UNITED STATES V. JULIAN PAUL ASSANGE

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UNITED STATES v. JULIAN PAUL ASSANGE

Clarification Statement of Christian Grothoff

1. I am Professor of Computer Science at the University of Applied Sciences in Bern. My main area of research is network security, including peer-to-peer networks and applied cryptography. I have a PhD from UCLA, was Assistant Professor at the University of Denver, and lead research groups in the area of network security at the Technical University of Munich and INRIA. 2. I was asked by the legal team of Julian Assange (Birnberg Peirce) to clarify some details about my previous statement to the court. 3. I have read Part 19 of the Criminal Procedure Rules relating to expert evidence and believe that my opinion is compliant with the rules. I understand that my duty as an expert witness is to try to help the court by providing objective analysis on matters within my expertise. 4. In points (11)-(14) I pointed out that the “xyz_z.gpg” file was publicly available via the file sharing system BitTorrent (for example in December via the well-known site https://thepiratebay.org/description.php?id=6040906) which due to its decentralized design makes it impossible for Wikileaks to limit its distribution. However, the file was available from multiple other sources, as anyone who downloaded it could easily republish the encrypted archive via other means. For example, https://twitter.com/p0bailey/status/13615673599070208 mentions that this archive was also downloadable via HTTP in December 2010. Thus, it was possible to download the encrypted archive from multiple sources independent of Wikileaks long before the disclosure of the passphrase in David Leigh’s book. 5. Many sites linked already in December 2010 to the various Wikileaks mirrors. For example, http://pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php lists a total of 800 mirrors, including the one at http://193.198.207.6/. So this archive was not obscure at the time when David Leigh published his book, but what the encrypted file in the archive contained was not known to the public. 6. In point (18) of my previous statement, I said that “at the time when the Wikileaks site republished the unredacted cables, the information was already easily available to any technically competent person, for example from the cryptome.org site”. To clarify, “technically competent” in this case involves being able to open a browser and entering the URL “cryptome.org” in to the URL bar and to unpack a compressed archive (which is a routine operation for Internet users, as compression is commonly used to reduce file size and thereby improve download speed on the Internet). 7. In adddition to the file being easily accessible via cryptome.org, http://cables.mrkva.eu/ provided an easily searchable Web version before Wikileaks made the archive available. 8. Making a version searchable on the Web also hardly changes how accessible the information is, as users who downloaded the archive could simply install Desktop search software – which was already widely available at the time (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines) – which enables anyone (with modest technical competency) to create a local search index after downloading and unpacking the archive. 9. In point (7) of my previous statement I mentioned that “cryptome.org and others report on the specific passphrase”. I want to clarify that the “cryptome.org” Web site was and is a rather well-known New York based Web site providing a curated library. Researching site popularity data, I found https://siterankdata.com/cryptome.org which reports that the cryptome.org site was consistently in the top 50,000 Web sites in the world in 2011-2014 (the site was turned off in 2014). For comparison, on July 10th 2011 Wikileaks.org had a ranking of 13,252 with (according to SiteRankData.com), while for the same day Cryptome.org had a ranking of 33,439. The New York Times cited cryptome.org as early as June 16th 2000 in an article. I asked a journalist to search LexisNexis, a press article index, for mentions for cryptome.org in the press. The journalist reported to me that there were 1385 mentions of the site in the press. According to genios.de, a similar service for German press articles, the German press alone cited cryptome.org before September 1st 2011 at least 69 times, with Süddeutsche Zeitung being the first major German newspaper referencing the site as early as December 1999. 10. The defense recently provided me with an excerpt from a FOIA response “Leopold et. al. v. NSA et. al. - Civil Action Number 1-15-cv-00999-APM” with a “Report of Investigation 2010-CID221-10117-5Y”. This report demonstrates that the US government itself obtained a copy of the unredacted and decrypted cable archive from the previously mentioned Pirate Bay mirror, an encrypted copy of the archive from the 193.198.207.6 mirror and the passphrase to decrypt the encrypted copy (from the book by David Leigh) at “about 0700, 1 Sep” of 2011. The US government was thus aware of several of the various public versions of the documents and the publication of the passphrase in David Leigh’s book before the Wikileaks publication. 11. In point (5) of my previous statement I mentioned that the “key required for decryption is fixed at the time of encryption”. To make clear, in contrast, the URL of the Web site used by Wikileaks to provide its media partners access to an encrypted copy of the full archive can be temporary (and was indeed eventually disabled, the exact date I could not determine): it is relatively easy to remove or change the URL of a Web site. However, the passphrase itself could not be temporary, as after an encrypted file has been published it is not possible to change the encryption key for copies of an encrypted file that has already been distributed to other parties. Thus, after the publication of the passphrase in David Leigh’s book, Wikileaks had no chance to change the passphrase on the encrypted file that was already copied by and in control of a multitude of unknown third parties. 12. In point (6) of my previous statement, I pointed out that “distributing the ciphertext via the Web site was a safe choice”. I want to clarify what this means with respect to the intent of the distributor. The distribution of encrypted files on the Internet without the intent of their contents ever becoming public is routine. Some banking protocols include the transmission of encrypted archives of private transaction records. Doctors, hospitals and laboratories use encryption to exchange private medical data over the Internet. In some cases, the files are encrypted only during transmission, but in other cases they are encrypted at rest when they are stored on disk. Many popular word processing formats (Microsoft Word, OpenOffice, Acrobat PDF) include passphrase encryption as a mechanism to enable sharing of confidential business documents over insecure channels (such as Web sites or plaintext e-mail). Uploading a properly encrypted file to the Internet does not make the contents available to the public. Thus, it makes no sense to consider the upload of an encrypted file as equivalent to publishing its (encrypted) contents. 13. I would also point out that disclosing such an encryption passphrase is never advisable, because of the possibility of the data transfer of the encrypted file being intercepted. Anyone who intercepted David Leigh’s transfer would have been able to decrypt the file, and in this case it would have been easy for them to figure out which data transfer the password decrypted. Thus, no information security professional should have deemed the disclosure of this passphrase to be safe, even without the knowledge of the existence of the many mirrors.

