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The Portrayal of Immigrants in Children's and Young Adults University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 7-1-2014 The orP trayal of Immigrants in Children's and Young Adults' American Trade Books During Two Peak United States Immigration Eras (1880-1930 and 1980-2010s) Rina Roula Bousalis University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons Scholar Commons Citation Bousalis, Rina Roula, "The orP trayal of Immigrants in Children's and Young Adults' American Trade Books During Two Peak United States Immigration Eras (1880-1930 and 1980-2010s)" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5190 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Portrayal of Immigrants in Children’s and Young Adults’ American Trade Books During Two Peak United States Immigration Eras (1880-1930 and 1980-2010s) by Rina Bousalis A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy College of Arts & Sciences and College of Education University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Bárbara C. Cruz, Ed.D. Co-Major Professor: J. Howard Johnston, Ph.D. James A. Duplass, Ph.D. Philip C. Smith, Ph.D. Date of Approval: July 1, 2014 Keywords: immigrant, immigration, trade book, multicultural education, stereotypes, social studies Copyright © 2014, Rina Bousalis DEDICATION I dedicate my dissertation to my mother and father, Greek immigrants, who, despite having little more than a fifth grade education, were my greatest teachers. My deepest gratitude also goes out to my daughters, Angela and Deanna, who supported my endeavor from beginning to end. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals have helped me see this paper come to completion. Thanks go out to Dr. Vonzell Agosto for allowing me to visit her Master’s of Education class and recruit her students as readers for a variety of children’s picture books. Without the efforts of the multitude of educators and professionals who took part in reading the books and collecting data, this study would not have been completed. All in all, 46 readers gave their time and effort to read not just one, but sometimes two or more books; they never complained, even when I asked them to read a book they did not like. Also deserving of my thanks are the members of my committee, Dr. Bárbara C. Cruz, Dr. J. Howard Johnston, Dr. James A. Duplass, and Dr. Philip C. Smith for all their comments and suggestions. However, my deepest gratitude is owed to Dr. Cruz, whose endless guidance and willingness to help has allowed me to realize my goal to attain my degree. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT xvii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Immigration to the United States 2 Significant United States Immigration Era: Rise, Peak, and Decline: 1880-1930 3 Attributing Factors to the Decline in Immigration 6 Attributing Factors to the Rise in Immigration 7 Significant United States Immigration Era: Rise, Peak, and Decline: 1980-2010s 8 Statement of the Research Problem 10 Purpose of Study 11 Rationale 12 Why trade books? 12 Student Interest 12 Opportunities for Discussion 14 Connections to the Past 15 Portrayal of Immigrants in Society and the Popular Media 15 Theoretical Framework 16 Research Questions 18 Definition of Terms 19 Limitations/Delimitations 20 Significance of the Study 20 Researcher’s Perspective 21 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 22 Introduction 22 A Connection to Multicultural Literature 23 Accuracy 25 Bias 27 Culture Within and Among Students 33 Self-identity 34 Voices of Wisdom 35 Immigrant Literature: Just Informational? 35 Immigrant versus Foreigner 37 Immigrant versus Peasant 38 Immigrant versus Non-immigrant Author 41 Representation of Immigrants in Illustration and Photographs 44 i CHAPTER THREE: METHODS 46 Purpose of the Study 46 Research Questions 47 Research Design 48 Inclusion Criteria 49 Criteria Used to Select the Books for Review 49 Explanation of Criteria 51 Compilation of the Initial List of Trade Books 53 Data Collection 55 Data Analysis 58 Validity 58 Reliability 59 Ethical Considerations 59 Conclusions 59 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 60 Introduction 60 Findings 60 First United States Peak Immigration Era (1880-1930) 60 1880s Trade Book Selections 60 Illustrations of Attire 62 Illustrations of Subservient Characters 62 Illustrations of Leaders 62 Illustrations of Identical or Unique Characters 62 Socioeconomic Status Portrayed in Illustrations 62 Illustrator’s Sensitivity to Culture 63 Main Characters 63 Stereotypes or Derogatory Overtones 63 Impressions of America (pre-immigration) 64 Why Immigrants Came to America 64 Journey to America 65 The Arrival 65 Open-mindedness or Close-mindedness 66 Group Stereotypes 66 Settings 66 Educational Levels 67 Classism 67 Lifestyles: Before and After Immigration 67 Lifestyles: Unrealistic? 