193:12 daughter [5] - 44:11; 109:6; 98:18, 21; 102:15; 103:2; 138:17, 22; 148:3; 204:15; crying [1] - 180:13 158:8, 15; 193:4 106:16, 21; 107:4; 110:6, 205:23 CSR(A [3] - 2:15; 207:3, 19 daughters [1] - 33:6 9; 114:22; 116:2, 8, 10; COURTOREILLE [11] - cubic [1] - 17:6 daunting [2] - 8:7; 10:14 121:25; 130:18; 132:19; 138:18; 142:2; 146:4; cultural [3] - 31:8; 119:25; Dave [6] - 3:8, 12; 9:5; 11:1; 139:4; 140:8, 16; 141:3, 6; 148:10; 152:13; 155:7; 121:12 13:9, 17 144:16; 147:3, 21; 153:23; 156:22; 179:15; 182:2; culture [4] - 31:11; 113:25; David [1] - 151:11 165:18; 179:21; 183:19; 186:6; 204:16 121:14; 192:5 day's [1] - 95:8 184:6; 186:5; 194:10, 18; courts [1] - 144:2 cumulative [8] - 12:20; day-in [1] - 152:3 195:15, 18; 197:13, 22; 198:6, 8, 14, 22; 199:15; cousins [2] - 101:25; 174:21 110:10; 122:6; 130:17; day-out [1] - 152:3 201:7; 202:14; 205:1 cover [3] - 132:2; 135:11; 132:16; 190:13; 195:20; days [18] - 18:7; 37:14; 40:1; 189:25 199:14 42:13; 47:4, 25; 48:2; Delta [7] - 12:5, 8, 15; 15:13; covered [5] - 130:21; 172:19; cup [1] - 154:14 49:17; 53:14; 70:17; 71:18; 63:22; 71:22; 101:18 199:21; 205:9 current [7] - 16:12; 17:2; 76:2; 78:25; 96:4; 129:11; deltas [3] - 93:22; 153:24; covering [1] - 124:2 86:14; 87:2; 121:6; 124:2; 135:14; 164:22; 197:24 197:17 demand [1] - 112:8 Craig [4] - 2:9; 3:10; 10:8; 168:2 dead [5] - 152:25; 153:2; 13:13 cut [2] - 171:1; 176:15 163:3, 6 demanding [2] - 111:10; crave [1] - 54:5 Cut [5] - 59:10; 60:7; 75:2; deaf [1] - 114:24 112:12 demolished [1] - 163:15 create [4] - 111:12, 17; 85:19; 182:14 deal [8] - 7:17; 8:10; 115:2, 117:7; 144:6 cuts [3] - 98:21; 170:14 14; 117:12, 21; 122:20; Dene [2] - 30:21; 57:16 created [4] - 112:23; 163:16; cutting [1] - 41:15 200:2 denied [1] - 140:15 183:17 CV [1] - 11:11 dealing [3] - 115:6; 118:8; Department [2] - 20:11; creates [1] - 183:10 CVs [1] - 11:12 198:20 21:22 Creator [1] - 109:12 deals [2] - 110:11; 118:21 department [1] - 191:18 depict [1] - 55:22 creatures [1] - 29:6 D dealt [3] - 115:5; 117:18; credentials [1] - 11:4 118:4 depicting [1] - 184:18 Cree [47] - 3:18; 4:9; 25:15; dearly [1] - 109:13 depleting [1] - 122:17 D6 [1] - 68:5 26:13, 16; 27:17; 130:25; death [1] - 88:24 depth [1] - 23:12 dad [9] - 58:7; 75:23; 76:7; 133:15, 21; 136:16, 18; Death [1] - 63:22 Derald [2] - 3:14; 13:21 78:22; 89:20; 150:13; 137:8, 23; 138:4, 12-13, decades [2] - 55:19 describe [19] - 7:22; 47:19; 158:9; 165:9; 166:20 22, 24; 139:2, 25; 140:1, 4, December [1] - 46:6 48:24; 50:22; 52:9; 63:9; daily [2] - 22:4; 96:10 18, 20; 141:1, 10, 12, 21, decision [9] - 116:15, 17, 19; 66:11; 74:1; 78:11; 80:4; dam [29] - 18:17, 19; 21:2, 25; 143:19, 25; 149:21; 118:17, 20; 140:14; 87:14; 97:2; 99:7; 103:16; 18; 22:3; 23:9; 32:4; 61:9; 152:11; 155:4; 157:17; 143:12; 158:14; 203:4 108:21; 126:18; 139:2; 64:11; 65:11, 13, 17; 191:11, 16; 193:9; 194:3; decisions [2] - 204:20; 141:2; 178:1 81:20; 85:18, 22; 86:14; 199:2; 200:13, 17; 201:17; 205:10 described [7] - 19:14; 21:8; 110:4; 114:22; 132:17; 126:15, 18, 21; 128:19; 203:9; 204:3 decline [2] - 52:10, 19 159:15; 183:21; 184:4, 7-8, 134:24 Cree's [2] - 193:12; 194:19 declined [1] - 159:16 12 describes [1] - 125:3 creek [17] - 34:5, 14; 35:13; declining [1] - 53:12 Dam [39] - 16:16; 23:10, 21; DESCRIPTION [2] - 3:2; 5:2 53:2; 64:15; 90:1, 3, 8-9; decreased [1] - 198:15 28:20; 59:13, 17; 62:6; description [1] - 125:18 95:17; 96:19; 97:15, 18, decreasing [1] - 52:11 21; 105:4; 164:13 64:21; 71:7; 76:22, 25; deserves [3] - 197:17 deem [1] - 202:17 81:17; 84:17; 101:10; Creek [10] - 68:3; 89:12; designation [1] - 197:15 132:1; 139:22; 140:17; deep [2] - 39:13; 54:13 93:23; 97:15; 148:22; desktop [1] - 199:4 164:4, 20; 166:5; 168:12, deepest [1] - 100:8 164:15; 174:1; 184:20, 23; despite [2] - 155:2; 198:1 24; 169:9; 177:23; 179:14, deeply [2] - 109:14; 113:11 198:11 destroy [2] - 144:16; 194:10 19; 181:7, 24-25; 182:2, defined [2] - 19:18; 190:6 creeks [12] - 36:14; 39:3, 12; destroyed [3] - 144:25; 17, 20; 183:5; 185:8; defining [1] - 10:4 65:5; 93:10, 12; 153:5; 145:5; 194:9 195:19 definitely [1] - 25:5 161:2; 164:16; 175:5, 13; destroying [1] - 122:16 Dam's [1] - 188:2 definition [2] - 190:5 180:7 destruction [2] - 121:18; damage [4] - 151:12, 15; degree [1] - 111:3 Crick [1] - 148:22 163:16 180:11, 23 delay [1] - 201:5 cripple [1] - 194:18 detail [2] - 18:16; 131:5 damages [3] - 156:5; 195:15; delta [98] - 28:19; 29:20; critical [2] - 121:22; 191:9 determination [1] - 118:14 198:6 30:3, 10, 19, 25; 31:7; crops [1] - 120:2 determine [3] - 112:1; 126:3; damming [1] - 172:3 32:4; 46:17; 50:1; 57:24; cross [3] - 67:6; 187:22; 140:16 dams [8] - 64:15; 77:4; 60:24; 61:15; 62:15, 23; 189:12 determined [4] - 124:5, 9; 103:22; 131:20; 151:19; 63:10; 64:19; 65:14; 66:21; crossed [2] - 56:4; 68:5 126:6; 127:8 156:20; 184:1; 190:15 69:2; 74:2; 75:11; 76:23; crossing [4] - 18:6; 65:2; detrimental [4] - 122:2, 10;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 7
196:1; 198:19 dogs [13] - 75:23; 76:2; downstreams [1] - 15:3 E developed [3] - 17:19; 90:11-13; 166:2, 10, 15, dozen [1] - 29:10 201:14 17, 19; 187:6 Dr [19] - 2:3; 3:13; 11:17, 20; developers [1] - 191:20 dollar [1] - 203:15 12:2, 7, 9; 13:18-21; eager [1] - 88:24 development [8] - 18:24; dollars [1] - 152:7 151:11 early [11] - 49:8; 50:15; 19:3; 100:23; 120:16; donated [1] - 77:24 draft [1] - 201:2 67:18; 90:19; 139:12; 121:19; 122:16; 139:24; done [38] - 7:13; 9:8; 11:3; drain [1] - 60:10 165:11, 25; 166:7, 23; 145:8 33:3; 34:12; 39:19; 41:5, drastically [1] - 84:19 192:3; 201:6 developments [1] - 32:5 24; 42:16; 46:14; 111:25; draw [2] - 179:4; 202:12 ears [1] - 114:24 dictate [1] - 117:17 116:1, 5; 127:22; 139:24; drawdown [1] - 61:22 Earth [3] - 55:22; 172:14, 18 die [1] - 63:3 140:15; 142:5; 144:12; dried [15] - 58:23; 69:20; earth [1] - 163:12 dies [1] - 162:17 151:12, 15; 168:14; 90:21; 92:14; 93:7, 11; easily [1] - 114:3 diet [4] - 52:15; 54:5; 73:24; 180:11; 190:12; 192:8; 94:13, 16; 95:13, 19; east [5] - 15:17; 85:5; 86:4, 152:15 193:10; 195:15; 196:14; 97:19, 23; 98:11; 152:23; 21; 92:6 difference [8] - 39:17; 52:1; 199:8, 16; 201:11; 202:7, 176:18 easy [1] - 55:3 66:13; 71:19; 74:20; 82:20; 14, 23; 203:3; 204:19 dries [1] - 83:10 eat [5] - 63:5, 8; 147:11; 169:20; 185:25 door [1] - 145:1 drifted [2] - 86:10; 185:6 152:2; 166:10 different [22] - 36:4; 41:5, 7, doors [1] - 144:22 driftwood [1] - 185:5 echo [1] - 196:16 11; 49:6, 8; 72:22; 73:1; doos [1] - 91:10 drink [4] - 147:7 ecological [1] - 197:15 97:13; 137:16, 18-19; Doreen [10] - 3:20; 4:1, 8; drinking [2] - 153:22; 154:20 ecology [3] - 10:24; 12:3; 143:4; 149:23; 153:12; 27:20; 28:22; 29:4; 31:13; dripping [1] - 35:18 19:22 156:25; 160:1; 177:14; 32:8; 108:20, 25 drive [3] - 97:25; 166:15, 17 economic [2] - 114:5 178:25; 182:19; 186:15 DOREEN [32] - 27:2, 7, 12, driven [1] - 21:20 edged [1] - 47:15 difficult [1] - 102:6 15; 29:5, 13; 45:10; 52:9; driving [2] - 146:17; 166:19 Edmonton [1] - 174:18 difficulty [1] - 195:10 54:2; 57:8; 61:4, 24; 69:23; drop [8] - 53:25; 80:21; education [1] - 134:3 diligence [1] - 111:11 80:15; 81:1; 83:9; 84:7; 96:13; 99:18, 21; 101:12, effect [4] - 62:5; 122:10; dinner [1] - 54:8 87:14, 17; 88:3, 8; 89:1; 14, 22 125:14; 130:18 dip [1] - 154:14 99:25; 100:20; 107:14; dropped [7] - 49:18; 52:17, effective [2] - 66:10, 12 direct [4] - 110:8; 130:3, 9; 108:17, 21; 110:14, 17; 22; 74:18; 80:8; 99:11, 17 effects [25] - 8:5; 12:20; 123:8; 132:8; 133:19 190:20 dropping [2] - 80:12, 17 22:19; 23:11, 17, 22; Dory [1] - 76:13 directions [1] - 93:4 drops [3] - 50:18; 80:20; 110:10, 20, 22; 122:6; directly [2] - 6:18; 124:20 dots [1] - 160:20 99:23 125:9; 126:10; 130:3, 17; director [5] - 9:14, 17; double [1] - 47:15 drowned [2] - 180:21; 181:4 131:19; 135:21; 177:22; 138:11; 191:17; 193:8 double-edged [1] - 47:15 dry [19] - 54:9, 13; 83:12; 190:12-14; 195:21; 196:2; disagree [3] - 115:1; 133:7; doubling [1] - 21:20 90:7; 162:21, 23-24; 163:2; 199:14 204:6 down [74] - 25:1; 32:17; 165:1, 13; 168:24; 170:2; efforts [1] - 191:21 discuss [6] - 18:18; 28:18; 36:25; 39:9; 40:21; 43:7, 171:17; 172:7, 11; 176:21, Egg [7] - 69:3; 81:2, 5; 84:8; 121:17; 184:10; 16; 46:23; 47:2, 9; 48:4; 25; 177:1 102:20, 23 191:25 52:15, 21-22; 53:1; 58:3; drying [10] - 40:4, 15, 22; eggs [1] - 51:13 discussed [2] - 18:2, 16 59:5, 21; 60:1; 64:18; 65:1, 42:4; 62:15; 63:10; 76:23; EIAs [1] - 199:5 discussing [1] - 122:13 3, 17, 25; 67:6, 15, 20; 103:2; 172:16; 205:1 eight [3] - 25:25; 40:11; discussion [5] - 19:6; 20:12; 68:3, 8; 70:8; 72:1, 8, 10; du [1] - 91:18 46:13 74:10; 75:2; 79:3, 5; 80:8, 29:1; 30:21; 195:5 du-lac [1] - 91:18 EIS [10] - 10:10; 110:7, 24; 22, 24; 81:21; 87:12; discussions [4] - 117:11, 19; ducks [11] - 36:9; 53:6, 8; 116:6; 118:9; 132:22; 118:10; 198:11 94:18; 102:16; 104:17; 97:17, 23-24; 163:4, 8; 133:1; 190:10; 195:12; 106:23; 107:9; 108:1; disgraceful [1] - 196:23 177:10 203:25 110:13; 111:2; 116:21; disheartened [1] - 117:4 due [5] - 7:23; 16:18; 29:8; either [7] - 117:2; 118:9; 123:11; 131:11; 144:15; dispense [1] - 6:17 111:11; 122:15 127:17, 21; 173:22; 174:9; 146:5; 147:8; 155:13; disrespect [1] - 151:20 dummied [1] - 116:20 193:23 169:9, 23; 173:23; 175:9; distance [4] - 31:22; 116:10; Dunvegan [2] - 22:21; 23:25 ELDER [45] - 70:5; 73:9, 17; 182:8; 183:22; 185:6; 133:17; 205:25 Dunvegan's [1] - 23:17 74:4, 14, 16, 23; 75:12, 21; 195:23; 207:7 76:24; 77:2, 14, 22; 78:6, distinct [2] - 20:17, 24 during [16] - 15:25; 17:13, downstairs [1] - 58:18 14, 21; 79:11; 80:6, 19; distribution [2] - 19:23; 16; 18:18; 23:18; 39:19; Downstream [6] - 1:13; 3:4, 20:17 59:20; 61:22; 64:25; 65:22; 81:4, 14, 19; 82:11, 23; 6; 6:6, 22; 13:5 83:2, 6, 12; 84:13; 85:16; divided [1] - 10:15 66:17, 21; 67:12; 68:10; downstream [44] - 6:12; 87:16, 19; 157:12; 160:7; dizzy [1] - 186:24 70:1; 148:12 7:17; 10:5, 23; 15:3, 9-10; 162:8; 163:11, 24; 165:7; dock [1] - 86:11 duties [1] - 110:1 16:4, 15; 18:22; 20:4, 6, 9; 172:19, 22; 173:1, 9, 12; document [4] - 16:5; 22:16; duty [3] - 111:17; 121:5, 8 21:2, 4, 7, 12, 15, 17, 19, 183:6; 184:20; 185:19 113:20 dwindled [2] - 102:16; 153:7 24; 22:1, 15, 18, 24; 23:9, Elder [29] - 3:22; 4:4, 12-14, dog [8] - 34:10; 63:23; 67:10; dwindling [1] - 108:1 11, 20; 64:17; 126:3, 7, 17, 18-19; 27:23; 30:5, 13, 15; 75:22; 89:15; 91:10; 166:1; dying [2] - 163:7; 181:2 20, 24; 127:1-3; 130:2, 6; 31:18; 42:10; 69:24; 70:4; 187:6 135:21, 24; 196:2, 5; 200:3 75:5; 84:7, 12; 136:21, 25;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 8
137:25; 138:5; 149:17; environment [7] - 6:12; experience [10] - 8:20, 24; 51:9; 54:18; 73:10; 76:15; 157:11; 163:23 18:22; 128:22; 129:17; 9:3, 10, 23, 25; 84:21; 82:4; 96:2; 108:5; 109:19; elder [2] - 30:6; 160:10 130:4; 146:7; 192:12 103:3; 120:6 155:8; 159:13; 164:1; Elder's [1] - 151:1 environmental [8] - 11:11, experienced [2] - 10:5; 76:23 191:24 elderly [1] - 11:6 15; 12:11, 20; 16:3; expert [1] - 134:21 family's [1] - 33:21 elders [1] - 180:16 118:25; 124:14; 192:9 expertise [2] - 11:19; 12:11 family-orientated [1] - 41:23 Elders [26] - 25:17, 24; 26:5, ENVIRONMENTAL [2] - 1:6, experts [3] - 7:11; 122:8; far [18] - 21:11; 31:21, 23; 11; 28:8, 16; 31:21; 40:13; 8 133:23 56:14; 72:20; 76:5; 79:9, 50:5; 53:18; 71:3; 73:2; Environmental [14] - 11:21; explain [15] - 32:3; 45:11, 19; 12; 80:8, 12; 127:1; 128:9; 88:12; 119:8; 121:14, 23; 12:18; 15:11, 24; 16:1, 8; 50:22; 61:4; 73:6; 77:18; 130:1; 142:10; 145:8, 19; 123:2, 10; 137:8; 148:20; 19:15, 19; 20:1; 21:9; 94:20; 112:14; 124:8; 172:8; 195:16 150:23; 153:7; 179:25; 23:18; 131:13; 202:8; 141:2; 184:17; 185:15, 18; farm [3] - 82:17 204:23; 205:24 203:15 195:4 farmland [1] - 143:2 elected [3] - 29:20; 30:3; equal [1] - 150:24 explained [2] - 29:15; 135:18 fast [2] - 112:4; 154:12 138:23 ERIC [1] - 24:12 explanation [1] - 191:24 fat [1] - 51:17 electric [1] - 61:8 Eric [1] - 24:12 extend [1] - 128:9 fatal [1] - 117:13 Electric [1] - 200:3 erosion [2] - 22:12; 150:19 extended [4] - 15:5; 128:6, father [6] - 30:13; 33:4; 34:3; electricity [1] - 200:2 error [1] - 117:13 25; 129:6 77:20; 82:4; 148:6 elements [1] - 121:12 escape [1] - 113:17 extends [2] - 20:4, 7 fault [1] - 188:2 Embarras [13] - 38:12; 39:2; especially [2] - 66:14; 147:5 extension [2] - 128:16; favour [1] - 143:13 51:2; 58:3; 59:18; 64:5; Esq [3] - 2:5, 9 131:21 favourite [1] - 71:5 91:5; 148:22; 160:13; essence [1] - 198:25 extensive [4] - 6:14; 12:4; fear [1] - 150:16 175:4, 9, 11; 186:11 essential [2] - 119:14; 132:8, 11 featured [1] - 141:12 embedded [2] - 112:11; 121:12 extensively [1] - 11:23 features [1] - 185:18 113:11 essentially [2] - 129:2; extent [5] - 7:23; 125:8; February [1] - 194:2 embeds [1] - 113:22 195:20 126:3, 7, 23 Federal [3] - 116:20; 118:7; emergencies [1] - 18:10 established [4] - 57:22; extra [1] - 65:24 145:23 emergency [4] - 18:11, 118:3; 130:15; 190:7 extreme [1] - 17:3 feds [1] - 117:15 13-14; 58:10 ESTABLISHED [1] - 1:2 extremely [2] - 9:6; 114:16 feed [7] - 63:1; 96:4; 161:15, emotional [1] - 147:12 et [1] - 128:1 21; 163:10; 166:3; 174:8 employee [1] - 31:13 evening [3] - 57:12; 157:12; F feeding [2] - 23:6; 24:4 end [15] - 44:4; 53:11; 59:23; 178:21 feet [15] - 49:12; 60:24; 81:23; 86:5; 112:12; events [1] - 18:11 66:14; 80:11; 100:8, 12, facilitate [2] - 28:25; 120:9 113:12; 122:24; 140:22; evidence [6] - 8:3; 10:2, 6; 15; 101:13, 15; 106:1; 143:3; 145:7; 160:12; 140:8; 194:16; 199:11 facilitating [1] - 28:11 159:17, 21; 180:18; 186:1; facilities [2] - 22:4, 6 176:21; 177:12 exactly [5] - 131:15; 132:4, 7; 198:15 facing [1] - 204:25 ends [3] - 151:18; 167:24; 158:14; 166:7 feet-wide [1] - 100:15 fact [6] - 110:6; 113:17; 176:9 example [3] - 97:21; 102:21; Feldberg [5] - 2:10; 3:5; enemy [1] - 154:23 103:1 117:21; 169:13; 198:5; 6:19, 23; 7:1 199:2 ENERGY [1] - 1:2 examples [1] - 102:18 FELDBERG [1] - 6:24 factor [1] - 84:17 engagement [1] - 9:15 excellent [1] - 193:10 fell [3] - 31:19; 114:24; factors [4] - 17:23; 107:4; engineer [3] - 9:6, 20; 11:16 except [3] - 14:5; 148:19; 132:21 188:3; 194:24 Engineering [2] - 8:21; 11:22 172:22 fellow [1] - 68:21 fail [4] - 114:4, 8; 121:9 engineering [3] - 9:24; excuse [1] - 106:10 felt [2] - 117:8; 196:18 failed [2] - 117:20; 118:11 11:22; 12:11 exercise [6] - 89:6; 96:14; ferry [2] - 16:24; 18:5 fairly [1] - 6:14 engines [1] - 114:6 119:15; 139:6; 194:19; few [21] - 26:10; 45:6; 70:12; faith [3] - 111:20; 112:2; enjoy [4] - 92:24; 147:7; 195:1 71:9; 74:24; 79:13; 81:6, 9; 203:1 168:16 exhaust [2] - 111:13, 20 91:3; 92:21; 94:3, 5; 99:18; fall [32] - 43:18; 44:1, 3, 11, enjoys [1] - 152:16 exhausted [1] - 111:9 108:6; 147:13; 150:11; 15; 51:15; 53:8; 66:14; ensure [8] - 115:15, 17; exist [5] - 111:12; 112:16; 152:14; 168:17; 174:21; 133:11; 145:13; 196:3; 114:6; 116:6; 118:18 79:20; 86:7; 91:2, 22; 178:20; 193:14 93:15; 105:18; 162:25; 202:2; 203:2; 205:10 existed [4] - 114:17; 117:5, fight [2] - 113:25; 119:5 165:16; 166:9, 16; 167:5; ensuring [1] - 195:25 11; 164:24 fighting [1] - 147:16 171:13, 21, 25; 173:16, 24; entered [1] - 113:4 existence [1] - 113:18 figure [3] - 103:4; 127:5; 174:7; 175:8; 176:20; entering [1] - 30:2 existing [3] - 22:5; 126:14; 128:12 180:11, 15; 188:14, 25 enters [1] - 134:12 135:6 figured [1] - 147:4 fallen [1] - 32:1 entire [2] - 117:14; 196:10 exists [1] - 117:25 figures [1] - 124:1 families [11] - 39:21; 40:13; entirely [1] - 199:10 expand [1] - 129:25 filed [4] - 12:23; 143:25; 43:4; 48:25; 51:2; 53:18; entity [2] - 9:19; 119:4 expect [2] - 111:24; 195:12 195:13; 199:11 69:16; 82:8; 155:6; 187:4, entrenched [1] - 115:19 expected [5] - 16:11; 19:13; files [1] - 31:14 6 Environment [6] - 1:13; 3:4, 21:16, 19; 111:13 filing [1] - 139:21 family [21] - 32:14; 33:25; 6; 6:6, 22; 13:5 expecting [2] - 49:19; 114:14 fill [3] - 86:1, 5; 116:5 41:4, 22-23; 46:10, 15;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 9
filled [2] - 61:11; 194:4 flat [5] - 86:6; 98:2; 100:19; 73:16; 91:7; 101:23; 102:1; freeze [4] - 17:22; 37:8; filling [2] - 17:12, 15 106:2 120:22; 134:12; 135:7; 54:13; 91:3 fills [1] - 64:6 flats [1] - 165:19 136:9; 155:6; 169:5; freeze-up [2] - 17:22; 91:3 Film [1] - 141:5 flattens [1] - 66:17 171:21 freezes [2] - 63:19; 99:19 film [4] - 141:5, 12; 166:19; flawed [1] - 197:9 food-fish-human-health [1] freezing [1] - 36:12 197:13 Fletcher [1] - 48:11 - 136:9 freight [1] - 187:15 final [6] - 133:10; 190:19, 25; FLETT [13] - 57:12; 61:7; foot [5] - 68:9; 99:21; 100:9, French [1] - 167:13 195:7, 9; 204:10 62:4, 17; 63:12; 64:13; 13 frequency [2] - 12:14; 17:3 finally [4] - 31:5; 58:22; 65:15, 21; 66:9, 12, 23; footprints [1] - 141:5 frequent [3] - 30:10; 105:15; 143:14; 147:10 67:14; 68:15 forage [1] - 21:13 106:15 findings [2] - 15:13; 129:1 Flett [8] - 3:21; 4:3; 27:22; Force [1] - 85:19 frequently [1] - 29:22 fine [6] - 26:18; 66:19; 29:25; 57:9, 11, 14; 66:7 force [1] - 146:17 fresh [1] - 162:13 135:13; 136:10; 190:18, 21 flew [1] - 166:20 forced [1] - 143:20 freshwater [3] - 162:18; fingers [1] - 56:4 flex [1] - 92:5 forces [2] - 171:18; 173:18 197:13, 16 finish [1] - 33:14 flexibility [1] - 128:19 forcing [1] - 203:10 Friday [1] - 6:1 finished [1] - 36:20 flipping [1] - 187:17 forefront [1] - 111:8 friends [4] - 33:24; 87:5; fires [1] - 135:16 Float [1] - 182:14 forest [1] - 135:16 106:13; 189:3 firm [1] - 197:25 float [1] - 166:20 forever [1] - 72:17 Frog [2] - 175:7; 176:15 First [31] - 3:18; 4:9; 9:14; floats [1] - 171:21 forgive [1] - 29:5 front [4] - 8:9; 26:2; 40:17; 25:10, 13, 15-16; 27:17; flood [8] - 12:14; 46:25; forgotten [1] - 200:4 154:10 112:17, 20; 113:13; 59:16; 78:24; 79:13; 85:24; Forks [1] - 60:8 frozen [1] - 186:16 114:13; 121:5; 135:15; 162:22; 183:10 format [1] - 137:15 frustrated [1] - 114:16 136:18; 137:8, 23; 138:22; flooded [3] - 61:1; 65:4; formation [1] - 186:14 frustration [3] - 194:8; 139:2, 14; 140:18, 20; 86:21 formats [1] - 28:5 196:17 141:21; 143:9; 144:20; flooding [13] - 17:19; 47:10; fort [1] - 93:14 frustrations [1] - 196:19 151:4, 21; 178:25; 190:2; 48:25; 59:13; 60:14, 24; Fort [64] - 24:13; 28:17; fuel [4] - 62:1, 9; 98:15; 191:17; 203:10 62:25; 66:4; 78:19; 79:10; 29:15; 32:13, 15; 33:12, 166:1 first [22] - 7:4, 15-16; 11:8; 186:5; 188:6 14; 34:16; 38:9, 15; 45:16, full [9] - 60:21; 69:21; 94:11; 26:16; 37:10; 58:8; 59:24; floods [12] - 79:4, 6, 16; 20, 23; 46:3, 25; 47:3; 164:18, 25; 178:16; 68:18; 77:2; 80:9; 81:10; 153:3; 180:5; 182:5; 54:17; 56:5; 57:21; 58:24; 193:20; 195:20; 199:11 87:22; 89:22; 90:15; 109:1; 183:10, 15, 18; 184:1; 66:2; 67:1; 73:15, 21; 75:2; fully [4] - 19:14; 138:24; 116:16; 131:22; 139:11; 186:22; 187:10 76:8; 77:3, 23-24; 84:21; 193:16 158:12; 183:11; 190:3 floor [4] - 178:18, 23-24; 86:10; 89:12; 91:16; functional [1] - 14:12 first-hand [1] - 116:16 179:1 96:17-19; 98:7; 103:20, 25; funding [2] - 199:4; 201:24 fish [112] - 7:17; 10:17, 20, Flour [1] - 98:7 104:2, 6, 8-9, 16-18; funnel [1] - 60:3 24; 15:2; 18:22, 24; 19:11, flourish [1] - 121:2 106:12, 16; 107:7; 123:4; fur [5] - 57:20, 23; 82:23; 13-14, 17, 22; 20:10, 17, flow [19] - 15:17; 16:7, 18, 127:6; 131:11; 137:9; 91:7; 101:9 25; 21:7, 17-18; 22:12; 20, 22; 17:5, 9, 18; 22:5; 145:11; 148:10; 160:23; fur-bearing [1] - 82:23 23:3, 7, 13, 24; 24:5, 17, 32:20; 60:4; 64:25; 65:6; 163:25; 168:8; 175:2, 9; furthest [1] - 10:17 24-25; 25:1, 5; 39:23; 40:4, 81:22; 106:22; 131:24; 193:18 future [13] - 31:4; 81:3; 14-16, 18, 22; 41:2, 13-14, 132:3; 182:13, 15 forth [3] - 51:23; 103:22; 121:16; 122:19, 22; 25; 42:12, 19-20; 43:4; flowing [3] - 20:20, 22; 84:9 207:8 139:13, 19; 140:7; 146:14; 46:14; 52:20; 53:3; 54:9, flows [8] - 9:21; 17:3, 7; fortunate [1] - 192:21 147:20; 173:7; 192:7; 12-13, 21; 72:7, 22; 73:4; 23:13; 24:23; 68:10; forward [1] - 143:15 204:23 84:24; 89:25; 90:5, 7, 13; 201:22 four [9] - 10:16; 11:7; 41:18; 124:4; 125:5, 14-15, 17, fluctuates [1] - 106:20 55:20; 56:10; 75:23; 79:16; G 22-23, 25; 126:4, 14-15, flush [5] - 62:25; 79:7; 153:4, 81:12 23; 128:6, 14; 129:17, 21; 25; 180:6 Four [1] - 60:8 134:14; 135:8, 11, 24; flushed [1] - 26:1 four-person [1] - 41:18 gain [1] - 200:1 136:3, 9; 142:20; 148:15; fluvial [3] - 12:12; 19:20; fourth [1] - 10:19 gallons [1] - 107:24 153:6, 20; 156:11; 161:20; 124:16 foxes [1] - 161:15 gaping [3] - 116:5; 118:18; 166:8, 12 fly [6] - 33:17; 51:22; 62:9; fragile [1] - 197:23 132:23 fished [1] - 90:2 78:8; 153:12 frankly [2] - 111:15; 112:18 gaps [2] - 131:16; 190:10 fisheries [10] - 11:5; 22:15; fly-way [1] - 153:12 freak [1] - 59:16 Gary [5] - 3:12; 10:24; 13:16; 24:19; 86:18; 124:19, 21; flying [2] - 33:19 Fred [2] - 89:3; 104:20 24:22; 126:21 128:4; 133:22; 134:5 focused [1] - 129:10 Freddie [8] - 3:23; 27:25; GARY [1] - 24:22 Fisheries [2] - 20:11; 21:22 follow [3] - 111:11; 116:14; 30:23; 89:4, 11; 99:25; gas [4] - 91:7; 98:18; 122:15; fishing [5] - 52:23; 81:25; 135:12 100:20 154:19 86:17; 120:10, 12 following [3] - 26:16; 109:25; Frederick [1] - 89:9 gather [4] - 44:23; 53:8; five [4] - 29:21; 41:18; 42:13; 119:11 FREDERICK [8] - 89:10; 177:8, 11 75:24 Fond [1] - 91:18 94:23; 95:24; 96:15; 97:4; gathered [1] - 46:11 five-person [1] - 41:18 food [14] - 52:2, 10; 54:20; 98:16; 99:9; 100:4 gathering [3] - 120:9, 12; flash [1] - 46:25 177:5
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 10
gear [1] - 166:22 30:14; 33:4; 39:25; 50:4, 6; Guidelines [1] - 16:1 44:11; 96:21; 97:17; gears [1] - 92:17 75:7, 10; 77:20; 82:4; guidelines [2] - 19:19; 119:23; 120:3, 5; 141:25; geese [9] - 32:18; 36:9; 39:6; 150:9; 176:23; 192:13, 21 110:24 148:8; 157:4, 7; 160:4; 51:16; 53:6; 64:2; 131:8; grandmother [2] - 40:1; Gull [3] - 176:4, 16, 20 163:20; 168:3; 173:10; 170:2 192:22 gull [1] - 175:7 188:19 general [4] - 16:7; 76:23; grandpa [2] - 58:13; 165:9 guy [4] - 75:22; 79:2; 87:21, haul [7] - 62:13; 104:15; 133:14; 180:12 grandparents [7] - 39:23; 23 160:16; 161:3, 5-6; 166:21 generally [2] - 15:17; 129:16 41:20; 50:12; 51:8; 54:16; guys [12] - 29:16; 32:9; 50:6; Hay [5] - 86:19; 160:10, 22, generate [1] - 65:21 58:7; 174:19 64:20, 22; 65:6; 69:15; 24; 165:8 generation [2] - 30:18; 189:4 grandson [8] - 33:9; 44:10, 72:1, 7; 73:2; 74:5; 78:1 head [1] - 66:13 generations [12] - 9:17; 31:4; 21; 54:6; 87:20, 22; 174:23 heading [1] - 46:4 77:21; 78:5; 82:5; 121:4; grass [5] - 154:13; 162:14; H health [2] - 134:20; 136:9 139:13, 19; 144:24; 164:17; 165:1; 185:1 healthy [2] - 153:17; 180:8 146:14; 188:20; 204:24 grateful [1] - 109:10 hear [9] - 13:1; 32:2; 35:22; habit [1] - 29:6 gentlemen [7] - 6:10; 10:16; grave [2] - 90:8; 193:2 57:8; 80:14; 88:24; 123:13; habitat [19] - 15:2; 18:25; 11:7; 12:16; 88:20; 138:20; graveyard [1] - 93:23 136:15; 204:22 19:14, 18, 23, 25; 21:17; 156:4 Great [1] - 15:19 heard [17] - 8:25; 120:21; 23:3; 24:2; 72:7; 124:4; geography [1] - 12:10 great [7] - 14:13; 30:14; 134:4; 135:14, 18-19; 125:5, 7, 15-16, 22; 126:4; geomorphologist [1] - 10:9 87:20, 22; 116:9; 158:14; 136:7; 141:8; 146:23; 128:6; 129:21 geomorphology [4] - 10:10; 204:22 194:5, 7, 9, 17; 196:17; habitats [1] - 23:5 12:12; 19:20; 124:17 great-grandfather [1] - 30:14 197:24; 205:8 half [12] - 7:6; 10:15; 35:2; GEORGE [6] - 157:12; 160:7, great-grandson [2] - 87:20, hearing [16] - 31:24; 58:24; 39:14; 55:13; 93:5; 98:25; 10; 162:8; 163:11; 183:6 22 62:18; 115:22; 123:12; 168:18, 23; 186:19; 187:18 George [20] - 4:12, 18; 62:18; GREG [12] - 32:8; 35:22; 135:23; 138:25; 141:9; halfway [1] - 170:16 136:21; 137:24; 138:3; 45:21; 47:22; 49:1; 50:2, 145:11; 151:11; 157:1; Halfway [1] - 136:2 157:6, 11, 13, 24; 158:2, 24; 52:13; 54:4; 55:10; 191:10; 193:18; 199:22; 23; 160:3; 174:20; 175:6; 56:5; 57:6 hall [3] - 133:14; 193:20; 202:15; 203:17 194:4 176:7; 183:3, 9 Greg [24] - 3:21; 4:2; 27:21; HEARING [1] - 1:11 hand [3] - 116:16; 129:21; ghost [1] - 74:7 29:19; 32:2, 7, 11; 45:10; hearings [4] - 6:13; 28:5; 137:25 Gilbride [1] - 2:10 47:19; 50:21; 52:9; 55:8, 61:19; 191:13 handle [1] - 121:25 gill [1] - 22:11 22; 57:5; 58:8; 60:12; heavily [1] - 30:8 hands [4] - 29:16; 82:5; girl [4] - 192:2, 16, 20; 193:1 62:11; 66:24; 74:4; 87:6; heavy [2] - 68:6; 204:24 90:25; 190:22 girls [1] - 174:22 93:4, 25; 94:4 held [1] - 193:18 hanging [2] - 40:17; 41:16 given [5] - 110:21; 130:3; grew [6] - 88:1; 95:9; 112:25; Held [1] - 1:22 happy [4] - 28:15; 159:3; 145:23; 195:12; 200:6 168:7; 175:1, 19 helicopter [1] - 58:12 190:18; 203:19 giver [1] - 102:12 greyish [1] - 186:15 hell [1] - 161:5 hard [12] - 24:15; 31:22; Gladue [1] - 67:23 groceries [5] - 62:9; 104:7, hello [3] - 89:10; 183:6; 38:18; 51:7; 71:3; 72:3; global [1] - 146:10 10, 16; 166:21 188:21 78:6; 95:21; 103:4; 113:14; God [1] - 154:12 grocery [1] - 45:16 help [7] - 12:7; 32:25; 58:12, 117:6; 153:9 Godsoe [1] - 2:9 ground [4] - 49:13; 113:24; 15; 94:14; 134:2 harder [9] - 38:8; 50:19; goldeye [4] - 21:11; 23:24; 162:24; 187:5 helped [4] - 61:20; 180:5, 8; 54:23; 93:2; 95:19; 96:8; 72:25; 126:25 grounds [2] - 39:22; 84:24 181:7 156:14; 173:14 goldeyes [4] - 72:8, 10, 20; group [3] - 8:18; 11:7; 26:13 helping [4] - 11:17; 41:20; hardly [1] - 100:5 86:17 grow [4] - 69:21; 80:21; 59:1; 192:11 harm [3] - 113:8; 122:18, 22 Google [6] - 55:14, 17, 22; 162:15 herbs [2] - 177:5, 18 harmed [3] - 121:10; 122:4 172:14, 18; 179:19 growed [1] - 71:13 Hercs [1] - 62:8 harmony [1] - 57:18 Goose [7] - 39:4; 55:9; growing [13] - 35:14; 75:22; hereby [1] - 207:5 Harry [1] - 2:3 56:12; 90:20; 98:23 80:9; 84:15; 90:6; 92:1; herein [1] - 207:8 harvest [35] - 34:7; 35:5; Government [4] - 18:12; 101:7; 175:4; 177:1; hereunto [1] - 207:13 39:6; 51:14; 53:10; 57:19; 110:3; 116:20; 143:18 183:11; 188:22; 193:1 Heritage [2] - 57:24; 197:14 76:9; 90:5; 95:7, 11, 20; government [12] - 31:14; grown [5] - 36:15; 70:23; Hi [1] - 163:24 96:8, 23; 97:1, 18, 23-24; 109:25; 111:21; 114:1, 3, 71:12; 102:25; 177:17 hi [3] - 89:10; 101:2; 174:17 98:5, 8; 101:10; 119:12; 18; 116:13; 138:11; growth [7] - 63:1; 80:9; hide [1] - 202:20 128:24; 129:2, 19; 148:7; 156:19, 23; 191:17 106:3; 184:2; 185:2, 20, 24 high [21] - 24:24; 33:13, 15; 152:12; 155:5; 160:5; Governments [1] - 145:24 guarantee [1] - 149:22 38:10, 16, 23; 47:5; 60:13, 165:6; 173:6; 175:22 Grade [1] - 158:16 guaranteed [1] - 114:9 19; 62:7; 68:10, 20; 86:3; harvestable [1] - 21:18 grand [2] - 54:16; 189:3 guard [1] - 109:12 99:12; 134:1; 149:2; harvested [2] - 51:24; 148:6 grandchildren [7] - 29:23; guess [14] - 32:2; 41:17; 155:15; 169:18; 185:16, 19 harvester [1] - 192:1 32:14; 33:10, 24; 41:21; 46:9, 24; 47:11; 49:11; higher [4] - 46:22; 60:5; harvesters [8] - 25:17, 24; 53:20; 173:8 54:24; 59:16; 105:22; 61:24; 187:3 26:11; 28:8, 16; 120:21; granddaughter [1] - 109:6 134:11; 168:25; 182:16; highest [1] - 60:15 123:4; 137:9 grandfather [15] - 29:22; 185:6; 195:10 highly [2] - 30:6; 158:20 harvesting [18] - 36:8, 18; guidance [2] - 30:7, 15