Signed:

______Christian Grothoff

______Dated

8/20/2020 Phillip Bailey on Twitter: "ONLINE the 20GB wikileaks archive http://193.198.207.6/wikileaks/ #wikileaks #cablegate #imwikileaks" /…

Phillip Bailey @p0bailey

ONLINE the 20GB wikileaks archive http://193.198.207.6/wikileaks/ #wikileaks #cablegate #imwikileaks

3:26 PM · Dec 11, 2010 · Twitter Web Client

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Many ways to wikileaks by General Joe and friends Monday, Dec. 06, 2010 at 4:15 AM

Use the web addresses below to get to wikileaks. Some may not be active, but many will be. Now go get the information. The mainstream media would have you believe that there is nothing new or eye poping there. They always tell the truth don't they? A people as free as ours can rely on the media, can't we? But maybe you had better look, anyway. Send to friends,family, and beyond. Way beyond. General Joe

WikiLeaks Mirrors! Good: 30 Outdated: 473 Down: 297 Total: 800 Please add your mirror. This site automatically checks mirrors for uptime and number of cables once an hour. Add New Mirror! URL Is mirror up? 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True 837 http://wikileaks.zurk.org True 837 http://wikileaks.dft-labs.eu True 837 http://wikileaks.dubronetwork.fr True 837 http://wikileaks.moochm.de True 837 http://wikileaks.lsde.org/ True 837 http://wikileaks.oneechan.org True 837 http://wikileakz.eu/ True 837 http://www.wikileakz.eu/index.html True 837 http://www.wikileaks.se/ True 837 http://www.wikileaks.st/ True 837 http://cablegate.gernox.de/ True 837 http://wi.kileaks.co.cc/ True 837 http://wikileaks.gonte2.nu/ True 837 http://wikileaks.gonte.se/ pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 13/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia True 837 http://wikileaks.chuso.net/ True 837 http://wl.ownage4u.nl/ True 837 http://wikileaks.furdev.org/ True 837 http://wikileaks.u0d.de/ True 837 http://wikileaks.redhog.org/ True 837 http://wikileaks.buzzworkers.com/ True 837 http://plassnik.unibrennt.at True 837 http://wikileakz.dyndns.org True 837 http://wikileakz.dyndns.org/ True 837 http://jsdev.org/wiki_/public_html True 837 http://jsdev.org/wiki_/ True 837 http://www.emilts.com True 837 http://wikileaks.piratskenoviny.cz/ True 837 http://wikileaks.softic.cz/ True 837 http://wikileaks.diedx.nl True 837 http://wikileaks.unibrennt.at True 837 http://wikileaks.se True 837 http://wikileakz.eu/index.html True 837 http://wikileaks.hmaks.com True 837 http://wikileaks.solvare.se True 837 http://peoplerule.info True 837 http://wikileaks.infinium.org.uk True 837 http://www.wikileaks.nw-ds.com True 837 http://wikileaks.xcplanet.com True 837 http://nl1.wikileaksmirror.nl True 837 http://vm8157.vps.tagadab.com True 837 http://wikileaks.hutonline.nl True 837 http://wikileaks.threefingers.ca True 837 http://azow.selb.us pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 14/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia True 837 http://wikileaks.1407.org True 837 http://brd.mcbf.net True 837 http://wikileaks.cordover.id.au True 837 http://wikileaks.r00t.la True 837 http://mirror2.wikileaks.lu True 837 http://mirror1.wikileaks.lu True 837 http://wikileaks.rtjuette.de True 837 http://wikileaks.the-secret-world.info True 837 http://wikileaks.realprogrammer.org True 837 http://www.wikileakz.eu True 837 http://wikileaks.ego-world.org True 837 http://wikileaks.now-pages.com True 837 http://wikileaks.myscripts24.de True 837 http://wikileaks.dokansoft.com.ar True 837 http://wleaks.hellfire.pulsedmedia.com True 837 http://wleaks.3sge.pulsedmedia.com True 837 http://wikileaks.dena-design.de True 837 http://wl.ernstchan.net True 837 http://wl.yoltie.net True 837 http://wikileaks.franslundberg.com True 837 http://wikileaks.geekview.be True 837 http://wikileaks.huissoud.ch True 837 http://wl.alfeldr.de True 837 http://www.gruiiik.org True 837 http://wikileaks.rout0r.org True 837 http://wikileaks.chiquitico.org True 837 http://wikileaks.joworld.net True 837 http://wikileaks.81-89-98-125.blue.kundencontroller.de True 837 http://wikileaks.sbr.im pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 15/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia True 837 http://wikileaks.perry.ch True 837 http://leaks.gooby.org True 837 http://wikileaks.kaptenkong.se True 837 http://wikileaks.fdn.fr True 837 http://wl.gernox.de True 837 http://wikileaks.challet.eu True 837 http://wikileaks.enzym.su True 837 http://wl.mrkva.eu True 837 http://internaluse.net True 837 http://wikileaks.us-the-bomb.org True 837 http://www.fuckip.de/ True 837 http://wikil3aks.dyndns.org True 837 http://wikileaks.r00t.la/ True 837 http://wl.fuckip.de True 837 http://wikileaks.rustigereigers.nl True 837 http://wikileaks.marktaff.com True 837 http://193.198.207.6 True 837 http://wikileaks.realprogrammer.org/mirror True 837 http://www.wikileaks.st True 837 http://cablegate.gernox.de True 837 http://wikileaks.rebeldes.org.ar/ True 837 http://vm8157.vps.tagadab.com/ True 837 http://wi.kileaks.co.cc True 837 http://wikileaks.esperanzaproxima.net/ True 837 http://wikileaks.gonte2.nu True 837 http://wikileaks.gonte.se True 837 http://wikileaks.chuso.net True 837 http://wl.ownage4u.nl