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Study on Volatile Organic Compounds from Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends at Low Idle Speed

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Study on Volatile Organic Compounds from Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends at Low Idle Speed applied sciences Article Study on Volatile Organic Compounds from Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends at Low Idle Speed Ho Young Kim 1 and Nag Jung Choi 1,* Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-63-270-4765 Received: 22 May 2020; Accepted: 17 July 2020; Published: 19 July 2020 Abstract: This paper presents the combustion and emissions characteristics including volatile organic compound (VOC) of a common rail direct injection diesel engine fueled with palm oil biodiesel blends contained 0%, 10%, 30%, and 100% (by volume) biodiesel at low idle speed, i.e., 750 rpm. The nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions of biodiesel blends were lower than that of pure diesel and NOx tended to decrease as the blending ratio increased. Soot opacity and hydrocarbon (HC) were reduced with an increasing blend ratio. Carbon monoxide (CO) varied with the engine load conditions. Under low load, CO emissions tended to decrease with increasing blending ratio and increased under high load. Alkane and aromatic VOCs were mostly emitted. Benzene and tetrahydrofuran accounted for the largest percentage of total detected VOCs in all test conditions. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX, toxic aromatic VOCs) were detected for all tests. Among BTEX, benzene has the highest emission ratio, followed by xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene. Benzene increased for all tests. At low engine load, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene decreased with increasing blend ratio. However, these increased at high engine load. When pure palm oil biodiesel was applied at high engine load, benzene decreased. Keywords: palm oil biodiesel; idle; combustion; emission; VOCs; BTEX 1. Introduction Using internal combustion engines provide convenient transportation. However, air pollution and depletion of the resources caused by internal combustion engines are serious problems. The pollutant emissions from internal combustion engines, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), and particulate matter (PM), are subject to strict regulation [1]. Further, global efforts are underway to reduce CO2, CH4, and N2O, the GHGs (greenhouse gasses) that affect global warming and climate change problems [2,3]. The exhaust gas emitted from diesel engine contains higher amount of NOx and particulate matter that causes of severe environmental problems affecting human health [4]. Regulated emissions are not the only pollutants from engines. There are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are emitted in small quantities but make photo-chemical smog from a reaction with nitrogen oxide and have an important role in the formation of ozone [5–8]. VOCs are emitted from various pollution sources, among them, vehicles using internal combustion engines are known to be the major source of VOCs in metropolitan areas with high densities of people [7,9]. Thus, VOCs are known as the precursors of photochemical smog and ozone [6,7]. The important characteristic of VOCs is toxicity, and some VOCs are toxic for human and animals [10]. Representative toxic VOCs are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in the aromatic family [11–13]. Benzene is classified as a class 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4969; doi:10.3390/app10144969 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4969 2 of 18 Agency for Research (IARC) [14]. Long exposure to benzene may cause bone marrow damage, aplastic anemia, and leukemia. Ethylbenzene is known as a potential carcinogenic material. Toluene and xylene are harmful and classified as group d, which means non-carcinogenic. Toluene may cause eye, nose, and throat irritation as well as headaches and dizziness by impacting the central nervous system. Long exposure to xylene irritates eyes and may cause blindness. Chen et al. [15] reported that long exposure to toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene may cause chronic nerve damage. For these reasons, the risk rate for emissions from diesel engines was raised to group 1 from group 2a by IARC and WHO in 2012 June [16]. Many researchers [5,7,9,17,18] analyzed harmful VOCs by collecting air from major cities around the world. Na et al. [17] studied VOCs in Seoul, Korea from 1997 to 1999 and showed that 58% of aromatic VOCs were emitted from vehicles. Also, Kim et al. [9] reported that the major source of VOCs was vehicles, and toluene was emitted the most among aromatic VOCs from vehicles. Tsai et al. [19] studied the VOCs from light-duty diesel vehicles with a chassis dynamometer and showed that aromatic VOCs represented the high portion of pollutants. Wang et al. [7] checked the levels of VOCs using light-duty diesel vehicles under different regulation levels operated on real roads in a big city in