Self healing polymer technology pdf

Continue Animation 1. 3D measurement of self-healing material from Tosoh Corporation, measured by digital holographic microscopy. The surface was scratched with a metal instrument. Animation 2. A section of self-healing material recovered from scratch by self-healing materials of artificial or synthetically created substances that have the built-in ability to automatically repair self-harm without any external diagnosis of the problem or human intervention. As a rule, materials are degraded over time due to fatigue, environmental condition or damage caused during operation. Cracks and other microscopic damage have been shown to alter the thermal, electrical and acoustic properties of the materials, and the spread of cracks can lead to a possible material failure. As a rule, cracks are difficult to detect at an early stage, and periodic checks and repairs require manual intervention. In contrast, the self-healing materials combat degradation by starting a repair mechanism that responds to micro-damage. Some self-healing materials are classified as intelligent structures and can adapt to different environmental conditions according to their sensing and activation properties. Although the most common types of self-healing materials are polymers or ellastomers, self-healing covers all classes of materials, including metals, ceramics and cement materials. Healing mechanisms range from instrable material repair to the addition of a repair agent contained in a microscopic vessel. In order for the material to be strictly defined as autonomous self-healing, it is necessary that the healing process takes place without human intervention. Self-healing of polymers can, however, activate in response to external stimulus (light, temperature change, etc.) to initiate healing processes. A material that can internally repair the damage caused by normal use can prevent the costs incurred as a result of material failure and reduce the cost of a number of different industrial processes over a longer lifespan, and reduce the inefficiency caused by degradation over time. The history of Roman concrete The Ancient Romans used a form of lime solution, which was found to have self-healing properties. By 2014, geologist Marie Jackson and her colleagues had recreated the type of mortar used in the Traian Market and other Roman structures such as the Pantheon and the Colosseum, and studied its reaction to cracking. The Romans mixed a special type of volcanic ash called Pozzolan Ross, from the Alban Hills volcano, with fast and water. They used it to tie together decimeter-sized pieces of tuff, a total of Breed. As a result of pozlonic activity as the material is cured, lime interacted with other chemicals in the mixture and was replaced by calcium crystals by a clay-acidic mineral called called Platelet crystals grow in the cement matrix of the material, including interracial zones, where cracks tend to develop. This ongoing crystalline formation holds together a solution and a coarse aggregate, counteracting the formation of cracks and leading to a material that lasts for 1,900 years. Materials of science Related processes in concrete have been studied microscopically since the 19th century. Self-healing materials have only emerged as a widely recognized area of research in the 21st century. The first international conference on self-healing materials was held in 2007. The self-healing area of materials is associated with biomimetic materials, as well as other new materials and surfaces with a built-in self-organization ability, such as self- smearing and self-cleaning materials. Biomimetics of plants and animals have the ability to seal and heal wounds. In all the plants and animals studied, firstly, it is possible to determine the phase of self-printing, and secondly, the phase of self-healing. In plants, rapid self-sealing prevents plants from drying out and infecting pathogenic microbes. This gives time for the subsequent self-healing of the injury, which in addition to closing the wound also leads to (partially) the restoration of the mechanical properties of the plant's organ. Based on different processes of self-printing and self-healing of plants, various functional principles have been translated into bio-inspired self-healing materials. The link between biological model and technical application is an abstraction describing the fundamental functional principle of a biological model, which can be, for example, an analytical model or a numerical model. Where physical and chemical processes are mainly involved, transmission is particularly promising. There is evidence in the scientific literature that these biomimetic design approaches are used in the development of polymer composite self-healing systems. The DIW structure on top can be used to significantly mimic the structure of the skin. Toohey et al. did this with an epoxy substrate containing a grid of microchannels containing dicyclopentadyen (DCPD) and incorporated the Grubbs catalyst onto the surface. This has shown a partial recovery of strength after a fracture, and can be repeated several times due to the ability to replenish the channels after use. This process is not repeated forever because the polymer in the cracked plane from previous healings will build up over time. Inspired by the rapid