True 837 http://wikileaks.furdev.org pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 16/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia True 837 http://wl.ernstchan.net/ True 837 http://wikileaks.u0d.de True 837 http://wikileaks.81-89-98-125.blue.kundencontroller.de/ True 837 http://wikileaks.nl True 837 http://freeus.jsdev.org/ True 837 http://freeus.jsdev.org True 837 http://saveus.jsdev.org/ True 837 http://saveus.jsdev.org True 837 http://wikileaks.wtfstfu.org/ True 837 http://wikileaks.razor1911.com True 837 http://46.59.1.2.nyud.net/ True 837 http://www.wikileaks.nl/ True 837 http://www.powned.tv/wikileaks/ True 837 http://wl.04u.nl/ True 837 http://wikileaks.trifus.be/ True 837 http://wikileaks.shadowcircle.org/ True 837 http://wikileaks.redhog.org True 837 http://wikileaks.fonolog.com/ True 821 http://wikileaks.1777.fr/ True 821 http://wikileaks.aphasi.cc True 821 http://[2a01:4f8:110:4101::1338]/ True 821 http://wikileaks.eu.org/ True 821 http://wikileaks.bortzmeyer.fr/ True 821 http://wikileaks.fonolog.com True 821 http://mirror.wikileaks.egates.us/ True 821 http://wikileaks-mirror.zihoster.com/ True 821 http://mirror.wikileaks.egates.us True 821 http://wikileaks.aphasi.cc/ True 821 http://wikileaks.rorbuilder.info/ pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 17/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia True 683 http://www.derechoaleer.org/wikileaks/ True 683 http://wikileaks.rorbuilder.info True 683 http://wikileaks.okhin.fr/ True 667 http://wikileaks.iz.rs/ True 667 http://wikileaks.insertco.in/ True 667 http://wikileaks.diffusion-libre.com/ True 667 http://freie-re.de/ True 667 http://wikileaks.kiwiserver.tk True 667 http://nielsswinkels.nl/wikileaks/wikileakes%202010-12-3%20from%20213.251.145.96/ True 667 http://www.wikileaks.com.ar True 667 http://wikileaks.iz.rs True 667 http://79.159.1.172/wikileaks/ True 667 http://98.203.237.248 True 667 http://98.203.237.248/ True 667 http://www.wlmirror.com/ True 667 http://wikileaks.mr-mccarthy.com/ True 667 http://www.wikileaks.com.ar/ True 667 http://wikileaks.kiwiserver.tk/ True 667 http://nnymous.com/mirror/http://www.wikileaks.org/ True 667 http://wikileaks.meriroses.com/ True 667 http://wikileaksmirror.fuerdiefreiheit.de True 667 http://wikileaks.danielquinn.org/ True 667 http://www.WLmirror.com True 667 http://freie-re.de True 667 http://wikileaks.mr-mccarthy.com True 667 http://120310wl.frezeb.webfactional.com/ True 667 http://www.powned.tv/wikileaks/213.251.145.96/ True 667 http://www.atariprofibuch.de/ True 667 http://wikileaks.zipped.in/ pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 18/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia True 667 http://wiki-leaks.in False 929 http://wiki.leaks.be/ False 929 http://wiki-leaks.in/ False 929 http://wikileaks.pi2pi.mobi False 842 http://wikileaks.pi2pi.info False 842 http://wikileaks.pi2pi.biz False 842 http://wikileaks.pi2pi.net False 842 http://wikileaks.pi2pi.org False 842 http://wikileaks.irc6.org/ False 842 http://wikileaks.irc6.org False 842 http://wikileaks.high-color.de/ False 837 http://jsdev.org/wiki_/public_html/wiki_/ False 837 http://wikileakz.dyndns.org/index.html False 837 http://wikileaks.breit.ws False 837 http://wikileaks.high-color.de False 837 http://wikileaks.psytek.net False 837 http://87.193.179.236/213.251.145.96/ False 837 http://wikileaks.nopcode.org False 837 http://wikileaks.alios.org False 821 http://leaks.be/ False 821 http://happyspancer.appspot.com/http://www.wikileaks.org/ False 821 http://wikileaks.aphasi.cc/213.251.145.96/index.html False 821 http://fun.stuff.for.free.fr False 821 http://we.want.to.be.free.fr False 821 http://w.fersing.eu False 821 http://wikileaks.alios.org/ False 821 http://www.piratskenoviny.cz/wikileaks/213.251.145.96/ False 683 http://wikileaks.goulag.su/ False 667 http://wikileaks.asterisco.biz/ pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 19/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia False 667 http://wkls.maeln.com False 667 http://wikileaks.ar False 667 http://wkls.maeln.com/ False 667 http://openstream.nl/ False 667 http://www.chsdl.de False 667 http://openstream.nl False 667 http://wikileaks.pogo-parti.ch/ False 0 http://wikileaks.pogo-partei.ch/ False 0 http://wikileaks.outofsin.es/ False 0 http://wikileaks.outofsin.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.org.nyud.net:8080/ (unreachable) False 0 http://wikileaks.org.nyud.net/ False 0 http://wikileaks.misterical.net/ False 0 http://wikileaks.mecreant.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.lmsu.net/ False 0 http://wikileaks.kkkinfo.se False 0 http://wikileaks.info/ False 0 http://cablegate.makn.de/ False 0 http://santocristo.info/ False 0 http://wikileaks.the-futurex.de/ False 0 http://www.badbadnews.com False 0 http://wikileaks.kister.org False 0 http://leak.home-server.eu False 0 http://wikileaks.freedomofspee.ch/ False 0 http://wikileaks.err.foo.fr/ False 0 http://wikileaks.dom.es False 0 http://wikileaks.dk False 0 http://wikileaks.djporcus.ch/ False 0 http://wikileaks.digi-nation.com/ pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 20/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia False 0 http://wikileaks.diasper.net/ False 0 http://wikileaks.cx False 0 http://dd False 0 http://wikileaks.at False 0 http://wikileaks.as5 False 0 http://wikileaks.alicebobandoscar.