Contents

List of Boxes, Figures and Tables x

Acknowledgements xiii

Notes on the Contributors xiv

1 Introduction: A Landscape Without a Map? British Politics after 2010 1 Philip Cowley, Colin Hay and Richard Heffernan

2Constitutional Politics 7 Meg Russell Blair: the reluctant radical 8 Brown 2007–10: the frustrated radical 10 Critiques of the Labour legacy 12 A step-by-step assessment 14 A surprisingly new constitution? 21 The constitution under Cameron and Clegg 25

3 Changing Patterns of Executive Governance 29 David Richards The core executive and the comfort blanket of the Westminster model 29 New Labour’s pattern of executive government: from Blair to Brown 32 The Brown administration and executive government 36 The coalition government: establishing new patterns of governance? 44 Conclusion: the Westminster model under Cameron’s coalition 48

4Changing Parliamentary Landscapes 51 Alexandra Kelso The expenses crisis and its consequences 53 What is parliament for? 58 New legislative mechanisms 60 Scrutiny and oversight 62

v vi Contents

Facilitating public engagement 64 House of Lords reform 67 Conclusion 68

5 Elections and Voting 70 David Denver Turnout and turning out 71 Variations in turnout 72 Variations in ‘turning out’ 75 Party support 78 Party performance 79 Variations in party performance across constituencies 82 Explaining party choice 85 Valence voting 86 Is that it? 89

6Political Parties and the British Party System Philip Cowley 91 The fragmentation of the party system 92 Coalition politics at Westminster 96 The Conservative party 100 The Labour party 103 The Liberal Democrats 107 Conclusion 111

7 Territorial Politics in Post-Devolution Britain 113 Roger Scully and Richard Wyn Jones Why devolution matters 113 Parties and elections under devolution 115 Institutional and constitutional politics 118 Devolution and government policy 120 Public attitudes to devolution 123 The future of devolution 126 Conclusion 128

8Power Sharing in Northern Ireland 130 Cathy Gormley-Heenan Power-sharing opportunities and difficulties 1998–2007 132 Restoration of power sharing in 2007: a sign of success? 134 Power sharing, power splitting and power snaring 135 Contents vii

Power sharing and snaring in practice: policies and problems 139 Opposition, protest and dissent 142 Has power sharing worked? 145 The future political landscape in Northern Ireland 147

9 Anti-Politics in Britain 152 Gerry Stoker Exploring the rise of anti-politics 153 Explaining disengagement 161 Some proposed solutions 167 What to do? Are reforms possible? 170 Conclusion 173

10 Pressure Group Politics 174 Richard Heffernan Group form and function: associational and promotional groups 175 The representative claim and its limits 182 How Britain’s political system structures the way associational and promotional groups operate 187 Groups and government 192 Conclusion 194

11 The Politics of Diversity 196 Rosie Campbell Gay rights 197 Gender politics 199 Race, immigration and Islam 204 Governing diversity 210 Conclusion 214

12 The Changing News Media Environment 215 Andrew Chadwick and James Stanyer Old, new and renewed media 215 New media use in Britain 217 Old news and the new media environment: quality under pressure? 222 Transforming media management 227 The media and the 2010 general election campaign: the impact of the televised leaders’ debates 232 Conclusion 236 viii Contents

13 Britain and the Global Financial Crisis: The Return of Boom and Bust 238 Colin Hay From boom to bust 239 The great moderation and the emergence of the Anglo-liberal growth model 241 ‘Privatised Keynesianism’ – the new growth model 243 The bursting of the bubble: the re-nationalisation of ‘Privatised Keynesianism’? 244 The political fallout and the prospects for the return to growth 252 Conclusion 254

14 Britain’s Place in the European Union 257 Lori Thorlakson The EU and domestic party politics 258 The UK and the Lisbon Treaty 264 Economic crisis, EU budgetary and the Lisbon Strategy for growth 268 EU enlargement 274 Conclusion 278

15 Security and Surveillance in Britain 280 Richard J. Aldrich and Antony Field Terrorism and international security 281 UK counter-terrorism strategy 283 In the field: UK counter-terrorism operations 287 Surveillance and the Intercept Modernisation Programme 292 Security and the Cameron government in 2010 297 Conclusion 300

16 Britain in the World 302 Andrew Gamble From liberal peace to liberal war 303 Blair’s legacy: foreign and external policy to 2007 306 From Blair to Gordon Brown: foreign and external policy from 2007 311 Conservative policy under Cameron 315 Conclusion: foreign policy and the Conservative Liberal–Democrat coalition 317 Contents ix

Further Reading 321

Bibliography 328

Index 351

ix Chapter 1 Introduction: A Landscape without a Map? British Politics after 2010

PHILIP COWLEY, COLIN HAY AND RICHARD HEFFERNAN

It is far too early to tell if the general election of 2010 will prove a defin- ing moment in British politics. Few elections by themselves herald a radi- cal or abrupt change of direction. The roads both to and from the watershed election of 1945 were as important as the election itself. The same could be said of another election, 1979, which saw the election of the first Thatcher government and from which a different form of politics eventually emerged. Yet the election of 2010 is likely to earn its place in the history books, regardless of what follows. It resulted in only the second hung parliament in 80 years, and the first since 1974 in which no one party could command a majority or form a single-party government. The resulting Conservative–Liberal Democrat government is Britain’s first peacetime coalition since 1931. Given the electoral arithmetic, many commentators had expected a hung parliament but one from which a Conservative minority government would eventually emerge, with a second election, held within a year, to decide matters, similar to what occurred in 1974. Few predicted a full coalition between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats, not least because it was thought unlikely it would seem desir- able to the parties themselves. The majority of European countries have a multiparty system and are governed by some kind of coalition. Such coalitions presently comprise at least a centre-right conservative party and a centrist liberal party. The British Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition is, for some, an indication that Britain, so long the exception, might be in the process of entering the European ‘mainstream’, and that 2010 marks another yet nail in the coffin of the ‘Westminster model’. Moreover, if the coalition is able to deliver on its promise of widespread political reform, it may well come to have a significant impact on both the way our politics is conducted and the means by which it is enacted.

1 2 Developments in British Politics 9

The coalition agreement specified a five-year term. If it is to last that long, however, the coalition has to overcome some significant hurdles. The most obvious is the economic. Having claimed early in the 2005 parliament that they would seek to ‘share the proceeds of growth’, the Conservatives moved fully behind fiscal retrenchment as the extent of Britain’s budget deficit became clear. Indeed, in the long pre-election campaign the Conservatives went so far as to project themselves as the guardians of Britain’s (in their view) much needed return to austerity after a decade of excess. Their own polling data, however, suggested that this did not play well with broad swathes of the public. Voters, it seemed, were happy to accept that some fiscal rebalancing was required but one that affected others, not them personally. Thus, when it came to the campaign itself, the deficit was rather downplayed, becoming something of the elephant in the room. The Liberal Democrats undoubtedly scored many points in the coali- tion negotiations despite bringing only a relatively small number of seats to the table. But the tenor of the new government’s economic agenda was set by the Conservatives. True to their manifesto commitment, George Osborne’s first ‘emergency’ budget took place scarcely a month after the election itself. It was very much an austerity budget – with substantial increases in taxation and the promise of drastic reductions in public spending to come – but it was also very short of substantive detail about where the axe would ultimately fall and the single greatest tax-raising measure (the increase in VAT from 17.5 to 20 per cent) was deferred until January 2011. The emergency budget was as much as anything a signal – to both the financial markets and the electorate – of the painful fiscal rebalancing to come. More detail came in the Comprehensive Spending Review in October 2010 when it was announced that unprotected departments (those other than health and international development) would face an average real cut of around 25 per cent over four years. Welfare reform, which many consider likely to put the coalition under strain, is at the centre of the government’s approach to fiscal retrench- ment. The welfare shakeup announced in the budget will save the coun- try only a minimum of £11 billion by 2014/15, but additional, significant savings are being canvassed. Ministers have made it clear that the greater the size of the cut in the welfare budget, the lower the cuts will be else- where. Labour allege that this policy is a ‘gamble’. It is certainly risky. If it takes Britain back into recession – a so-called double-dip recession – as Labour charged, then it will be seen to have failed even by its own stan- dards. Were this to arise, it would almost certainly serve to discredit the government’s economic policy at a time of mounting political opposition and unrest. It is not difficult to see how that in turn might lead to a slide Introduction: British Politics after 2010 3