processes of self-sealing in the twin liane Aristolochiya macrophyl and related species (pipes), a biomimetic pu-foam coating for pneumatic structures was developed. As for the low coating weight and the thickness of the foam layer, the maximum efficiency was obtained 99.9% or more. Another role are latex bearing plants like crying figs (Ficus benjamina), rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and jerks (Euphorbia spp.), in which latex coagulation is involved in the compaction of lesions. Various self-printing strategies have been developed for elastometric materials, showing significant mechanical recovery after macroscopic damage. In the last century, self-healing polymers and elastomers have become a basic material in everyday life for products such as plastics, rubbers, films, fibers or paints. This huge demand has forced to extend their reliability and maximum lifespan, and a new class of design polymer materials that are able to restore their functionality after damage or fatigue has been provided. These polymeric materials can be divided into two different groups based on the approach to the self-healing mechanism: internal or external. Autonomous self-healing polymers follow a three-step process very similar to the biological response. In the event of damage, the first response triggers or activates what occurs almost immediately after the damage. The second answer is to transport the materials to the affected area, which is also very fast. The third answer is the chemical repair process. This process differs depending on the type of healing mechanism that is in place (e.g. polymerization, entanglement, reversible cross-links). These materials can be classified according to three mechanisms (capsule-based, vascular-based, and internal) that can be correlated chronologically through four generations. While in some respects such mechanisms differ in how the response is hidden or prevented until real damage is done. Polymer decay From a molecular point of view, traditional polymers give way to mechanical stress through the splitting of sigma bonds. While new polymers may give way in other ways, traditional polymers usually give through a gomolytic or heterolytic breakdown of the bonds. Factors determining how a polymer will bring include: the type of stress, the chemical properties inherent in the polymer, the level and type of solvation, and the temperature. From a macromolecular point of view, stress caused by damage at the molecular level leads to larger-scale damage called microfractures. A microfracture is formed where the adjacent polymer chains have been damaged in the immediate vicinity, which eventually leads to a weakening of the fiber as a whole. Gomoolitic bond splitting scheme 1. Gomolytic fission poly (methylmacrylate) (PMMA). Polymers have been seen to undergo a gomolic cleavage bond with the help of radical reporters such as DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and PMNB (pentamethylnitrosobenzene.) When linking Gomolitically, two radical species are formed that can recombin to repair damage or may initiate other homolic cleavage cleavage may, in turn, cause more damage. Heterolytic bond splitting scheme 2. Heterolytic fission of polyethylene glycol. Polymers were also observed to undergo heterolytic fission fission through isotope-labeling experiments. When communication is broken down heterolytically, cation and anionic species are formed, which in turn can be recombined to repair damage, can be quenched by solvent or can react destructively with nearby polymers. Reverse splitting bonds Some polymers lend themselves to mechanical stress in an atypical, reversible way. Diels-Alder-based polymers undergo reversible cycloaddition, where mechanical stress breaks down two sigma bonds in The Diels-Alder retro reaction. This stress leads to additional pi-related electrons, as opposed to radical or charged moieties. The supramolecular breakdown of supramolecular polymers consists of monomers that interact uncoolly. Common interactions include hydrogen bonds, metal coordination and van der Waals forces. Mechanical stress in supramolecular polymers causes disruption of these specific non-covalent interactions, leading to separation of monomers and polymer decay. Internal polymer systems In internal systems, the material is inherently capable of restoring its integrity. Although external approaches are usually autonomous, internal systems often require an external trigger for healing (such as thermomechanical, electrical, photo-stimuli, etc.). One can distinguish from the 5 main internal strategies of self-healing. The first is based on reversible reactions, and the most widely used reaction pattern is based on the reactions of Diels-Alder (DA) and retro-Diels-Alder (rDA). Another strategy achieves self-healing in thermonetic matrix by incorporating melted thermoplastic additives. The temperature trigger allows thermoplastic additives to be passed into the cracks, which generates mechanical interweaving. Polymer locks based on dynamic supramolecular bonds or ionevers represent the third and fourth circuits. The engaged supramolecular interactions and ionometry clusters are generally reversible and act as reversible cross-links, so they can equip polymers with self-healing ability. Finally, an alternative method of achieving internal