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.50-50prod.com False 0 http://w5.wavemx.com/sggk/drprovzph.lit/?wavemx=0 False 0 http://tos-proxy.appspot.com/http://www.wikileaks.org False 0 http://http://www.wuala.com/wikileaks/ False 0 http://sunshinepress.org/ False 0 http://proxybay2.appspot.com/wikileaks.org False 0 http://savewikileaks.dyndns.org/ False 0 http://ppfr.it/wikileaks False 0 http://pirhoo.fr/wl/ False 0 http://mirror.wikileaks.info/ False 0 http://mirror.infoboj.eu/ False 0 http://ljsf.org/ False 0 http://liberty.ignorelist.com/ False 0 http://leaks.wdwwouter.nl/ False 0 http://keiths-proxy-server.appspot.com/wikileaks.org False 0 http://informationsbefreier.de/ False 0 http://hiscreatures.it.cx/ False 0 http://cayomi.com False 0 http://callyourmind.com False 0 http://cablegate.maiko.ne False 0 http://88.80.2.32/ False 0 http://88.80.13.160.nyud.net/ False 0 http://88.80.13.160/ pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 21/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia False 0 http://luna.tartana.tk/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.comiendolimones.com False 0 http://cablegate.hacktivate.info False 0 http://wikileaks.elecete.es False 0 http://befree.jsdev.org/mirror/wikileaks.nl False 0 http://wikileaks.skywalksolutions.com False 0 http://wikileaks.dinatrium.com False 0 http://wikileaks.opyom.org False 0 http://wikileaks.cayomi.org False 0 http://wl.donatepl0x.com False 0 http://www.locchiodiromolo.it False 0 http://wikileaks.piratenpartei-nrw.de False 0 http://wikileakz.be False 0 http://wikileaks.href.fi/ False 0 http://95.130.163.168 False 0 http://www.wikileaks-mirror.tk False 0 http://wikileaksnor.blogg.no/ False 0 http://wikileaks.byethost8.com False 0 http://geenstijl.nl/wikileaks/ False 0 http://wikileaks.resolan.com False 0 http://powned.tv/wikileaks False 0 http://wikileaks.sipulisopuli.net False 0 http://wikileaks.florianj.org False 0 http://wikileaks.partipirate.org False 0 http://wikileeks.org.uk/ False 0 http://wikileaks.pl/ False 0 http://wikileaks.eu/ False 0 http://wikileaks.de/ False 0 http://www.powned.tv/wikileaks pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 22/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia False 0 http://www.wikileaks.arsinventing.com False 0 http://wikileaks.pt.vu/ False 0 http://wikileaks.eu.tf/ False 0 http://cablegate.underlandet.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.blisty.cz/ False 0 http://wikileaks.blisty.cz False 0 http://freewikileaks.co.de/213.251.145.96/index.html False 0 http://freewikileaks.co.de False 0 http://WWW.ALFONSOQUETGLAS.ES False 0 http://freewikileaks.co.de/213.251.145.96 False 0 http://www.wikileaksba.komsija.net False 0 http://www.mein-parteibuch.org.nyud.net/cablegate/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.pl/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.de/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.biz/ False 0 http://sunshinepress.org/ False 0 http://chat.wikileaks.org/ False 0 http://cablegate.wikileaks.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.krkr.eu/ False 0 http://www.shatteredmods.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.3z33.us/ False 0 http://wikileaks.balboaradio.com/ False 0 http://www.hf-tx.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.fauxmerica.com/ False 0 http://http//mirror.wikileaks.egates.us/ False 0 http://ftp//ftp.microsoft.com False 0 http://yoo.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks-mirror.de/ False 0 http://paranom.asia/ pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 23/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia False 0 http://wikileaks.viedma.es/ False 0 http://wikileaks.steveellwood.co.uk/ False 0 http://wikileaks.livingthefuture.de/ False 0 http://cache/Proxy False 0 http://wikileaks.partipirate.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.sipulisopuli.net/ False 0 http://wikileaks.resolan.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.cayomi.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.opyom.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.dinatrium.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.skywalksolutions.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.elecete.es/ False 0 http://cablegate.hacktivate.info/ False 0 http://https//proxybay2.appspot.com/wikileaks.org False 0 http://https//http://www.wuala.com/wikileaks/ False 0 http://dd/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.arsinventing.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.ar/ False 0 http://w.fersing.eu/ False 0 http://nielsswinkels.nl/wikileaks/wikileakes False 0 http://we.want.to.be.free.fr/ False 0 http://fun.stuff.for.free.fr/ False 0 http://wikileaks.pi2pi.