On Classification of Middle Iranian Languages (Preliminary Report)

LINGUISTICA BRUNENSIA 61, 2013, 1–2

VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT)

Abstract In the article the first attempt to classify the Middle Iranian languages, applying so-called ‘recalibrated glottochronology’, is presented in wider context of questions of genetic classification of Iranian languages. The results confirm the conclusions obtained in quantitative models of classification of modern Iranian languages, namely the western vs. eastern dichotomy is not valid.

Keywords Iranian languages, genetic classification, qualitative model, quantitative model, recalibrated glottochronology.

1. The modern Iranian languages have been traditionally classified into west and east branches, both with north and south subbranches (see e.g. Ethnologue):

Ossetic Ossetic Northeast Northeast Yaghnobi Yaghnobi

Sarikoli Sarikoli East Shughni East Shughni Yazghulami Yazghulami Pamir group Sanglechi-Ishk. Pamir group Sanglechi-Ishk. Munji Munji Southeast Wakhi Southeast Wakhi Yidgha Yidgha

Pashto-Wanetsi Pashto-Wanetsi

Iranian Ormuri-Parachi Iranian Ormuri-Parachi Gilaki Gilaki Caspian group Mazenderan Caspian group Mazenderan Shahmirzadi Shahmirzadi Semnani Semnani Northwest group of Central Iran Northwest group of Central Iran Baluchi Baluchi Kurdish Kurdish Zaza-Gorani Zaza-Gorani West Talysh West Talysh

Tati Tati Persian Persian Southeast Luri Southeast Luri Lari Lari Fars Fars

50 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

2. This arrangement is in principle kept even in the most recent compendium on the Iranian languages (Windfuhr 2010, 12–15), where three sequential models of classifications for old, middle and modern stages of development of the Iranian languages are offered:

Old Iranian Middle Iranian Old Iranian Middle Iranian Middle Scythian, Sarmatian Middle Scythian, Sarmatian Northeast Scythian/Saka Khotanese & Tumshuqese Northeast Scythian/Saka Khotanese & Tumshuqese Middle East Bactrian Middle East Bactrian Iranian Khwarezmian Iranian Khwarezmian Iranian Central Avestan ? Sogdian Iranian Central Avestan ? Sogdian

Northwest Median ? Parthian Northwest Median ? Parthian Middle West Middle West Southwest Old Persian Iranian Middle Persian Southwest Old Persian Iranian Middle Persian

Classification of the New Iranian languages (Windfuhr 2010, 12–15)

OsseticOssetic NortheastNortheast YaghnobiYaghnobi

ShughniShughni, ,Sarikoli Sarikoli, , NorthNorth Khufi,Khufi, Roshani... Roshani... EastEast YazghulamiYazghulami PamiPamirr SanglechiSanglechi--ZebakiZebaki areaarea --IshkIshkashimiashimi WakhiWakhi MunjiMunji YidghaYidgha SoutheastSoutheast PashtoPashto PashtoPashto--WanetsiWanetsi

OrmuriOrmuri--ParachiParachi

GilakiGilaki CaspianCaspian group group MazenderanMazenderan IranianIranian ShahmirzadiShahmirzadi SangesariSangesari SemnanSemnani iarea area SemnaniSemnani Sorkhe’i,Sorkhe’i, Aftari, Aftari, LasgerdiLasgerdi

TalyshiTalyshi TaticTatic TatiTati = = Azari, Azari,

transitionaltransitional Vafsi,Vafsi, Ashtiani, Ashtiani, NorthwestNorthwest 2 2 AlviriAlviri--VidariVidari, ,Kahaki Kahaki groupgroup of of CentralCentral Iran Iran Natanzi,Natanzi, Khunsari, Khunsari, Nayini,Nayini, Gazi Gazi WestWest BaluchiBaluchi, ,Khuri Khuri