self-healing is based on molecular diffusion. Bond-based reverse polymers are polymer systems that can return to their original state, whether monomeric, oligome or unrelated. Since the polymer is stable in normal condition, the reversible process usually requires an external stimulus for this to happen. For a reversible healing polymer, if the material is damaged by such means as heating and to its components, it can be repaired or healed to its polymer shape, applying the original condition used for its polymerization. Polymer-based polymer systems The formation of bonds and breakdowns of Diels-Alder and retro-Diels-Alder Among examples of reversible healing polymers, the reaction of Diels-Alder (DA) and its analogue retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) seems very promising because of its thermal reversibility. In general, monomers containing functional groups, such as furan or malemid, form two carbon-carbon bonds in a certain way and build a polymer through the DA reaction. This polymer, when heated, breaks down into its original monomeric blocks through the RDA reaction and then reforms the polymer when cooled or through any other conditions that were originally used for the polymer. Over the past few decades, two types of reversible polymers have been studied: (i) polymers in which hanging groups, such as furan or maleimide groups, intersect through successive da reactions; (ii) Polymers in which multifunctional monomers bind to each other through successive DA reactions. Transverse polymers of this type of polymer, the polymer is formed through cross-binding of suspended groups from linear thermoplastics. For example, Saegusa et al. showed a reversible cross-link of modified polys (N-acetylethyleneimine) containing either maleimide or furancarbonyl suspension modets. The reaction is shown in Scheme 3. They mixed two additional polymers to make a highly bound material through the reaction of DA furane and small-blood aggregates at room temperature, as the transverse polymer is more thermodynamically stable than individual starting materials. However, when the polymer was heated to 80 degrees Celsius for two hours in the polar solvents, the two monomers were regenerated using the RDA reaction, indicating a polymer disturbance. This was made possible by the fact that the heating energy provided enough energy to cross the energy barrier, and leads to two monomers. Cooling the two starting monomers, or damaged polymer, to room temperature within 7 days healed and reformed the polymer. Scheme 3. Reverse polymer cross-link through Diels-Alder cycloaddition response between furan and maleimide. The re reaction of DA/RDA is not limited to polymers based on furane-meleimides, as evidenced by the work of Schiraldi et al. They showed a reversible cross-bond of polymers carrying a suspended group of anthracene with smallids. However, the reversible reaction occurred only partially when heated to 250 degrees Celsius due to a competing decomposition reaction. The polymerization of multifunctional monomers In these systems, the DA reaction occurs in the spine itself to build a polymer, not as a link. For polymerization and healing processes, DA-step growth of a mechan-malemid-based polymer (3M4F) has been demonstrated by exposing it to heating/cooling cycles. Tris-maleimid (3M) and (4F) form a polymer through the DA reaction and, when heated to 120 degrees Celsius, de-polymerize de-polymerized REACTION RDA, leading to start materials. Subsequent heating to 90-120 degrees Celsius and cooling to room temperature healed the polymer, partially restoring its mechanical properties through intervention. The reaction is shown in Scheme 4. Scheme 4. A reversible, highly competitive polymer network based on furan-maleimid. Thiol-based thiol polymers have disulfide bonds that can be reversibly linked through oxidation and contraction. When the condition decreases, disulfide (SS) bridges in polymer breaks and leads to monomers, however, with oxidative condition, the thioles (SH) of each monomer forms a disulfide bond, cross-tying the starting materials to form the polymer. Chujo et al. showed reversible transverse polymer based on tiol using poly (N- acetylethyleneimine). (Scheme 5) Scheme 5. Reverse polymer cross-link with disulfide bridges. Poly (Uvrea-urethane) Soft poly (ureina-urethane) network uses metathesis in aromatic disulfides to provide room-temperature self-healing properties, without the need for external catalysts. This chemical reaction is naturally capable of creating covalent bonds at room temperature, allowing the polymer to heal autonomously without an external energy source. Left to rest at room temperature, the material crumpled itself with 80 percent efficiency after only two hours and 97 percent after 24 hours. In 2014, it was shown that the material, based on the polyurea of the elostomer self-healing, merged together after cutting in half, without adding catalysts or other chemicals. The material also includes low-cost commercially available connections. The elastic molecules were tweaked, making the ties between them longer. As a result, molecules are easier to pull apart and better able to rebond at room temperature with almost the same force. Rebonding can be repeated. Shooting, self-healing paint and other coatings have recently taken a step