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.pi2pi.net/ False 0 http://wikileaks.pi2pi.biz/ False 0 http://wikileaks.pi2pi.info/ False 0 http://wikileaks.pi2pi.mobi/ False 0 http://gaddbiwdftapglkq.onion/ False 0 http://www.suw74isz7qqzpmgu.onion/ pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 24/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia False 0 http://http://www.torproject.org/ False 0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I2P False 0 http://wikileaks.p/?.eu/ False 0 http://cablegate.wikileaks.org/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.org/ False 0 http://thaileaks.i2p/ False 0 http://jogging.i2p/owiki/ False 0 http://sx3jvhfgzhw44p3x.onion/ False 0 http://suw74isz7qqzpmgu.onion/ False 0 http://6nst4qcscq6y4zrg.onion/ False 0 http://91.194.60.112/ False 0 http://cablegate.wikileaks.lu/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.r-its.com False 0 http://www.passion4rock.com/wikileaks/cablegate.wikileaks.org/ False 0 http://cablegate.pirate-streaming.net/ False 0 http://world-identity.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.saharalibre.net/ False 0 http://wikileaks.punertidopirata.cl/ False 0 http://wikileaks.org.nyud.net:8080/ False 0 http://wikileaks.kkkinfo.se/ False 0 http://wikileaks.florianj.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.dom.es/ False 0 http://wikileaks.cx/ False 0 http://wikileaks.at/ False 0 http://wikileaks.as5/ False 0 http://wikileaks.50-50prod.com/ False 0 http://wikikeaks.xn--xn1xaa-4g0c.eu/ False 0 http://mirror.sebastianbartsch.de/ False 0 http://cayomi.com/ pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 25/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia False 0 http://callyourmind.com/ False 0 http://cablegate.maiko.ne/ False 0 http://wikileaks.infamis.org/ False 0 http://wl5.jsdev.org False 0 http://wl4.jsdev.org False 0 http://wl3.jsdev.org False 0 http://wl2.jsdev.org False 0 http://wl1.jsdev.org False 0 http://jsdev.org/wiki_/public_html/wiki_ False 0 http://jsdev.org/wiki_/public_html/ False 0 http://jsdev.org/wiki_ False 0 http://www.geenstijl.nl/wikileaks False 0 http://wikileaks.univers-libre.net False 0 http://2url.org/?wkls False 0 http://wikileaks.treivilo.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.mollar.me False 0 http://wikileaks.timburke.org False 0 http://leaks.stumcomie.com False 0 http://wikileaks.palisades-berlin.de False 0 http://wikileaks.synssans.nl False 0 http://wikileaks.serverius.net False 0 http://wikileaks.aelmans.eu False 0 http://planetsoul.de False 0 http://wikileaks.r-its.com False 0 http://wikileaks.morningtime.com False 0 http://wikileaks.eu.ki False 0 http://wikileaks.fejsrape.se False 0 http://wikileaks.aamjanata.com False 0 http://wikileaks.atletaviajero.info pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 26/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia False 0 http://wikileaks.krkr.eu False 0 http://www.shatteredmods.com False 0 http://wikileaks.fjeyar.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.3z33.us False 0 http://www.corruptable.com/cablegate.wikileaks.org/ False 0 http://www.corruptable.com/cablegate.wikileaks.org/date/2010-02_1.html False 0 http://wikileaks.balboaradio.com False 0 http://113.21.226.55/wikileaks.nl/ False 0 http://www.hf-tx.com False 0 http://wikileaks.fauxmerica.com False 0 http://mirror.wikileaks.egates.us/ False 0 http://digitalevuilnisman.nl/wikileaks False 0 http://ftp.microsoft.com False 0 http://yoo.com False 0 http://wikileaks.ev0ke.net/ False 0 http://wikileaks-mirror.de False 0 http://wikileaks.it.tc/ False 0 http://paranom.asia False 0 http://2.ly/wikileaks False 0 http://wikileaks.viedma.es False 0 http://wikileaks.de False 0 http://wikileaks.roundabout.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.avleen.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.steveellwood.co.uk False 0 http://leaks.bla.ir/ False 0 http://wiki.leeky.org.uk/ False 0 http://wikileaks.livingthefuture.de False 0 http://saveus.wikileaks.org False 0 http://saveus.wikileaks.org/ pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 27/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia False 0 http://88.80.13.160 False 0 http://www.privetbank.com.ua/cablegate/index.html False 0 http://Cache/Proxy mirrors False 0 http://wikileaks.wantofuck.me/ False 0 http://wikileaksmirrors.tumblr.com/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.net/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.com/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.us/ False 0 http://www.ljsf.org/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.mobi/ False 0 http://wikileaks.dk/ False 0 http://85.17.87.168/ False 0 http://wikileaks.wantofuck.me/ not actually wikileaks False 0 http://wikileaks.p?.eu/ False 0 http://mirror.sebastianbartsch.de/ (user/pass: guest) False 0 http://195.214.241.98/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.eu/ False 0 http://www.wikileaks.comiendolimones.com/ False 0 http://www.cu2.nl/W1k1l34Ks False 0 http://world-identity.com False 0 http://wikileaks.xchatfr.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.unreliablepollution.net/ False 0 http://wikileaks.under.ch/ False 0 http://wikileaks.uapps.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.twilightparadox.com/ False 0 http://wikileaks.trollab.org/ False 0 http://wikileaks.sparklebacon.net/ False 0 Use the web addresses below to get to wikileaks. Some may not be active, but many will be.