KurdishKurdish NorthwestNorthwest 1 1 UpperUpper Zagros Zagros & & ZazaZaza(ki)(ki) = = Dimili Dimili CentralCentral Plateau Plateau GoraniGorani, ,Awromani Awromani

LLooriri FarsFars SouthSouth Zagros Zagros SivandiSivandi && Fars Fars DavaniDavani Shushtari,Shushtari, Dezfuli Dezfuli

TatTat Persian Persian SouthSoutheasteast PersianPersian PersianPersian & & Dari Dari TajikTajik

LarestaniLarestani LarestaniLarestani && Gulf Gulf Bandari,Bandari, Kumzari, Kumzari, Bashkardi,Bashkardi, Minabi Minabi

ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 51

The attractive question of followers of the Middle Iranian languages among the modern languages is not answered unambiguously. It seems, Modern Persian is safely a continuant of Middle Persian (Skjærvø 2010, 196). Less secure is an analogous role of Baluchi as a follower of Parthian (Korn 2005, 323–330 prefers a transitional position between North- and Southwest Iranian), Yaghnobi as a follower of Sogdian (cf. Yoshida 2010, 327 about differences) or Wakhi as a follower of Khotanese & Tumshuqese Saka. Quite hypothetical is a similar relation between Sangesari and Khwarezmian (Windfuhr 2010, 15). 3. Traditional models of classification of the Iranian languages are based on qualitative observation of common features in phonology and morphology, com- bined with geographical distribution of languages. If the quantitative approach based on lexicostatistics is applied, the results are different. First of all, the west vs. east dichotomy must be abandoned. In all quantitative models the so-called western branch is apparently younger than eastern one, and its existence is doubt- ful at all. According to Jaxontov (2006) operating with the lexical data summari- zed in pioneering works of Sokolova (1967, 1973), the western branch was one of several coordinate branches:

Ossetic Ossetic Yaghnobi Yaghnobi Pashto Pashto Wakhi Wakhi Ishkashim Ishkashim Munji Munji Iranian North Pamir Yazghulam Iranian North Pamir Yazghulam Shughni-Rushani Shughni-Rushani Parachi Parachi Ormuri Ormuri Baluchi Baluchi Kurdic Kurdic West Talysh West Talysh Southwest Persian & Tajik Southwest Persian & Tajik Gilaki Gilaki

4. The first attempt to classify the Iranian languages, applying recalibrated glottochronology, was realized by the team of Sergei Starostin (2004). Important is that Avestan and two Middle Iranian languages, Sogdian and Khotan Saka, were included. 52 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

-1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 Avestan Avestan Wakhi Wakhi -490 Ishkashim -490 Ishkashim Munjan Munjan Iranian 180 Shughni Iranian 180 Shughni -1240 Ossetic -1240 Ossetic Khotan Saka Khotan Saka -450 Ormuri -450 Ormuri -790 -310 Parachi -790 -310 Parachi 180 Pashto 180 Pashto Yaghnobi Yaghnobi 320 Sogdian 320 Sogdian Gilaki Gilaki 840 Modern 840 Modern -620 Persian -620 Persian 120 Tati 120 Tati 620 Talysh 620 Talysh 270 Kurdic 270 Kurdic 420 Baluchi 420 Baluchi