closer to overall use, thanks to research conducted at the University of Illinois. Scientists used ready-made components to create a polymer that merged after cutting in half, without adding catalysts or other chemicals. However, carbamide-urethane polymers have glass transient temperatures below 273 K, so at room temperature they are gels and their strength is low. To optimize strenuous strength, it is necessary to increase the reverse energy of the communication or the length of the polymer to increase the degree of covalent or mechanical locking accordingly. However, increasing the length of the polymer inhibits mobility and thus impairs the ability of polymers to re-reverse communication. Thus, at each length of the polymer, there is reversible energy of communication. Vitrimers Vitrimers is a subset of polymers that and thermonets. Their dependence on dissociative and associative exchange in dynamic covalent adaptable networks allows access to various chemical systems that allow them to synthesize mechanically reliable materials with the ability to process many times, while maintaining their structural properties and mechanical strength. The self-healing of these materials is due to the exchange of connections between cross-species in response to applied external stimuli, such as heat. Dissociative exchange is the process by which cross-references break down before recombination of cross-species, thereby restoring the density of cross-referencing after exchange. Examples of dissociative exchange include reversible pericyclic reactions, nucleophil transalcation and minenish transamines. Associative exchange involves a replacement reaction with an existing cross-link and the preservation of cross-references throughout the exchange. Examples of associative exchange include trans-sterification, transamineization of vinylouse uretanes and detaminancion of diketonamine. Vitrimers with nanoscale morphology are studied using block-copy-smokers compared to the statistical counterparts of copolimers to understand the effect of self-assembly on exchange rates, viscous and viscous properties and processing. In addition to recycling, vitrimer materials promise use in medicine, such as self-healing bioepixy and applications in self-healing electronic screens. Although these polymer systems are still in their infancy, they serve to produce commercially recycled materials in the near future as long as much work is done to adapt these chemical systems to commercially relevant monomers and polymers, as well as to develop better mechanical testing and understanding of material properties throughout the life of these materials (i.e. post-processing cycles). External polymer systems In external systems, healing chemicals are separated from the surrounding polymer in microcapsulia or vascular networks, which, after material damage/hacking, release their contents into the cracked plane, reacting and allowing them to restore material functionality. These systems can be further divided into several categories. While polymers are based on capsule sequester therapeutic agents in small capsules that only release agents if they are torn, vascular self-healing materials sequester the therapeutic agent in capillary-like hollow channels that can be interconnected one dimensionally, two-dimensionally, or three-dimensionally. After the damage to one of these capillaries, the network may be replenished by an external source or another channel that has not been damaged. Internal self-healing materials do not have a sequestered treatment, but Hidden Hidden functionality that is caused by damage or external stimulus. External self-healing materials can achieve healing efficiency of more than 100%, even if the damage is large. Microcapsule-based systems have in common that therapeutic agents are encapsulated in suitable microstructures that break when cracks form and lead to a subsequent process of restoring the properties of materials. If the capsule walls are created too thick, they cannot break when the crack is approaching, but if they are too thin, they can break prematurely. In order for this process to occur at room temperature, and to keep the reactionions in a monomeric state inside the capsule, the catalyst is also inserted into the thermoset. The catalyst reduces the reaction energy barrier and allows the monomer to polymerize without adding heat. The capsules (often made of wax) around the monomer and catalyst are important for maintaining separation until the crack eases the reaction. In the catalyst capsule system, the encapsulated treatment is released into the polymer matrix and reacts with the catalyst already present in the matrix. There are many problems with designing this type of material. First, the reactivity of the catalyst should be maintained even after it is enclosed in wax. In addition, the monomer must flow at a sufficient speed (have a low enough viscosity) to cover the entire crack before it is polymerized, or full healing will not be achieved. Finally, the catalyst must dissolve quickly in the monomer to respond effectively and prevent further spread of the crack. Scheme 6. ROMP DCPD through the Grubbs Catalyst This process has been demonstrated with dicyclopentadyen (DCPD) and the Grabbs Catalyst (benzilyden-bis (tricycloexylphosphin) dichlororethence). The DCPD and Grubbs