Now go get the information. The mainstream media would have you believe that there is nothing new or eye pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 28/29 8/20/2020 Many ways to wikileaks : Pittsburgh Indymedia poping there. They always tell the truth don't they? A people as free as ours can rely on the media, can't we? But maybe you had better look, anyway.

Send to friends,family, and beyond. Way beyond. General Joe

http://wikileaks.showeb.net/ False 0 http://wikileaks.serialexperiments.es/ False 0 http://wikileaks.sebastianbartsch.eu/ False 0 http://wikileaks.saharalibre.net False 0 http://wikileaks.quelsolaar.com/ False 0 http://www.icephoenix.net False 0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks#United_States False 0 http://wikileaks.ornstein.org False 0 http://wikileaks.ch.nyud.net False 0

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pittsburgh.indymedia.org/news/2010/12/36684.php 29/29 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia

List of search engines

This is a list of search engines, including web search engines, selection-based search engines, metasearch engines, desktop search tools, and web portals and vertical market websites that have a search facility for online databases. For a list of search engine software, see List of enterprise search vendors.

Contents By content/topic General Based on Based on Ask.com (formerly) Based on Bing Based on Google Based on Yahoo! Mobile/handheld Geographically limited scope Accountancy Business Computers Dark Web Education Enterprise Events Food/recipes Genealogy Job Legal Medical News People Real estate/property Television Video games By data type Maps Multimedia Price Source code BitTorrent Blog Email Forum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 1/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia Question and answer Human answers Automatic answers By model Search appliances Desktop search engines Kids' safe search engines Metasearch engines Natural language Open source search engines Web search engine Enterprise search P2P search engines Privacy search engines Social and environmental focus Semantic browsing engines Social search engines Usenet Visual search engines By popularity Defunct or acquired search engines See also References External links

By content/topic

General

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 2/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia

Name Language Alexa global ranking

AOL Search* Multilingual 378 †[1]

Ask.com** Multilingual 234[2]

Baidu Chinese 6[3]

Bing Multilingual 47[4]

Dogpile*** English 10,603[5]

DuckDuckGo* Multilingual 181[6]

Ecosia* Multilingual 700[7]

Exalead Multilingual 116,560[8]

Excite* Multilingual 40,694 †[9]

Gigablast English 135,070[10]

Google Multilingual 1[11]

HotBot* English 298,374[12]

Lycos Multilingual 36,396[13]

MetaCrawler*** English 50,489[14]

Mojeek Multilingual 148,996[15]

Qwant* Multilingual 2,158[16]

Searx*** Multilingual 93,323[17]

Sogou Chinese 162[18]

Soso Chinese 117[19]

Startpage.com** English 1,946[20]

Swisscows* Multilingual 232,931[21]

WebCrawler* English 4,264[22]

Yahoo!* Multilingual 12 †[23]

Yandex Multilingual 55 (Yandex.ru) 1,111 (.com)[24][25]

Yippy*** English 137,607[26]

Youdao Chinese 260[27]

* Powered by Bing

** Powered by Google

*** Metasearch engine

† Main website is a portal

Based on

Based on Ask.com (formerly) iWon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 3/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia Lycos Teoma

Based on Bing A9.com AOL, from 2015 Alexa Internet Ciao! Ecosia Egerin Facebook Search, until 2014 HotBot Ms. Dewey WebCrawler

