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Immigrant Children Immigrant Children 000_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd0_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd i 22/22/11/22/11 44:27:11:27:11 PPMM 000_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd0_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd iiii 22/22/11/22/11 44:27:13:27:13 PPMM Immigrant Children Change, Adaptation, and Cultural Transformation Co-Editors Susan S. Chuang and Robert P. Moreno LEXINGTON BOOKS A division of ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 000_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd0_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd iiiiii 22/22/11/22/11 44:27:13:27:13 PPMM Published by Lexington Books A division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.lexingtonbooks.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2010 by Lexington Books All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data To Come Printed in the United States of America ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. 000_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd0_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd iivv 22/22/11/22/11 44:27:13:27:13 PPMM Dedication To my mother, father, and family who live across are scattered across Canada and the United States. To my grandparents and Aunt Sophie who are with us in spirit. Susan S. Chuang To my grandparents and great-grandparents for perseverance to create a new life for themselves and their children—gracias por todo. Robert P. Moreno v 000_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd0_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd v 22/22/11/22/11 44:27:13:27:13 PPMM 000_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd0_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd vvii 22/22/11/22/11 44:27:13:27:13 PPMM Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter One Changing Lives: Theoretical and Methodological AUQ: Advances on Immigrant Children and Youth 1 title of Susan S. Chuang and Robert P. Moreno chapters 1, 3, and Overview of Immigration and Settlement Perspectives 5, do not Chapter Two Immigrant Children: Making a New Life 7 match Carola Suárez-Orozco, Avary Carhill, text. and Susan S. Chuang please check. Chapter Three A Resilience Framework to Examine Immigrant and Refugee Children and Youth in Canada 27 David Este and Hieu Van Ngo Immigration Challenges and Adaptation Chapter Four Social Functioning and Peer Experiences in Immigrant Chinese, Canadian-born Chinese, and European Canadian Children 51 Xinyin Chen and Hennis Chi-Hang Tse Chapter Five The Achievement/Adjustment Paradox: Understanding the Psychological Struggles of Asian American Children and Adolescents 75 Desiree Baolian Qin and Eun-Jin Han vii 000_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd0_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd vviiii 22/22/11/22/11 44:27:14:27:14 PPMM viii Contents Chapter Six Youth Risk Behavior among Mexican-Origin Adolescents: Cross Generational Differences 99 Kate Luthar, Scott Coltrane, Ross D. Parke, Jeffrey Cookston, and Michele Adams Chapter Seven The Acculturation and Adaptation of Second-Generation Immigrant Youth in Toronto and Montreal 125 John W. Berry and Colette Sabatier Chapter Eight Service Providers’ Perspectives on the Pathways of Adjustment for Newcomer Children and Youth in Canada 149 Susan S. Chuang, Sarah Rasmi, and Christopher Friesen Family Acculturation and Relationships Chapter Nine The Social Relational Perspective on Family Acculturation 171 Leon Kuczyński, Geoffrey Navara, and Michael Boiger Chapter Ten Psychological Aspects of Immigration among Youth Living in Portugal 193 Félix Neto, Robert P. Moreno, and Susan S. Chuang Chapter Eleven School Readiness in Latino Immigrant Children in the United States 213 Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda, Lisa Baumwell, and Sandra I. Dias Chapter Twelve Challenges Facing Immigrant Parents and Their Involvement in Their Children’s Schooling 239 Robert P. Moreno and Susan S. Chuang Chapter Thirteen Acculturation-Related Conflict across Generations in Immigrant Families 255 Amy Marks, Flannery Patton, and Lisa W. Coyne Conclusions Chapter Fourteen New Arrivals: Past Advances and Future Directions in Research and Policy 271 Ross D. Parke and Susan S. Chuang 000_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd0_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd vviiiiii 22/22/11/22/11 44:27:14:27:14 PPMM Acknowledgements We wish to first acknowledge the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and their continuous support for the On New Shores Con- ferences in 2007, 2008, and 2010. These conferences provided an important forum for extensive discussions regarding the resources, challenges and