5. Preliminary statistics of results of the present glottochronological compari- son of five well-described Middle Iranian languages: 5.1. Missing items and loans: Middle Persian: Ø Parthian: 2, 3, 11, 13, 24, 26, 27, 41, 48, 50, 66, 69, 75, 100; Σ 14. Sogdian: 13, 41, 48, 70; Σ 4. Khwarezmian: 48, 64, 68, 79; Σ 4. Khotanese: 7, 30, 83; Σ 3. Bactrian: 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 56, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 93, 96, 97, 100; Σ 57. 5.2. Survey of mutual non-cognates {(a-b)/a}, where a = number of attested items of the same me- aning, b = number of non-cognates: Middle Persian vs. Parthian: 42, 56, 61; share of cognates: 83/86 = 96.51%. Middle Persian vs. Sogdian: 4, 7, 18, 24, 29, 42, 43, 49, 49, 56, 61, 68, 71, ?77, 78, 99; share of cognates: 82/96 = 85.41%. Middle Persian vs. Khwarezmian: 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 18, 19, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 42, 45, 46, 49, 52, 53, 56, 61, 66, 71, 73, 77, 83, 89, 92, 99; share of cognates: 65/96 = 67.91%. Middle Persian vs. Khotanese: 3, 5, 8, 11, 28, 29, 32/2, 34, 36, 38, 42, 61, 64, 66, 68, 69/2, 78/2, 82, 85, 99; share of cognates: 78.5/97 = 80.93%. Parthian vs. Sogdian: 4, 7, 18, 19, 22/2, 29, 33, 34/2, 52, 58, 71, 78, 99; share of cognates: 73/85 = 85.88%. Parthian vs. Khwarezmian: 4, 7, 12, 18, 19, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 45, 47, 49, 52, 53, 56, 58, 73, 77, 82, 83, 85, 86, 89, 92, 99; share of cognates: 56/83 = 67.47%. Parthian vs. Khotanese: 4, 5, 8, 12, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 52, 56, 71, 73, 78/2, 82, 85, 99; share of cognates: 64.5/83 = 77.71%. Sogdian vs. Khwarezmian: 2, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 19, 22/2, 24, 32, 35, 43, 45, 46, 52, 53, 56, 66, 67, 71, 77, 78, 85, 89, 99; share of cognates: 68.5/93 = 73.66%. ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 53

Sogdian vs. Khotanese: 4, 5, 8, 11, 22/2, 24, 28, 35, 38, 43, 64, 66, 67, 69/2, 71, 78, 82, 85, 86; share of cognates: 74/93 = 79.57%. Khwarezmian vs. Khotanese: 2, 3, 8, 11, 12, 18, 26, 28, 32, 34, 35, 38, 45, 52, 53, 56, 69/2, 71, 73, 78/2, 82, 85, 86, 89, 92, 99; share of cognates: 68/93 = 73.18%.1 5.3. Mutual percentages of common cognates between five well-documented Middle Ira- nian languages:

% Parthian Sogdian Khwarezmian Khotanese Middle Persian 83/86 = 96.51 82/96 = 85.41 65/96 = 67.91 78,5/97 = 80.93 Parthian 72/85 = 85.88 56/83 = 67.47 64.5/83 = 77.71 Sogdian 68.5/93 = 73.66 74.0/93 = 79.57 Khwarezmian 68.0/93 = 73.18

5.4. Chronology of epigraphic or literary documents of studied languages: Middle Persian: 3rd - 7st cent. & 9st - 10st cent. CE; mid: 600 CE (Sundermann 1989a, 138–39). Parthian: 2nd cent. BCE - 3rd cent. CE (Arsakids) & 3rd - 4 st cent. CE (Sassanids); mid: 100 CE (Sundermann 1989b, 116). Sogdian: 4st - 10st cent. CE; mid: 600 CE (Yoshida 2010, 280–81). Khwarezmian: 11st - 14st cent. CE; mid: 1200 CE (Durkin-Meisterernst 2010, 336–38). Khotanese: 7st - 10st cent. CE; mid: 800 CE (Emmerick 2010, 378). Bactrian: 2nd - 3rd cent. CE; mid: 200 CE (Sims-Williams 1989, 231). 5.5. Results of the glottochronological analysis: In the case of asynchronically attested languages it is necessary to modify the calculations of partial disintegrations. Morris Swadesh offered a virtual chronological level, determinable as an arithme- tical average of the chronological levels of the compared languages. this easy correction gives the following virtual chronological levels: Middle Persian & Parthian: (200 + 600)/2 = 350 CE, minus 600 years of divergence = 250 BCE. {Middle Persian & Parthian} & Sogdian: (350 + 600)/2 = 475 (480round off ) CE, minus 1330 years of divergence = 850 BCE. {Middle Persian & Parthian & Sogdian} & Khotanese: (480+800)/2 = 640 CE, minus 1610 years of divergence = 970 BCE. {Middle Persian & Parthian & Sogdian & Khotanese} & Khwarezmian: (640 + 1200)/2 = 920 CE, minus 2040 years of divergence = 1120 BCE.