catalyst is embedded in epoxy resin. Monomer itself is relatively inactive and polymerization does not occur. When the microfracture reaches both the capsule containing DCPD and the catalyst, the monomer is released from the microcapsula of the shell nucleus and comes into contact with the open catalyst on which the monomer metathesses the ring metathesis (ROMP). The meta-reaction of the monomer implies the break of two double bonds in favor of new bonds. The presence of the catalyst reduces the energy barrier (activation energy), and the polymerization reaction can be continued at room temperature. The resulting polymer allows the epoxy composite to regain 67% of its former strength. Catalyst Grubbs is a good choice for this type of system because it is insensitive to air and water, thus reliable enough to maintain reactivity in the material. Using a live catalyst is essential to promote multiple healing actions. (60) The downside is the cost. It has been shown that the use of longer catalyst time corresponds directly to a higher degree of healing. Ruthenium is quite expensive, making it impractical for commercial use. Figure 1. An image of the spread of cracks through the microcapsule-embedded material. Monomeric microcapsules are represented in pink circles, and the catalyst is shown by purple dots. In contrast, in multicapsule systems, the catalyst and the treatment agent are encapsulated in different capsules. The third system, called hidden functionality, encapsulates a healing agent that can react to the polymerizer component that is present in the matrix as residual reactive functions. In the latter approach (phase separation) either a healing agent or a polymerizer is phase-separated in the matrix material. Vascular approaches the same strategies can be applied in 1D, 2D and 3D vascular systems. The hollow tube approach For the first method is fragile glass capillaries or fibers are embedded in the composite material. (Note: this is already a widely used practice for strengthening materials. The resulting porous network is filled with monomer. When damage occurs in the material from regular use, the pipe is also cracked and the monomer is released into the cracks. Other tubes containing a hardening agent also crack and mix with the monomer, causing cracks to be healed. There are many things that need to be taken into account when introducing hollow pipes into the crystalline structure. The first thing to consider is that the channels created could jeopardize the capacity of the material due to the removal of the load bearing material. In addition, the diameter of the channel, the degree of branching, the location of the branch points and the orientation of the channel are among the main things to consider when creating microchannels in the material. Materials that do not have to withstand many mechanical deformations but want self-healing properties, can introduce more microchannels than materials that are designed to bearing the load. There are two types of hollow pipes: discrete channels and interconnected channels. Discrete channels Discrete channels can be built independently of material creation and placed in an array throughout the material. When creating these microchannels, one of the main factors to take into account is that the closer the pipe together, the lower the strength will be, but the more effective the recovery will be. The structure of the sandwich is a type of discrete channels, which consists of tubes in the center of the material and heals outward from the middle. The rigidity of the sandwich structures is high, which makes it an attractive option for pressure cameras. For the most part, in sandwich structures, the strength of the material is maintained vascular networks. Networks. The material shows an almost complete recovery from the damage. Interconnected networks, interconnected networks, are more efficient than discrete channels, but they are more complex and expensive. The easiest way to create these channels is to apply basic processing principles to create microscpolat channel grooves. These methods give channels from 600-700 micrometers. This technique works great on a two-dimensional plane, but when you try to create a three-dimensional network, they are limited. Direct Ink Writing (DIW) direct ink is a controlled extrusion of viscous-visco-vis-viscous ink to create three-dimensional interconnected networks. It works by first installing organic ink in a particular pattern. The structure then penetrates the material like epoxy resin. This epoxy resin then hardens, and the ink can be sucked out with a modest vacuum, creating hollow tubes. Carbon nanotubes networks by dissolving the linear polymer inside a solid three-dimensional epoxy matrix, so that they do not fit together, the linear polymer becomes mobile at a certain temperature, when carbon nanotubes are also incorporated into the epoxy material, and direct current passes through the tubes, a significant shift in the sensing curve indicates irreversible damage to the polymer. When carbon nanotubes feel a crack in the structure, they can be used as thermal transports to heat the matrix so that linear polymers can dissipate to fill the cracks in the epoxy matrix. Thus healing the material. SLIPS Another approach was proposed by Professor J. Eisenberg of Harvard University, who