Based on Google AOL Search, until 2015 BOL Groovle MySpace Search Mystery Seeker Netscape Ripple Startpage.com

Based on Yahoo! Ecocho Forestle (an ecologically motivated site supporting sustainable rain forests – formerly based on Google) Rectifi

Mobile/handheld Taganode Local Search Engine Taptu: taptu mobile/social search

Geographically limited scope

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 4/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia

Name Language Country Accoona Chinese, English China, United States Biglobe Japanese Japan Daum Korean Korea Egerin Kurdish Kurdistan Fireball German, English Germany Goo Japanese Japan Leit.is Iceland Maktoob Arab World Miner.hu Hungary Najdi.si Slovenia Naver Korean Korea Pipilika Bangladesh Rambler Russia Rediff India SAPO Portugal, Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique Search.ch Switzerland Sesam Norway, Sweden Seznam Czech Republic Walla! Israel ZipLocal Canada, United States

Accountancy

IFACnet

Business

Business.com GenieKnows (United States and Canada) GlobalSpec Nexis (Lexis Nexis) Thomasnet (United States)

Computers

Shodan (website)

Dark Web

Ahmia Grams TorSearch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 5/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia Education

General:

Chegg SkilledUp

Academic materials only:

BASE (search engine) ChemRefer CiteULike Google Scholar Library of Congress

Enterprise

Apache Solr Funnelback: Funnelback Search Jumper 2.0: Universal search powered by Enterprise bookmarking Oracle Corporation: Secure Enterprise Search 10g Q-Sensei: Q-Sensei Enterprise SimilarWeb[28] Swiftype: Swiftype Search TeraText: TeraText Suite

Events

Tickex (US, UK) TickX (UK, Ireland, Spain, Netherlands)

Food/recipes

RecipeBridge: vertical search engine for recipes Yummly: semantic recipe search

Genealogy

Mocavo.com: family history search engine

Job

Adzuna (UK) CareerBuilder (USA) Craigslist (by city) Dice.com (USA) Glassdoor (USA) Indeed (USA) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 6/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia JobStreet.com (Southeast Asia, Japan and India) Monster.com (USA), (India) Naukri.com (India) Rozee.pk (Pakistan) Yahoo! HotJobs (Countrywise subdomains, International)

Legal

Google Scholar Lexis (Lexis Nexis) Quicklaw WestLaw

Medical

Bing Health Bioinformatic Harvester CiteAb (antibody search engine for medical researchers) EB-eye EMBL-EBI's Search engine Entrez (includes Pubmed) GenieKnows Healia Healthline Nextbio (Life Science Search Engine) PubGene Quertle (Semantic search of the biomedical literature) Searchmedica WebMD

News

Bing News Google News Newslookup Nexis (Lexis Nexis) Yahoo! News

People

FindFace PeekYou Spokeo Zabasearch.com ZoomInfo

Real estate/property https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 7/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia HotPads.com Realtor.com Redfin Rightmove StuRents.com Trulia Zillow Zoopla

Television

TV Genius

Video games

Wazap

By data type

Search engines dedicated to a specific kind of information

Maps

Bing Maps Géoportail Google Maps MapQuest Nokia Maps OpenStreetMap Tencent Maps Wikiloc WikiMapia Yahoo! Maps Yandex Maps

Multimedia

Bing Videos blinkx FindSounds Google Video Munax's PlayAudioVideo Picsearch Pixsta Podscope SeeqPod Songza https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 8/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia Tencent Video TinEye TV Genius Veveo Yahoo! Video

Price

Bing Shopping Google Shopping (formerly Google Product Search and Froogle[29]) Kelkoo MySimon PriceGrabber PriceRunner PriceSCAN Pronto.com Shopping.com Shopzilla SwoopThat.com TheFind.com TickX

Source code

Google Code Search Koders Krugle

BitTorrent

These search engines work across the BitTorrent protocol.

BTDigg Isohunt Mininova The Pirate Bay TorrentSpy Torrentz

Blog

Amatomu Bloglines IceRocket Munax Regator Technorati https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 9/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia Email

TEK

Forum

Omgili

Question and answer

Human answers Answers.com eHow Quora Stack Overflow/Stack Exchange Network Uclue wikiHow Yahoo! Answers

Automatic answers AskMeNow BrainBoost True Knowledge Wolfram Alpha

By model

Search appliances

Fabasoft Google Search Appliance - discontinued Munax Searchdaimon Thunderstone

Desktop search engines

Desktop search engines listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 10/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia

Name Platform Remarks License

IDOL Enterprise Desktop Search, HP Autonomy Universal Proprietary, Autonomy Windows Search.[30] commercial A mix of the Open source desktop search tool for Linux based on Lucene. X11/MIT License Beagle Linux Unmaintained since 2009. and the Apache License Major desktop search program. The full trial version Copernic downgrades after the trial period automatically to the free Proprietary (30 day Desktop Windows version, which is (anno 2018) limited to indexing a maximum of trial) Search 10.000 files. Cross- Open source desktop search tool for Windows and Linux, Eclipse Public DocFetcher platform based on Apache Lucene License dtSearch Proprietary (30 day Windows Desktop trial) Everything Windows Find files and folders by name instantly on NTFS volumes Freeware GNOME Linux Open Source desktop search tool for Unix/Linux GPL Storage Linux, Mac Integrates with the main Google search engine page. 5.9 Google OS X, Release supports x64 systems. As of September 14, 2011, Freeware Desktop Windows Google has discontinued this product. ISYS Proprietary (14-day Search Windows ISYS:desktop search software. trial) Software