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 11
highway [1] - 83:14 131:8; 148:14; 155:10; 139:25; 197:4; 202:11 191:20 Hilda [1] - 164:7 156:12; 161:1; 162:11; ignoring [1] - 140:2 inclusion [1] - 22:18 hill [1] - 38:16 164:10; 170:21; 173:13, III [1] - 130:21 incomplete [1] - 118:9 himself [1] - 153:10 18; 189:7 ill [2] - 31:19; 32:1 increase [2] - 21:19; 62:2 historic [1] - 132:16 hunted [2] - 161:1, 9 images [1] - 141:8 increased [1] - 22:7 historical [1] - 69:25 hunters [2] - 83:15; 193:15 imagine [4] - 101:16; 105:2; incredible [1] - 117:11 history [9] - 8:4; 30:9; 148:5; hunting [27] - 32:18; 36:2, 144:25; 180:20 incredibly [4] - 112:17; 149:24; 163:20; 168:2; 18; 50:9; 52:7; 75:14; immediate [1] - 139:12 113:9; 117:10 172:2; 174:12; 193:6 81:25; 83:5, 16; 87:19, 24; immediately [2] - 10:8; 16:15 independent [2] - 6:15; hit [4] - 68:3; 89:4; 100:15; 91:22; 98:10; 99:6; 114:21; impact [8] - 101:11; 110:4; 58:10 105:19 120:9, 12; 128:11, 15; 114:22; 121:21; 122:18; INDEX [2] - 3:1; 5:1 hold [4] - 35:19; 59:2; 109:8; 170:18; 173:21, 24; 174:2; 131:14; 147:2; 200:20 indicate [2] - 131:3; 202:7 114:13 176:20; 177:10; 185:13 Impact [7] - 16:1, 8; 19:15, indicated [2] - 25:1; 28:9 holding [1] - 11:9 hunts [1] - 91:17 19; 20:1; 21:9; 203:15 indicates [1] - 17:20 holds [1] - 30:4 HYDRO [2] - 1:3 impacted [7] - 111:23; indicating [2] - 160:21; hole [2] - 68:9; 132:23 Hydro [54] - 2:9; 3:5, 16; 116:11; 117:16; 121:13; 198:12 holes [2] - 116:5; 118:18 6:18, 23; 7:2; 9:21; 13:4; 139:9; 179:21; 204:24 individual [1] - 28:23 holidays [2] - 54:7; 148:13 14:4; 16:10; 17:2, 12; impacts [28] - 28:19; 32:4; indulgence [3] - 28:5; 55:24; home [14] - 33:18, 20; 34:16; 18:11; 19:2, 6-7, 9; 20:13, 100:23; 110:11; 112:1, 3; 137:6 37:17; 54:23; 55:4; 76:1; 15; 66:15; 77:3; 81:12; 115:14; 117:7, 21; 118:6, industrial [3] - 120:15; 92:8, 20; 146:9; 155:25; 114:25; 117:8, 15-16, 20; 8, 21; 139:11, 22; 140:1, 121:19; 138:11 158:6; 168:21; 192:25 123:19; 124:5; 130:21; 16, 18; 181:19; 184:10; industry [2] - 30:12; 191:18 homelands [2] - 30:11; 70:1 133:4; 139:11, 21; 149:13; 196:4, 7; 197:20; 198:20; inflow [1] - 21:3 155:21; 180:23; 191:21; honour [2] - 158:11, 20 200:21; 202:13, 22, 25; influence [1] - 68:11 193:11; 194:1; 195:11; honourability [1] - 115:17 203:9 inform [3] - 202:8 196:20; 197:18; 198:4, 12; honoured [1] - 157:25 impeded [1] - 120:15 information [27] - 18:13; 199:3, 13, 19; 200:15; hope [8] - 81:18; 118:15; impediment [1] - 120:10 19:7, 9, 22; 31:10; 114:20; 202:9, 12; 204:4 192:24; 193:4; 199:20; implementation [1] - 18:24 116:4; 118:16; 121:8; hydro [7] - 22:21; 61:8; 204:18; 205:6 implemented [1] - 19:5 124:18, 25; 125:2, 19, 21; 65:11; 124:10; 133:14, 23; hopefully [2] - 52:24; 56:4 importance [19] - 31:8; 32:3; 126:1, 14-15; 130:23; 151:18 hoping [4] - 44:18; 115:20; 46:17; 61:5; 73:7; 77:19; 131:2, 7; 179:7; 190:10; Hydro's [8] - 7:18; 8:2; 143:12; 181:18 84:9; 89:4, 7; 97:3; 100:22; 195:14; 196:8; 202:18; 10:20; 14:20, 25; 17:25; Hopkins [1] - 12:10 112:15; 121:22; 141:22; 203:24; 204:3 22:6; 180:10 horse [2] - 76:12; 154:9 173:10; 183:9; 188:18; informative [1] - 206:1 hydro-electric [1] - 61:8 horseshoe [1] - 58:4 197:16; 199:1 informed [5] - 19:25; 29:12; hydrologist [1] - 10:6 Horvath [3] - 3:15; 12:17; important [40] - 17:23; 33:25; 118:20; 124:22; 203:4 hydrologists [1] - 12:1 13:22 45:14; 46:20; 63:4; 92:10; informing [1] - 193:11 hydrology [2] - 9:7; 11:24 hour [7] - 39:15; 74:12; 76:4; 97:7; 98:12; 100:2; 102:11; infrastructure [2] - 16:23; 93:5; 98:25; 178:5 106:19; 112:14, 17-18; 17:4 hours [9] - 42:2; 76:18; I 115:24; 116:9, 12, 24; infringing [1] - 108:15 83:22, 25; 92:21; 178:11, 139:8; 145:9; 154:24; inherently [1] - 135:3 179:22; 180:3; 181:6, 12; 14, 17 ice [94] - 8:20, 22; 9:1, 3, 6-8, inland [5] - 35:2; 55:17; 188:8; 189:2, 14; 193:7; house [8] - 40:14, 16; 63:7; 11; 17:18, 20-21; 18:2, 5; 94:24; 161:1 194:24; 195:3, 24; 197:2, 90:2; 144:25; 145:2; 175:4, 19:21; 32:20; 34:15; 36:24; inn [1] - 6:2 12; 199:22; 200:5, 16, 18 11 37:1, 3, 7, 12-13; 38:23-25; Inn [1] - 1:23 importantly [2] - 17:24; houses [2] - 40:11 47:20, 22-23, 25; 48:2, 5, inside [4] - 95:10, 12; 176:5 109:7 housing [1] - 54:20 9, 13-14, 17, 21; 49:17; instance [3] - 96:16; 130:19; imposed [1] - 142:14 hub [1] - 57:23 59:3; 61:6; 68:6, 9, 12, 14, 131:8 impossible [6] - 36:6; 46:12; Hudson's [3] - 58:14, 16; 17, 21, 24; 78:25; 79:2, 4, instead [2] - 70:6; 117:8 85:11; 102:9; 110:21; 76:7 17-18, 21, 24-25; 80:2; institutions [1] - 120:24 111:13 human [2] - 134:20; 136:9 85:20; 91:4; 124:15; instruct [1] - 121:3 IN [2] - 1:1; 207:13 humans [1] - 135:9 181:23; 182:4, 6, 11, 18, instruments [1] - 118:19 Inc [1] - 2:14 hundred [1] - 69:15 20-22; 183:4, 10, 16-17; insufficient [1] - 131:14 inches [1] - 35:19 hundreds [3] - 53:17; 90:23; 184:1; 186:13, 16-18, 20, intact [1] - 121:2 incidental [1] - 119:13 139:5 22, 24; 187:13, 16, 19, 21, intakes [1] - 16:24 include [8] - 16:6; 17:15; hung [1] - 53:8 24; 198:5 intended [1] - 206:2 18:14; 19:3; 117:20; hunt [36] - 38:19; 39:18; identified [5] - 14:23; 15:23; interest [4] - 14:9; 18:21, 23; 140:16; 195:19; 201:8 43:18, 20; 44:2; 50:25; 23:17; 130:24; 204:3 203:4 included [3] - 18:20; 23:1; 51:4, 11, 19; 52:8; 63:17; identify [3] - 113:10, 21; interesting [2] - 81:11; 140:21 64:1; 82:22; 83:11, 13, 17; 186:9 198:10 includes [2] - 16:23; 119:19 89:21; 90:9; 94:7, 23; identity [1] - 192:4 interests [9] - 14:16, 20, 23; including [7] - 11:16; 12:6; 97:24; 101:24; 102:2; ignored [5] - 114:24; 117:22; 15:24; 16:4, 6; 84:8; 16:13; 21:5; 127:9; 137:8;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 12
139:12; 181:15 Jackson [7] - 3:7, 17; 8:14; Keyano [1] - 158:16 189:19 interim [1] - 134:25 13:7; 14:4, 14; 134:7 kid [28] - 34:11; 35:3, 7, 11, international [1] - 198:19 jam [14] - 37:4, 13; 48:5, 8, 25; 36:2, 14; 38:3; 42:6, L internet [1] - 55:23 10, 21; 59:5-7, 9; 66:3; 24-25; 43:6, 15; 47:23; interpret [3] - 144:9; 157:18; 182:4, 7, 11 49:1, 3; 50:4; 51:21; 52:6, LAA [5] - 124:5; 130:24; 158:1 jammed [1] - 49:17 18; 55:5; 56:20, 25; 57:3; 131:4; 190:6; 204:4 interpretation [1] - 143:20 jamming [3] - 59:3; 181:23; 72:17; 76:7; 184:21; lac [1] - 91:18 Interpreted [1] - 157:21 183:4 185:10 lack [4] - 37:6; 102:17; Interpreter [2] - 4:12; 136:22 jams [13] - 36:24; 47:20, 22, kids [10] - 37:3; 38:6; 41:20; 115:21; 117:11 interpreting [1] - 138:3 24; 61:6; 79:4, 18; 182:18, 43:8; 57:2; 146:15; 189:3, lacked [1] - 118:11 interrupt [1] - 35:16 22; 183:10, 16-17; 187:13 10 lacking [1] - 131:17 interruption [1] - 35:21 January [4] - 1:14; 6:1; 46:6; kill [4] - 51:8; 70:21; 75:25; ladies [2] - 88:20; 138:20 intervention [1] - 138:25 207:14 87:20 Ladies [1] - 6:10 interviewing [1] - 201:22 Jasek [3] - 3:8; 8:19; 13:8 killed [2] - 105:19; 152:25 lady [1] - 72:19 introduce [6] - 7:9; 28:12, jeez [8] - 37:22; 39:7, 14, 24; killing [1] - 153:21 Lake [86] - 15:18; 39:22; 23; 29:14; 137:7 45:2; 50:2, 14; 52:17 kills [1] - 69:14 40:9; 42:16, 24; 43:13; introducing [2] - 7:7; 8:7 Jim [3] - 2:4; 133:24; 161:25 kilometre [3] - 55:13; 71:17; 56:7; 59:1; 60:6, 9, 11, introduction [4] - 3:3; 6:21; job [10] - 7:7; 41:3, 18; 90:13; 127:9 19-20; 61:2, 14-15; 63:16; 137:14; 138:21 95:8; 110:23; 144:13; kilometres [9] - 20:5, 8; 21:2; 68:20; 69:3, 5; 72:11, 14; Introduction [2] - 4:1; 29:4 167:4; 193:10 23:20; 71:19; 76:4; 91:16; 74:18; 81:2, 5; 84:9, 22-23, introductory [3] - 24:11; JOCELYN [4] - 174:17; 127:17, 22 25; 85:5-7, 9-10, 25; 86:2, 138:15; 141:23 175:23; 177:8; 188:21 kind [29] - 37:24; 41:17, 22; 18, 25; 87:3, 8; 90:3, 5-6, invertebrates [1] - 134:13 Jocelyn [12] - 4:15, 21; 47:11, 15; 49:11; 51:18; 10; 91:14, 21; 97:22; invite [1] - 40:5 137:2; 138:8; 174:11, 52:11; 59:16; 61:21; 63:2; 101:12, 14, 17, 19; 102:20, 16-17; 175:21; 177:4, 20; 66:16; 67:14; 71:3; 73:22; inviting [1] - 32:9 23; 106:22; 108:1; 148:22; 188:17; 189:17 104:23; 106:6; 160:4; involved [5] - 11:2; 191:11; 150:1; 155:19; 159:6; Jocelyne [3] - 2:3; 62:19; 169:6, 24; 171:9; 173:16; 197:20; 199:5, 17 160:11, 21, 23-24; 164:6-8; 189:20 177:15; 179:18; 182:20; IRC [1] - 119:4 165:9; 167:14; 174:8; Joe [10] - 3:23; 28:1; 30:22; 198:23 Island [7] - 39:5; 55:9-11; 175:24; 176:1; 177:12; 31:5, 9; 100:21; 101:1, 3 kindly [1] - 11:10 56:12; 90:20; 98:23 182:15; 185:11; 192:24 JOE [6] - 101:2; 103:18; King [1] - 97:15 island [10] - 35:1; 55:11, lake [63] - 34:24; 38:24; 39:1; 105:9; 106:13; 107:5, 16 kingdom [1] - 161:20 16-17; 56:22; 65:2; 74:7; 43:1, 10, 14; 48:18; 52:24; John [7] - 3:13; 11:9; 12:10; Kiskatinaw [1] - 21:5 151:5; 170:7 59:12; 60:18, 22, 25; 61:2, 13:18; 127:6; 131:11 Knight [1] - 10:9 Islands [1] - 20:5 12, 17, 21-22; 62:7; 63:13, joins [1] - 186:12 knock [1] - 145:1 islands [7] - 21:7, 13; 72:8; 18, 20, 23; 67:8; 68:18, 21; Joint [2] - 22:16; 28:17 knowledge [17] - 30:9; 31:4; 124:6; 126:6; 127:1; 129:9 69:5, 7-8, 10, 17; 71:16; JOINT [3] - 1:1; 2:2 33:5; 77:19; 113:5; 116:16; isolated [1] - 66:25 72:11; 85:21; 86:13; 89:17; joint [4] - 18:2; 196:15 122:8; 123:2, 6; 146:21; issue [6] - 120:23; 132:18, 90:1, 23-24; 91:18; 92:16, 151:23; 175:19; 199:1, 7, 20; 136:2, 9; 191:9 JORGENSEN [2] - 24:12 18; 93:10, 21; 95:2, 17; 12, 16; 202:4 issues [29] - 7:17; 8:11; Jorgensen [1] - 24:12 97:18; 98:4, 6, 9; 99:3; known [2] - 31:12; 112:24 12:19; 31:20; 32:25; Joseph [1] - 108:16 101:15; 102:24; 149:22; knows [3] - 46:24; 158:18; 108:22; 111:3; 114:19; JRP [3] - 110:8; 116:17, 19 160:22; 164:7, 12; 169:25; 162:5 115:3, 5-6, 8; 116:22; judicial [1] - 144:1 170:6 Kowalyk [1] - 2:15 117:7, 12, 17, 21; 118:3, judiciary [1] - 111:22 Lakes [2] - 175:7; 176:15 Kurschner [3] - 3:9; 9:16; 10; 122:16, 20; 132:12, 14; jugs [1] - 154:18 lakes [30] - 11:19; 34:24; 13:11 137:20; 139:20; 154:24; July [3] - 59:24; 85:24; 171:4 45:24; 56:8, 11, 24; 57:2; KYLE [51] - 25:11; 26:5, 9, 193:8; 199:21 jump [2] - 95:5; 100:17 58:4; 61:1; 62:25; 63:2; 15, 20; 28:3; 55:21; 56:3; itself [3] - 107:25; 153:25; June [2] - 59:23; 85:23 69:2; 70:23; 71:11; 72:16; 83:24; 84:6; 88:11; 133:9; 187:24 justice [1] - 109:18 79:7; 81:8; 92:14; 93:12; 137:5; 140:25; 141:16; justification [1] - 135:8 94:25; 95:16; 97:15; 148:4; 152:10; 155:2; J 142:25; 152:23; 155:18; 156:15, 24; 160:3, 8; K 159:7; 164:23; 175:14; 162:1, 7; 163:18; 165:3; 179:23 Jackfish [7] - 89:12; 90:5; 167:25; 172:13, 21, 24; land [97] - 29:20, 23; 30:3, 93:23; 101:5; 103:21; keep [10] - 51:9, 20; 92:18; 173:3, 10; 174:10; 175:21; 10, 24; 31:6, 9; 33:7, 22; 192:14 100:17; 116:8; 130:7; 177:4, 20; 178:4, 10, 22; 34:3, 13; 37:21; 42:18; jackfish [5] - 40:9; 89:19; 147:16; 184:13; 198:12; 179:6; 181:15; 182:25; 46:20; 49:2; 55:12; 57:18; 90:1, 8 205:14 184:14; 185:15; 186:2; 66:1; 67:12; 70:17; 71:1; Jackpines [1] - 187:3 keeping [1] - 139:15 188:16; 189:17, 22; 72:4; 74:22, 24; 75:1; 78:1; JACKSON [14] - 13:25; 14:7, kept [2] - 89:23; 132:19 190:17; 195:7; 204:9 82:1; 88:1; 92:9; 96:23; 15; 24:19; 124:11; 127:12, [2] Kyle [11] - 3:19; 4:11; 25:12; Kevin - 3:14; 13:20 98:15; 108:4, 11; 113:7; 16, 19; 128:3, 18; 129:10; 27:18; 28:9; 83:19; 136:19; key [4] - 17:17; 124:14; 120:1, 7-8, 11, 22; 121:4, 130:9; 134:18; 136:11 125:13; 194:24 178:2; 179:2; 182:24;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 13