70% 80% 90% 100% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Middle Persian Middle Persian 96.51 96.51 -250 Parthian -250 Parthian 85.65 85.65 -850 -850 79.40 Sogdian 79.40 Sogdian -970 -970 70.55 Khotanese 70.55 Khotanese -1120 -1120 Khwarezmian Khwarezmian

1 In Bactrian the number of identified lexical units of the test 100-word-list is too small (43) to apply the standard procedure. 54 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

Middle Iranian wordlists

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments 1. all wyspM wysp wysp- / (’)wsp biś(ś)a- οισπο *u̯ iśu̯ a-: Av. vispa- wspZ / /wisp/ wisp/ OI. víśva- wisp/ hrwM, hlZ hrw /harw/ υαρο(υ)γο Av. hauruua-, P. har /harw/ *harwaka- hrwyspM hlwyspZ harbiśśa- *haru̯ a-u̯ iśu̯ a- /harwisp/ hm’gM hm’g hama- *hamā̆ -(ka-) hm’kZ /hamāg/ Av. hāma-, hama- /hamāg/ h’m’gMB OP. hama- h’m’gM /hāmāg/ (’)mγ’wn /hāmāg/ /maγōn/ *hama-gauna- ’nγt’k, ’nγty *ham-gata-(ka-) > Av. /anγatē/ həzgata- quite, OP. hagmata-, Pt. angadag full, rich, Khw. ’ngd complete, finished, Os. ænγæd enough (E 3, 131) ’γty /aγatē/ s’t /sāt/ sγwtm’n /saγutmān/ pana pl. *patina; Os. fæjnæ every 2. ashes ’dwrystrM āhära- *āθri̯ a-: Av. āθriia- ’twrystrlZ ’’š ’k(w), herä *āθraka- /ādurestar/ ’šy /āšē/ (’)xθrk Shug. šarθk building clay (γws’ynch xws /xusēnč/ ashy) 3. bark pwstM, Z - cf. “skin” /pōst/ twcZ bark, P. tōz skin /tōz/ mSk dalaa- OI. dálati splits 4. belly ‘šk/qmbM ‘šk/qmb /iškamb/ /iškamb/ prwdgM /?/ cf. MP. prw(w)d, frwd adv. down mwl’n Z /mulān/ daev kδ’r’k, qθ’ry /kaδ/θārē// ’wδyr, δr- ūra-, ura- *udara-: Av. udara- /uδīr/ garba- *garba- (E 3, 188) Av. garəβa- uterus OI. gárbha- id. ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 55