in the opinion polls, exacerbating differences within and between the coalition partners and perhaps even prompting a vote of no confidence and an early election. Yet even if that does not happen, the consequences will be consider- able. The government’s cuts, the most significant reductions in public spending since 1945, will have an enormous impact on the quality of life in almost every household in Britain. They involve political risk, further compounded by the deeply uneven impact. For those parts of the British economy in which the public sector is the largest – Northern Ireland, the North-East of England, and urban Scotland and Wales in particular – are likely to see far steeper rises is unemployment from both public and private sector redundancies. It is, in short, difficult not to see the coali- tion as facing a series of profound economic challenges in the years ahead. But the political challenges are also considerable. Opinion polls during the 2010 election found that the British public were not as afraid of hung parliaments as many of its politicians assumed; the idea of politicians working ‘together’ appealed. However, whether the coalition’s particular blend of policies and personnel appeal as much as the principle of coali- tion government remains to be seen. By forming their coalition, the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats can claim to have won the elec- tion. Together they can boast the support of 59 per cent of the voting public. No single-party government has won over 50 per cent of the vote at any post-war election. Yet no elector voted for the coalition that emerged from within the hung parliament. The internal functioning of the Cameron–Clegg-led coalition government – qua executive – appeared initially to be relatively smooth, despite the lack of any experi- ence of coalition on the part of its key players. Any problems that did exist were as likely to intra-party as they were inter-party. Yet tensions within the parties outside of government were evident relatively early on – both from the Liberal Democrat left and the Conservative right. The former were exacerbated by the electoral costs of the coalition, which appeared to be being born almost entirely by the Lib Dems, who seemed to be taking the blame for the unpopular policies of the coalition while gaining none of the credit. The ‘official’ coalition’s narrative for the parliament goes something like this:

The parties govern for a full five-year term, as promised. They expe- rience unpopularity as a result of the spending cuts, but gain credit for taking hard decisions, which eventually translates into rising levels of support as the economy picks up (and voters realise that the cuts were not as severe as people were claiming). As a result of being 4 Developments in British Politics 9

in government, the Conservative brand is further ‘detoxified’; the Lib Dems’ period in government makes people see them as a grown-up party of government, rather than merely a spittoon for disgruntled voters. They then fight the election as two separate parties.

There are, however, all sorts of alternative scenarios, of which the follow- ing are just the most obvious.

1 The parties manage to govern for a full five-year term, and experi- ence rising popularity, but the process of governing as a coalition results in the parties fighting the next election with some form of joint arrangement. This could range from a full-blown joint ticket (in which there are coalition candidates), to ad hoc arrangements not to contest certain seats or even just an understanding that they will pull their punches, not putting any significant resource into seats that the other needs to hold or win. 2 The compromises required of the Lib Dems – as well as the effect government has had on their poll ratings (which contrary to their hopes, do not improve) – exacerbate tensions in the party to such an extent that it splits, but with ‘coalition Lib Dems’ remaining in government, and the government lasting most or all of the five years. The coalition Lib Dems fight the next election in some pact or arrangement with the Conservatives, but facing a separate rump Liberal Democrat Party. Over time, the coalition Liberals merge with (or are, in reality, subsumed into) the Conservatives. 3 As 2, but rather than splitting, the Liberal Democrats withdraw from the coalition en masse, and attempt to rebuild support in opposition, probably electing a new leader as they do so, and disowning much of the Clegg-era. The Conservatives attempt to govern as a minority administration for a short period, before calling an election. 4 The Conservative right – disgruntled by the coalition from the begin- ning, and increasingly frustrated by the compromises which the lead- ership are giving to the Lib Dems to keep them on board – stage a series of rebellions against the leadership. These increase tensions within the coalition so much that it collapses before the end of the five-year term, triggering an early election. 5 The Conservative leadership sees an opportunity to capitalise on any rise in its opinion poll ratings to govern alone, and contrive to break the coalition apart, hoping to gain an outright Commons majority of their own.

All of these scenarios are possible but some seem more likely than others. Any scenario in which the Conservative leadership pulls the coalition Introduction: British Politics after 2010 5

down to try to stage a snap election is extremely risky (both because they have to justify it, but also because if it fails to secure an outright Commons majority, they have no would-be coalition partner with which to work). Similarly, it seems likely that if there are tensions within the coalition which prevent it lasting a full five years, then those are more likely to come from the Liberal Democrats than from the Conservative right. And, in addition, poor poll ratings are just as likely to hold the coalition together – no one will want an early election if polling badly – as pull it apart. But none of us are fortune tellers, and all these scenarios are possible, as are many variants of them. The broader political map remains equally unclear. The 2010 election campaign was the most closely fought since 1992. Unlike 1997 and 2001, when Labour’s strong poll leads heralded enormous Labour majorities, and 2005 when it was widely assumed that Labour would be re-elected with a smaller majority, the outcome of the 2010 election was always in doubt. It was the most exciting and unpredictable of recent decades. Yet in spite of such a close race, turnout, the percentage of the eligible electorate voting in the election, at 65 per cent, saw only a small increase on the 61 per cent of 2005. These recent figures are some way off the 75 per cent post-war average. Britain’s low turnouts are perhaps an indication of an underlying problem with our electoral politics. While the refusal of the apathetic citizen to vote should not be a surprise, the fail- ure of the angry or alienated citizen, those turned off of politics and suspicious of all politicians, to do so should sound some alarm. A conventional Lib Dem response to political disengagement has long been to argue for political – and especially constitutional – reform, and the coalition agreement secured a referendum on electoral reform, among other reforms. Yet the system proposed – the Alternative Vote (AV) – was not a proportional one, and not one that the Lib Dems backed previously. Its use in the referendum was a compromise between the Lib Dem desire for the Single Transferable Vote and the Conservative desire for the status quo. Indeed, it is one of the ironies of the coalition that the only party which promised a referendum on AV in its manifesto was Labour (which promptly went and voted against the legislation imple- menting it). The coalition agreement specified that both the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats, having put the question of changing the electoral system from the present single member plurality system to AV, would be free to campaign for their own preferences. Almost all Conservatives backed the status quo, and the coalition parties divided on the question put to the electorate. Labour was also divided on the question of electoral reform. The referendum on changing the elec- toral system, which took place in May 2011, resulted in an over- whelming rejection of AV, by more than 2:1. But even if it had passed, to 6 Developments in British Politics 9 what extent can political reform of this sort – or the coalition’s other proposal – generate substantial political renewal? The experience of the Blair/Brown era is not a positive one: a whole series of political reforms were introduced by the Labour governments, yet they generated little or no rise in political engagement; indeed, many appeared to have made things worse. The reality of government might also make us at least initially sceptical about the success of the ‘big society’ – the Conservatives’ underpinning philosophy at the 2010 election – or the coalition’s much-vaunted bonfire of quangos (a policy which is always easier to promise, than to deliver). It is, as we begin to survey the past election and the early stages of the new government, imprudent to anticipate future developments. But the 2010 election brought to an end New Labour’s 16-year domination of British politics; the Blair, Brown and Mandelson generation passed into history; it brought about the return of the Conservatives to government; and it seemed to mark the final, long anticipated demise of the two-party system under which government had been entirely monopolised by either Labour or the Conservatives since 1945. We wait to see if further changes to the British party system emerge in the coming period. If AV had replaced the single member plurality system, then future elections might have become more competitive, election outcomes more volatile, and coalition or minority government more likely. But even without AV, the likelihood of future hung parliaments remains high as a result of the way that the British electoral system currently functions. Labour or the Conservatives, having not been able to win on their own at the 2010 elec- tion, might not be able to do so at a future election. We wait to access the work of the coalition and to see how Labour responds under a new, untested leader to being in opposition. We are only just beginning to uncover the meanings of the last election and the new government. Britain has found itself in unchartered electoral and political waters. These are fascinating times to be studying British politics. Index