18, 23; 122:11, 17; 138:6, learn [4] - 148:14; 192:4 limited [6] - 23:7, 19; 111:3; 141:3; 164:15 9; 139:15; 142:4, 8, 11; learned [4] - 38:7; 82:3; 117:10; 179:3; 198:18 loop [1] - 167:17 143:6; 144:21; 145:4; 123:11; 188:23 line [15] - 30:4; 58:3; 77:24; looped [1] - 68:4 148:13, 17; 150:4; 151:4, least [5] - 45:2; 52:17; 129:8; 78:2; 82:13, 15-16, 21; lose [5] - 82:7; 142:13; 6, 8; 152:2; 153:8; 154:1; 145:13; 180:17 83:3; 103:8; 157:14; 199:23, 25; 200:7 155:5; 159:22; 162:22; leave [8] - 38:9; 117:2; 167:20; 174:19 losing [4] - 96:9; 105:23; 163:2, 12, 20; 168:2, 10, 131:12; 141:18; 154:2; lines [1] - 167:6 183:23; 202:1 24; 169:3; 174:13, 24; 159:24; 175:9 linkages [1] - 136:8 loss [1] - 81:17 175:22; 180:1; 184:2; led [3] - 117:19; 139:20; Linkstand [1] - 64:1 lost [12] - 43:25; 55:19; 185:2; 188:11, 19, 22; 196:24 listen [3] - 151:22; 200:19 68:20, 24; 89:5; 94:1, 5; 189:15; 192:2, 4, 8, 10; leery [1] - 158:12 listened [1] - 201:9 101:16; 107:14; 112:6; 194:3; 199:7; 201:20, 23; left [27] - 8:19; 9:5, 13; 10:8, listening [8] - 57:6; 72:5; 180:2; 200:8 202:1; 205:2 22; 11:20; 26:3; 56:11; 123:1; 145:8; 148:24; loud [4] - 37:1; 47:24; 194:5, Land [2] - 89:13; 138:1 103:6; 107:1; 110:7; 111:4; 187:14; 204:17 9 lands [20] - 91:16; 119:17; 117:16; 118:13; 133:8; literally [3] - 169:12; 181:2; love [1] - 158:20 120:14, 19; 124:2; 143:16; 137:22; 163:8; 168:13, 16; 182:17 low [27] - 16:22; 17:3, 9, 19; 144:12; 145:15; 146:7; 172:10; 173:23; 183:2; litigation [1] - 117:25 23:13; 36:3, 15; 43:9; 62:2; 149:16; 150:7; 155:17; 184:6; 194:13; 200:13 live [14] - 70:11; 71:1; 89:19; 63:12, 24; 75:4; 85:12; 157:5, 7; 187:3; 188:12; Legal [8] - 2:5, 9-10; 3:19; 106:14; 114:2; 120:11; 93:11, 16, 20; 94:6; 96:25; 200:9 27:18 145:2; 152:2; 159:3; 169:3, 99:2, 18; 104:13, 20; language [1] - 188:19 legal [6] - 3:5; 6:23; 25:12, 6; 171:16, 18 156:2; 166:14; 171:5, 24; large [1] - 22:4 20; 190:18; 195:4 lived [6] - 57:16, 18; 73:5; 173:17 largely [3] - 8:10; 140:2; legislation [1] - 144:6 102:22; 143:4; 180:16 low-flow [2] - 16:22; 17:9 202:11 legislative [3] - 110:1; livelihood [2] - 114:10 lower [5] - 25:3; 60:9, 11; larger [1] - 22:8 111:16; 118:19 lives [5] - 105:16, 23; 108:4; 94:2, 18 largest [5] - 7:9; 23:8; 61:2; lending [1] - 142:10 122:3; 142:19 lucky [9] - 51:25; 52:8; 153:24; 197:16 lengthy [1] - 7:7 living [10] - 39:21; 69:16; 61:18; 71:25; 108:5; 154:5; LARRY [4] - 163:24; 165:7; LEPINE [11] - 168:6; 172:19, 70:17; 72:4; 143:2; 152:19; 156:13; 171:3 184:20; 185:19 22; 173:1, 9, 12; 190:23; 168:22; 169:6; 174:12 lunch [1] - 193:25 Larry [13] - 4:14, 19; 63:22; 191:3, 8; 193:24; 195:9 load [1] - 22:11 lying [1] - 17:19 136:25; 138:5; 163:19, Lepine [12] - 4:14, 20, 22; loaded [2] - 159:19, 24 lynx [1] - 90:24 23-24; 165:3; 167:25; 137:1, 3; 138:7, 10; 168:5, loading [1] - 141:11 172:13; 184:16 7; 191:2, 16 loaned [1] - 151:6 M last [47] - 31:19; 32:12; less [10] - 52:16; 53:24; local [16] - 15:5; 17:7; 20:3; 33:18; 39:7; 42:17; 44:3, 54:22; 82:5; 144:14; 23:1, 19; 24:1, 5; 68:7; machines [1] - 67:6 11, 15; 45:1, 4, 13; 46:21; 173:22; 183:24 88:22; 125:3, 10; 126:8; Mackenzie [1] - 15:20 53:13; 55:1, 19; 60:12; level [19] - 46:18, 21; 47:4; 127:14; 128:5, 18; 168:19 Madam [1] - 203:21 68:7; 69:12; 70:7; 74:24; 50:13; 60:5, 23; 64:23; located [2] - 23:20; 91:5 79:11; 86:7; 94:13, 15, 17; main [11] - 34:14; 36:7, 22; 66:17; 99:10; 101:12; locates [1] - 15:14 96:3, 6; 104:11; 105:18; 61:13; 75:1; 79:21; 83:14; 156:2; 159:17; 173:1; location [1] - 126:21 108:8; 116:18; 135:14; 86:24; 87:8; 103:19; 185:2 180:15, 18; 187:1, 5; 188:4 locations [4] - 16:12; 21:14; 143:24; 149:16; 150:10; Mainland [1] - 2:14 levels [15] - 17:22; 36:3; 119:13; 177:7 155:14; 162:18, 23; 172:9; maintain [4] - 119:6, 25; 47:5; 52:11; 60:4; 62:2, 7; lodge [2] - 149:22; 172:10 176:20; 185:3; 194:2; 121:3; 122:19 78:3; 96:13; 102:8; 104:12, lodges [5] - 171:19; 172:9; 197:24; 202:7 maintained [1] - 142:10 19, 23; 135:5 180:20; 181:3 lasted [1] - 49:16 major [6] - 23:12; 45:16; Lewis [3] - 3:11; 10:22; 13:15 log [1] - 192:19 lasts [1] - 73:13 46:12; 64:15; 67:8; 85:5 life [44] - 29:24; 33:12; 35:5; logjams [1] - 80:1 late [9] - 50:15; 58:22; 66:18; Mamawi [14] - 63:16; 72:12; 89:23; 92:24; 95:9; 97:5; long-term [1] - 139:13 67:23; 149:4; 164:5; 84:23, 25; 85:6; 86:18; 101:8; 102:12, 15; 109:10; look [19] - 34:25; 81:1; 165:11; 186:21; 200:25 148:22; 155:19; 160:11, 113:8, 10, 19; 115:16; 118:18; 123:23; 127:5, 25; lately [3] - 102:5; 104:5; 22-23; 164:7; 165:9; 121:13; 122:22; 139:15; 130:19; 131:24; 132:25; 105:13 175:25 142:7; 143:7, 16; 147:6; 143:2, 21; 145:6; 146:6; law [5] - 109:16; 112:9, 11; Man [3] - 44:9; 154:9, 11 150:15; 153:2, 18-19; 147:19, 23; 167:24; 113:22 man [2] - 150:9; 154:6 155:1; 158:11, 17-18; 195:14; 198:14 laws [4] - 109:11, 15; 111:11, 161:19, 22; 167:2; 168:19; man's [1] - 90:4 Look [1] - 80:19 17 179:22; 184:6, 13; 188:7; manage [3] - 139:15; 144:12; looked [12] - 81:5; 94:14; lawsuit [1] - 139:21 145:15 189:6, 10; 205:16 100:11; 118:6; 125:12, laying [1] - 51:13 managed [2] - 8:12; 150:7 lifetime [5] - 30:20; 70:2; 14-15, 21, 24; 126:9, 13; lead [1] - 10:20 management [5] - 9:7, 11, 105:1; 108:13; 179:13 179:22 leader [3] - 29:20; 30:1, 3 light [1] - 194:1 21; 17:18; 201:15 looking [6] - 37:21; 38:15; Manager [2] - 2:7 leadership [1] - 139:17 lights [1] - 88:23 101:19; 111:4; 179:17; leading [2] - 11:14; 197:7 likely [1] - 122:18 198:21 managing [2] - 9:1; 191:6 Leanne [1] - 2:15 mankind [1] - 143:8 limit [1] - 181:16 looks [4] - 56:1; 69:19;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 14
manner [2] - 117:13; 122:21 74:1, 13, 21; 77:11, 18; memo [2] - 18:17; 125:3 million [1] - 203:15 map [23] - 15:14; 34:17-20, 78:3, 11, 18; 79:9; 80:3; memorandum [1] - 135:22 millions [1] - 107:23 22; 45:22; 55:9, 22; 56:8, 83:18; 88:4; 94:20; 95:22; memories [2] - 78:19; 183:4 mind [4] - 88:13; 92:23; 14; 128:11; 149:23; 160:8; 96:12; 97:2; 98:14; 99:7; mention [1] - 197:13 130:7; 139:15 164:23; 172:14, 18, 20; 103:14; 105:6; 107:3; mentioned [8] - 23:23; 66:7; mindful [1] - 178:2 179:17, 19, 24; 191:25 108:16; 122:24 68:19; 69:6; 126:24; 149:2; mine [1] - 105:19 maps [1] - 176:4 MCFN [1] - 132:13 156:4; 175:7 mines [1] - 107:13 Marcel [23] - 3:21, 23; 4:2, McKay [1] - 93:14 mentioning [1] - 80:16 minimal [2] - 199:3, 10 6-7; 27:21, 25; 28:1; 29:19; McMurray [14] - 33:14; 46:3, mentors [1] - 109:19 minimize [2] - 184:10; 30:22; 31:5, 17; 32:3, 7, 25; 47:3; 54:17; 76:8; mercury [7] - 134:5, 10, 14; 202:25 11; 89:3, 9, 11; 100:21; 89:12; 103:25; 104:8; 135:6, 17, 23; 136:4 minimum [1] - 17:5 101:1, 3 107:7; 145:12; 168:8 mercury-contaminated [1] - Minister [1] - 117:1 MARCEL [26] - 32:8; 35:22; meadow [1] - 171:9 136:4 minks [1] - 161:15 45:21; 47:22; 49:1; 50:2, meal [3] - 40:6; 54:8; 193:25 meritous [1] - 11:21 mint [3] - 177:8, 11, 18 24; 52:13; 54:4; 55:10; meals [1] - 54:24 message [1] - 145:12 minute [3] - 35:17; 123:16 56:5; 57:6; 89:10; 94:23; mean [12] - 54:20; 63:5; met [1] - 114:19 minutes [7] - 26:25; 74:11; 95:24; 96:15; 97:4; 98:16; 123:21; 131:15; 148:23; methodology [2] - 12:19, 21 83:21; 84:5; 134:9, 17; 99:9; 100:4; 101:2; 103:18; 187:16, 18; 189:7; 198:15, methylized [1] - 134:10 178:5 105:9; 106:13; 107:5, 16 17; 200:3, 8 methylmercury [2] - 19:12; miserably [1] - 118:12 March [2] - 46:7 meaning [1] - 156:25 134:22 miss [3] - 100:14; 160:2; mark [1] - 48:12 meaningful [6] - 115:7; metre [1] - 79:1 161:25 Marmorek [3] - 3:12; 11:1; 119:3, 10, 14; 197:8; metres [7] - 17:6; 74:19; missed [2] - 47:18; 152:13 13:17 200:17 79:19; 127:19, 21 missing [1] - 115:6 Marten [16] - 4:13-15, 19, 21; meaningfully [1] - 194:19 mic [3] - 157:9; 174:11; mitigate [3] - 112:2; 116:22; 63:22; 136:24; 137:2; means [3] - 97:3; 148:24; 184:15 117:7 138:5, 8; 149:18; 154:7; 173:6 microphone [3] - 26:6, 8; mitigation [3] - 18:25; 163:23; 174:16, 18 measures [2] - 201:12; 203:6 27:4 201:11; 203:6 MARTEN [9] - 163:24; 165:7; meat [8] - 46:10, 14; 54:21; mid [3] - 46:6 Moberly [1] - 136:3 174:17; 175:23; 177:8; 73:12, 22; 160:16; 161:6 mid-December [1] - 46:6 mobile [2] - 26:8; 67:9 183:9; 184:20; 185:19; mechanisms [1] - 111:19 mid-January [1] - 46:6 mode [3] - 67:4; 103:19; 188:21 medicine [1] - 150:9 mid-March [1] - 46:7 104:3 Martin [23] - 3:8; 4:12, 18; medicines [1] - 120:4 middle [1] - 85:23 modelling [3] - 11:3; 17:20; 8:19; 9:2, 22; 13:8; 62:19; meet [2] - 51:2; 167:24 might [18] - 29:10; 34:23; 135:4 136:21-23; 137:24; 138:2; meeting [1] - 67:24 47:18; 48:11; 53:13, 15; modest [1] - 21:17 157:11, 13, 21, 23; 174:19; meetings [3] - 196:11, 15, 19 75:16; 79:20; 81:1; 94:15; Mohawk [1] - 109:5 176:7 Megan [4] - 25:14; 27:19; 100:10; 112:1; 114:8; Mom [1] - 89:20 MARTIN [11] - 157:12, 22; 28:10, 25 116:14, 25; 117:3; 123:24; mom [1] - 166:20 160:7, 10, 19; 162:3, 8-9; MEGAN [37] - 47:19; 48:24; 182:18 moments [1] - 26:10 163:11; 183:6 49:25; 50:21; 55:8; 57:5; mighty [2] - 180:4; 187:12 Monday's [1] - 18:18 mass [1] - 205:2 62:14; 63:9; 66:20; 67:11; migrate [3] - 21:11; 23:25; money [4] - 73:11; 145:22; Master [1] - 8:20 68:13; 73:6, 15; 74:1, 13, 52:3 146:16; 147:11 MATHEW [6] - 168:6; 172:19, 15, 21; 77:11, 18; 78:3, 11, migration [5] - 20:10; monitoring [8] - 18:25; 22; 173:1, 9, 12 18; 79:9; 80:3; 83:18; 88:4; 126:19; 135:19; 136:7 19:10; 201:13, 17-19, 22; Mathew [11] - 4:14, 20; 94:20; 95:22; 96:12; 97:2; migrations [1] - 24:4 203:7 137:1; 138:7; 168:1, 5, 7; 98:14; 99:7; 103:14; 105:6; migratory [1] - 21:8 month [6] - 33:11; 52:7; 86:1; 172:17; 173:5; 174:10; 107:3; 108:16; 122:24 Mikisew [54] - 4:9; 25:15; 99:11; 174:23 185:12 Melody [6] - 4:15, 22; 137:3; 26:13, 16; 130:25; 133:21; months [17] - 39:20; 42:23; matter [7] - 90:17; 105:4; 138:10; 191:2, 15 136:15, 18; 137:7, 23; 43:22, 24; 46:2, 13; 61:23; 152:16; 163:5; 169:13; MELODY [5] - 190:23; 191:3, 138:1, 6, 11-13, 22, 24; 64:25; 65:22; 68:11; 72:23; 184:6; 195:3 8; 193:24; 195:9 139:2, 13, 25; 140:1, 4, 9, 99:15, 18; 158:5; 174:24; MATTER [1] - 1:1 melt [2] - 37:5; 154:20 18, 20, 25; 141:10, 12, 21, 175:10 matters [1] - 9:7 melts [1] - 187:12 25; 143:19, 25; 144:10; moose [36] - 36:9; 43:18; MATTISON [5] - 66:6, 10, 19; Member [1] - 31:18 152:11; 155:4; 157:8; 54:21; 65:2; 75:25; 82:22; 133:25; 135:10 member [6] - 24:9; 26:22; 178:12; 179:8; 191:6, 11, 87:21; 89:22; 90:15; 91:22; Mattison [1] - 2:4 30:1; 32:11; 152:15; 16; 193:9-11; 194:3, 19; 93:21; 94:7, 21, 24; 95:6-8, maximum [1] - 126:23 191:16 199:2; 200:13, 17, 22; 11; 96:3, 6, 21, 23; 97:1; MCCONNEL [1] - 74:15 Members [4] - 54:3; 108:18; 201:17, 25; 203:8; 204:3 153:16; 155:11; 156:12; McConnell [4] - 3:20; 25:14; 122:8; 177:21 Mikisew's [2] - 178:24; 188:9 160:16; 161:1, 10; 173:9, 27:19; 28:10 members [15] - 14:8, 16; mile [1] - 35:2 13; 183:24 MCCONNELL [36] - 47:19; 25:11; 28:24; 54:18; miles [10] - 34:8; 43:13; morning [7] - 6:15; 7:25; 48:24; 49:25; 50:21; 55:8; 109:20; 119:16; 137:7, 15; 71:18; 74:9; 76:11; 86:13; 15:22; 28:12; 72:6; 135:16; 57:5; 62:14; 63:9; 66:20; 138:19; 139:5; 140:25; 101:14; 176:6, 16 206:4 67:11; 68:13; 73:6, 15; 141:12; 155:4; 157:4
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 15
mornings [1] - 42:12 8, 11; 89:1; 94:20; 95:22; 15-16; 112:17; 113:13; nieces [1] - 53:20 Mossop [6] - 3:11; 10:19; 96:12; 97:2; 98:14; 99:7, 114:13; 132:24; 135:15; Nielsen [3] - 2:15; 207:3, 19 11:8; 13:14; 124:24 25; 100:20; 103:14; 105:6; 137:8, 23; 138:23; 139:2, night [1] - 31:19 MOSSOP [1] - 124:24 107:3, 14; 108:16, 21; 14; 140:19, 21; 141:1, 21; nine [1] - 191:12 most [19] - 11:12; 16:4; 21:7; 110:14, 17; 122:24; 123:8, 178:25; 190:2; 191:17 ninth [1] - 191:10 22:2; 24:24; 25:4; 30:24; 18; 124:11, 23; 127:5, 12, Nation's [1] - 117:9 Nister [3] - 3:10; 10:8; 13:13 31:6; 34:24; 35:4; 36:8; 15-16, 18-19, 21; 128:3, National [3] - 141:5; 142:11, NO [2] - 3:2; 5:2 50:5; 66:23; 69:1; 102:15; 10, 18; 129:3, 10; 130:7, 9, 17 nobody [1] - 148:19 109:7; 154:25; 184:24; 11; 132:8, 25; 133:9, 19; nations [1] - 109:2 nobody's [1] - 145:8 197:12 134:18; 136:11; 137:5; Nations [12] - 3:18; 4:10; non [2] - 21:8; 151:21 mostly [3] - 31:21; 167:1; 140:25; 141:16; 148:4; 9:14; 27:17; 112:20; 121:6; non-First [1] - 151:21 152:10; 155:2; 156:15, 24; 173:13 136:18; 143:9; 144:20; non-migratory [1] - 21:8 160:3, 8; 162:1, 7; 163:18; mother [4] - 34:3; 109:7; 151:4, 21; 203:10 none [3] - 73:19; 79:16; 158:9; 174:22 165:3; 167:25; 172:13, 21, Native [12] - 84:13; 85:16; 116:21 24; 173:3, 10; 174:10, 17; motivation [1] - 117:12 149:21; 151:22; 157:20; normal [2] - 17:2; 77:5 175:21, 23; 177:4, 8, 20; motor [6] - 34:14; 75:4; 160:7, 10, 18; 162:8; north [5] - 46:4; 91:14; 178:4, 10, 22; 179:6; 76:12; 100:16; 159:11, 25 163:11; 183:7 106:24; 150:2; 164:8 181:15; 182:25; 183:9; motors [3] - 75:9; 156:5 natural [2] - 17:3; 20:9 northeast [3] - 15:15; 60:21, 184:14; 185:15; 186:2; mountain [6] - 21:20; 22:1, nature [1] - 65:13 23 188:16, 21; 189:17, 22, 24; 7, 12; 59:22 navigability [1] - 89:7 northern [3] - 58:16; 73:21; 190:17, 23, 25; 191:3, 7-8; Mountains [1] - 20:21 navigation [5] - 15:4; 18:4; 165:14 193:24; 195:7, 9; 203:22; mountains [1] - 59:25 100:2, 22; 106:11 Northern [1] - 72:25 204:9 mouth [8] - 51:2; 53:11; 64:4; near [8] - 16:16; 20:25; 23:9; northward [1] - 15:18 much-needed [1] - 89:2 97:19; 98:1; 164:14; 42:11; 53:4; 106:16; notable [1] - 16:14 mud [5] - 98:2; 100:18; 197:24 169:10; 184:23 note [4] - 17:5; 134:24; 106:2; 165:19 move [12] - 14:1; 27:4; 49:7; necessarily [1] - 127:25 178:15; 181:17 Mud [1] - 60:18 86:22; 126:24; 129:2; necessary [1] - 130:6 notes [3] - 17:1; 35:18; 89:5 multi [1] - 203:15 130:6; 135:7; 167:21; need [27] - 7:12; 8:18; 25:25; nothing [31] - 42:7; 52:23; multi-million-dollar [1] - 175:12, 15 26:5; 62:23; 65:24; 88:8; 54:14; 57:4; 71:11; 97:6; 203:15 moved [4] - 25:4; 101:5; 95:25; 96:1; 104:1; 114:5; 102:16; 103:6; 108:2; murder [1] - 180:13 165:24; 167:8 129:1; 146:5, 18, 24-25; 109:20; 115:4, 9, 14-15, Murphy [1] - 2:7 movement [6] - 19:23; 23:7; 154:2; 161:20; 162:15, 18; 17; 117:9; 118:2, 10; muskrat [25] - 54:25; 55:1-3; 24:18; 25:6; 125:17; 181:13; 184:2, 9 142:23; 149:10, 13; 163:9; 62:15, 24; 63:4, 8; 69:10, 126:14 needed [5] - 18:13; 28:7; 166:12; 170:17; 171:12; 13; 73:7-9, 11, 13, 16; movements [1] - 126:15 65:23; 89:2; 178:11 176:25; 177:2, 14; 194:13; 82:24; 143:1; 148:16; moves [1] - 54:18 needs [3] - 152:4; 162:14; 200:1, 13 149:10; 152:14, 19; 162:2, movie [1] - 63:21 197:10 notice [1] - 136:14 5 moving [3] - 48:1; 49:7; negative [1] - 122:10 noticing [1] - 49:25 muskrats [24] - 34:7; 58:15, 143:15 negatively [2] - 114:22; notification [1] - 18:15 17, 19-20; 63:1, 3, 6; 69:7, MR [32] - 6:24; 24:12, 22; 121:21 November/December [1] - 14; 70:16, 22; 71:10, 20, 32:8; 35:22; 45:21; 47:22; negligible [2] - 16:17; 202:13 66:18 23; 90:24; 162:3, 6; 163:4; 49:1; 50:2, 24; 52:13; 54:4; neighbours [2] - 101:24; nowadays [7] - 37:4; 76:20; 165:20; 167:1, 22 55:10; 56:5; 57:6; 66:6, 10, 142:12 79:18; 95:20; 102:16; must [8] - 39:24; 40:11; 19; 89:10; 94:23; 95:24; nephews [2] - 32:23; 53:20 108:5 50:14; 52:17; 68:11; 144:4; 96:15; 97:4; 98:16; 99:9; nervous [1] - 191:13 nowhere [1] - 53:3 202:19; 203:5 100:4; 101:2; 103:18; net [6] - 18:6; 41:13; 42:3; nowheres [1] - 42:11 124:24; 133:25; 135:10; 153:8; 166:2, 9 NTCL [1] - 104:8 168:6 N nets [3] - 41:12; 90:11; 166:2 number [6] - 18:7; 69:8; Mr.Frederick [1] - 4:6 never [24] - 35:9; 45:8; 47:8, 70:12; 121:7; 134:4; Mr.Joe [1] - 4:7 Nahtanny [1] - 64:23 13; 49:5; 50:10; 53:23; 141:11 MS [166] - 13:25; 14:7, 15; 74:8; 76:4; 77:6; 81:18; naive [1] - 109:23 numbers [1] - 153:6 24:19; 25:11; 26:5, 9, 15, 85:22; 87:2; 93:9, 11; name [13] - 25:12; 29:17; numerous [1] - 199:5 20; 27:2, 7, 12, 15; 28:3; 94:17; 95:10; 113:13, 15; 57:14; 70:9; 101:3; 138:21; nutrients [1] - 21:3 29:5, 13; 45:10; 47:19; 149:18, 23; 157:13; 132:21; 191:12; 192:22 48:24; 49:25; 50:21; 52:9; 163:24; 174:17; 191:15; new [9] - 63:1; 64:11; 80:9; O 54:2; 55:8, 21; 56:3; 57:5, 207:14 132:17; 162:15; 184:2; 8; 61:4, 24; 62:14; 63:9; 185:2, 20, 23 name's [3] - 89:11; 108:25; 66:20; 67:11; 68:13; 69:23; object [1] - 130:13 168:7 next [15] - 7:6; 10:1; 38:14; 73:6, 15; 74:1, 13, 15, 21; 46:12; 51:20; 52:22; 57:8; objective [1] - 119:4 Nancy [3] - 2:15; 207:3, 19 77:11, 18; 78:3, 11, 18; 82:14; 88:25; 89:3; 92:17; obligation [1] - 121:5 nation [5] - 111:8; 112:23; 79:9; 80:3, 15; 81:1, 9, 15, 100:21; 129:12; 130:8; [1] 192:10; 197:1 obligations - 110:1 24; 82:21; 83:1, 4, 8-9, 18, 133:21 observations [5] - 177:22; Nation [21] - 25:10, 13, 24; 84:6; 87:14, 17; 88:3, nice [2] - 151:1; 183:17 181:19, 23; 186:4
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 16
observed [3] - 128:21; 150:10, 15; 152:24 Pages [1] - 1:16 36:16; 121:8; 174:11; 129:16; 179:13 ongoing [1] - 122:14 paid [1] - 152:7 184:15; 188:8 obtain [1] - 118:15 Ontario [1] - 109:6 paint [1] - 45:20 passable [3] - 169:13; obviously [1] - 199:25 onus [2] - 110:19; 203:8 paleolimnology [1] - 11:19 170:15; 175:25 occupying [1] - 139:3 open [3] - 62:8; 68:23; PANEL [3] - 1:1; 2:2 passage [2] - 17:7; 23:14 occur [1] - 125:20 144:22 Panel [4] - 22:16; 28:18; passed [4] - 33:5; 149:5; occurrence [1] - 47:20 opened [1] - 38:24 122:7; 177:21 155:13; 156:20 Oceans [2] - 20:11; 21:22 opening [8] - 6:11, 18; 14:1, panel [83] - 2:7; 3:4, 6; 4:1; passing [1] - 77:19 OCR [1] - 2:15 11, 18; 15:8; 24:6; 125:1 6:22; 7:9; 8:8, 12, 17; passionate [2] - 109:11; OF [3] - 1:1; 3:1; 5:1 Opening [2] - 3:3; 6:21 10:15; 12:21, 25; 13:4; 112:5 offerings [2] - 150:4, 6 operating [1] - 9:25 14:8, 16; 25:11, 20; 27:13; past [9] - 43:11; 47:20, 22; Office [1] - 15:25 operation [2] - 18:5; 21:16 28:13, 24; 29:4, 14; 31:21; 78:12; 121:6; 139:4; 149:3; office [1] - 202:9 operations [4] - 9:17, 21; 45:11, 19; 47:20; 50:22; 163:20 OFFICE [1] - 1:8 16:24; 17:2 52:10; 55:9; 61:5; 69:24; Pat [2] - 31:17, 25 official [1] - 138:23 opportunities [1] - 151:13 74:1; 80:5, 13; 87:15; patch [2] - 168:13, 18 Official [2] - 207:3, 20 opportunity [3] - 145:14; 94:20; 99:8; 100:1; 110:2; pattern [1] - 19:23 officials [1] - 155:21 177:25; 204:17 123:1; 129:12, 14; 133:10, patterns [1] - 146:9 often [7] - 30:7, 15; 31:1, 10; opposite [1] - 48:16 21; 137:7, 10, 15, 18; pauses [1] - 198:24 62:25; 155:7; 176:1 optics [1] - 115:5 138:19; 141:2, 18; 145:13; Peace [71] - 1:25; 6:3; 8:25; 148:5; 152:11; 157:3, 7; oil [12] - 107:5, 7, 13, 16-17, optimistic [2] - 109:17, 24 9:2, 10; 12:5, 8, 15; 14:21; 22; 122:15; 147:10; oral [1] - 194:16 160:4; 163:19; 168:3; 15:12, 17, 23; 16:6, 13, 18, 168:13, 18; 199:6 order [11] - 6:11; 31:4; 39:8; 173:5; 174:12; 178:8, 10, 21; 17:13, 17, 22; 20:18, 15; 179:9; 181:21; 184:18; old [14] - 33:3; 39:11, 24; 85:4; 93:15; 104:15; 107:8; 20, 22; 21:15; 22:3, 23-24; 50:11; 54:6; 58:16; 75:7, 111:25; 115:25; 119:9; 188:18; 190:17, 21; 23:2, 4, 13; 25:2; 38:22; 15; 87:25; 94:12; 101:5; 188:19 191:15; 193:14; 197:19; 59:25; 60:5; 61:5, 7; 62:6; 202:7; 203:1, 17; 204:11, 149:17; 154:8 orientated [1] - 41:23 64:23; 65:10; 68:10; 71:22; 13; 206:1 Old [7] - 96:17-19; 98:7; origin [1] - 151:2 72:11; 81:21; 94:18; panel's [1] - 204:13 154:9, 11; 175:2 otherwise [1] - 198:2 101:21; 106:11, 14, 17-18, panels [2] - 83:25; 178:14 older [5] - 32:16; 34:19; 56:8; ourselves [3] - 90:11; 132:5; 21, 25; 123:5; 125:20; 88:16; 91:23 204:22 papa [1] - 54:9 135:20; 139:3; 144:15; Papa [1] - 54:12 oldest [1] - 57:21 outboard [1] - 75:9 147:1; 164:13; 170:12; paper [1] - 142:4 once [17] - 20:14; 36:12, 20; outdoors [1] - 93:1 180:4; 181:23; 184:22; papers [1] - 8:22 186:8; 187:12; 192:15, 17 39:19; 48:13; 51:11; 62:20; outfalls [1] - 16:24 paperwork [1] - 132:9 peace [13] - 9:12; 48:4, 8; 66:15; 67:23; 92:10; 117:5; outflow [1] - 22:9 parameters [1] - 20:15 61:13; 64:17; 65:4; 67:16, 136:5; 142:25; 143:21; outlet [1] - 73:21 pardon [4] - 46:6; 74:14; 21; 69:4; 85:17; 105:8; 147:22; 171:20; 205:11 outlining [1] - 124:13 111:2; 198:24 159:16; 169:10 Once [1] - 41:25 outs [1] - 60:17 parents [8] - 33:24; 35:6; Peace-Athabasca [5] - 12:5, one [114] - 10:19; 11:8, 14, overhead [1] - 193:23 41:19; 49:9; 51:7; 54:17; 8, 15; 15:12; 71:22 25; 22:17; 26:8, 14-15, 21; overlap [1] - 23:21 101:7; 148:25 pebble [1] - 123:23 30:23; 31:6, 20; 32:22; overseeing [1] - 191:20 park [2] - 63:15; 156:23 pelts [3] - 73:11; 91:3; 92:22 33:6, 10; 37:17; 41:4, 9, oversees [1] - 191:18 Park [2] - 142:12, 17 pen [1] - 11:9 13, 15-16; 42:22; 44:17; overview [3] - 14:19; 15:8, Part [1] - 130:21 Penance [1] - 167:16 45:12; 54:24; 58:25; 61:13, 12 part [21] - 26:24; 59:24; people [58] - 7:4, 8, 24; 8:9; 17, 20; 62:18; 63:17; 67:1; overwintering [1] - 21:14 61:21; 82:2; 92:23; 97:16; 30:8; 40:4, 12, 14; 46:16; 68:1, 9, 24; 69:1, 5, 8; own [13] - 58:12; 82:2, 13, 106:5; 131:1; 138:4; 141:4; 47:9; 52:21; 53:3; 54:17; 70:8, 10; 71:16; 72:5; 73:9, 16; 110:1; 143:20; 144:21, 145:6, 21; 149:1; 152:14; 55:4; 57:16; 63:6; 73:15; 20, 23; 79:5; 80:3; 81:6; 23; 152:5; 155:9; 161:8; 179:25; 180:23; 182:13; 75:8; 77:25; 78:10; 86:20; 82:12; 92:16, 19; 93:5; 203:11 191:5; 193:7; 197:2; 204:1 94:5; 105:16; 106:15; 94:11; 96:6, 17; 97:20; owns [1] - 176:7 98:9; 101:13; 102:20, 24; partial [1] - 126:18 108:13; 112:17; 113:13, 22, 24; 114:13; 121:6; 103:1; 105:2, 18, 22, 25; P PARTICIPANTS [1] - 2:8 108:8; 115:21; 121:7, 17; participants [3] - 14:10, 17; 122:11; 130:18; 141:25; 124:4; 149:16; 150:10, 15:21 142:16; 143:9; 144:10, 20; 21-23; 151:20; 152:13, 18; p.m [2] - 6:8; 206:6 participate [1] - 115:12 148:11, 18, 24; 150:3; 153:7, 24; 155:18; 156:4, pack [4] - 94:24; 154:9; participated [3] - 16:2; 151:4, 21-22; 152:1, 6; 13; 166:6, 11, 15; 168:14; 188:24 115:23; 196:23 175:3; 177:25; 180:24; 169:13, 22; 173:20, 25; package [1] - 155:12 particle [1] - 22:8 181:1; 188:11; 197:7; 180:16; 182:5; 184:4; PAD [4] - 8:3; 11:18; 47:21 particular [3] - 9:10; 61:6; 202:19; 205:4 190:3; 192:16, 18, 23, 25; paddle [4] - 75:16; 95:2, 5; 190:21 people's [2] - 82:10; 108:4 194:23; 197:16; 198:10, 177:2 parties [2] - 112:20; 196:22 per [3] - 17:6; 107:24; 131:13 16; 202:7 paddled [1] - 75:13 parts [3] - 165:11, 14, 25 percent [8] - 46:10; 52:15, one-person [1] - 41:4 paddling [1] - 75:17 party [1] - 113:17 18; 53:25; 151:13, 16; ones [5] - 25:3; 89:20; PAGE [2] - 3:2; 5:2 pass [8] - 24:24; 26:7; 27:9; 168:23; 169:2
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 17
perched [1] - 153:4 plane [1] - 166:21 187:18 155:16; 190:1, 15; 203:24 Perfect [1] - 35:23 planning [3] - 17:11, 14; PowerPoint [2] - 25:19, 22 previously [1] - 177:6 perhaps [2] - 183:3; 197:25 18:13 practical [2] - 8:23; 9:3 prey [1] - 24:3 period [2] - 17:11, 16 plans [3] - 19:3, 5; 201:15 practice [12] - 30:17; 102:9; priced [1] - 134:1 perplexed [1] - 110:2 plant [2] - 12:3; 107:17 108:10; 113:12; 115:16; primarily [5] - 25:1; 135:8, person [13] - 8:17; 41:4, 16, plants [5] - 33:16; 107:8, 22; 118:22; 119:3, 10; 120:15; 15; 136:9; 157:1 18; 63:5; 69:13; 71:1; 177:14; 205:3 142:7; 143:16; 149:20 principal [1] - 25:9 104:22; 105:10; 138:12; plateau [1] - 20:23 practices [7] - 113:24; pristine [1] - 84:16 146:15; 190:21 platforms [1] - 49:12 120:18; 121:1; 148:9; problem [9] - 35:17; 55:23; PETER [1] - 6:24 play [2] - 168:12; 195:25 157:7; 168:3; 188:20 77:10; 85:1; 129:3; 161:3; Peter [4] - 2:10; 3:4; 6:23; 7:1 played [1] - 141:14 practising [1] - 150:12 186:19; 187:22; 188:1 Ph.D [3] - 11:22; 12:3, 10 playing [1] - 159:13 prairie [4] - 164:6, 12; 171:9 problems [3] - 88:23; phase [2] - 15:25; 17:15 pleased [5] - 14:10, 17; Prairie [3] - 165:8; 166:3; 103:23; 198:13 Philamine [1] - 174:20 28:15; 137:6; 143:14 177:13 procedure [1] - 108:23 Phillips [3] - 3:10; 10:1; plentiful [8] - 57:19; 84:16; pray [1] - 205:19 procedures [1] - 18:15 13:12 142:21, 25; 148:16; 159:5; pre [3] - 135:6; 181:7; 187:25 proceed [1] - 118:14 phone [3] - 44:12, 15; 58:11 180:9; 183:14 pre-Bennett [2] - 181:7; proceedings [4] - 8:15; phones [1] - 6:16 plenty [1] - 101:9 187:25 206:6; 207:7, 10 phonetic [10] - 62:19; 64:24; plumbing [1] - 193:23 pre-existing [1] - 135:6 Proceedings [1] - 6:8 74:7; 76:14; 148:22; plus [1] - 158:17 precautions [1] - 187:9 PROCEEDINGS [2] - 1:11; 167:16; 171:2; 174:20; pockets [1] - 103:8 predators [3] - 161:14, 16, 3:1 176:4 Point [7] - 106:14; 147:1; 21 process [23] - 16:3; 108:23; phonetic) [1] - 149:18 167:18; 169:1; 170:13; predict [1] - 187:9 114:17; 115:4, 8, 20; photo [5] - 80:4; 99:8; 192:17 predicted [2] - 16:14; 21:20 117:5, 14, 23; 118:2, 4-5; 185:16; 198:10, 14 point [29] - 42:7; 43:11; 48:7; prediction [2] - 21:25; 22:6 134:11, 13; 135:2, 6; photograph [2] - 184:16 55:9; 59:7; 63:17; 65:9; preferred [8] - 62:1; 111:5; 145:6, 17, 21; 196:11, 24; photographs [1] - 201:22 80:17; 81:2, 10-11; 83:16; 114:21; 119:17, 23; 120:3, 197:9; 201:1 photos [3] - 41:1; 102:19 91:21; 96:17; 102:7; 111:7, 5; 122:14 processes [2] - 115:12; physical [4] - 19:25; 20:15; 23; 115:11; 117:1; 121:15, prepare [2] - 48:25; 155:12 197:6 24:17; 125:19 24; 132:23; 156:1; 167:9; prepared [7] - 12:13; 18:17; produce [1] - 71:22 pick [3] - 43:18; 44:2; 177:19 185:18 49:16, 22; 130:10; 134:16; production [1] - 107:6 picked [1] - 150:11 pointed [1] - 128:7 135:1 productive [2] - 69:2; 108:3 picking [2] - 41:10; 44:15 pointer [1] - 160:9 present [8] - 8:2; 14:1; 26:16; productivity [1] - 11:1 picture [18] - 32:17; 37:10; points [1] - 152:8 28:15; 32:10; 44:13; professor [1] - 11:21 38:14; 42:15; 44:7; 45:20; poisoned [1] - 163:13 129:13; 136:12 professors [1] - 109:19 55:14, 16; 69:1; 70:18, 20; politics [1] - 168:19 Presentation [21] - 3:16, 18; program [3] - 12:25; 33:17; 81:2; 87:15; 90:19; 94:12; pollution [1] - 121:19 4:2-7, 9, 16, 18-22; 27:17; 201:19 99:16; 105:25; 147:19 population [4] - 21:10; 32:7; 70:4; 101:1; 136:18; programs [3] - 18:25; 19:11; pictures [9] - 44:8, 12, 14; 23:24; 62:16, 24 157:11 201:13 45:8; 147:24; 172:22; populations [3] - 50:23; presentation [25] - 7:20, 25; progression [1] - 28:25 194:15 52:10; 126:20 8:2, 11; 11:18; 14:4; 25:19; project [48] - 15:15; 16:3, 11, pie [1] - 61:9 portage [6] - 92:15; 95:1, 3; 28:11, 14; 57:11; 84:12; 19; 17:6; 18:8; 19:13; 20:4, piece [4] - 55:6; 61:9; 108:4; 160:13; 161:5; 176:10 89:9; 122:25; 124:13; 6, 9; 21:16, 19; 22:1, 142:4 portion [1] - 11:6 133:16; 137:20; 138:4, 17; 20-21, 25; 23:2, 15, 19, 22; Piesold [1] - 10:9 position [1] - 110:8 156:18; 163:23; 168:5; 24:1; 110:23; 116:11; piled [1] - 37:1 positions [1] - 111:13 174:16; 178:6; 191:2 117:5; 118:9; 121:11, 21; piles [2] - 58:20 positive [1] - 205:20 presentations [3] - 7:5, 16; 122:7; 125:9, 12, 17, 19, Pine [4] - 16:16; 20:25; possibility [1] - 25:23 25:9 21, 25; 126:4, 11; 131:14; 21:24; 23:8 possible [6] - 24:23; 25:22; presented [3] - 15:13, 21; 132:10; 139:10; 140:15; pine [1] - 21:5 43:22; 121:16; 124:8; 102:19 190:12; 191:21; 193:13; place [22] - 35:15; 40:3; 201:11 presenters [1] - 203:24 199:24; 201:5; 202:10 54:19; 66:8; 67:1; 71:4; possibly [1] - 206:2 presents [1] - 16:10 PROJECT [2] - 1:2 73:22; 79:5; 97:22; 98:8; pot [1] - 154:15 press [1] - 58:18 projects [5] - 126:12; 196:4; 115:9; 116:18; 147:1; potential [11] - 8:5; 22:19; pressure [1] - 48:15 200:11; 202:24; 203:13 159:11; 172:8; 180:2; 23:10; 125:12, 14-16, 23; presumably [1] - 82:4 promised [4] - 95:23; 182:5, 8-10; 207:8 126:10; 128:20 pretty [22] - 34:23; 36:6; 140:10; 194:22 placed [2] - 148:11; 203:8 Pouce [4] - 21:6; 59:10; 60:7; 37:20, 23; 39:16; 46:12; promises [1] - 114:13 places [15] - 74:2; 77:12; 75:2 50:2; 62:20; 63:18; 68:6; proof [1] - 110:18 78:9; 85:4, 11; 100:9; power [5] - 65:19, 21-22; 80:22; 94:1; 99:6; 102:6; proper [10] - 66:2; 110:10; 104:21; 148:7; 165:4; 76:1; 116:8 132:11; 153:11; 187:12; 116:4; 122:6; 142:15; 170:11, 13; 171:7; 173:14 POWER [1] - 1:4 191:13; 193:20; 198:18 143:25; 188:6; 199:14; plan [2] - 18:10; 124:17 powerful [3] - 186:20, 25; prevent [1] - 122:21 202:14; 203:2 previous [5] - 131:19; properly [4] - 145:15;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 18