bar- riers facing immigrant children and youth. Most importantly, we are grateful to all the numerous individuals who allowed us into their lives so that we can better understand their new life experiences. ix 000_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd0_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd iixx 22/22/11/22/11 44:27:14:27:14 PPMM 000_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd0_Chuang11_FM_pi-x.indd x 22/22/11/22/11 44:27:14:27:14 PPMM Chapter 1 Immigrant Children Change, Adaptation, and Cultural Transformation Susan S. Chuang and Robert P. Moreno University of Guelph, Canada and Syracuse University, United States In this volume we have assembled a diversity of leading scholars to discuss the increasing challenges faced by immigrant children and children of immi- grants. In North America, the immigrant populations are among the highest in the world. For example, between 2001 and 2006 the Canadian immigrant population increased from 17.9% to 19.8%, the highest increase in 75 years. This is four times the growth rate (3.3%) as compared to native Canadians (Statistics Canada, 2006). A similar pattern is found in the United States. In the last decade the foreign-born population has increased from 7.9% to 12% of the total U.S. population (United States Census Bureau, 2006). As of 2005, nearly one-fourth of children in the United States lived in immigrant families (Hernandez, Denton, and Macartney, 2007). Despite the changing demographic landscape, the vast majority of research on children is drawn from non-immigrants. Consequently, our conceptual and theoretical frameworks derived from homogenous, non- migrant populations may be ill suited to guide our thinking as we strive to understand and facilitate the development of immigrant children in our respective societies. By turning our attention to immigrant children, we are forced to reexamine our prevailing models of development (predicated on homogeneity and contextual stability) and consider developmental trajec- tories that are situated (by definition) in a context of change and diversity. As a result, many of the chapters here take a “goodness of fit” approach. The positive developmental outcomes are a function of a dynamic inter- play the resources and liabilities inherent in the children, families, and receiving environment. This volume is divided into three sections. The first section, Overview of Immigration and Settlement Perspectives, provides us with a discussion of the 1 001_Chuang11_C01_p01-06.indd1_Chuang11_C01_p01-06.indd 1 22/22/11/22/11 22:05:58:05:58 PPMM 2 Chapter 1 overarching issues and challenges facing immigrant children. In Chapter 2, Immigrant Children: Making a New Life, Carola Suárez-Orozco, Avary Carhill, and Susan Chuang provide us with a critical overview of the con- ditions of immigrant children and the contrasting response between the United States and Canada. First, they point out the numerous dimensions of diversity among immigrants (their origins, religion, eduction, legal status, and reasons for relocation). Second, they take a critical view of disciplines that take an oversimplified (“linear”) approach to immigration that focuses on pathology and neglects context (a point that is echoed in Neto, Moreno, and Chuang). Similarly, in Chapter 3, A Resilience Framework to Examine Immigrant and Refugee Children and Youth in Canada, although from a different per- spective, David Este and Hieu Van Ngo provide a detailed discussion on resilience in relation to the issues confronting immigrant/refugee children and youth. In addition, they point to strategies that may assist children and their families in overcoming the challenges thy face as newcomers to Canada. The second section, Immigration Challenges and Adapatation, provides us with a more in-depth examination of specific challenges that children and youth face. In Chapter 4, Social Functioning and Peer Experiences in Immi- grant Chinese, Canadian-Born Chinese, and European Canadian Children, Xinyin Chen and Hennis Chi-Hang Tse examine children’s social develop- ment and the role of acculturation among Chinese Canadian (first- and second generation) and European Canadian school-aged children. Focusing on social functioning (agression, shyness) and peer experiences (acceptance, rejection) and victimization, Chen and Tse found group differences in relation to ethnic- ity, acculturation, and specific circumstances. For example, Chinese children were more shy and less aggressive as compared to their European counter- parts. However, Chinese-born children were found to be more socially com- petent in school situations than immigrant Chinese and European Canadian children. Parenting practices in childrearing are discussed in relation to child socialization. Also focusing
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