7/7 bombings 196, 204, 226, 280–2, Al Qaeda 281 287–8, 293, 307 see also 9/11 terrorist attacks 9/11 terrorist attacks 185, 196, 248, Albania 276 280–1, 285, 288, 293, 299, 304–7, Aldrich, R. J. 327 327 Alexander, D. 37 11+ examination (Northern Ireland) Algeria 277 137, 139–40 All Wales Convention 120 2010 general election Allen, N. 164, 323 election campaigns 5, 20, 68–9, Alliance party 91, 98, 136, 138, 215, 253, 328 141–2, 148 Conservative 2, 82, 127, 198, Allister, J. 146, 148 253–4, 260 all-women shortlists 199–203 Labour 82 Almond, G. 154–6, 164, 324 leader debates 82, 84, 215, Alternative Vote 5–6, 18, 26, 47–9, 233–6 68, 70, 105, 110, 170 Lib Dem 82, 109, 258, 317 America see United States EU issues 257 American Economic Association 240 further reading 322–3 Amnesty International 176 gender gap and 204 Anglo-American relations 302–3, opinion polls see opinion polls 306–8, 311–20, 327 party performance 83, 92–6, 101, Anglo-liberal growth model see 111–12, 127, 144, 148, 165 Privatised Keynesianism result of 1, 51, 91, 96, 238 Anti-Fascist Action 187 turnout 73–5, 77, 115, 152 anti-politics 5, 152–3 explaining disengagement 161–7 Aaronovitch, D. 163 further reading 324 Abbott, D. 105, 202 future of 167–73 accountability 31, 42 rise of 153–6 ActionAid 182 AOL 218 Adam Smith Institute 187 Armenia 277 Adams, G. 144, 149 Ashcroft, M. 323 Additional Member System 49, 71, Ashton, C. 265, 268 115 Aspinwall, M. 326 adoption 197, 211, 213 Association of Chief Police Officers Adoption and Children Act 2002 289–91 197 Asylum Aid 185 advertising 191, 223, 225 Asylum Appeals Project 185 Afghanistan conflict 8, 281, 297, asylum seekers 185, 207–8, 265 300, 304, 307–8, 311, 318–19 see also immigration Africa 277, 310–11, 313–15 Atlanticism see Anglo-American age of consent 197 relations

351 352 Index

Audit of Political Engagement 65, Birch, S. 164 154, 156, 158 Birnberg Peirce and Partners 185 Aughey, A. 324 Birrell, D. 142 Australia 21 bisexual rights see gay rights Austria 269, 274, 276 Black Londoners Forum 181 Axelrod, R. 97 Black Police Association 181 Azerbaijan 277 Black Wednesday 241, 244 Blair, I. 289 Backbench Business Committee 62 Blair, T. 6, 101–2, 121, 305, 321, Balanced Migration 185 323 Bale, T. 323 approach to the media 230, 233 Balkans 274–7, 309 candidacy for EU president Balls, E. 37, 105 267–8 Bank of England 241, 243, 251–2, and constitutional reform 7–10, 255 12 Bank of England Act 1998 9 and devolution 29 banks see financial institutions and European policy 259, 273, Barber, B. 179 275, 278, 309–11 Barber, M. 321 and executive governance 32–5, Barclays 181 39, 49 Bartle, J. 323 and foreign policy 310–12 BBC 174, 232, 237, 315 and House of Lord reforms 16, BBC Parliament 223 67 and devolution 113 public’s opinion of 87 iPlayer 223 and relationship with US 187, licence fee 223, 226 302, 306–8 News Channel 223, 234 Blick, A. 36–7 online 220, 226 blogs 66, 216, 219–20, 225–6, programmes 228–30, 232, 235, 323 Have Your Say 220 Blond, P. 322 Question Time 193, 209, 234 BMEAction.net 181 ‘Purdy Robinson Exchange’ BNP see British National Party 144 Bogdanor, V. 7, 12, 19, 321, 323 Radio 4 62, 223 boom and bust 238–41, 326 Beckett, M. 313 Bosnia and Herzegovina 276, 305 Beer, S. 321 Brake 174 Belarus 277 Brazil 306, 313 Belfast Telegraph 143 British Bill of Rights 20, 26–7 Bell Pottinger 190 British Broadcasting Corporation see Bercow, J. 57 BBC Bertin, G. 232 British Election Study 76–8, 207, Better Government Institute 321 323 Bevir, M. 322 British Medical Association 176, Bew, P. 135, 142, 145–6 178 bicameralism 16, 24, 68 British Muslim Initiative 181 ‘Big Society’ 6, 45–7 British National Party 79–81, 84–5, Birch, A. H. 321 93–5, 208–9, 234 Index 353

British party system 91–6, 111, Cabinet Office 33, 37–8, 42, 49, 322–3 285, 322, 327 see also individual parties Cafruny, A. 327 British Petroleum 195, 319 Cairney, P. 322 British Political Tradition 30, 34, 36, Callaghan, J. 102, 253 41, 43–4, 48, 50 Calman Commission 15, 27 British Social Attitudes Survey 198, Cameron, D. 3, 79, 81–2, 94, 100–3, 207 105–6, 111, 190 British Telecom 295 approach to the media 227, broadcast media 63, 217, 221–3, 229–30 226, 229–30, 232 and constitutional reform 25–8 see also BBC and economic policy 253–4 Brogan, B. 217, 235 and European policy 260, 267, Brons, A. 209 309, 312, 315–17 Brown, G. 6, 79, 81–2, 102–3, 169, and executive governance 46, 49, 321, 323 59 approach to the media 227, and foreign policy 311, 315–18 230–3 and gender equality 200–1 and constitutional reform 10–12, and MPs’ expenses crisis 54 18, 20, 25–6 public’s opinion of 97 and devolution 29 and relationship with US 302, and European policy 259, 264, 308 268, 275, 309, 311 Campbell, A. 227–8, 233 and executive governance 32–3, Campbell, M. 80–1, 106 35–43 Campbell, R. 325 and the financial crisis 252–4 Canada 46 and foreign policy 310–15 capital punishment 186 and gender equality 202 car bombs 145 and House of Lord reforms Carlile, Lord 294 16–17, 67 cash for questions scandal 47, 191 and multiculturalism 205 Catholic Church 211–13 public’s opinion of 87, 89, 97 CCTV 186 and relationship with US 302, Central and Eastern Europe 269 308 Centre for Policy Studies 187 and security 297 Centre for the Protection of National Browne review 108 Infrastructure 288–9 budgetary rebate (EU) 257–9, Chadwick, A. 326 268–74, 278 Changing Constitution, The 321 Burma 314 charities 46, 176, 181–2 Burnham, A. 105 see also individual charities burqas 206 Charter 88 24 Bush, G. H. W. 304 Charter of Fundamental Rights Bush, G. W. 187, 305, 307–8, 260–1, 265, 267 310–11, 319 Chaytor, D. 53 Butler, D. 70, 86–7 Chilcot Iraq Inquiry 303 Butler, R. 33 child tax credits 200 Byers, S. 190 Childs, S. 325 354 Index