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments aha, ahva- cf. OP. afuvā- fear, OI. ápvā- jsahāra- *ǰarθāra-; OI. jaṭhára- id. : jartú- womb vāna- Wkh. wanǰ id. < *vaničā Lat. venter, OHG wanast 5. big mz’yγ(h) (maysirka- cf. Av. maziiah /mazēx/ large, great < *mazar- ka-) wzrgM wzrg wz’rk (bīysirka- oazorko cf. OP vazarka wc(w)lgZ /wuzurg/ /wazark/ great, P. buzurg id. (H /wuzurg/ huge) 49–50) stplZ (’)stnb, P. sitabr strong, Av. /stabr/ ’styb staβra- id. (H 158) kl’n, ql’n kl’n *kat(t)ā̆ na- (E 3, 348f) /kalān/ P. kalān (msy’tr ms Av. mas- /masyātar/ mästa- Av. masit(a)- higher) 6. bird mwrwM mwrg (’)mrγ (’)mγ mura- *mr̥ ga-: Av. mərəγa- mwlwZ /murγ/ /mərγ, /murw/ (ə)mr̥ γ/ w’dZ /way/ Av. vaii- bird, OI. ví- βrwz’n’k /frawazānē/ 7. bite gz-ytn, gz- /gaz-/ *gaz- id. (Ch 117) gc-Z P. gazīdan id. /gaz-īdan/ bγ’h- *apa- + *gah- to gorge (Ch 93) jβ-, zyβ *ǰi̯ auH- “to chew” /žə/iβ/ (Ch 226) 8. black sy’wM sy’w š’w, šw s’w Av. siiāuua-, Ygh šōw /syāw/ /syāw/ /šāw, šow/ Os. šāu, P. siyāh syd’Z /syā/ haryāsa- *hari-kāsa- with dark appearance; Av. harəta- harəδa- red, Os. xæræ dark 9. blood xwnM gwxn γwrn- hwny pl. hūnä Av. vohuna-, P. xūn, hwnZ /goxan/ /xurn/ /hūnī/ Ygh. waxin /xōn/ wγrn- /wux3n/ yγwn(w) /y(ə)xun(u)/ ywxn- /yuxn/ 10. bone ’st(g)M ’stk- /əstak/ ’st(y)k āstaa- *astaka- > Av. ast-, ’stkZ stq- /(a)stē/ Ygh. sitak, P. hasta /astag/ ’sth(w)’nZ /astuxān/ P. ustuxwān 56 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments whä Av. aŋhaēna- made of bone 11. wrM Av. varah- id. breast wlZ /war/ P. bar, Bal. gvar (H 44) pyst’nZ ’štnh cf. Av fštāna- /pestān/ /əštana/ P. pestān syn(k)Z P. sīn /sēn(ag)/ p’z παζο face, Sgd. pāz face, Os. faz breast side tcījsa P. čučū, Sgl. čičī drrūysi *drauza- pärja *par(a)č-: Shug. pārdz, Yazg. parak flank vatsa OI. vákṣas- id. 12. burn dc-ytnZ tr. δγ- /δaγ/ dajs-, *daǰ- id.: YAv. daž- id. /daz-īdan/ padajs- (Ch 53–54) prδwt- *pari- + *dauH- id. /parδ/θū̆ t/ (Ch 68): cf. Sgd. prδʼw /parδ/θāw/ flame : Kh. padav whš-ytnZ (wxš- *u̯ axš- to grow; cf. it. grow; MP. whšyn- to light a /waxšīdan/ be kindled, fire (Ch 428) blaze) swc-M, Z swc- /sōč/ sūjs- *sauč- id.: Av. saoc- /sōz/ it. swγt- /suγd/ id., OI. śoc- to light, pt(y)s(’)wc- burn /pat-sōč/ *pati-+ *sauč- (Ch 338–339 tp-tnZ tr. tftg tβt’y (ttav- *tap- to warm up, /taftan/ /taftag/ /taβdē/ be hot) heat: tpytn Z tr. intr. Av. tap- be hot /tābīdan/ P. taftan, tābīdan id., pt’b- shine /pattāb-/ *pati-+ *tap- (Ch tr. 378f) h’w- M h’w- *hau- to scorch, burn /hāw-/ tr. (Ch 134–35) bry- /biry-, *bra(i)ǰ- roast, bake briy-/ intr. (Ch 23) ’βr’z *braHz- shine, set on fire (Ch 21–22) 13. claw n’hwn Z (n’γ’n nail n’xn nāhune pl. P. nāxun, Os. nix /nāxun/ /nāxa/un/) fingernails Yidgha anaxno θw- slwbZ šwk þουο *sruu̯ a-kā- fingernail + /srū/ /šuwik/ fingernail horn > Av. srū-, sruuā- ṣaṃbajsa- *čanga-: P. čang claw, MP. panč-čang five- clawed 14. myγZ myg /mēγ/ myγ /mēγ/ *maiga-: Av. maēγa-, cloud /mēγ/ P. mēγ; OI. meghá- (H 226) ’βrM, ’blZ bybr /bēβr/ pr’yβ’k bryβyk, pryaura *pari-abra-ka- /aβr/ (thick) c. pryβyy byrβyk cf. ora sky cf. Av. aβra- id. /parīβē/ < *abra- ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 57