155:11; 189:7; 190:13 pulling [2] - 63:24; 159:19 raising [2] - 132:14, 19 reefs [1] - 94:4 Proponent [5] - 110:3, 9; pun [1] - 111:2 ram [1] - 143:23 refer [1] - 127:12 111:1; 114:18; 116:7 purportedly [1] - 110:25 Randy [3] - 134:21; 135:1; reference [1] - 11:9 Proponent's [1] - 110:23 purpose [2] - 197:6; 202:24 136:12 Reference [1] - 201:3 Proponents [5] - 111:10, 21; purposes [1] - 124:3 range [1] - 25:1 referenced [1] - 15:7 193:8; 200:14; 203:12 pursued [1] - 192:8 rat [5] - 161:13, 21; 162:2, 4; references [1] - 18:21 proportion [3] - 21:10; push [4] - 48:14, 17; 59:12; 163:4 referring [2] - 127:13; 162:2 23:23; 126:25 86:4 rather [3] - 10:14; 115:1; refuge [1] - 187:2 proposed [10] - 8:2; 15:15; pushed [1] - 87:2 178:20 refuse [1] - 111:18 17:5; 21:2; 22:21; 28:20; pushes [2] - 38:23 ration [1] - 83:23 regard [2] - 108:24; 190:22 110:6, 22; 132:17; 193:12 pushing [3] - 37:7, 10; rationale [1] - 135:4 regarding [5] - 139:21; PROPOSED [1] - 1:3 143:21 rats [11] - 161:12, 14-15, 190:9; 193:12; 203:24; proposing [1] - 203:13 put [19] - 10:18; 49:13; 58:18; 17-18, 23; 165:12, 22; 204:4 protect [9] - 109:12; 113:21; 63:1; 73:12; 75:25; 77:8; 171:11 regards [2] - 124:4; 202:10 119:6; 142:8; 143:16; 78:23; 81:20; 87:9; 103:2; RCR [3] - 2:15; 207:3, 19 regime [9] - 9:1; 10:4; 16:7, 144:21; 187:5; 192:11; 104:20; 111:12; 123:25; reach [1] - 20:22 9, 15; 19:20; 124:15 194:25 135:17; 137:25; 158:4 read [1] - 134:4 regimes [3] - 9:11; 131:24; protected [5] - 115:16; puzzled [1] - 129:7 reading [1] - 198:23 132:3 139:7; 140:9; 194:20 ready [10] - 28:4; 40:24; 43:4; regional [5] - 20:7; 125:4; protecting [1] - 140:7 Q 49:20; 58:9; 88:6, 9; 126:9, 12; 127:4 protection [2] - 115:21; 136:15; 157:19; 197:23 registered [3] - 82:13, 16; 116:2 real [6] - 97:16; 98:9; 115:2; 83:2 quad [2] - 95:13; 169:16 proud [2] - 109:5; 144:20 152:1; 164:16; 174:1 regulate [2] - 65:6, 16 quads [1] - 169:14 prove [1] - 203:9 realize [5] - 114:4, 8; 147:10; regulated [1] - 64:19 qualifications [1] - 11:25 proved [1] - 146:22 203:5 regulation [4] - 8:4; 65:10; quality [3] - 119:20, 22; proven [1] - 194:15 realized [1] - 112:4 156:19, 25 122:17 Proverbs [3] - 3:9; 9:13; really [31] - 28:12; 34:17, 19; regulations [7] - 122:1; quantity [3] - 119:21, 23; 13:10 36:13; 48:20; 56:23; 63:12; 142:14, 18, 23; 156:18, 20, 122:17 proves [1] - 156:1 64:2; 71:1; 145:14; 146:24; 23 quarter [1] - 8:13 provide [18] - 7:15; 14:10, 147:18, 20; 165:18; regulator [1] - 195:22 quarter-backed [1] - 8:13 18, 25; 15:1, 8; 17:4; 172:19; 178:19; 180:23; regulators [6] - 109:25; questioning [1] - 190:8 18:12; 19:7, 9; 73:10; 181:13; 192:21; 193:25; 111:10, 21; 193:11; 102:1; 110:10; 124:17; questions [12] - 8:16; 9:20; 195:19; 197:10; 198:15, 196:20; 202:16 25:7; 81:9; 123:18; 129:10; 153:1; 195:17; 199:4 21; 200:1, 3-4, 22; 205:6, regulatory [3] - 111:8, 16; 133:14; 135:11; 178:8, 20; provided [13] - 14:19; 18 191:10 189:21; 203:19 109:12; 114:20; 115:9; Realtime [2] - 207:4, 20 rejuvenate [1] - 198:8 quickly [1] - 179:10 125:1; 131:2; 133:1, 4; REALTIME [1] - 2:13 related [6] - 15:9; 17:16, 18; quite [13] - 33:7; 35:3; 59:8; 191:23; 193:15; 195:13; rearing [1] - 23:6 18:19; 19:11; 20:14 70:12; 99:23; 109:23; 196:7; 199:13 reason [6] - 26:24; 47:2; relation [2] - 191:21, 25 110:2; 111:15; 112:18; providers [1] - 102:1 51:19; 130:11; 158:7; relations [3] - 93:15; 138:12; 168:17; 192:21; 199:8; provides [3] - 30:7, 15, 17 170:9 191:18 201:18 providing [2] - 31:9; 115:4 receives [1] - 121:11 relationship [5] - 112:22, 25; Province [9] - 7:19; 14:22; recent [2] - 12:6; 22:15 136:6; 200:17, 23 15:6; 16:2, 21; 17:1; 18:1, R recently [1] - 16:4 relationships [1] - 120:1 9, 20 recipients [1] - 200:2 relatively [2] - 8:7; 17:11 province [1] - 19:10 RA [1] - 131:8 reciprocity [1] - 120:25 relatives [1] - 193:3 Provinces [1] - 207:4 RAA [5] - 124:6; 130:24; recognition [3] - 197:17 relay [1] - 179:7 Provincial [1] - 145:24 131:4; 190:6; 204:4 recognize [3] - 92:14; 180:2; release [6] - 64:22; 65:18; provincial [1] - 118:7 rack [1] - 40:14 186:10 180:10, 14, 22; 181:11 Pryse [3] - 3:10; 10:1; 13:12 rain [6] - 46:23; 47:1, 3; recommendations [4] - released [2] - 116:17; 180:14 Pryse-Phillips [3] - 3:10; 60:16; 162:19, 25 14:24; 116:14, 20, 25 releases [3] - 198:3, 7 10:1; 13:12 rainwater [1] - 149:12 recommended [1] - 20:13 releasing [2] - 66:16; 149:13 public [2] - 180:12; 203:4 raise [4] - 21:25; 24:10; reconcile [1] - 115:8 relevant [1] - 19:1 public-interest [1] - 203:4 29:16; 158:10 reconciliation [1] - 115:13 reliance [1] - 152:12 publications [1] - 11:14 raised [22] - 7:19; 16:20; reconvene [1] - 88:21 rely [3] - 30:8; 155:5; 199:10 published [3] - 8:23; 11:23; 22:13; 32:13; 33:12; 34:22; reconvened [1] - 6:8 remain [1] - 121:2 12:6 56:9; 70:9; 89:12; 90:1; record [2] - 132:11; 202:2 remained [1] - 62:8 publishing [1] - 12:4 97:5; 114:19; 115:7; recorded [1] - 202:3 remains [1] - 129:5 puddle [1] - 99:19 116:23; 132:12; 157:13; red [3] - 15:16; 160:20; remarks [9] - 4:23; 6:14; pull [9] - 35:18; 55:21, 25; 158:2, 9; 159:1; 168:9; 185:22 14:2, 11, 18; 15:8; 24:6; 64:8; 94:21; 159:20; 174:18; 192:14 reduce [2] - 17:2; 22:11 130:14; 204:15 172:13, 17; 184:16 raises [1] - 85:6 reduced [1] - 22:9 remember [18] - 47:23;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 19
51:21; 52:6; 58:6; 59:14; residential [1] - 148:12 109:8, 14; 110:11; 112:15; 103:24; 104:2; 105:3; 62:5, 17; 67:23; 78:21; residents [2] - 18:11; 193:21 113:12, 24; 114:21; 161:2; 180:20 79:9, 12; 85:17; 86:16; residual [3] - 22:19; 23:17, 115:14; 118:8, 22; 119:3, road [11] - 46:1, 4; 62:11; 103:19; 149:20; 166:5; 22 7, 10, 14-15; 120:15; 65:2; 68:2, 4; 147:8; 161:7 172:23 resolve [1] - 117:7 122:5, 19; 139:7; 140:10; roadmap [1] - 7:16 remembers [1] - 158:25 resource [1] - 191:19 141:22, 24; 194:20; 195:1; roads [3] - 46:5; 47:10; 66:25 remind [2] - 144:3; 169:20 resources [10] - 111:14, 20; 197:2 Rocher [6] - 58:25; 59:11; reminded [2] - 60:2; 156:16 117:10; 119:23; 120:19; rigorous [1] - 197:12 60:7; 67:6, 21; 182:13 remoteness [1] - 120:7 124:3; 174:13; 184:3; riparian [1] - 128:1 rocks [1] - 94:3 Renata [6] - 3:9; 9:16, 19; 200:12; 203:14 rise [1] - 187:2 Rocky [2] - 20:20; 168:25 10:1; 13:11 respect [25] - 8:3; 9:3, 6, 8; risks [1] - 17:18 rocky [2] - 48:7; 59:7 rendered [1] - 111:23 10:7, 11; 15:3; 16:22; river [98] - 9:4, 19; 24:16; role [3] - 119:5; 195:25; RENE [4] - 84:13; 85:16; 17:18; 18:4, 23; 19:4; 25:3; 34:6, 15; 35:12; 36:7, 196:3 87:16, 19 22:14; 23:16; 114:1; 22-23; 37:12; 38:2; 40:3; room [7] - 7:5, 8; 27:10; Rene [13] - 3:22; 4:5; 27:24; 129:15; 131:19; 136:1; 43:20; 44:4; 45:5; 48:12; 112:19; 146:16, 22; 194:8 30:13, 16, 18; 50:7; 84:7, 149:25; 150:4, 14-15; 59:10; 65:12; 67:5, 19; roots [1] - 191:24 12, 14; 87:14; 88:3 151:7 68:17; 72:2, 15; 74:10; Rosanne [7] - 3:19; 4:11; Rene's [1] - 30:20 respected [7] - 30:1, 6, 15; 75:2; 79:3, 19, 22; 80:6, 25:12; 27:18; 28:9; 29:15; renowned [1] - 57:24 31:2, 11, 18; 112:10 10, 24; 81:12, 18, 20, 22; 136:19 repeat [1] - 196:13 respond [1] - 24:20 86:8, 13-14; 89:14; 90:1; ROSANNE [51] - 25:11; 26:5, replenish [2] - 180:6; 198:9 response [3] - 12:14; 14:25; 93:16, 18; 94:4; 95:1; 97:5, 9, 15, 20; 28:3; 55:21; replenished [3] - 78:12; 151:1 19; 99:4; 100:3; 103:16; 56:3; 83:24; 84:6; 88:11; 183:15, 18 responses [1] - 7:18 104:3, 25; 106:19; 123:23; 133:9; 137:5; 140:25; replenishes [1] - 184:1 responsibility [3] - 18:9; 126:2; 127:10; 128:2; 141:16; 148:4; 152:10; report [3] - 12:13; 134:25; 144:4; 193:7 129:5, 7; 131:11; 136:3; 155:2; 156:15, 24; 160:3, 199:11 responsible [1] - 138:13 156:21; 160:12; 164:6, 12, 8; 162:1, 7; 163:18; 165:3; 16; 166:16; 169:9, 23; reported [2] - 128:21 rest [6] - 34:4; 46:16; 61:15; 167:25; 172:13, 21, 24; 170:14, 19-20; 171:3, Reporter [2] - 207:4, 20 69:9; 141:18; 154:2 173:3, 10; 174:10; 175:21; 18-19; 173:24; 175:7; REPORTER'S [1] - 207:1 restore [1] - 61:21 177:4, 20; 178:4, 10, 22; 176:3, 8, 10; 181:9; 185:6, REPORTING [1] - 2:13 restrict [1] - 132:5 179:6; 181:15; 182:25; 12; 186:7, 20; 187:1, 18, reporting [1] - 19:4 restricted [1] - 82:15 184:14; 185:15; 186:2; 20; 189:12; 192:14, 23; Reporting [1] - 2:14 result [6] - 15:1; 30:12; 188:16; 189:17, 22; 195:23 reports [2] - 196:12, 16 113:2; 117:19; 121:18; 190:17; 195:7; 204:9 River [112] - 1:25; 6:3; 8:25; represent [1] - 25:15 143:3 roughly [2] - 10:15; 178:19 9:2, 10; 14:21; 15:19, 23; Representative [1] - 2:19 results [5] - 15:10; 19:10; round [3] - 45:17; 166:4; 16:6, 8, 13, 16, 18, 21; 177:25 representatives [1] - 190:1 124:14; 129:20; 130:5 17:13, 17, 22; 20:18, 20, route [7] - 94:9; 95:18; 97:13; representing [2] - 16:4; resume [1] - 11:13 22, 25; 21:15, 24; 22:23; 197:1 resumes [1] - 12:22 103:25; 167:17; 175:16 23:2, 4, 8, 13; 25:2; 38:22; routes [7] - 36:13, 17; 38:4; request [4] - 116:4; 139:24; retain [1] - 113:5 39:2; 58:3; 59:10, 21, 25; 140:20 retire [1] - 168:22 62:1; 67:9; 119:18 60:2, 13; 61:5, 8, 11; 62:6; row [3] - 8:9; 26:2; 134:2 require [1] - 119:10 retirement [1] - 168:15 64:23; 65:10; 67:21; 68:10; returning [1] - 21:14 RPR [3] - 2:15; 207:3, 19 required [5] - 110:25; 69:4; 72:11; 76:10; 79:25; reverse [2] - 59:11; 60:8 rubber [2] - 145:18, 22 118:16; 122:7; 203:6, 12 81:21; 85:19; 86:19; 93:14; Review [2] - 22:16; 28:18 run [3] - 7:14; 65:12; 107:8 requirements [1] - 19:24 94:18; 101:21; 103:17, 19, review [5] - 124:25; 132:9; run-of-the-river [1] - 65:12 requires [3] - 116:2; 118:24; 24; 104:6, 18, 21, 24; 133:3; 144:1; 204:5 runaway [1] - 187:15 119:1 105:8, 10-11; 106:11, 15, rundown [1] - 7:5 research [1] - 15:13 REVIEW [3] - 1:1; 2:2 17-18, 21, 23, 25; 107:18, running [3] - 48:16; 63:7; Research [1] - 11:10 reviewed [3] - 20:14; 126:6; 24; 123:5; 125:20; 135:20; 151:24 researching [1] - 12:4 197:10 136:3; 139:3; 144:15; runoff [2] - 59:22; 149:12 Reserve [4] - 70:10, 12; reviewer [1] - 9:8 148:21; 160:11, 23-24; runs [1] - 14:6 101:5; 103:21 Richardson [11] - 39:22; 164:13; 165:8, 17; 166:3; rushed [1] - 191:12 reserve [22] - 26:2; 34:5, 9, 42:24; 56:6; 60:17; 72:14; 169:12; 175:2; 176:3, 13, 21; 36:5, 11, 18; 38:5; 89:25; 90:3, 10; 97:22; 16, 20; 177:13; 180:4, 17; 49:3; 56:6, 9; 90:23; 94:14; 98:2, 6 181:23; 182:14; 184:22; S 96:18, 23; 101:6, 18; ride [2] - 98:19; 155:22 186:8, 11-12; 187:11; 106:14; 108:3, 14 ridiculous [1] - 203:13 192:15 sacred [3] - 142:6; 149:15; Reserves [1] - 192:18 Rights [12] - 96:7, 9-10, 14; River's [1] - 15:17 150:3 reservoir [3] - 17:8, 12; 102:10; 108:15; 110:5; river's [1] - 91:4 sad [1] - 179:25 136:6 111:22; 121:14; 141:21; riverbank [1] - 186:23 saddened [1] - 109:14 reside [4] - 21:13; 24:1; 194:21; 195:6 rivers [16] - 21:6; 45:24; safe [5] - 119:18; 120:14, 17; 32:15; 113:7 rights [32] - 30:17; 89:6; 53:11; 59:9; 60:6; 67:4, 8; 188:23; 202:3 resided [1] - 33:20 100:22; 102:10; 108:10; 80:25; 83:12, 15; 95:15; safety [7] - 18:17, 19; 68:14;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 20