China 245, 291, 300, 303, 306, Comprehensive Spending Review 2, 313–14, 327 238–9, 256 Chrétien, J. 46 Conflict Archive on the Internet 324 Christian Khan 185 Connecting Parliament with the Churchill, W. 102, 302, 308–9 Public 64–5 Citizens’ Initiative 265 consensus democracy 16, 22, 28 Civic Culture, The 154 Conservative party Civil Partnership Act 2007 197–8 2010 election campaign 2, 82, civil rights groups see pressure 127, 198, 253–4, 260 groups approach to the media 229–30 Clarke, C. 40 Commons seats 99–100, 127 Clarke, K. 315 and constitutional reform 24–7 Clegg, N. 3, 45, 68, 80–2, 100, 106, current position of 100–3 111, 287 and economic policy 253–4 and anti-politics 152, 162–3 electoral performance 79–85, approach to the coalition 108 92–3, 111–12, 164, 204 and constitutional reform 25–8 and European policy 259–63, early career of 193 267, 275, 278, 315–17 and European policy 258–9, 267 foreign and external policy and executive governance 49 315–17 and leader debates 84, 234, 236 and gay rights 197–8 public’s opinion of 87, 97 and gender equality 200–1 climate change policy 259–60, 265, and immigration 209 269, 272, 310 popularity of 106 Clinton, B. 307 and relationship with US 307–8 Clinton, H. 311 ConservativeHome 102, 220, 228–9 coalition governments 1, 96–100 Conservative–Liberal Democrat Conservative–Lib Dem coalition government see Conservative–Liberal and anti-politics 152 Democrat government ‘Big Society’ 6, 45–7 Labour–Liberal Democrats challenges facing 2–6, 27–8 coalition 98, 107, 110 and constitutional reform 7, 24–8 Labour–Plaid coalition 120–2, and devolution 15 129 ‘emergency’ budget 2, 46, 202, Coates, D. 326 238–9, 253 Code of Conduct for MPs 54 and European policy 261–3, 270, Coen, D. 325 279, 318 cold war 303–5 and executive governance 29, Commission for Racial Equality 44–50 211 foreign and external policy 311, Committee on Standards in Public 317–20 Life 41, 53 formation of 1–3, 19, 91, 96–8, Common Agricultural Policy 257–8, 238 260, 268–9, 278 further reading 322–3 Commons Standards and Privileges and gender equality 202–3 Committee 52 parliamentary reform 47–8 Communications Data Bill 294 possible futures for 4–5 Index 355

and security 281, 298–301 Cowley, P. 58, 322–3 consociationalism see Northern Craigslist 225 Ireland, power-sharing credit crunch see financial crisis constituencies Crick, B. 166 in Scotland and Wales 101–2 Criddle, B. 106 variations in electoral turnout crime 34, 86, 186, 228, 261, 280–1 74–5, 82–5 see also police service; terrorism constitutional reform Croatia 275–7 Con–Lib Dem 7, 25–8 Crouch, C. 244, 246, 326 critiques of Labour legacy Crowson, J. 325 incoherence 13, 23–4 Cuba 200 ineffectiveness 12–13, 22–3 instability 13, 24–5 Daily Express 225 devolution see devolution Daily Mail 20, 218–19, 235 electoral systems see electoral Daily Mirror 218–19, 232 systems Daily Star 219 further reading 321 Daily Telegraph 11, 53–4, 216–20, government transparency 20–1 225, 228, 235 Human Rights Act 1998 8–9, 13, Dale, I. 220, 232 19–20, 22, 25–7, 191–2 Darby, J. 324 under Labour (Blair) 7–10, 12 Darling, A. 37 under Labour (Brown) 10–12 data-mining 296 parliamentary reform 5, 15–17, Davies, R. 121 24, 47–8, 69 Davis, D. 297 Constitutional Reform Act 2005 8–9 death penalty 186 Constitutional Reform and defence policy 265–6, 280, 319 Governance Act 2010 9–11, 18, Democratic Unionist party 91, 41, 67 132–4, 136–42, 144, 146–7, 149 Constitutional Treaty 264, 266, 274, Denmark 159–60, 262, 266 278, 310–11 Denver, D. 323 CONTEST strategy 283–5, 288–9, Department for International 298, 300 Development 285 Continuity IRA 145 Department for Transport 285 Conway, D. 52 Devine, J. 53 Cooper, R. 313, 327 devolution 13–15, 22–4, 51–3, 59, Copenhagen Criteria 277 70, 91, 188 corporatism 179 further reading 323–4 Coulson, A. 229, 232 future of 126–9 Council Tax 121 and government policy 120–3 counter-terrorism measures 19, 265, importance of 113–15 280–1, 283–92 institutional and constitutional and the Con–Lib Dem government policies 118–20 298–301 Northern Ireland 14, 31, 114, further reading 327 324 surveillance 292–7 parties and elections under see also terrorism 115–18 Countryside Alliance 174, 176 public attitudes to 123–5 356 Index

