Immunology Position Paper on the Use of Telemedicine for Allergists

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Immunology Position Paper on the Use of Telemedicine for Allergists Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol xxx (2017) 1e6 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 1 Position Paper 58 2 59 3 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Position Paper on 60 4 61 5 the Use of Telemedicine for Allergists 62 6 63 Q12 Tania Elliott, MD; Jennifer Shih, MD; Chitra Dinakar, MD; Jay Portnoy, MD; Stanley Fineman, MD 7Q1 64 8 Q2 --- 65 9 66 10 67 ARTICLE INFO 68 11 The integration of telecommunications and information systems in health care first began 4 decades ago 12 69 Article history: with 500 patient consultations performed via interactive television. The use of telemedicine services and 13 70 Received for publication September 7, 2017. technology to deliver health care at a distance is increasing exponentially. Concomitant with this rapid 14 71 Accepted for publication September 8, 2017. expansion is the exciting ability to provide enhancements in quality and safety of care. Telemedicine enables 15 72 increased access to care, improvement in health outcomes, reduction in medical costs, better resource use, 16 73 expanded educational opportunities, and enhanced collaboration between patients and physicians. These 17 74 potential benefits should be weighed against the risks and challenges of using telemedicine. The American 18 75 College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology advocates for incorporation of meaningful and sustained use of 19 76 telemedicine in allergy and immunology practice. This article serves to offer policy and position statements 20 77 of the use of telemedicine pertinent to the allergy and immunology subspecialty. 21 78 Ó 2017 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 79 23 80 24 81 25 Introduction The sustainability of health care systems is a matter of continued 82 26 concern.3 According to projections by the Association of American 83 In 1972, Murphy and Bird1 conducted 500 patient consultations 27 Medical Colleges, the nation will be short more than 90,000 total 84 via interactive television, and the first formal definition of tele- 28 physicians by 2020 and 130,000 physicians by 2025.4 With 85 medicine was born. In 1974, Bird defined telemedicine as “the 29 approximately only 3000 active allergists nationwide (adapted 86 practice of medicine via an interactive audio-video communication 30 from American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Report 87 system.”1 Federal health programs and rural communities were 31 on the Allergy and Immunology Physician Workforce, 1999-2009/10 5), 88 some of the first to adopt telemedicine as a means to improve 32 telemedicine offers the opportunity to provide scalable, longitudi- 89 access to patient care. However, telemedicine has traditionally not 33 nal, high-quality care to patients. 90 been considered part of mainstream medical practice largely 34 Telemedicine technologies have been proven to work and are 91 because of a combination of technology limitations and federal 35 considered a viable option for health care delivery.6 With the 92 regulations. With the advent of the internet and widespread 36 availability of low-cost computing and digital telecommunications 93 computer and smartphone use, telemedicine can support high- 37 in the 1980s, telemedicine became practical and feasible.7 Unfor- 94 quality at-a-distance health care delivery. Variations in regula- 38 tunately, since then, adoption of widespread telemedicine practice 95 tions, including discrepancies between state and federal laws and 39 has been slow. Holistic implementation approaches are therefore 96 questions around the quality of care delivery, still exist. Despite 40 urgently needed.8 97 41 this, most health plans offer some reimbursement for telemedicine 98 42 services. According to the American Telemedicine Association, 99 43 more than 15 million Americans received some form of medical 100 Methods 44 care remotely in 2015, with a projected increase to 158.4 million by 101 2 45 2020. The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology 102 46 appointed a telemedicine task force, composed of allergists with 103 fi 47 Drs Elliott and Shih are primary authors and contributed equally. telemedicine experience, dedicated to de ning the scope and 104 48 Reprints: Michael Blaiss, MD, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of practice of telemedicine for allergists. A PubMed literature search 105 49 Tennessee Health Science Center, 1090 Windfaire Place, Roswell, TN 30076; E-mail: using the keywords telemedicine and telehealth was performed 106 50 [email protected]. and articles reviewed from publication dates of 1990 to 2017. 