suggested using Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS), a porous material inspired by a carnivorous jug and filled with lubricants, immutable both water and oil. SLIPS have self-healing and self-healing properties, as well as ice-phobia and are successfully used for many purposes. The greedy filament that sticks organic filament (such as the filactide filament filament) is stitched through the laminated layers of fiber-enhanced polymer, which are then boiled and vacuumed from the material after the polymer treatment, leaving empty channels, which can be filled with healing agents. Self-healing fiber-enhanced polymer composites Methods implement self-healing function into filled composites and fiber-enhanced polymers (FRPs) are almost exclusively based on external systems and thus can be widely classified into two approaches; discrete capsule systems and continuous vascular systems. Unlike unpolismated polymers, the success of an internal approach based on reversibility ties has yet to be proven in FRPs. To date, self-healing FRPs has mostly applied to simple such as flat plates and panels. There's however, the somewhat limited use of self-healing in flat panels, as access to the surface of the panel is relatively simple and repair methods are very well established in the industry. Instead, special attention is paid to the introduction of self-healing in more complex and industrially relevant structures such as T-Joints and aircraft fuselage. Capsule systems based on capsules were first reported by White et al. in 2001, and since then this approach has been adapted by a number of authors to introduce reinforced materials into fiber. This method relies on the release of an encapsulated therapeutic agent into the damage area, and usually once from the process as the functionality of the encapsulated therapeutic agent cannot be restored. Despite this, the embedded systems are able to restore the integrity of the material by almost 100% and remain stable throughout the life of the material. Vascular or fiber-based systems may be more suitable for self-healing damage exposure in fiber-enhanced polymer composite materials. In this method, a network of hollow channels, known as vessels similar to blood vessels in human tissues, are placed in a structure and used to inject a therapeutic agent. During the damage, the cracks spread through the material and into the vessels, causing them to break down. The liquid resin then passes through the vessels and into the plane of damage, allowing the cracks to be repaired. Vascular systems have a number of advantages over microcapsula-based systems, such as the ability to continuously supply large volumes of repair agents and the potential to be used for re-healing. The hollow channels themselves can also be used for additional functions such as thermal management and structural health monitoring. A number of methods have been proposed to implement these vessels, including the use of hollow glass fibers (HGFs), 3D printing, lost wax and a solid preform route. Self-healing coating coatings can preserve and improve the voluminous properties of the material. They can protect the substrate from environmental impacts. Thus, when damage occurs (often in the form of microfractures), environmental elements such as water and oxygen can dissipate through the coating and can cause material damage or failure. Microtrap in coatings can lead to mechanical degradation or delamination coating, or in electrical malfunctions in fiber-fortified composites and microelectronics, respectively. Because the damage is so small in scale, repairs, if possible, are often difficult and costly. Thus, a coating that can automatically heal itself (self-healing coverage) can prove beneficial automatic property restoration (such as mechanical, electrical and aesthetic properties), properties), thereby extending the life of the coverage. Most of the approaches described in the literature for self-healing materials can be applied to self-healing coatings, including micro-installation and the introduction of reversible physical bonds such as hydrogen bonding, ionomeres (Dils-Alder chemistry). Micro-enkencapulation is the most common method of developing self-healing coatings. The capsule approach, originally described by White et al., using micro-adheone dicyclopentayen (DCPD) monomer and Grubbs catalyst for self-education of epoxy polymer, was later adapted to epoxy adhesive film, which is commonly used in the aerospace and automotive industries to glue metal and composite substrates. Recently, micro-installed liquid metal or black carbon suspensions have been used to restore electrical conductivity in a multi-layered microelectronic device and battery electrodes; However, the use of micro-component to restore electrical properties in coatings is limited. Liquid metal microdroples have also been suspended in the silicone elastomer to create stretchable electrical conductors that support electrical conductivity in damage, mimicking the stability of soft biological tissues. The most common use of this technique is proven in polymer coatings to protect against corrosion. The corrosive protection of metal materials is of great importance on an economic and environmental scale. To prove the effectiveness of microcapsules in polymer coatings to protect against corrosion, the