Scotland 14, 27, 29, 31, 113–14, elections 91–6 324 European Parliament 17, 70, Wales 14, 27, 29, 31, 113–14, 72–3, 80, 92–5, 146, 148, 118–19, 324 208–9, 216, 260, 303, 316–17 West Lothian Question 27, explaining party choice 85–90 126–8, 205 further reading 323 Devolution Matters 323 general elections see general Dewar, D. 116 elections d’Hondt system 135–6, 141, 148 Greater London Assembly 17, Diamond, P. 104 92–3, 208 Digg 220, 230 National Assembly for Wales 70, digital divide 172, 221–2 72–3, 92–3, 95, 115–17 digital media see new media Northern Ireland Assembly 70, digital television 222–3 137, 139, 146, 148–9 disability rights 180, 211–12 party performance 79–85 Disability Rights Commission 211 Scottish Parliament 70, 72–3, 81, disengagement 161–7 88, 92–3, 115–16, 323 see also anti-politics snap elections 5 diversity 196, 210–14, 325 ‘turning out’ 71–2, 75–8 see also gay rights; gender equality; turnout 5, 71–5, 77, 115, 152 racial equality Electoral Commission 20 DNA database 186 electoral reform see electoral systems domestic violence 202 electoral systems 5–6, 11, 17–19, 24, Dorey, P. 322 56 Drache, D. 325 Additional Member System 49, Draper, D. 228, 232 71, 115 Duffield, M. 327 Alternative Vote 5–6, 18, 26, Duffy, G. 103 47–9, 68, 70, 105, 110, 170 Duncan Smith, I. 81, 105, 229, 308 and anti-politics 170–1 Dunleavy, P. 12, 18–19, 322 d’Hondt system 135–6, 141, 148 Durkan, M. 138 first past the post 6, 26, 47–8, 70, Dyson, K. 327 209 Mixed Member Proportional see Eastern Partnership 277 Additional Member System Eatwell, R. 325 Multi-Member Plurality system 71 eBay 225 proportional representation 17, Ecclestone, B. 191 18–19, 26–7, 49, 111, 115 Economic and Social Research Regional Party (Closed) Lists 71 Council 323, 325 single member plurality system economic crisis see financial crisis see first past the post economic growth 241–7, 326 Single Transferable Vote 5, 26, see also boom and bust 71, 118 Eden, A. 102 Supplementary Vote 71 education 34, 46–7, 272 electoral turnout 5, 71–8, 115, 152 in Northern Ireland 139–40 Ellam, M. 227–8 see also tuition fees ‘emergency’ budget (June 2010) 2, Egypt 277 46, 202, 238–9, 253 Index 357 employment 250, 271–2 2020 strategy 271 Employment Equality Regulations budgetary rebate 257–9, 268–74, 2003 197 278 End of the Party, The 231 and the coalition government energy policy 265 261–3 environmental groups see pressure Common Agricultural Policy groups 257–8, 260, 268–9, 278 Equal Opportunities Commission Constitutional Treaty 264, 266, 200, 211 274, 278, 310–11 Equalities and Human Rights and counter-terrorism measures Commission 211–13 283 Equality Act 200, 212–13 and domestic party politics Equality and Human Rights 258–64 Commission 181 enlargement 274–8, 309–10 ethnic equality see racial equality further reading 324, 326–7 Ethnic Minorities British Election Lisbon Strategy 270–4 Study 2010 325 Lisbon Treaty 259–60, 264–8, EU 2020 strategy 271 274, 278 euro see single currency Maastricht Treaty 264–5, 277 Eurobarometer 257 neighbourhood policy 277–8 Euronews 223 public attitudes towards European Commission 264–5, 270, membership 257–8, 327 272–3 single currency 257–8, 263–4, European Communities Act 9, 262 309, 317 European Conservatives and European Union Bill 263, 267 Reformists Group 260 Euroscepticism 26, 73, 95, 257, European Convention on Human 259–63, 271, 278, 303, 315–17 Rights 19 Evans, M. 29–30, 322 European Council 265–6, 268, 272 exchange rate 241, 243 European Court of Human Rights executive governance 19 Con–Lib Dem 44–50 European Court of Justice 267 further reading 321–2 European Exchange Rate Mechanism Labour 241, 243 under Blair 32–5 European Neighbourhood Policy under Brown 32–3, 35–43 277–8 legacy of 40–4 European Parliament Westminster model see elections 17, 70, 72–3, 80, 92–5, Westminster model 146, 148, 208–9, 216, 260, expenses crisis see MPs’ expenses 303, 316–17 crisis and Lisbon Strategy 273–4 power of 264–5 Facebook 182, 184, 220, 225, 230, and qualified majority voting 262 234, 296 European People’s Party 260 Farage, N. 94 European Union 73, 191, 193, 208, Farr, C. 284, 286 211, 297, 302–3, 306–7, 311–12, Fawcett Society 202–3 314–18 Federal Executive 100 358 Index

Federal Reserve 248 Gamble, A. 12, 244, 326–7 Federation of Students’ Islamic gay rights 176, 179–81, 197–9, Societies 181 212–14 feminism see gender equality GCHQ 287, 292, 295, 300, 327 Field, A. 327 Geddes, A. 323 Field, F. 40 gender equality 176, 180, 199–204, Field, S. 232 211–12, 214 financial crisis 11, 36, 39, 80, 213, general elections 1, 5, 70, 91, 104, 238, 240, 248–56, 262, 268–70, 184, 189, 306, 323 311, 326 2010 general election see 2010 financial institutions 63, 248–9, 269, general election 291 explaining party choice 85–6 Financial Times 224 valence voting 86–90 Finland 200, 269 party performance 79–82 Finlayson, A. 326 variations across constituencies first past the post 6, 26, 47–8, 70, 82–5 209 turnout 72–5, 77 Fisher, S. 325 George, S. 326–7 Flickr 230 Georgia 277–8 Flinders, M. 12, 15–18, 22–3, Germany 19, 160, 257, 262–3, 268, 166–7, 187–8, 321 270, 274, 276 Flint, C. 202 Ghurkha soldiers 39, 174 Food Standards Agency 46 Gibson, R. 172 Ford, D. 141–2 Gifford, C. 327 Ford, R. 206 global financial crisis see financial Foreign Office 275–7, 284–5 crisis foreign and external policy 187, 266, Global Opportunities Fund 276 280 globalisation 31, 165, 260, 280, Con–Lib Dem 311, 317–20 292, 304 Conservatives 315–17 GMTV 230 Labour Good Friday Agreement 130–5, 137, under Blair 306–11 139, 142, 150 under Brown 311–15 Goodwin, M. 325 Formula 1 191 Google 218, 224, 296 Forsyth, J. 193 Gove, M. 315 Fox, L. 315, 318 Governance of Britain, The 37, 41, France 38, 206, 257, 264–5, 67 269–70, 274, 278, 310, 312 Government Communications freedom of information 23–4 Headquarters see GCHQ Freedom of Information Act 2000 Government of Wales Act 9, 14, 61, 8–9, 13, 20–1, 52 119 Friends of the Earth 176–8 Grant, W. 325 Fukuyama, F. 304, 327 Grayling, C. 198 Greater London Assembly 51–2 G8 summit 310, 312 elections 17, 92–3, 208 G20 protests 226 Greater London Authority Act 1998 Galloway, G. 95 9 Index 359