Locate32 Windows Graphical port of Unix's locate & updatedb BSD License[31]

Desktop search product with Outlook plugin and limited Proprietary (14-day Lookeen Windows support for other formats via IFilters, uses Lucene search trial)[32] engine. License SA 3.0 and Open Source semantic desktop search tool for Linux. Has the GNU Free Nepomuk Linux been replaced by Baloo in KDE Applications from release 4.13 Documentation onward. License 1.2 Linux, Unix, Recoll Windows, Open Source desktop search tool for Unix/Linux GPL [33] macOS Spotlight macOS Found in Apple Mac OS X "Tiger" and later OS X releases. Proprietary Linux, Unix, Solaris, Mac Strigi Cross-platform open source desktop search engine LGPL v2 [34] OS X and Windows Terrier Linux, Mac Search Desktop search for Windows, Mac OS X (Tiger), Unix/Linux. [35] OS X, Unix MPL v1.1 Engine

Tracker Linux, Unix Open source desktop search tool for Unix/Linux GPL v2 [36] Tropes Freeware and Windows Semantic Search Engine (no longer available)[37] Zoom commercial

GPL v3[38], LGPL Unity Dash Linux Part of Ubuntu Desktop v2.1[39] Part of Windows Vista and later OSs. Available as Windows Windows Windows Desktop Search for Windows XP and Server 2003. Does not Proprietary Search support indexing UNC paths on x64 systems.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 11/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia

Name Platform Remarks License

X1 Desktop Major desktop search product along with Copernic Desktop Proprietary (14-day Windows Search Search. trial)[40]

Kids' safe search engines

Kiddle KidRex KidzSearch

Metasearch engines

Name Language Dogpile English Excite English Info.com English Kayak.com Multilingual Mamma.com Metacrawler English Mobissimo Multilingual Otalo.com English Publisher's clearinghouse Search and Win Searx Multilingual Skyscanner Multilingual Yippy (formerly Clusty) English

Natural language

Ask.com Bing (Semantic ability is powered by Powerset) Lexxe

Open source search engines

ht://Dig Isearch Lemur Toolkit & Indri Search Engine Lucene mnoGoSearch Nutch Recoll Searchdaimon Searx Seeks https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 12/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia Sphinx SWISH-E Terrier Search Engine Xapian YaCy Zettair

Web search engine Gigablast Grub

Enterprise search Apache Solr Elasticsearch[41]

P2P search engines

Name Language FAROO English Seeks (open source) English YaCy (free and fully decentralized) Multilingual

Privacy search engines

DuckDuckGo HotBot MetaGer Mojeek Qwant Searx Startpage.com Swisscows

Social and environmental focus

Ecosia

Semantic browsing engines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 13/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia

Name Description Speciality Evi Specialises in knowledge base and semantic search answer engine Swoogle Searching over 10,000 ontologies Semantic web documents Yebol defunct Yummly Semantic web search for food, cooking and recipes food related

Social search engines

ChaCha Search Delver Eurekster Facebook Search Mahalo.com Rollyo SearchTeam Sproose Trexy

Usenet

Google Groups (formerly Deja News)

Visual search engines

FindFace Grokker Macroglossa Pixsta TinEye Viewzi

By popularity

Defunct or acquired search engines

AlltheWeb (acquired by Yahoo!) AltaVista (acquired by Yahoo! in 2003, shut down in 2013) Bixee.com (India) (acquired by Ibibo) Blekko (acquired by IBM in 2015 for its use for Watson-based products)[42] BlogScope (acquired by Marketwire) Brainboost (public engine no longer exists, acquired by Answers, Inc.) BRS/Search (now OpenText Livelink ECM Discovery Server) Btjunkie Cuil (public engine no longer exists, acquired by Google Inc) DeepPeep Direct Hit Technologies (acquired by Ask Jeeves in January, 2000) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Desktop_search_engines 14/17 8/20/2020 List of search engines - Wikipedia Getit Infoservices Private Limited Google Answers GoPubMed (knowledge-based: GO – GeneOntology and MeSH – Medical Subject Headings) (engine no longer exists) hakia (no longer exists) IBM STAIRS Infoseek (acquired by The Walt Disney Company) Inktomi Kartoo LeapFish (public engine no longer exists) Lotus Magellan MetaLib (public engine no longer exists) mozDex (no longer exists) Munax (no longer exists) Myriad Search (no longer exists) Overture.com (formerly GoTo.com, now Yahoo! Search Marketing) PubSub RetrievalWare (acquired by Fast Search & Transfer and now owned by Microsoft) Scroogle (Google Scraper) Singingfish (acquired by AOL) Speechbot Sphere (acquired by AOL) Tafiti (replaced by Microsoft Bing) Volunia[43] Wikia Search (defunct) WiseNut World Wide Web Worm