researchers encapsulated a number of materials. These materials include isocyanates such as monomers such as DCPD (58) and epoxy resin, 100 flaxseed oil and tungsten oil. A number of shell materials such as formaldehyde phenol, formaldehyde urea (102), dendrites or PAMAM, melamine formaldehyde, etc. Even these shell materials have expanded their applications in the fight against the delivery of pesticides (105) and drugs. Using the aforementioned materials for self-healing in coatings, it has been proven that microsencapsulation effectively protects the metal from corrosion and prolongs the life of the coating. The self-healing cement materials of Cementitious materials have existed since the Roman era. These materials have a natural ability to self-heal, as first reported by the French Academy of Sciences in 1836. This ability can be improved by integrating chemical and biochemical strategies. Autogenic healing Autogenic healing is a natural ability of cement materials to repair cracks. This ability is mainly due to further hydration cement particles and calcium hydroxide. Cement materials in freshwater systems can automatically heal cracks up to 0.2 mm within 7 weeks. Chemical additives based on the healing of self-healing cementing materials can be achieved through the reactions of some chemical agents. There are two main strategies for housing these agents, namely capsules and vascular tubes. These capsules and vascular tubes, after rupture, release these agents and heal the crack damage. The research has mainly focused on improving the quality of these dwellings and encapsulated materials in this area. Bio-healing According to a 1996 study by H.L. Ehrlich in the journal Chemical Geology, the ability of concrete to self-healing has been improved by incorporating bacteria that can cause calcium carbonate through their metabolic activity. These precipitations can form and form an effective seal against cracks associated with water. At the First International Conference on Materials Self-Healing, held in April 2007 in the Netherlands, Henk M. Jonkers and Eric Schlangen presented their research in which they successfully used alkaline spore-forming bacteria as self-healing in concrete. They were the first to include bacteria in cement paste to develop the self-healing of concrete. It was found that bacteria directly added to the paste remained viable only for 4 months. Later studies saw Jonkers use advanced clay particles and Van Tittlelboom use glass tubes to protect bacteria inside concrete. Other strategies to protect the bacteria have also since been reported. Even microcapsule-based self-healing applications have been expanded to be bio-material-based coating. These coatings are based on it oil and possesses a different bio-character, as it used vegetable oil as the main material., self-healing ceramics As a rule, ceramics superior in strength to metals at high temperatures, however, they are fragile and sensitive to deficiencies, and this calls into question their integrity and reliability as structural materials. M n n No 1 aX n displaystyle (see M_ mathematite n1AX_mathit (nematin) phase ceramics, Also known as MAX Phases, it can autonomously repair damage to a crack by an internal healing mechanism. Ti2AlC and Cr2AlC have also demonstrated this ability, and it is expected that more crane carbides and nitrids will be able to autonomously heal themselves. repeats to the point of depletion of the element, distinguishing the MAX phases from other self-healing materials that require external external agents (external healing) for one crack filling the gap. Depending on the filling of oxide, improved initial properties such as local strength can be achieved. On the other hand, mullite, alumina and zirconium do not have the ability to self-heal, but can be endowed with self-healing capabilities by embedding phase ii components into the matrix. When cracked, these particles are exposed to oxygen, and when there is heat, they react to the formation of new materials that fill the gap as the volume expands. This concept has been proven with siC to treat cracks in the alumina matrix, and further studies have investigated the high temperature strength, and the static and cyclical force of healed part fatigue. Self-healing metals with long-term exposure to high temperatures and moderate stresses, metals show a premature and low-production fracture of creep, resulting from the formation and growth of cavities. These defects merge into cracks that eventually cause a macroscopic failure. Self-healing at an early stage is thus a promising new approach to extending the lifespan of metal components. In metals, self-healing is inherently more difficult to achieve than in most other material classes, due to their high melting point and, as a result, low mobility of the atom. Typically, defects in metals heal by creating precipitation on defective areas that immobilize further crack growth. Improved creep and fatigue properties have been reported for juvenile aluminum alloys compared to the peak hardening of Al alloys, due to heterogeneous precipitation at the tip of the crack and its plastic area. The first attempts to heal the damage creep in the steel were focused on dynamic precipitation of either Cu or BN on the surface of the cavity. Cu precipitation has only a slight preference