Greece 270, 275 homosexuality issues see gay rights Green, D. 206 Hoon, G. 40, 190 Green party 80, 93–5, 142 Hoskins, A. 215 greenhouse gas emissions 272 House of Commons 16, 23, 127, Greenleaf, W. 321 200 Greenpeace 176–8 electoral reform 8, 11, 16–19, 24, Grey, J. 232 26 Griffin, N. 94, 209, 234 Library and Constitution Centre growth models 241–7, 254 322 Guantánamo Bay 185, 308 modernisation of 16–17, 56–7, Guardian 217–20, 228 60, 64–5 Guido Fawkes blog 219, 228 reduction in size of 27 Gulf of Mexico oil spill 195, 319 House of Lords 20, 23, 189, 321 reform of 8, 11, 13–17, 20, 24, Hague, W. 100, 105, 229, 262, 278, 27, 56, 67–8, 322 302, 312–16, 318 House of Lords Act 1999 9, 15, 67 Hain, P. 120, 226 House of Lords Appointment Halliday, F. 327 Commission 20 Halper, S. 327–8 house price Keynesianism see Hansard Society 65, 154–6, 161, Privatised Keynesianism 164, 322 housing markets 245–52, 269, 326 Harman, H. 105, 202, 213 Howard, M. 81, 106, 229, 308 Have Your Say 220 Howard, P.N. 326 Hay, C. 324–6 Howard League for Penal Reform Hazell, R. 13, 22, 321, 323 186 Healey, D. 309 Human Fertilisation and Embryology health 34, 86 Act 2008 197 see also National Health Service human rights 23, 179, 182, 185, Heath, A. 325 191–2, 280, 297 Heath, E. 102, 307 Human Rights Act 1998 8–9, 13, Heathrow terrorism plot 282 19–20, 22, 25–7, 191–2 Heffernan, R. 322 Human Rights Watch and Reprieve Heffron, P. 145 185 Hennessy, P. 327 hung parliaments 1, 3, 6, 51, 68–9, hereditary peers 15 96, 111 Herman, M. 280 Hutton, W. 327 Hermon, S. 96, 148 Hewitt, P. 40, 190 IBM 181 Hewitt, S. 327 Iceland 200 Heywood, J. 37 ICM poll 228 Hibbing, J. 163–4, 167, 324 ID cards 19, 297–8 Hill, D. 227 Illsley, E. 53 Hilton, S. 229 immigration 20, 89, 185, 204–10, Hodge, M. 209 265 Hollobone, P. 206 Immigration Advisory Service 185 Home Affairs Committee 290 Immigration Law Practitioners 185 Home Office 228, 283–5, 287 In Defence of Politics 166 360 Index in vitro fertilisation (IVF) 197 Islamic Forum of Europe 181 Independent 218–19, 224 Isreal 277, 312 Independent Asylum Commission Istanbul 281 185 Italy 269–70, 276 Independent Commission on the ITV 223 Voting System 8, 17 Independent on Sunday 224 Jacques, M. 327 Independent Parliamentary Standards Japan 306 Authority 11, 20, 41, 53–6, 170 Jenkins Commission 8, 17 Independent Television News 232 ‘John Lewis list’ 52 India 303, 306, 313 Johns, R. 323 inflation 244 Johnson, B. 81, 92 Inglehart, R. 325 Johnson, N. 12, 14, 321 Institute for Fiscal Studies 176 Joint Committee on Human Rights Institute for Public Policy Research 19–20 176 Joint Council for the Welfare of Institute of Economic Affairs 187 Immigrants 185 intelligence agencies 280–1, 287–93, Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre 286, 327 288 Intercept Modernisation Programme Jones, G. W. 36–7 287, 292–7 Jordan 277 interest groups see pressure groups Jordan, G. 325 interest rates 243–5, 248–50, 255 International Monetary Fund 270, journalism see BBC; broadcast 310 media; media; new media; international security 281–3 newspapers internet 165, 172, 182, 184, 195, Judge, D. 12, 15, 18, 21 217, 222, 326 July 7 bombings see 7/7 bombings blogs 66, 216, 219–20, 225–6, 228–30, 232, 235, 323 Kagan, R. 327 and terrorism 282, 292, 294–5, Kaldor, M. 327 300 Kampfner, J. 327 see also new media Kavanagh, D. 154, 322–3 Inter-Parliamentary Union 200 Keane, J. 174, 195, 325 iPlayer 223 Keaney, E. 158 IPPR Commission 319 Keen, A. 326 IpsosMori 87, 155–7 Kelly, C. 53–4 IRA 132–3 Kelly Inquiry 54–6 Iran 312, 318 Kelso, A. 54, 322 Iraq war 8, 33, 35, 90, 108, 174, Kennedy, C. 107 184, 187, 195, 268, 282, 303–11, Kennedy, H. 161–2 317 King, A. 12, 113, 323 Irish Language Act 147 Klug, F. 19–20 Irish Republic see Republic of Kosovo 276, 305, 307–8, 314 Ireland Kyoto protocol 310 Islam 181, 204–10 Islamic extremism 176, 185, 207, Labour party 281, 318–19 see also terrorism 2010 election campaign 82 Index 361

approach to the media 227–8 and relationship with US 308 constitutional reform 7–12 Liberal Democrat–Conservative critiques of 12–13, 22–5 government see Conservative– and economic growth 238, 241–7 Liberal Democrat government electoral performance 5, 79–85, Liberty 176, 185, 193 92–3, 111–12, 164, 204 Libya 277 and European policy 257, 259, licence fee 223, 226 263–5, 267, 270, 273, 275, Lijphart, A. 16, 22–3, 187–8 278, 309–10 Lisbon Strategy 270–4 and executive governance Lisbon Treaty 259–60, 264–8, 274, under Blair 32–5 278 under Brown 32–3, 35–43 Litvinenko, A. 314 legacy of 40–3 Livermore, S. 37 and financial crisis 252–4 Livingstone, K. 81, 92 foreign and external policy lobbyists 190–1, 193 under Blair 306–11 Local Government Act 9, 197–8 under Brown 311–15 Lockerbie bombing 121 and gay rights 197 Lodge, G. 321, 323 and gender equality 199–200, London 2012 Olympic Games 286 202 London Assembly see Greater and immigration 209 London Assembly in opposition 2, 99 London transport bombings see 7/7 and security 297–8, 300–1 bombings ‘Third Way’ 36, 259 Lovenduski, J. 325 Labour–Plaid coalition 120–2, 129 Lucas, C. 94 Law Society 176, 178 Lucas, R. 240 Lawrence, S. 212 Lumley, J. 174 leader debates 82, 84, 215, 233–6 League Against Cruel Sports 176 Maastricht Treaty 264–5, 277 Lebanon 277 Mabbett, D. 212 Lebedev, A. 224 Macdonald, Lord 298, 301 Left List 95 Macedonia 276 Legg, T. 53, 54 MacGinty, R. 324 Lent, A. 325 Macrory, H. 232 lesbian rights see gay rights Madrid bombing 281 level inheritance tax 39 Major, J. 29, 102–3, 243 Liberal Democrat party majoritarianism 16, 18, 22 2010 election campaign 82, 109, Make Poverty History 174 258, 317 Maloney, W. 325 Commons seats 99–100 Mandelson, P. 6, 231, 321 and constitutional reform 25–6 Margetts, H. 209 current position of 107–11 Marr, A. 230 electoral performance 79–85, Martin, M. 52–3 92–3, 111–12, 204 ‘Mastering the Internet’ programme and European policy 258–9, 295 261–3, 267, 275, 317 maternity leave 200–2 and gender equality 200–2 May, T. 202, 213, 229, 298–9 362 Index

McBride, D. 228 Morgan, R. 64, 119, 121 McFall, J. 63 Morocco 277 McGarry, J. 324 mortgages 247–9 McGarvey, N. 322 see also housing markets McGuinness, M. 134, 136–7, MPs’ expenses crisis 11, 17, 41, 139–40, 149 51–7 McLean, I. 321 Daily Telegraph revelations 53–4, McLetchie, D. 55 216–17, 235 Mead, W. R. 327 impact of 21, 47, 64, 67–9, 152, media 90, 143–4, 148–9, 172, 182, 156 222–6, 303, 324, 326 on Labour government 36, 39, see also BBC; broadcast media; 68–9, 152, 169 new media; newspapers key developments 52–3 Medical Foundation for the Care of Mugabe, R. 314–15 Victims of Torture 185 multiculturalism see racial equality Medical Justice 185, 191–2 Multi-Member Plurality system 71 Members Estimate Committee 53 Murdoch, R. 224, 232 Merkel, A. 277, 316 Murphy-O’Connor, C. 213 Metropolitan Police Service 285 Muslim Association of Britain 181 MI5 281, 287–93, 327 Muslim Council of Britain 176, Michael, A. 117, 119 181–3 Migrants Rights Network 185 MySpace 220 migration 185, 265 Migration Watch 185 National Assembly Against Racism Milburn, A. 213 181 Miliband, D. 37, 104–5, 231, National Assembly for Wales see 312–13 Wales, National Assembly Miliband, E. 37, 104–7 National Asset Management Agency Millennium Development Goals 147 259, 269 National Association for the Care and Ministry of Defence 285 Resettlement of Offenders 186 Ministry of Justice 284 National Audit Office 249 Mirror see Daily Mirror National Council on Civil Liberties Mitchell, J. 323 see Liberty Mixed Member Proportional see National Economic Council 38 Additional Member System National Farmers Union 179 Moat, R. 184 National Health Service 81, 86, 89, mobile phones 217 122, 207, 243, 291 Modernisation Committee 16–17, National Reform Programmes 272 57, 60, 64–5 National Rifle Association 191 Moldova 277 National Security Council 297 Monetary Policy Committee 241, National Security Counter-Terrorism 252, 255 Office 288 Monetary Union 243 National Union of Students 108–9 Monitor 321 NATO 276, 305, 307–8, 311, 314, Montenegro 276 318–19 Montgomerie, T. 220 navy 181 Index 363