100:1; 188:23; 189:11 134:11 Shell [3] - 62:19; 115:22; 23:10, 21-22; 28:20; 57:24; Safeway [1] - 73:18 see [68] - 24:15; 34:19, 22; 116:18 64:11; 65:12; 76:25; 77:8; Sal [1] - 174:19 37:16; 38:10, 16; 40:16, shelters [1] - 120:8 81:17; 85:13; 100:24; Sami [1] - 174:21 20; 42:5, 9; 44:7, 23; shocks [1] - 114:2 103:3, 5; 106:5; 107:2; sampled [1] - 22:25 45:23; 54:2; 55:18; 56:7, shoe [4] - 100:16; 156:6, 16 108:24; 137:11; 139:10; samples [1] - 201:21 13, 15, 21, 23; 59:8; 63:22; shoes [4] - 94:1, 5; 156:8; 191:22; 193:13; 194:11; sand [2] - 22:8; 174:8 64:15; 65:8, 13; 72:1; 73:1; 170:3 197:14 sandbar [3] - 100:15; 105:19 76:19; 77:7; 79:7, 11; 80:7, shooting [1] - 176:23 site [7] - 6:13; 16:16; 23:9, sandbars [4] - 100:6; 105:13 12, 19-20; 81:5; 82:20; shopping [4] - 46:8, 11, 13; 21; 81:20; 90:8 Sander [3] - 3:15; 12:17; 84:20; 99:9; 101:12; 103:25 sites [5] - 95:14; 121:1; 13:23 103:10; 105:22, 25; 106:4; shore [8] - 91:14, 20; 159:10, 149:21; 154:8; 193:2 Sands [1] - 151:18 108:3, 6; 132:12; 135:22; 12, 18, 21, 23 sitting [10] - 27:3; 32:24; sands [2] - 107:5; 199:6 147:23; 148:16; 153:14; shoreline [1] - 159:13 50:5; 52:21; 70:6; 75:17; 169:24; 170:8; 179:23; Saskatchewan [1] - 101:4 short [10] - 17:11; 98:21; 99:13, 19; 147:14; 162:13 184:24; 185:20; 192:25; saw [2] - 128:13; 139:11 118:11; 141:4, 7, 16; situated [1] - 69:3 193:5; 194:3, 14; 199:15 sawmill [1] - 68:1 170:14; 171:1; 176:15 size [2] - 101:13; 129:13 seed [1] - 82:19 Sawridge [2] - 1:23; 6:2 shortcuts [1] - 169:11 sizes [1] - 22:8 seeing [4] - 64:12; 133:13; scale [2] - 125:8; 199:12 shorthand [1] - 207:8 ski [1] - 91:10 201:23 scales [1] - 41:14 shot [1] - 94:22 ski-doos [1] - 91:10 seek [3] - 118:15, 17; 156:16 scary [1] - 105:24 show [13] - 34:17; 36:1; 57:2; skidoo [2] - 67:12; 68:22 seeking [1] - 113:6 Schindler [1] - 151:11 90:16; 115:9; 141:4, 7; skidoos [3] - 75:8; 76:3; 91:9 seeks [2] - 113:21; 122:21 school [12] - 33:13-15; 155:22; 164:14; 172:14, skiff [2] - 63:24; 76:13 seem [6] - 35:20; 37:4; 70:13; 77:23; 148:12; 25; 173:3; 189:11 skill [1] - 207:11 158:13, 17; 164:2 118:3, 5; 131:10; 182:21 showed [1] - 55:16 skimming [1] - 198:24 seepage [1] - 17:19 science [9] - 110:19; 143:3; showing [2] - 110:19; 184:18 skin [1] - 155:11 146:20; 153:13; 192:9; selected [4] - 19:18; 125:7; shown [1] - 126:22 skinny [2] - 51:18 198:1; 202:5 126:5; 127:3 shows [2] - 18:6; 141:8 Slave [13] - 15:19; 60:2; 65:4; sell [2] - 55:3, 5 Science [1] - 8:21 shut [2] - 65:8, 18 67:7, 21; 68:8; 94:19; send [1] - 54:20 scientifically [1] - 197:11 sic) [1] - 108:14 104:18; 106:23; 169:12; senior [1] - 9:6 scientist [1] - 11:16 side [16] - 55:13; 58:4; 67:18; 180:16; 182:9 sense [2] - 146:18 scientists [3] - 10:18; 11:15; 93:17; 98:9; 100:12; sleds [1] - 34:10 152:3 sensitivities [1] - 17:14 127:11, 17, 21; 128:2, 16; slicing [1] - 41:16 sensitivity [3] - 19:24; scoped [1] - 132:18 150:2; 158:8; 170:20 slides [1] - 13:25 121:25; 125:23 Scott [11] - 3:21; 4:3; 27:22; sides [3] - 65:3; 67:19; 150:1 slightly [2] - 7:7; 206:2 29:25; 30:3; 57:9, 11, 14; sent [1] - 145:12 signed [6] - 114:12; 115:18; slough [3] - 172:8, 11; 62:14; 69:23 separates [1] - 126:20 139:16; 140:11; 142:2; 176:22 SCOTT [13] - 57:12; 61:7; seriously [1] - 140:13 200:9 sloughs [10] - 79:8; 153:4; 62:4, 17; 63:12; 64:13; Services [2] - 2:14, 19 significant [1] - 21:23 171:16; 172:5; 173:20; 65:15, 21; 66:9, 12, 23; Session [2] - 1:12; 6:5 signing [1] - 142:3 175:5, 13; 176:14, 18; 67:14; 68:15 session [11] - 3:6; 6:12; 7:12; silt [4] - 50:18; 55:18; 56:15; 180:7 scrambling [1] - 26:24 10:3; 13:4; 15:12, 22; 64:5 slow [4] - 61:22; 81:21; se [1] - 131:13 18:19; 134:20; 135:12; similar [3] - 17:10; 127:24; 110:12; 146:5 Sea [1] - 15:21 195:5 134:19 Slowly [1] - 139:1 season [2] - 50:17; 101:13 sessions [1] - 123:21 simple [1] - 200:24 slowly [1] - 96:9 seasonal [1] - 167:5 set [8] - 40:13; 41:12; 90:11; simply [2] - 118:4; 140:6 slushy [1] - 186:15 seat [2] - 25:23; 191:5 92:18; 110:25; 137:6; sincere [1] - 118:15 small [12] - 21:10; 23:23; 166:9; 207:8 seats [2] - 27:5; 194:4 sincerely [1] - 205:6 34:24; 39:3; 46:8; 54:15; setting [2] - 10:12; 159:14 second [6] - 17:6; 23:16; sinkhole [1] - 62:6 75:3; 96:12; 126:25; 141:4; 131:23; 134:2; 184:11; seven [1] - 40:11 SIOBHAN [14] - 13:25; 14:7, 169:24; 170:21 190:8 several [3] - 14:24; 18:21; 15; 24:19; 124:11; 127:12, smaller [1] - 64:8 135:14 secondly [1] - 136:1 16, 19; 128:3, 18; 129:10; smart [1] - 113:9 severe [1] - 198:21 Secretariat [1] - 123:25 130:9; 134:18; 136:11 Smith [9] - 3:14; 12:9; 13:21; sew [1] - 58:19 SECRETARIAT [1] - 2:6 Siobhan [6] - 3:7, 16; 8:13, 46:4; 67:1, 16; 104:9, 17 Shaftesbury [1] - 18:5 section [3] - 19:14; 129:19; 16; 13:7; 14:4 Smol [4] - 3:13; 11:9, 17; 133:2 Shal [1] - 176:3 Siobhan's [1] - 9:16 13:18 Section [1] - 16:9 shall [1] - 88:21 sister [2] - 109:6; 157:23 Smol's [1] - 12:2 secure [1] - 120:18 shallow [3] - 63:18; 64:2; sisters [2] - 34:4; 89:20 snags [1] - 94:3 155:18 security [1] - 120:23 sit [7] - 29:7, 17; 50:7; 70:8; snap [1] - 186:19 shape [1] - 58:4 sediment [4] - 19:21; 21:4; 75:15; 88:13; 191:4 snapped [1] - 187:17 22:10; 124:16 share [5] - 73:4; 123:5; SITE [1] - 1:2 snow [5] - 67:6, 9; 154:20; 163:19; 168:1; 188:17 sedimentology [1] - 12:12 Site [34] - 7:23; 15:15; 16:11, 162:20, 25 sharing [2] - 120:25; 200:10 sediments [2] - 10:12; 16, 18; 17:6, 8, 24; 22:7, 9; Snowbird [2] - 149:18; 154:7
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 21
Snowbird's [1] - 175:3 131:21; 190:3 standing [6] - 32:24; 70:6; stores [2] - 45:16; 46:12 snowbirds [4] - 175:3, 11; spawn [14] - 21:13; 42:20; 106:2; 186:23; 192:19 stories [5] - 50:8; 123:1, 5; 176:15; 186:12 72:12-16, 22-25; 73:3 stands [1] - 113:20 135:23; 193:1 Snye [6] - 94:8, 11-12; 95:3 spawning [3] - 23:5; 39:22; Stanford [1] - 11:23 storing [1] - 171:22 Snyes [3] - 94:25; 95:6 84:23 start [19] - 32:2; 37:19; story [3] - 76:6, 21; 179:18 so-called [2] - 114:16; 187:4 speakers [1] - 28:14 38:21; 48:1; 49:10, 25; straight [2] - 74:7; 176:17 sociocultural [1] - 120:24 speaking [4] - 30:21; 109:1; 77:23; 78:23; 105:23; strategies [1] - 201:15 solid [2] - 186:14, 18 162:6; 201:17 109:1; 123:24; 124:12; stratigraphy [1] - 12:13 solitude [1] - 120:7 special [2] - 112:22; 130:12 134:5; 141:20; 142:13; streams [1] - 107:20 solution [1] - 115:7 specialists [1] - 12:18 143:15; 145:9; 181:25; Street [1] - 1:24 Solutions [1] - 2:18 species [8] - 21:7, 11; 22:3, 191:6 strength [2] - 182:22; 187:19 solve [1] - 123:20 12; 23:24; 24:3; 119:12; start-up [1] - 77:23 stress [2] - 52:12; 199:1 solved [1] - 88:22 162:10 started [15] - 91:9, 24; 102:5; striving [2] - 139:6; 194:24 someone [4] - 134:9, 16; specific [10] - 3:6; 13:4; 159:25; 164:3, 19; 178:15; strong [3] - 131:25; 145:12; 149:2; 150:19 16:20; 18:19; 24:10; 183:11-13, 22-23; 201:3, 187:24 SOMERS [32] - 27:2, 7, 12, 119:12; 130:23; 131:2; 19 stuck [6] - 67:18; 79:5; 15; 29:5, 13; 45:10; 52:9; 204:3 starting [9] - 25:9, 16; 26:23; 100:16; 155:23; 173:22 54:2; 57:8; 61:4, 24; 69:23; Specific [4] - 1:12; 3:4; 6:5, 69:21; 78:25; 80:21; students [1] - 150:23 80:15; 81:1; 83:9; 84:7; 22 105:15; 109:23 studied [2] - 109:16; 130:25 87:14, 17; 88:3, 8; 89:1; specifically [6] - 12:5; starts [2] - 66:15; 187:2 studies [15] - 15:9; 20:14; 99:25; 100:20; 107:14; 124:13, 20; 130:10; starvation [1] - 181:3 24:25; 110:9; 111:25; 108:17, 21; 110:14, 17; 134:21; 135:2 starve [1] - 152:20 124:14, 22; 126:22; 123:8; 132:8; 133:19 speed [1] - 186:23 state [1] - 197:23 135:25; 196:15; 198:16; Somers [11] - 3:20; 4:1, 8; spend [7] - 36:23; 158:5; statement [2] - 123:14; 200:7 201:4; 203:3, 11 27:20; 28:22; 29:4; 31:13; 169:2; 175:10; 176:23; Statement [6] - 16:1, 8; study [4] - 129:8; 134:25; 108:20, 25; 110:12; 196:13 178:20; 192:20 19:15, 19; 20:2; 21:9 199:4, 8 Somers' [1] - 123:13 spent [9] - 12:4; 33:12; 35:4; statements [2] - 196:21 studying [1] - 110:22 sometimes [14] - 59:11; 43:23; 168:9, 17, 19; statistics [1] - 16:10 stuff [28] - 40:23; 43:6; 60:7; 64:2, 8; 66:13; 67:16; 192:15 stay [8] - 36:7; 49:5; 52:5; 44:21; 49:14; 51:13; 57:19; 71:16; 79:15; 93:6, 15; spirit [4] - 121:9; 122:3; 61:10; 92:8; 155:25; 59:4; 60:16; 62:10; 64:2, 5; 100:7; 154:5; 170:15 153:1 170:19; 180:8 65:5; 66:15; 68:18; 69:16, somewhat [2] - 137:16, 18 spiritual [5] - 109:9; 119:25; stayed [1] - 33:21 20; 70:16; 72:21; 78:23; somewhere [12] - 34:18; 121:1; 149:21; 154:8 staying [3] - 42:25; 86:9; 82:24; 104:1; 160:16; 43:12; 48:7, 12; 77:16; spoken [2] - 141:22; 149:22 167:12 175:6, 8; 176:14, 24; 82:9; 87:12; 90:15; 91:5; spoken) [10] - 84:13; 85:16; steady [1] - 54:20 177:17; 189:13 97:12; 142:13; 185:25 157:20; 160:7, 10, 18; steak [1] - 73:23 submission [7] - 15:24; 16:5; somewhere's [1] - 167:10 162:8; 163:11; 183:7 steam [1] - 115:10 17:1; 18:20; 22:15; 138:24; somewheres [3] - 48:6; spot [4] - 38:10; 43:2; 100:8; step [2] - 99:21; 146:6 205:7 56:12, 22 112:6 steps [2] - 99:20; 143:25 submissions [4] - 133:11; son [3] - 33:6; 44:10, 20 spots [1] - 96:25 STEVE [11] - 138:18; 142:2; 204:10, 13 sons [1] - 32:22 Spring [1] - 60:15 146:4; 148:10; 152:13; submitted [2] - 130:22; soon [5] - 40:5; 60:4; 80:22; spring [37] - 32:18, 23; 33:2; 155:7; 156:22; 179:15; 196:16 97:11 34:11; 38:18, 21; 39:18; 182:2; 186:6; 204:16 submitting [1] - 133:10 Sorry [3] - 80:15; 88:9; 139:1 48:5, 25; 49:4; 51:14, 20; Steve [10] - 3:13; 4:11, 16, subscribed [1] - 207:13 sorry [11] - 27:9; 29:9; 31:16; 60:14; 66:1; 72:24; 73:1; 23; 13:19; 136:20; 137:22; substance [3] - 115:2; 35:20; 89:5; 110:17; 112:5; 76:9; 79:23; 85:18, 20; 138:17, 21; 204:15 117:11; 118:11 172:17; 182:25 87:4; 99:12; 165:15; 167:3; stick [1] - 95:15 substantive [3] - 7:21; sort [2] - 191:23; 195:11 172:10; 175:12, 15; sticking [1] - 149:10 117:13; 122:21 sorts [1] - 9:22 177:10; 182:4, 15; 183:17; still [31] - 35:22; 42:11; success [1] - 26:1 sought [1] - 115:8 186:5; 188:25; 189:1 44:18; 50:16; 66:8; 80:12, sucking [1] - 107:23 source [1] - 166:1 springtime [5] - 34:8; 36:21; 16; 87:23; 92:25; 102:4; sudden [2] - 166:13; 169:22 south [12] - 46:3, 24; 47:2, 49:15; 50:25; 59:4 107:1; 139:5; 148:25; sufficient [5] - 114:20; 10; 62:12; 67:2; 91:14, 20; spruce [1] - 167:9 149:19; 150:11; 151:7; 119:20, 22; 131:16; 202:18 122:15; 150:2; 177:12; Spruce [1] - 167:18 152:24; 153:7, 14; 155:4; suggesting [1] - 84:2 192:23 St [2] - 127:6; 131:11 165:4, 7, 15; 175:23; summary [1] - 15:1 southerners [1] - 47:16 stage [6] - 17:14; 41:11; 176:12; 180:1; 188:10; summer [29] - 39:19; 40:22; space [1] - 26:3 58:9; 78:23; 192:3; 202:16 192:19 42:17, 23; 43:5, 7, 22-23; spacial [3] - 15:10; 127:3; stages [5] - 41:5, 11; 49:10; stop [8] - 40:2, 5; 59:5; 45:4; 46:21; 51:10, 12; 132:6 187:4 83:20; 146:12; 159:10, 17 53:9; 54:10; 74:25; 85:23; spatial [15] - 7:22; 8:10; 9:9; stagnant [3] - 63:2; 162:12; stopping [1] - 179:4 87:3; 89:16; 99:15; 149:3; 10:11; 19:17, 25; 20:12; 163:14 storage [1] - 65:23 158:5; 162:19, 23; 167:4; 125:2, 6, 8; 129:22; 130:3; stamped [2] - 145:18, 22 store [4] - 49:14; 58:16; 169:13; 170:16 stand [1] - 26:6 73:21; 91:6
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 22
summers [3] - 149:3; 192:16, Taylor [2] - 16:17; 127:6 67:19; 69:21 190:5; 206:4 20 tea [2] - 154:14, 16 thereafter [1] - 207:9 took [7] - 40:7; 116:18; summertime [6] - 59:20; teach [11] - 29:23; 78:4, 9; therefore [3] - 17:9; 135:3; 126:13; 143:25; 149:4; 65:24; 87:24; 160:15; 91:25; 150:15; 155:10; 184:7 177:15 164:11; 167:4 188:19; 189:5, 9 thermal [2] - 19:21; 124:15 top [6] - 11:16, 25; 37:12; sunk [1] - 162:24 teaches [1] - 31:10 they've [5] - 11:2; 42:1; 69:12; 80:7; 172:1 supply [2] - 101:23; 104:6 teaching [2] - 30:17; 31:3 110:7; 119:9; 171:22 Topic [4] - 1:12; 3:4; 6:5, 22 support [9] - 17:9; 22:6; teachings [4] - 109:10; They've [1] - 152:25 topic [7] - 3:6; 8:23; 13:4; 24:4; 30:16; 119:2; 121:12; 149:19; 155:13; 188:8 thick [5] - 37:8; 79:1, 4, 17 18:19; 19:12; 181:17; 135:3; 138:24; 139:23 team [11] - 24:19; 34:10; thickness [2] - 17:21; 68:12 182:1 supporting [2] - 16:9; 19:16 63:23; 67:10; 75:22; 89:15; thinking [1] - 168:22 Topic-Specific [4] - 1:12; suppose [2] - 8:3; 10:16 91:11; 124:19; 128:4; third [3] - 30:2; 57:15; 203:21 3:4; 6:5, 22 supposed [1] - 131:6 129:14; 166:1 thistle [2] - 177:15 topic-specific [3] - 3:6; 13:4; supreme [1] - 112:9 teams [1] - 187:6 thousands [7] - 57:17; 18:19 Supreme [1] - 143:11 technical [6] - 15:9; 18:17; 58:21; 152:21 total [1] - 21:18 surface [5] - 10:4; 16:9, 15; 20:14; 123:22; 125:2; three [14] - 33:6; 47:4; 52:7; tough [1] - 74:23 19:20; 124:15 134:25 55:19; 56:10; 76:12; 79:16; toward [1] - 15:18 surge [1] - 65:1 Technical [1] - 2:19 93:24; 125:13; 172:9; towards [5] - 67:21; 68:3; surprise [2] - 168:23; 196:22 TELAV [1] - 2:18 189:25; 191:4; 201:9, 20 85:20; 160:13; 175:11 surprised [1] - 150:20 telemetry [2] - 24:25; 126:22 three-horse [1] - 76:12 tower [1] - 167:16 surprisingly [1] - 129:13 temporarily [2] - 21:12; 24:1 thresholds [1] - 16:22 Tower [1] - 167:16 surrounded [1] - 45:23 tents [3] - 40:12; 49:13; throughout [12] - 8:15; 25:4; town [17] - 8:24; 9:1; 14:20, surrounding [1] - 101:19 167:12 30:20; 51:10; 57:25; 89:16; 22; 15:23; 16:6, 13, 18, 21; survival [2] - 122:2; 125:16 term [1] - 139:13 90:25; 94:7; 108:23; 17:13, 17, 22; 22:22; survive [3] - 78:1; 161:24; terms [6] - 68:14; 98:15; 117:10, 23; 196:10 36:22; 42:16; 93:18 184:3 131:13; 133:5; 135:21; thrown [1] - 142:16 traces [1] - 15:16 suspended [2] - 21:4; 22:10 192:13 tide [1] - 92:6 track [1] - 84:1 sustain [2] - 54:19; 107:25 Terms [1] - 201:2 timber [1] - 120:11 trade [3] - 57:20, 23; 91:7 sustained [3] - 102:13, 22; terrestrial [1] - 130:3 timing [4] - 17:21; 180:10, trading [1] - 91:6 142:19 territory [15] - 31:24; 32:5; 22; 181:12 tradition [1] - 189:7 sustaining [2] - 107:1; 82:1, 3, 9-10, 22; 109:2; Timoney [5] - 3:14; 12:2, 7; Traditional [5] - 38:5; 89:13; 121:16 111:6; 144:17, 21; 146:8; 13:20 138:1; 142:21; 157:8 sustains [4] - 101:17, 21; 151:17; 174:14 tip [1] - 75:16 traditional [35] - 30:25; 31:8; 108:4; 122:11 