68 Peer Relationships 68 Family Members 69 Power 69 Customs and Traditions 69 Males 70 Females 70 Children 71 ii Teenagers 72 Young Adults 72 Mothers 72 Fathers 72 Grandmothers and Grandfathers 72 Brothers 72 Sisters 73 Aunts and Uncles 73 Teachers 73 New Home 73 Neighborhood 74 Religion 74 Heroes 75 Norms 75 Author’s Background: Immigrant or Non-immigrant? 75 Author’s Assumptions 76 Author’s Perspective 76 Author’s Empathy 76 Author’s Purpose 77 Author’s Writing: Cultural or Personal? 77 Author’s Message 77 Learning English 78 Publishers 78 Accuracy of Historical Events 79 Multiculturalism and Social Studies 80 Age-appropriate 80 Appeal for Young Readers 81 1890s Trade Book Selections 81 Illustrations 82 Main Characters 82 Problems or Issues 83 Stereotypes or Derogatory Overtones 85 Impressions of America (pre-immigration) 86 Why Immigrants Came to America 86 How Immigrants Came to America 86 The Arrival 86 Open-mindedness or Close-mindedness 87 Settings 87 Socioeconomic Status 87 Education Levels 88 Occupations 88 Classism 88 Lifestyles: Before and After Immigration 89 Lifestyles: Unrealistic? 90 Attire 91 Peer Relationships 91 iii Family Members 91 Power 92 Customs and Traditions 92 Males 93 Females 93 Children 94 Young Adults 94 Mothers 94 Fathers 95 Aunts 95 Uncles 95 Cousins 95 Teachers 95 Old Home 96 Neighborhood 96 Religion 96 Heroes 97 Norms 97 Author’s Background: Immigrant or Non-immigrant? 98 Author’s Assumptions 98 Author’s Perspective 98 Discrimination 99 Author’s Empathy 99 Author’s Purpose 99 Author’s Writing: Cultural or Personal? 100 Author’s Message 100 Dialect 101 Learning English 101 Publishers 102 Accuracy of Historical Events 102 Multiculturalism and Social Studies 104 Age-appropriate 104 Appeal for Young Readers 104 1900s Trade Book Selections 105 Illustrations 106 Main Characters 106 Problems or Issues 106 Stereotypes or Derogatory Overtones 107 Impressions of America (pre-immigration) 107 Why Immigrants Came to America 107 How Immigrants Came to America 107 Journey to America 108 The Arrival 108 Acceptance or Resistance 108 Open-mindedness 108 Close-mindedness 109 iv Group Stereotypes 109 Settings 109 Socioeconomic Status 109 Education Levels 110 Occupations 110 Classism 111 Lifestyles: Before and After Immigration 111 Lifestyles: Unrealistic? 111 Peer Relationships 112 Power 112 Customs and Traditions 113 Males 113 Females 113 Babies 114 Children 114 Teenagers 114 Grandfathers 114 New Home 115 Religion 115 Heroes 115 Norms 115 Author’s Background: Immigrant or Non-immigrant? 116 Author’s Trustworthiness 116 Author’s Assumptions 117 Author’s Perspective 117 Author’s Purpose 117 Learning English 118 Publishers 118 Accuracy of Historical Events 118 Multiculturalism and Social Studies 119 Age-appropriate 119 1910s Trade Book Selections 119 Illustrations 123 Main Characters 123 Problems or Issues 124 Stereotypes and Derogatory Overtones 124 Impressions of America (pre-immigration) 127 Why Immigrants Came to America 127 How Immigrants Came to America 128 The Journey 128 The Arrival 128 Acceptance or Resistance 129 Open-mindedness 130 Settings 130 Socioeconomic Status 130 Education Levels 131 v Occupations 131 Classism 132 Lifestyles: Before and After Immigration 133 Lifestyles: Unrealistic? 134 Attire 135 Peer Relationships 135 Family Members 136 Power 137 Leadership 138 Customs and Traditions 138 Males 141 Females 142 Children 143 Mothers 144 Fathers 145 Grandmothers 146 Brothers and Sisters 146 Aunts 146 Uncles 147 Cousins 147 Teachers 147 Old Home 149 New Neighborhood 149 Religion 150 Heroes 151 Norms 151 Authors: Immigrant or Non-immigrant? 153 Author’s Trustworthiness 153 Author’s Assumptions 155 Author’s Perspective 155 Author’s Purpose 155 Author’s Writing: Cultural or Personal? 155 Author’s Message 156 Clinging to “Old-fashioned” Customs? 157 Learning English 158 Publishers 159 Accuracy of Historical Events 160 Racist or Sexist 161 Multiculturalism and Social Studies 161 Age-appropriate 161 Appeal for Young Readers 162 1920s Trade Book Selections 162 Stereotypes in Illustrations 164 Main Characters 165 Problems or Issues 165 Stereotypes and Derogatory Overtones 166 vi Impressions of America (pre-immigration) 167 Why Immigrants Came to America 167 How Immigrants Came to America 168 The Arrival 168 Acceptance or Resistance 169 Open-mindedness 169 Close-mindedness 170 Group Stereotypes 170 Settings 171 Socioeconomic Status
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