Netherlands 200, 264, 269, 310 Northern Ireland Life and Times Neville-Jones, P. 297–9 149–50, 324 ‘new financial’ growth model see Norton, P. 12, 321–2 Privatised Keynesianism not-for-profit organisations 46 new media 215–22 nuclear weapons 285, 297, 311–12, and traditional media 222–6 318 transforming media management 227–33 Obama, B. 311, 317, 319–20 ‘new world order’ 304–5 Observer 225, 231 News Corporation 224 Ofcom 233, 327 News of the World 229, 232 Office for Budget Responsibility 46 Newspaper Society 33 Office of Security and Counter- newspapers 21, 101, 113, 215, Terrorism 283–7 218–19, 222, 224–6 oil prices 248–9, 252, 255–6 websites 218–19 O’Leary, B. 134, 146, 324 see also individual newspapers Oliver, Craig 232 O’Loughlin, N. 215 NHS see National Health Service Olympic Games 286 Nice Treaty 266 Omand, D. 283, 327 niqabs 206 ‘One Wales’ see Labour–Plaid No One Is Illegal 185 coalition Nolan, P. 327 Operation Black Vote 181, 209, 213 non-governmental organisations Operation Descent 145 177, 193, 271, 273, 325 Operation Overt 290 see also pressure groups opinion polls 3–5, 39, 70, 81–2, Norris, P. 159–60, 162, 168, 203, 92–3, 101, 107, 111, 156–7, 184, 325 204, 208, 234, 236, 257 North Atlantic Treaty Organization organised crime 280–1 see NATO Osborne, G. 2, 46, 315 Northern Ireland 3, 126–7, 289 Outrage 181 Assembly 51, 59, 66, 91, 132–8, Overseas CONTEST Group 285 141–4, 146, 149, 324 Oxfam 176, 182 and devolution 14, 31, 114, 324 OXIS survey 223 elections 70, 137, 139, 146, 148–9 Paisley, I. Jr 144, 148 future political landscape 1 Paisley, I. Snr 134, 139, 144 47–51 Pakistan 282–3, 291, 297, 300 power sharing 130–1, 135–6 Palestine 277, 312 2007 restoration of 134–5 parliament further reading 324 duration 51 opportunities and difficulties expenses crisis see MPs’ expenses 132–4 crisis opposition to 142–5 facilitating public engagement power snaring 137–9, 139–42 64–7 power splitting 136–7 new legislative measures 60 in practice 139–42 reform 5, 15–17, 24, 47–8, 69 success of 145–7 role of 58–60 Northern Ireland Act 1998 9 scrutiny and oversight 62–4 364 Index

Parliamentary Standards Act 2009 Prime Minister’s Delivery Unit 34, 9–11, 20, 53–4 37, 42 Parris, M. 180–1 Prime Minister’s Questions 63, 106 partisanship 164–5 print media see newspapers party choice 85–90 prisoners’ rights 186 party system see British party system privatisation 31 Pearson, Lord 94 Privatised Keynesianism 243–7, 324 penal reform 186 political fallout and return to Performance and Innovation Unit growth 252–6 34 re-nationalisation of 248–52 Peston, R. 226 Progressive Unionist party 142 petitioning 65–7 proportional representation (PR) Phillips, T. 213 17–19, 26–7, 49, 111, 115 Plaid Cymru 15, 80, 91, 95, 98, 117, Public Bodies Bill 46 120, 122, 129 public engagement 64–7 Plaid Cymru–Labour coalition see public services 8, 31, 34 Labour–Plaid coalition Purdy, M. 144 Poland 159–60, 275 Purnell, J. 40, 193, 216 police service 47, 212 Northern Ireland 140–1, 145 Qualifications and Curriculum stop-and-search powers 185 Development Agency 46 and terrorism 285, 287–91, 293, qualified majority voting 262, 265–6 299 Question Time 193, 209, 234 see also crime Quinlan, M. 33 Policy Exchange Think Tank 103 Policy Unit 34 Race Relations Act 1976 211 Political Parties, Elections and Race Relations Amendment Act 2000 Referendums Act 2000 9 212 Poll Tax 23 racial equality 94–5, 176, 179–81, polls see opinion polls 196, 204–14 Portland 190 Radice, G. 104 Portugal 270, 275 radio 62, 215, 222–3 poverty 310–11 Radio 4 62, 223 Power Commission Inquiry into Rawnsley, A. 231, 321, 323 Britain’s Democracy 65, 161–2, Reagan, R. 319 324 Real IRA 145 presidentialism 33 recession 2, 252–5, 326 press see broadcast media; media; see also financial crisis new media; newspapers Red Cross Refugee Service 185 pressure groups 174–5 Red Rag 228 form and function 175–82 Reform of the House of Commons further reading 325 Committee 53 and government 192–4 Reform Treaty see Lisbon Treaty impact of political system on Refugee Action 185 187–92 Refugee Council 185 the representative claim 182–7 refugees see asylum seekers see also individual groups Refugees and Migrant Justice 185 Index 365

Regional Assemblies (Preparations) 65–6, 95, 116–21, 128, 157, Act 2003 9 168, 205 Regional Development Agencies Act Scotland Act 1998 9, 116 1998 9 Scottish Conservative party 55 Regional Party (Closed) Lists 71 Scottish Constitutional Convention Registration of Political Parties Act 8 1998 9 Scottish Labour party 64 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Scottish National Party 15, 18, 64, Act 2000 296, 298 80–1, 91, 93, 116, 119–21, 129 Reid, J. 283–4 Scottish Senior Citizens Unity 95 Republic of Ireland 130, 149 Scottish Socialists 95 Research Information and Searle, G. 322 Communication Units 286 Secret Intelligence Service 287 Respect 95 Section 28 197–8 Rhodes, R.A.W. 322 security agencies 280–1, 287–93 Richard Commission 14–15, 119 Security Council (UN) 312 Richards, D. 322 security policy 265–6, 301, 319 Riddell, P. 327 further reading 327 Riker, W. 97 international security 281–3 Robinson, I. 144, 148 UK counter-terrorism measures Robinson, N. 226 283–92 Robinson, P. 139, 144, 148 see also counter-terrorism Rogers, B. 158 measures Rogers, R. 322 Seldon, A. 321, 323 Roman Catholic Church 211–13 select committees 57, 63 Royal Navy 181 Sendorek, A. 232 Ruana, Catriona 140 Sepos, A. 327 Russell, M. 322 September 11 terrorist attacks see Russia 291, 306, 313–14 9/11 terrorist attacks see also Soviet Union Serbia 276 Rwanda 200, 305 Sex Discrimination Act 199, 211 Ryner, M. 327 Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 197 Saggar, S. 325 Sexual Orientation Regulations 2007 Salmond, A. 116 197 Sanders, D. 325 Shapley–Shubik power index 99 Sarkozy, N. 274, 277, 316 Shared Responsibilities 319 Save the Children 176, 182, 193 Sherrington, P. 326 Schengen Agreement 257, 309 Short, R. 281 schools see education Sierra Leone 307–8 SCOPE II 287 single currency 257–8, 263–4, 309, Scotland 3, 289 317 and devolution 14, 27, 29, 31, Single European Act 265 113–14, 323 single member plurality system see elections 70, 72–3, 81, 88, 92–3, first past the post 115–16, 323 Single Transferable Vote system 5, Parliament 8, 49, 51, 55, 59, 61, 26, 71, 118 366 Index

