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THE RISE of POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT PARTIES in EUROPE: the CASE of the ALTERNATIVE for GERMANY (Afd)

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THE RISE of POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT PARTIES in EUROPE: the CASE of the ALTERNATIVE for GERMANY (Afd) THE RISE OF POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT PARTIES IN EUROPE: THE CASE OF THE ALTERNATIVE FOR GERMANY (AfD) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY HÜLYA ECEM ÇALIŞKAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EUROPEAN STUDIES JULY 2018 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özgehan Şenyuva Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Başak Alpan Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Başak Yavçan (TOBB ETU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Başak Alpan (METU, ADM) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kürşad Ertuğrul (METU, ADM) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Hülya Ecem Çalışkan Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE RISE OF POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT PARTIES IN EUROPE: THE CASE OF THE ALTERNATIVE FOR GERMANY (AfD) Çalışkan, Hülya Ecem Master of Science, Department of European Studies Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Başak Alpan July 2018, 124 pages This thesis aims to show that the Alternative for Germany displays a good combination of populism, nativism, and authoritarianism, which are three core ideological features of populist radical right parties. This thesis also aims to find out what the rise of the Alternative for Germany means for the future of Europe. This thesis claims that the populist radical right ideology that the Alternative for Germany stands for is a serious threat to the European integration project which has provided a framework for peaceful resolution of political and economic differences in Europe. In particular, the key ideology of the Alternative for Germany, nativism, is in sharp contrast to European integration and European values. Keywords: Populist Radical Right (PRR) Parties, Alternative for Germany (AfD) iv ÖZ AVRUPA’DA YÜKSELEN POPÜLİST RADİKAL SAĞ PARTİLER: ALMANYA İÇİN ALTERNATİF (AfD) ÖRNEĞİ Çalışkan, Hülya Ecem Yüksek Lisans, Avrupa Çalışmaları Tez Yöneticisi : Doç. Dr. Başak Alpan Temmuz 2018, 124 sayfa Bu tez, Almanya için Alternatif’in popülist radikal sağ partilerin üç temel ideolojik özelliği olan popülizm, yerlicilik ve otoriterizmin iyi bir bileşimini sergilediğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu tez aynı zamanda, Almanya için Alternatif’in yükselişinin Avrupa’nın geleceği için ne anlama geldiğini ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu tez, Almanya için Alternatif’in savunucusu olduğu popülist radikal sağ ideolojinin, Avrupa’daki siyasi ve ekonomik farklılıkların barışçıl çözümlenmesi için bir çerçeve sunan Avrupa entegrasyon projesi için ciddi bir tehdit olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Özellikle, Almanya için Alternatif’in anahtar ideolojisi olan yerlicilik, Avrupa entegrasyonu ve Avrupa değerleriyle keskin bir tezat oluşturmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Popülist Radikal Sağ Partiler, Almanya için Alternatif v To my beloved mother and father, without whose endless love and unconditional support all my accomplishments would be impossible. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Başak Alpan for her patient guidance, advice, criticism, encouragement and insight throughout the study. Her unwavering support made this thesis possible. I would also like to thank to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kürşad Ertuğrul and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Başak Yavçan for their invaluable comments and contributions during the jury. Finally, my biggest thanks go to my family. No words can describe my gratefulness for their immense support and encouragement. My mother and father, Hülya and Remzi Çalışkan, and my brother, Ahmet Çalışkan, have shared my struggle through this journey. Their endless love, belief and support made this thesis possible. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ...................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ....................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION ...................................................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 2. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 10 2. 1. Introduction ................................................................................... 10 2. 2. Case Selection and Data Collection .............................................. 10 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ON POPULISM AND POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT............................................................................................13 3. 1. Introduction ................................................................................... 13 3. 2. Populism ...................................................................................... 13 3. 2. 1. Three Main Approaches to Populism in the Literature ..... 14 3. 2. 1. 1. Populism as a Discursive Style..........................15 3. 2. 1. 2. Populism as a Political Strategy.........................15 3. 2. 1. 3. Populism as an Ideology....................................16 viii 3. 2. 2. Right-Wing Populism and Left-Wing Populism ............... 17 3. 3. Populist Radical Right (PRR) ....................................................... 20 3. 4. Conclusion ..................................................................................... 21 4. IMPORTANT MILESTONES AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT PARTIES IN EUROPE AND GERMANY.............................................................................23 4. 1. Introduction ................................................................................... 23 4. 2. The Rise of Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe .................. 23 4. 2. 1. Globalisation ..................................................................... 24 4. 2. 2. The Maastricht Treaty ....................................................... 25 4. 2. 3. The 9/11 Attacks ............................................................... 27 4. 2. 4. The 2004 Enlargement of the European Union ................. 28 4. 2. 5. Recent Developments: Euro Crisis, Refugee Crisis, Terrorism, and Brexit ........................................................................................ 29 4. 3. Historical Development of Populist Radical Right Parties in Germany ............................................................................................................ 32 4. 3. 1. From 1945 to 1980 ............................................................ 33 4. 3. 2. From 1980 to Present ........................................................ 35 4. 4. Conclusion ..................................................................................... 40 5. ALTERNATIVE FOR GERMANY: AN EXAMPLE OF A POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT PARTY ..........................................................43 5. 1. Introduction ................................................................................... 43 5. 2. Populism of the AfD ..................................................................... 43 5. 2. 1. ‘Others’ of the AfD ........................................................... 44 5. 2. 2. Populist Democracy .......................................................... 50 5. 3. Nativism of the AfD ...................................................................... 53 ix 5. 3. 1. Nativist Democracy ........................................................... 56 5. 3. 2. Islamophobia ..................................................................... 57 5. 3. 3. Anti-Immigrant Attitude ................................................... 60 5. 3. 4. Nationalism over Internationalism .................................... 64 5. 3. 5. Nativist Economics ........................................................... 69 5. 4. Authoritarianism of the AfD ......................................................... 73 5. 5. Conclusion .................................................................................... 79 6. WHAT THE RISE OF THE AfD MEANS FOR THE FUTURE OF EUROPE ........................................................................................................... 80 6. 1. Introduction ................................................................................... 80 6. 2. What does the rise of the AfD mean for the future of Europe? .... 80 7. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 88 REFERENCES ................................................................................................
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