Territory [3] - 38:5; 142:21; tipping [1] - 121:24 77:19; 109:9; 120:4; Swain [1] - 2:3 157:8 tired [2] - 111:9; 112:8 121:13; 122:8, 14; 123:2; swear [1] - 154:12 TERRY [6] - 157:22; 160:19; TO [1] - 1:2 124:3; 138:6-8; 146:21; sweat [1] - 149:22 162:3, 9; 163:12; 183:9 Today [1] - 161:4 149:15; 151:23; 152:12; Sweetgrass [2] - 67:25; 68:1 Terry [7] - 4:12; 136:22, 24; today [68] - 7:16; 8:11, 25; 153:8; 155:17; 157:5; swim [1] - 43:15 138:2; 157:21, 23 14:17; 17:10; 18:3, 15; 158:3, 10, 18; 162:4; swimming [2] - 43:3, 6 testimony [2] - 135:15; 22:4, 10; 24:6; 26:23; 184:3, 13; 188:12; 192:1; swing [1] - 60:21 193:15 28:14; 34:23; 44:18; 50:16; 193:25; 198:1; 199:1, 7, 12, 16; 202:4 sword [1] - 47:15 testing [2] - 146:19; 151:25 51:23; 69:19; 102:4; traditions [1] - 155:9 SYSTEM [1] - 2:17 thaw [1] - 49:8 115:20; 117:20; 120:21; trail [4] - 68:22; 94:10; system [6] - 9:22, 25; 104:3; THE [56] - 1:1; 2:6; 6:10; 123:21; 125:1; 126:16; 109:18, 24; 111:14 13:2; 14:5, 12; 24:8, 21; 131:6; 132:5; 137:10, 21; 154:18; 160:22 trails [1] - 176:13 systems [1] - 67:5 25:7; 26:1, 7, 12, 18; 27:6, 138:3; 139:5; 141:1, 8; 8, 13; 29:9; 35:16; 56:1; 142:11, 21; 143:2; 144:2; train [3] - 77:25; 187:16 T 64:10; 65:9, 20; 66:5; 75:5, 145:20; 147:7, 12, 14; trampled [1] - 109:14 19; 76:21, 25; 80:13; 148:18; 149:20; 150:16; transcribed [1] - 207:9 83:19; 84:4; 88:6, 9, 15, 152:19; 153:21; 154:4, 17; transcript [1] - 207:10 T-bone [1] - 73:23 20; 106:10; 110:12, 15; 158:15; 159:15; 160:1; transcription [1] - 110:15 table [6] - 14:1; 26:4; 28:6; 123:9; 124:10; 133:13, 20; 163:21; 165:6; 175:22; transition [1] - 20:24 35:19; 106:20; 146:22 136:13; 140:24; 146:2; 180:1; 181:19; 186:15; translate [2] - 158:1, 23 tables [2] - 29:7; 107:19 148:2; 178:2, 7, 18; 179:2; 187:11, 23; 188:10; translating [1] - 30:22 tactics [1] - 121:7 182:24; 189:19; 193:22; 192:19; 193:14; 196:22; Translator [1] - 84:14 tagging [1] - 24:25 203:20; 205:22 200:11; 201:7; 203:10, 18; translator [1] - 157:17 tap [1] - 65:7 theirs [1] - 112:13 204:13; 205:25 transmission [1] - 30:9 Tar [1] - 151:18 Theirs [1] - 112:23 together [9] - 25:18; 26:25; transmit [1] - 31:4 task [1] - 110:21 themself [1] - 155:6 27:4; 29:7; 41:23; 96:5; transport [3] - 19:21; 124:16; taskforce [1] - 18:2 themselves [4] - 54:19; 125:21; 184:9 187:21 taught [4] - 77:20; 89:21; 101:25; 102:2; 111:17 tomorrow [10] - 7:21; 8:11; transportation [5] - 89:14; 91:25; 102:3 there'd [1] - 86:9 15:7; 44:19; 123:21; 93:13; 103:20; 104:4; there'll [4] - 34:23; 37:19; 124:13; 131:23; 147:8;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 23
119:19 136:5; 192:24 underground [2] - 107:20; valley [2] - 125:4, 10 trap [33] - 30:4; 34:5-7; tributary [2] - 23:5, 9 163:2 value [1] - 15:2 35:25; 56:10, 24; 57:3; trickle [3] - 105:1; 106:8 understood [2] - 29:10; values [1] - 150:14 58:2; 70:21; 71:12, 16; tried [4] - 74:8; 95:10; 88:15 vanish [1] - 195:2 77:24; 78:2; 82:13, 16, 21, 165:18; 203:10 UNDERTAKINGS [1] - 5:1 variability [1] - 22:5 24; 83:3; 89:21, 25; 91:21; tries [1] - 139:14 undertakings [1] - 5:3 various [5] - 11:2; 16:10, 12; 101:9; 148:14; 157:14; trip [4] - 37:17; 98:17; UNESCO [1] - 197:14 111:19; 191:19 162:11; 167:2, 6, 20; 123:10; 149:5 unfortunately [1] - 131:5 vast [1] - 132:9 174:19 trips [2] - 50:9; 95:4 unique [1] - 112:22 VC [1] - 128:24 trapped [10] - 58:5; 63:14; trouble [1] - 92:3 university [1] - 150:23 VCs [2] - 127:8; 129:9 90:24; 102:14; 148:21; trucks [1] - 187:22 unless [2] - 95:13; 205:5 vegetation [9] - 127:13, 25; 161:9; 165:15; 167:11 true [3] - 149:4; 199:11; unusual [2] - 45:4, 12 128:1, 7, 23; 130:2; trapper [3] - 68:7; 101:23 207:9 up [137] - 11:9; 17:21; 25:4; 153:12; 163:9; 205:3 trappers [8] - 51:1; 64:21; truly [1] - 118:20 27:5; 37:1, 4, 14; 38:25; vein [1] - 115:22 65:3; 69:6; 102:22; 143:1; trust [5] - 116:13; 154:19, 21; 39:9; 40:2, 13; 42:3; 43:21; vermilion [1] - 124:7 148:17; 193:15 195:12, 16 44:2, 4; 46:3; 48:5, 8, 10, Vermilion [8] - 20:8; 21:12; trapping [28] - 34:3, 12; 35:5; truth [1] - 72:10 13, 21; 49:15, 17; 50:17; 24:14; 25:2, 4; 106:12; 36:2, 21; 49:2; 63:6; 70:15; try [9] - 97:13; 113:15; 54:8; 55:18, 21, 25; 56:15; 126:17; 127:2 78:22; 90:18; 92:12; 115:25; 132:2, 6; 151:7; 58:19, 23; 59:6, 9, 18, 25; via [1] - 159:9 102:15; 114:21; 120:9, 12; 169:3; 188:11; 194:25 60:5, 10, 15, 20, 23; 61:12; video [4] - 141:14, 18-19; 128:12, 15; 152:19; trying [14] - 63:8; 72:15; 64:24; 65:25; 66:1-3; 147:23 161:13; 164:3, 6, 19, 22; 78:9; 81:15; 91:24; 97:11; 68:21; 69:13, 20; 72:6, 19; view [3] - 132:23; 141:18 165:17, 25; 167:1; 183:13 131:15; 152:18; 169:6; 74:9; 75:22; 76:9, 12, 16, village [1] - 40:10 traps [3] - 71:15; 92:17 183:1; 186:10; 188:10, 13; 23; 77:23; 78:24; 79:2; visit [4] - 40:2, 6; 166:9; travel [38] - 31:19; 35:13, 15; 190:10 81:20; 83:10, 12; 84:15; 193:2 36:5; 38:9; 39:13; 59:18; tug [1] - 104:13 86:1, 5; 87:12; 88:2, 24; visitors [2] - 144:22; 151:8 61:25; 63:11; 66:22; 67:4, turkey [1] - 54:7 89:12; 90:6; 91:3, 18; 92:1; Visual [1] - 2:18 8; 74:17; 75:10; 85:8, 11; turn [14] - 6:17; 8:6; 10:14; 93:16; 95:9; 99:13; 101:7; vocal [1] - 194:7 91:13-15, 17; 92:13; 103:2; 104:16; 110:25; 11:6; 25:8; 28:13, 21, 24; voice [2] - 196:25; 197:3 104:23; 105:9, 11; 108:14; 113:14; 116:15; 124:1, 6; 138:14; 151:14; 157:3; voiced [1] - 196:18 116:9; 146:1; 156:3; 159:6; 126:16; 127:6; 137:6, 25; 168:6; 179:11; 186:3 voicing [1] - 205:15 169:15, 19; 171:3; 175:16; 150:11; 159:14, 24; 164:9; turned [1] - 98:2 Volume [4] - 1:15; 130:19; 188:23 165:17, 24; 167:8, 15; turning [2] - 6:16; 151:16 133:1; 203:25 travelled [15] - 28:16; 29:15; 168:7; 170:12; 171:20; turns [1] - 98:3 volume [2] - 21:8; 131:1 63:16; 75:24; 91:2, 12; 172:7, 14, 16, 18; 173:23; turtle [1] - 151:5 VOYAGEUR [27] - 70:5; 73:9, 94:10; 103:20; 106:4; 174:6; 175:1, 4, 19; twice [1] - 95:20 17; 74:4, 14, 16, 23; 75:12, 108:10, 18; 115:25; 137:9; 176:19; 178:9; 179:20; Twin [1] - 72:8 21; 76:24; 77:2, 14, 22; 154:6; 175:1 180:15, 18; 182:7, 12; twin [1] - 58:4 78:6, 14, 21; 79:11; 80:6, travelling [15] - 31:23; 39:16, 183:11; 184:16; 185:2; two [43] - 7:3; 20:24; 21:10; 19; 81:4, 14, 19; 82:11, 23; 25; 66:21; 67:20; 68:14, 186:12, 22; 187:2; 188:22; 22:13; 23:24; 33:9; 36:23; 83:2, 6, 12 16; 84:24; 100:4; 103:23; 189:6, 15; 193:1 40:1; 42:13; 45:11; 47:4; Voyageur [8] - 3:22; 4:4; 105:7; 123:4; 170:14; upheld [3] - 112:10; 115:19 53:14; 58:25; 59:1; 61:20; 27:23; 30:5; 69:24; 70:4, 9; 186:24 uphold [3] - 111:17; 112:13; 64:15; 66:25; 76:12, 16; 75:5 treated [1] - 150:8 86:13; 95:4; 99:20; 101:5; 114:1 Treaties [10] - 112:15; 112:19; 124:1, 9; 129:11; uproar [1] - 143:24 113:18; 114:4, 7; 139:16; W 155:14; 158:19; 166:18; ups [3] - 186:13; 187:13, 15 142:2; 150:18, 20, 25 174:20, 22; 178:6, 11, 13, upstream [9] - 16:16; 21:13; Treaty [30] - 9:19; 22:14; 17; 190:14; 192:16; 198:17 22:22; 25:2; 106:11; wade [1] - 159:18 89:5; 95:23; 96:7, 9-10, 14; two-foot-step [1] - 99:21 126:20, 24; 127:1; 136:2 wait [6] - 34:15; 54:11; 63:19; 102:10; 108:15; 109:8; two-hour [1] - 178:6 useless [2] - 111:24; 152:25 92:4; 123:16 110:4; 111:22; 112:6, 10, type [1] - 186:16 user [7] - 29:20; 30:4, 11; waiting [2] - 26:21; 191:4 20, 24; 113:3; 114:11; 138:6, 9; 192:10 typical [3] - 20:20; 199:6 walk [6] - 92:15; 93:17; 115:18; 121:14; 139:7; User [2] - 89:13; 138:1 typically [1] - 136:4 104:22; 154:11; 159:18; 140:11; 141:21, 24; users [7] - 30:24; 31:6; 170:3 194:21; 195:5; 200:10 U 121:24; 194:3; 201:20, 23; walked [1] - 154:10 trees [4] - 69:20, 22; 186:19; 202:1 Wallace [1] - 2:5 187:17 usual [2] - 6:14; 46:22 walleye [4] - 21:11; 23:25; Trevis [1] - 2:7 ultimately [1] - 15:19 utilize [1] - 118:19 72:24; 126:25 Trevor [3] - 3:9; 9:13; 13:10 uncle [2] - 175:6; 176:7 wants [1] - 37:4 Tribal [1] - 22:14 uncles [1] - 174:20 V warm [1] - 49:4 tributaries [13] - 21:4; 22:18, uncommon [1] - 40:16 warming [1] - 146:10 24-25; 23:3, 11-12, 14; under [4] - 18:2; 69:9; 95:23; warn [1] - 121:24 101:20; 107:25; 135:20; vacuum [1] - 112:16 116:3 wash [1] - 60:17
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected] 24
washed [1] - 47:11 ways [2] - 117:7; 146:1 175:10; 189:1 16, 19; 156:11; 162:21; washing [1] - 41:15 wear [1] - 156:8 wintertime [1] - 171:25 164:21; 165:2; 166:25; wasted [2] - 205:12; 206:3 weather [2] - 88:22; 146:9 wish [2] - 88:10; 127:22 168:17; 169:18; 172:9; wasting [4] - 117:9, 24; web [1] - 56:2 wishes [2] - 24:10; 178:8 177:3; 182:23; 185:3; 145:25; 205:12 week [7] - 36:23; 52:8; 68:8; WITNESS [1] - 207:13 191:4; 201:9, 20 watch [5] - 36:24; 44:20, 22; 76:5; 96:3; 129:12; 130:8 witness [2] - 88:25; 204:13 years' [1] - 81:12 67:17 weekend [3] - 37:19, 22; witnessed [2] - 117:3; 181:1 yesterday [1] - 28:17 watching [2] - 41:21; 187:14 38:1 witnesses [4] - 7:10; 27:10; yields [1] - 115:21 Water [1] - 62:21 weeks [5] - 52:7; 73:14; 28:6; 181:22 young [21] - 35:5; 50:2; water [274] - 10:4; 16:9, 15; 76:12, 16; 147:13 wolf [1] - 172:2 68:20; 75:22; 78:1, 9; 79:2; 17:22; 19:20; 20:19, 21; weir [2] - 61:19; 171:6 woman [1] - 109:5 87:21, 23; 89:14, 18; 21:3; 32:19; 34:20, 23; weirs [4] - 58:25; 59:1; won [3] - 11:15; 143:10, 13 103:17; 148:11; 150:15; 35:14, 17; 36:3, 15, 25; 61:20; 66:7 wonder [1] - 134:7 154:6; 163:25; 192:2, 15, 37:6; 42:20; 43:9; 44:5; welcomed [1] - 194:2 wonderful [1] - 88:14 20; 193:1 45:4, 12, 24-25; 46:18, well-informed [1] - 203:4 wonderfully [1] - 6:15 younger [18] - 30:7, 18; 21-22; 47:4-6; 48:10, wellbeing [1] - 121:15 wondering [5] - 123:25; 32:21; 34:2; 52:14, 25; 14-15, 17; 49:14; 50:13, west [4] - 60:25; 85:9; 92:7; 124:7; 127:10; 130:15; 53:5; 58:2; 77:13, 21, 25; 17-18; 52:11; 55:12, 19; 93:9 140:4 78:4, 20; 121:4; 157:23; 59:2, 5, 20, 25; 60:1, 3-5, Western [1] - 15:14 Wood [2] - 142:11, 17 159:22; 188:20; 189:4 9, 13, 15, 19, 23; 61:10; western [6] - 110:19; 146:20; word [2] - 90:4; 149:21 yourself [1] - 73:23 62:2, 7; 63:13, 20; 64:7, 153:13; 198:1; 202:5 words [11] - 84:13; 85:16; youth [5] - 31:3, 10; 91:24; 14, 16, 20, 22; 65:1, 3, 7, whatnot [1] - 75:10 149:21; 157:20; 160:7, 10, 121:8; 189:14 16, 18, 24; 66:3, 16; 67:15, WHEREOF [1] - 207:13 18; 162:8; 163:11; 183:7 Yurkovich [1] - 14:19 19; 68:20; 69:17; 70:18, white [4] - 90:4, 6; 100:11; works [3] - 8:24; 92:5; 188:5 24; 74:16, 19; 75:4; 77:4, 151:24 world [4] - 57:25; 153:24; Z 6, 9; 78:3, 14-15; 79:23; whitefish [5] - 21:21; 22:1, 7; 197:13, 17 80:2, 8, 12, 16, 20, 22, 25; 72:23 World [2] - 57:24; 197:14 83:9; 84:9, 16; 85:2, 6, 12, zone [4] - 20:24; 127:7, 11, whole [33] - 41:4; 58:22; worlds [2] - 158:19 14, 18-19, 25; 86:4, 9, 15, 25 61:2; 62:7; 74:18; 76:15; worse [2] - 81:17; 84:19 24-25; 87:1, 8-9, 11; 89:7; 89:17; 90:9, 18, 22; 91:12; worst [1] - 154:22 90:20; 92:5, 9; 93:8, 11, 93:6; 94:7, 10-11, 14; 95:8; worth [2] - 69:11; 97:10 16, 19-20, 25; 94:1, 6, 11, 98:17, 19, 21; 101:17; wow [1] - 117:6 13, 18; 96:13, 20, 24; 97:3, 102:15; 103:1, 11; 106:21; wrap [1] - 178:9 5, 8; 98:12; 99:2, 10-13, 143:24; 146:6; 147:19; wreck [1] - 100:16 15, 17, 19, 23; 100:5, 12; 148:23; 177:16; 178:21; written [3] - 133:10; 194:16; 101:12, 15-16; 102:8, 196:10; 197:9 204:10 11-12, 17; 104:12, 19, 23; wide [6] - 68:23; 79:19; 106:2, 6, 20, 22; 107:9, 100:8, 15; 127:9 11-12, 17, 19-20, 24; Y wier [1] - 171:2 119:19; 122:1, 11, 17; wild [1] - 177:18 124:15; 137:12; 142:8, 24; wildlife [18] - 52:11; 57:19; year [49] - 12:7; 25:5; 30:2; 143:6; 144:14; 147:7, 9; 72:14; 127:14; 128:1, 7, 35:6; 44:19; 45:1, 13, 17; 149:2, 9, 11, 13; 150:8; 23; 129:7, 11-12, 14; 46:13; 49:5; 50:16; 51:11, 152:24; 153:1, 18, 22, 25; 130:2, 4; 131:9; 149:9; 20; 53:13, 15; 57:15; 154:15, 18, 20-21, 25; 161:10; 198:6 59:14; 60:12; 69:13; 71:23; 155:1, 15; 156:2; 157:16; Williams [1] - 24:13 72:12, 22; 79:15, 17, 20, 159:5, 9, 16, 18-19; willow [4] - 91:21; 149:10; 23; 84:19; 85:20, 24; 161:17, 24; 162:11, 13, 16, 170:7; 185:23 94:13; 96:17; 116:18; 18, 20, 23; 163:9, 13-14, Willow [1] - 91:21 143:1, 24; 162:15; 166:4, 17; 165:1, 20-22; 166:13; willows [10] - 35:14; 36:16; 6, 11, 14; 169:2; 177:9; 169:7, 18; 171:5, 14, 20, 57:1, 4; 80:9; 99:14; 188:25; 198:8 24; 173:1, 17, 23; 176:18; 164:17, 25; 177:1; 185:1 year-round [2] - 45:17; 166:4 180:11, 14-15, 18, 22; win [2] - 143:18; 152:8 years [68] - 8:20; 32:13; 33:3, 181:11; 182:12; 184:2, 25; wind [15] - 60:21, 23, 25; 17, 19; 39:7, 11, 24; 45:6; 185:17, 19, 25; 187:20; 85:5, 9; 86:4, 21, 23; 47:14; 49:21; 54:1, 6; 188:4; 194:12, 18; 195:2, 92:4-7; 93:9 56:17; 57:17; 70:7, 12; 23; 198:5, 15; 199:25; 71:10; 74:6, 25; 75:14; window [1] - 46:7 201:21; 205:2 77:4; 79:13, 16; 81:6; winds [2] - 60:20; 85:3 water's [1] - 162:12 86:16; 87:3, 25; 93:24; winter [22] - 36:12; 40:23; watered [2] - 111:2 94:16; 98:19; 101:5, 8; 46:2; 61:22; 62:8, 11; waterfowl [1] - 129:6 104:11; 139:4; 147:8; 64:25; 65:2, 22; 66:21, 25; waters [3] - 94:17; 106:4; 149:7, 17; 150:11, 21; 67:13; 68:11, 25; 72:23; 121:20 152:14, 21; 154:8; 155:14, 89:15; 166:8, 22; 167:2;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]