Sinn Féin 91, 97, 132–9, 141–2, Stop the War Coalition 187 144, 146–7, 149 stop-and-search powers 185 SIS 287 Strategic Defence and Security Review Sky News 223, 234 300, 319 Sky Plus 223 Strategy Unit 34 ‘Smeargate’ 228, 232 Straw, J. 186 Smith, I. D. see Duncan Smith, Ian Stroud, P. 198 Smith, G. 324 student fees see tuition fees Smith, Jacqui 294 Sudan 314 Smith, John 8 Sun, The 83, 218–19, 232 snap elections 5 Sunday Telegraph 228 Sobolewska, M. 207, 325 Sunday Times 52, 83, 224–5, 228 Social Democratic and Labour Party Sunstein, C. 172 91, 98, 133, 135–6, 139, 142, 144, Supplementary Vote 71 148 Sure Start scheme 200 Social Exclusion Unit 273 surveillance 292–7, 301, 327 social grades 158–9 Suspicious Activity Reports 291 social movements 179–82 Sweden 200, 269 social networking 172, 182, 184, Switzerland 168 220, 225, 230–1 Syria 277 Socialist Workers Party 95 Szczerbiak, A. 326 South Africa 200, 315 South-East Asia 245 Taggart, P. 326 Southern Discomfort 104 Taiwan 313 sovereignty 266–8 Taliban 281, 319 Soviet Union 303–5 see also 9/11 terrorist attacks see also Russia taxation 2, 39–40, 266 Spain 160, 265, 270, 275, 278 Taxpayers’ Alliance 187 Madrid bombing 281 Tebbit, N. 316 special advisers 34, 38 televised leader debates 82, 84, 215, speed cameras 174 233–6 spin 227–8, 232 television see broadcast media St Andrew’s Agreement 133–4, terrorism 20, 145–6, 176, 185, 191, 137–42 204, 207, 280–3 Stabilisation and Association Process coalition government and security 276 297–301 Stafford Smith, C. 185 surveillance 292–7 Staines, P. 219, 226, 228, 232 UK counter-terrorism measures Stanyer, J. 326 283–92 Star 225 see also counter-terrorism ‘Statsgate’ 228 measures Statutory Code of Conduct for MPs Terrorism Act 2000 298 54 Thain, C. 326 Stoker, G. 166, 183, 324–5 Thames Valley Police 290–1 Stokes, D. 86–7 Thames Valley Safer Roads 174 Stolz, K. 323 Thatcher, M. 1, 29, 102, 111 Stonewall 181, 197–8, 213 and budget rebate 268 Index 367

and Poll Tax 23 Unite Against Fascism 181 public’s opinion of 39, 87 United Airlines 282 and relationship with US 302, United Kingdom Independent Party 308–9, 315 79–81, 84–5, 93–5, 208–9, 260, and Westminster model 49 316–17 Theiss-Morse, E. 163–4, 167, 324 United Kingdom Sovereignty Bill ‘Third Way’ 36, 259 262 Third World 304, 310–11 United Nations 305, 308, 312 Tibet 313 United States 19, 38, 163, 203, 233, Times, The 218–20, 224, 235 324 tobacco advertising 191 and cold war 303–5 Tonge, J. 323 and counter-terrorism measures torture 291, 297 280–1 trade unions 179, 271, 273 economy of 245, 247–50, 252, Trades Unions Congress 179 255 Traditional Unionist Voice 146–8 and the EU 309 transgender rights see gay rights and Iraq war see Iraq war transparency 20–1 and Kyoto protocol 310 Treasury 33, 35–8, 42, 49, 327 political system of 188–92, 195 Treaty of Lisbon see Lisbon Treaty relationship with UK 302–3, Treaty of Maastricht 264–5, 277 306–8, 311–20, 327 Treaty of Nice 266 September 11 terrorist attacks see Treaty on European Union 264–5, 9/11 277 and war on terror 305–6, 307 Trench, A. 323 University College London 321 Trident 311, 318 university fees see tuition fees Trimble, D. 132, 134–5, 138 ‘triple-lock’ rules 100, 137–8 valence voting 86–90 Tsvangirai, M. 315 van der Pijl, K. 327 TUC 179 Van Rompuy, H. 265, 268 tuition fees 103, 108–9 VAT 2, 239, 256 Tunisia 277 Verba, S. 154–6, 164 Turkey 274–7, 309 Victims Commissioner for Northern turnout, electoral 5, 71–8, 115, Ireland 141–2 152 Vietnam war 307 Twitter 182, 220, 226, 230, 234–5 Virgin 295 voluntary sector 46 UK Charity Commission 181–2 vote of no confidence 3 UK Islamic Council 181 voters see electoral turnout UK Statistics Authority 228 voting systems see electoral systems UKIP see United Kingdom Independent Party Wales 3 Ukraine 277 and counter-terrorism 289 Ulster Unionist party 91, 132–7, and devolution 14, 27, 29, 31, 139, 141–2, 148 113–14, 118–19, 323 unanimity voting rules 265 elections 70, 72–3, 92–3, 95, unemployment 250, 271–2 115–17 368 Index

National Assembly 8, 14, 49, 51, Wheeler, Stuart 316 55, 59, 61, 64, 66, 116–20, Why Politics Matters 166 128, 157, 168, 205, 323 Wikipedia 220 referendum (March 2011) 61 Wildbore, H. 19–20 Wall, S. 326, 327 Wilson, H. 96, 102, 307 Wall Street Journal 315 Wilson, R. 33, 38, 323 Walters, R. 322 Working Time Directive 261, 271, war on terror 187, 305, 307 273 see also Afghanistan conflict; Iraq World Bank 310 war world poverty 310–11 Watson, M. 244 Wright, T. 56 Webb, P. 322 Wright Committee 17, 56–7, 62–3, Webcameron 229, 232 67 Weber Shadwich 190 welfare state 2, 8, 40, 205–6 Yahoo 218 Welsh Assembly see Wales, National Yemen 283, 300 Assembly YouGov 82–3, 209 West Balkans 274–7, 309 Young, H. 326 West Lothian Question 27, 126–8, Your Right to Know 21 205 YouTube 53, 230–1 Westminster model 1, 12–13, 15, Yugoslavia 305 29–36, 40–2, 44, 47–50, 118, 258, 312 Zimbabwe 313–15