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments snwd Z Av. snaoδa- Gewölk /snōy/ mūttīña pl. Arm. mout‘ dark, a mist 15. cold srd’gM srd /sard/ srt /sart/ srd sāḍa- Av. sarəta-, Ygh. sōrt, /sardāg/ ’ns’rty P. sard slt Z /sard/ /ansartē/ 16. ’mdM ’(’)gd ’’γt- /āγat/ ā he came αγαδο *gam- > Av. gam- : come /āmad/ /āγad/ āta *ā-gata- (Ch 98–101); P. āmadan ’’y-M /āy-/ ’’y(y)- / y’c! *Hai- (Ch 154–57): āy-/ Av. aē-, OP. ay- to go ’(’)s- /ās-/ ’/’’ys- /āis/ ’s- hīs- < ?ηρσ- (or *Hai- : *ā-isa- *fra-isa- MMP rs- or arrive) *(h)ā-isa- ’wr-M imp. ’wr- imp. *ā-bar- : *bar- bring /awar-/ /awar-/ (Ch 6–10) c’m /čām-/ *čam- to walk (Ch 32) cm- (Ch) jjaṣṭumä *gaHz- run: Yazg. I came γaz-, Osset γazun play (Ch 96) 17. die myr-M / myr- /mīr-/ myr- /mir/ (’)my- mar- μιρ- *mar-: YAv. mar- mīr-/ (Ch 264) mwrd M mwltn Z /murdan/ 18. dog śve *śu̯ ā(n): Av. spā sgM,Z /sag/ ‘spg *śu̯ aka-: Median /ispag/ σπακα ’kwt- /(ə) ’kt κοδο *kuta-/*kutī- (R 4, kut/ 413) kwt/qwt / Shug. kud, f. kid kut/ 19. drink cxš-M pcš- *čaš- to drink, drip; /čaxš-/ /pati-čaš-/ taste (Ch 35–36) hw’l-ytnZ xw’r- χοαρ- = 23 *hu̯ ar- eat, consume /xwārīdan/ /xwār/ (Ch 147); cf. #23 wxr- Av. xvar- /wxar-/ ’s’my- *či̯ am- swallow (Ch 39–40): P. āšām bs’m- *upa/apa-či̯ āma- 20. dry hwškM,Z hwšk ’škw /(ə) ’kk huṣka- Av. huška- & hi(š)ku- /hušk/ /hušk/ šku/ /hikuka-/ Os. xusk’æ, OI. śuṣka- var. škw, škwy(y) ptw’ty(y) *pati-u̯ āi̯ - /patwātē/ 21. ear gwšM,Z / gwš /gōš/ γwš /γōš/ γwx gū, gguv6- *gauša-: Av. gaoša-, gōš/ OP. gauša-, P. gōš, Ku. gūh (H 210) ‘zγwlg cf. Pth. ‘zgwl- hear /izγōlag/ 22. earth bwmM,Z βwmh / βwm, fwm (būma *būmı̄̆- Av., OP. būmi-, /būm/ βūm/ ground) P. būm (H 54; R 2, 134) 58 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments z(’)y /zāy/ z’yβwmh /zāy-βūm/ zmygM zmyg z(y)m uysmä ζαμιγο *zam- zmykZ /zamīg/ *ysama- ζαμιιο Av. zam- /zamīg/ in P. zamīn ysama- Os. æzmesæ sand śśandaa- world h’kZ P. xāk earth, dust /xāk/ γwr(w)m(h) Av. xruma- xwrm/xrwm /xur(u)m/ sp’ntrmδz’y Av. spəṇta ārmaitiš /spandārmaδ-zāy/ śśandā *śu̯ antakā-: Av. spəṇta- 23. eat xwr-M ’xwr- γwr-, xwr- x(w)r- hvar- χοαρ- to *hu̯ ar- eat, consume /xwar-/ /āxwar-/ /xwar-/ eat; drink (Ch 147): xwrdn M Av. xvar- hwltn Z P. xor- /xwardan/ ’’s- /ās-/ *HasH- id.: OI. aś- id. (Ch 167–68) 24. egg x’ygM y’k āhā- *āu̯ i̯ ā > Os. ajk, P. x’d(y)kZ xāya /xāyag/ Psh. hā, Wz. yōwya ?Av. aēm mrγyz’tk bird’s child /mərγe- zātē/ 25. eye cšmM,Z cšm /čašm/ cšm /čašm/ cm, ǰm tcw, tcai *ča(ś)š-man- (R 2, /čašm/ obl. cmy’ tcwiman- 238) cym- Av. čašman, P. čašm Orm. cimi wynk Khw. wyn- see 26. fat n. ’zdyx Psh. wā́ zda, Par. /uzdax/ γāzd id., Ku. baz, Av. vazdah- *fatness; OI. vedhás- *force (NEVP 94) rwγn /rōγn/ rγyn *raugna- (R 106): P. rawγan, Ygh. rūγin Av. raoγna- butter clp-snZ crp /čarp/ črb tcārba- *čarp(a)-> P. čarb, /čarbišn/ < P. čarb tcāra- Os. carv butter (E 2, 232f) pyhZ päyä, pī *pīu̯ ah-: /pīh/ Av. pīuuah- (R 105) (frbywM βrpyγ adj. / /farpix/ frabīw/) ttunāṃ Kh. tv- to fatten ttauna- *tauH- be able, strong (Ch 386) 27. prM /parr/ prn pn pārra- *parna-: Av. parəna- feather id. (Ch 295–96) ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 59