107 51 Q3 Disclosures: Authors have nothing to disclose Position papers from other medical specialties were additionally 108 Disclaimer: This White Paper is intended for informational purposes only and reviewed and analyzed for relevance to the use of telemedicine 52 nothing in it should be construed as constituting legal advice. The information 109 53 presented here is current as of the date of issuance; however, the American College in allergy and immunology practice. For the purposes of this 110 54 of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology assumes no obligation to update it in response position paper, the terms telemedicine and telehealth will be used 111 55 to new developments. interchangeably. 112 56 113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.09.052 57 1081-1206/Ó 2017 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 114 PGL 5.5.0 DTD ANAI2312_proof 3 October 2017 11:09 pm ce 2 T. Elliott et al. / Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol xxx (2017) 1e6 115 Definition of Telemedicine costs by $1,436 and gained 0.02 years of quality-adjusted life-years 181 116 during a lifetime compared with the patient receiving care at a rural 182 Telemedicine is defined as the use of technology to deliver 117 community hospital.15 183 health care, health information, or health education at a distance. 118 Telehealth technologies used by the Veterans Health Adminis- 184 The American Medical Association (AMA) further defines this to 119 tration have shown greater efficiency and patient satisfaction in the 185 include face-to-face evaluations, either in person or virtually 120 management of chronic disease. The Veterans Health Administra- 186 through real-time audio and video technology.9 According to the 121 tion’s care coordination/home telehealth program saw a 25% 187 Federation of State Medical Boards, “generally, telemedicine is not 122 reduction in the number of bed days, a 19% reduction in the number 188 an audio-only, telephone conversation . it typically involves the 123 of hospital readmissions, and a mean increase in patient satisfac- 189 application of secure videoconferencing or store-and-forward 124 tion scores of 86%.16 190 technology to provide or support healthcare delivery by 125 191 replicating the interaction of a traditional encounter in person 126 192 between a provider and a patient.”10 Access 127 193 128 Access to health care is also improved with telemedicine. Ac- 194 Types of Telemedicine 129 cording to a 2015 study, the mean no-show rate for physician ap- 195 130 Store and Forward (Asynchronous) pointments was upwards of 20%, with a mean cost per patient of 196 131 approximately $200.17 Telemedicine technologies can connect pa- 197 Asynchronous telemedicine is communication with a patient 132 tients with the clinician without having to incur long travel times 198 that is separated by distance and time. The Department of Veteran 133 and associated expenses, particularly if they do not have ready 199 Affairs defines this as “the acquisition and storing of clinical infor- 134 access or are unwilling to travel. Beyond the rural setting, 200 mation e.g. data, image, sound, video, that is then forwarded to (or 135 telemedicine may aid in facilitating care for underserved patients in 201 retrieved by) another site for clinical evaluation.” Examples include 136 Q4 rural and urban settings.18 Sites located in the prison environment 202 e-messaging with a patient, e-consultations (where another 137 or school environment offer immediate access to health care. 203 physician may request a second opinion or formal consultation 138 Democratic State Representative Kip Kendrick, who helped pass a 204 through a secure portal to send and receive patient medical records 139 Missouri law that allows Medicaid payments for telemedicine in 205 for review), and the use of peripheral devices (eg, otoscope, 140 schools, stated that school telehealth will be significant in terms of 206 stethoscope) that record images and/or sounds and transmit them 141 children’s health, keeping them in school and improving educa- 207 to the treating physician. Considerations for the practice of asyn- 142 tional outcomes.19 208 chronous telemedicine include establishment of the physician- 143 Although patients with Parkinson disease do better under the 209 patient relationship and the use of Health Insurance Portability 144 treatment of a neurologist, research indicates that fewer than half 210 and Accountability Act (HIPAA)ecompliant, secure modes of 145 of Medicare patients with Parkinson disease see a neurologist 211 communication. 146 because of lack of access.20 Telemedicine could offer improved 212 147 access to care. A national randomized clinical trial of virtual house 213 Real-Time Video (Synchronous) 148 calls for people with Parkinson disease found great interest in 214 149 Synchronous telemedicine consultations use video- virtual access, with 11,734 individuals visiting the study’s website 215 150 conferencing to connect the physician and patient. The location of and 927 individuals submitting electronic interest forms.21 216 151 the patient is defined as the originating site and can be at a satellite Quicker access has also been found with forms of telemedicine 217 152 office with a telefacilitator or from the patient’s home directly in the Indian health service. A comparison study of patients waiting 218 153 through the patient’s smartphone, tablet, or computer.
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