China. They reported that benzene is the most common material among the aromatic VOCs. The development of catalysts for reducing aromatic VOCs is ongoing using ceria, CeOy and MnOx, and Manganese [20–22]. One of the effective ways to slow the depletion of resources and reduce pollutant emissions is to use biofuel. The representative biofuels are biodiesel and bioethanol [3]. The physical properties of biodiesel are similar to petroleum diesel so that it can be used without mechanical modification of diesel engines [3,23]. Biodiesels contain 10–12% oxygen by weight, which can improve combustion efficiency [24,25]. In contrast, the calorific value is lower than petroleum diesel, which results in more fuel consumption than using a petroleum diesel to produce the same output. The high viscosity, density, and surface tension can deteriorate the combustion because of poor atomization of injected fuel, which means droplet sizes are much larger [26–28]. Many studies [29–31] show the possibility of reducing pollutant emissions, such as HC, CO, and PM. In addition to the effects on regulated emissions by biodiesels, many researchers [10,32–36] are studying the possibility of reducing VOCs using biodiesels. Ge et al. [10] used a common rail direct injection diesel engine by applying canola biodiesel under different engine loads and showed the possibility of reducing VOCs by biodiesel. Di et al. [32] reported the emission trend of VOCs and pollutants using waste cooking oil blends corresponding to 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by mass of oxygen content under the five engine loads at 1800 rpm. In that study, with an increase of biodiesel, benzene increased for each engine load, however toluene and xylene decreased. Peng et al. [33] studied the effects of the 20% soybean oil biodiesel blends on VOC emissions, and reported a reduction in aromatic VOCs such as toluene and xylene. Also, a higher oxygen content in the biodiesel blend may enhance combustion efficiency, tending to lower VOCs, while oxygen blending increased the probability of oxygen VOCs. Correa et al. [34] used a six-cylinder heavy-duty engine for studying aromatic hydrocarbons and reducing VOCs with biodiesel and its blends of 2%, 5%, and 20%. In that study, all BTEX levels reduced and the total reduced level of VOCs was 21.5%. The highest emitted aromatic VOC was toluene, followed by benzene, xylene, and ethylbenzene. Man et al. [35] compared the effect of the level of regulated pollutant emissions and VOCs on the Japanese-13 mode with waste cooking oil blends of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 100%. This research showed that aromatic VOCs were reduced with increasing engine load. Benzene increased with biodiesel blend ratio, even though toluene and xylene were reduced. However, many studies on biofuels are focused on medium and high speed and medium and high load conditions based on an analysis of the above literature. Some studies [37–40] are performed at high idle, over 1000 rpm, with heavy-duty diesel engines using biodiesel. At present, research on low speed (especially idling) is still lacking. A lot of harmful emissions are emitted from engines under idling conditions due to the poor combustion environment. In particular, the poor atomization by biodiesel has a greater effect on combustion at low engine speed and low injection pressure. The condition of the lowest speed and the lowest injection pressure of the real vehicle engine is low idle. BTEX (Benzene, Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4969 3 of 18 toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), the toxic aromatic VOCs, emitted from engines of vehicles can directly affect people in the city at the low idle operation of real vehicles when parking or stopping at traffic lights. In an analysis of driving patterns in the city, the portion of idle operation is 17% [41]. In this condition, the injection quantity is a little higher than the optimum amount of fuel for stability. So, the oxygen content, the high viscosity, and other properties of the biodiesel affect combustion in a complex way. From the results obtained in actual vehicles and engines mentioned above, it was found that more VOCs were emitted at lower speed. The above studies were performed under relatively good conditions above medium speed and not in the low idle state of the actual vehicles. Therefore, to thoroughly investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends under idling conditions, we applied palm oil biodiesel and its blends to a common rail direct injection diesel engine at the lowest speed of 750 rpm. The combustion and exhaust characteristics were analyzed, including the regulated and unregulated pollutant emissions (VOCs and toxic aromatic VOCs-BTEX). 2. Methodology 2.1. Test Fuels In this study, palm oil biodiesel was selected among many biodiesels. Palm has the highest production rate among raw materials because it has the highest oil content among raw materials for biodiesel production, and the process of converting to biodiesel is the same as using other raw materials [42].
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