for deformation-induced defects, as much of the spherical Tsu precipitation is simultaneously formed with the matrix. Recently, gold atoms have been recognized as highly effective healing agents in Fe-based alloys. The mechanism caused by the defects is indicated for Au precipitation, i.e. the remains of Au solute are dissolved until defects are formed. Autonomous repair of high temperature creep damage was recorded by alloy with a small amount of Au. Medical agents selectively deposit creep on the free surface of the cavity, as a result of which the pores are filled. For lower stress levels up to 80% to fill creep cavities with au precipitation is achieved, which results in a significant increase in the life time creep. Work on translating the concept of healing damage creep into simple binary or ternary model systems on multi-component steel creep creep Current. Self-healing organic dyes Recently, several classes of organic dyes have been found to be self-healing after photo-degradation in doping in PMMA and other polymer matrix. It is also known as reversible degradation of photos. It has been shown that, unlike the overall process as molecular diffusion, the mechanism is caused by dye-polymer interaction. Further applications of self-healing epoxy resin can be incorporated into metals to prevent corrosion. The metal substrate showed serious degradation and rust formation after 72 hours of exposure. But after being covered with self-healing epoxy resin, there was no visible damage under the SEM after 72 hours of the same exposure. For each class of materials (table 1) a self-healing efficiency assessment was developed for numerous methodologies to assess the possibilities of self-healing. Table 1. Damage to self-healing methods of evaluating different classes of material. The mechanism of damage material class Healing polymers razor blade / scalpel cut; A tense break test; The ballistic effect of the Autonomical Healing of the Supramolecular Networks Polymers Razor Blade / Scalpel Cut Temperature caused supramolecular fiber networks reinforced by the composite Delamination BVID (barely Visible Impact Damage) Vascular self-healing; Microcapsule self-healing coating Microcutting with corrosion; Corrosion/erosion; Retractable tests (adhesion); Microstrating Molecular Interdoffusia (soluble); Encapsulated agent Concrete Crack Initiation by Bending Compression Activation Of Microbult Agent Ceramic Crack Initiation by Retreating Temperature caused the reaction of oxidation Ceramic Coating Crack initiating the temperature initiation of the oxidation reaction Polyurethane foam coating With a spike Reducing effective area of leakage of negative strains pushing the walls of the cracks into the foam. Thus, when assessing self-healing, it is necessary to take into account different parameters: the type of stimulus (if any), the healing time, the maximum number of healing cycles that the material can tolerate, and the degree of recovery, all when considering the virgin properties of the material. This usually takes into account appropriate physical parameters such as strained module, tear extension, fatigue-resistance, barrier properties, color and transparency. The ability to self-heal this material usually refers to the restoration of a specific property in relation to the virgin material, designated as the effectiveness of self-healing. The effectiveness of self-healing can be quantified by comparing the corresponding experimental value obtained for the intact virgin sample (fvirgin) with the healed sample (eq. 1) η - fhealed/fvirgin (1) In a variation of this definition that is relevant to the itrinic self-healing materials, the effectiveness of healing takes into account the change change properties caused by the introduction of a therapeutic agent. Accordingly, the cured property of the sample is compared to an undamaged control equipped with a self-healing agent fnon-healed (equation 2). η - fhealed/fnon-healed (2) For a specific Pi property of a particular material, the optimal self-healing mechanism and process are characterized by a complete restoration of the corresponding material property after a suitable, normalized damage process. For a material that evaluates 3 different properties, three efficiencies should be identified as ƞ1 (P1), ƞ2 (P2) and ƞ3 (P3). The final average efficiency based on a number of n properties for material self-healing is accordingly defined as the harmonic average given by equation 3. The harmonic average is more appropriate than the traditional arithmetic average because it is less sensitive to large emissions. η̄ n ∑ i 1 n (1 η i (P) On the left (Frak {1}eta qi (right) (right) (3) Commercialization At least two companies are trying to bring to market new applications of self-healing materials. Arkema, a leading chemical company, announced in 2009 that it would start industrial production of self-healing erlastomers. By 2012, Autonomic Materials Inc. raised more than $3 million. References : b Ghosh SK (2008). Self-healing materials: basics, design strategies and applications (1st place). Weinheim: Wylie - VCH. page 145. ISBN 978-3-527- 31829-2. a b Yuan YC, Yin T, Rong M, Chang MH (2008). Self-healing in polymers and polymer composites. Concepts, implementation and perspectives: review. 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