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments 28. fire ’(’)dwrM ’(’)dwr / ’’t’rh, ’tr ’d(y)r ataro *ātar-/*āθr- (E 1, 318) ’dwrZ ādur/ /ātar/ /ādir/ aθšo /ādur/ ’thš Z nom. *ātarš /ātaxš/ P. ātaš, Av. ātarš ’’ybM /āyēb/ dai *dāgah 29. fish m’hygM m’sy’g *matsi̯ a- (R 87): m’hykZ /māsyāg/ Av. masiia- /māhīg/ P. māhī kp- /kap/ kb kava = Bērūnī kyb, Os. kaf < EIran. *kap(h)a- krw kpy cf. Av. kara- name of /karw-kapi/ some fish 30. fly v. w’c-tnZ wz- /waz-/ wz- /waz-/ *u̯ az- carry, drive (Ch /wazīdan/ 429–432): Av. vaz- drive, P. wazīdan prwz-M frwz- βrwz-, frwz- *fra-u̯ az- /parwaz-/ /frawaz-/ /frawaz-/ w’y-M *u̯ aiH- (Ch 411): w’dZ /wāy/ YAv. vaii- to hunt, Os. wajun hurry, walk, jump prn’y- p’nw’s- cf. “feather” /parnāy-/ 31. foot p’yM /pāy/ p’d /pāδ/ p’δ /pāδ/ p’δ, b’δ pai, pl. pā *pād-: Av. pād-, OP pdyZ /pay/ dim. pāka- pāda-, Ygh. pōda, P. pāy (R 113–14) 32. full pwrM, pwlZ pwr /purr/ pwn /pūn/ porri *pr̥ na-: Av. pərəna- /purr/ pwrn /purn/ Ygh. pun(n) < *parH- to fill (Ch 295–96) ‘spwryh’M ‘spwryg ’/‘spwrn(w) uspurra ασπορο Av. aspərənō /ispurrīhā/ /ispurrīg/ /(ə)spurn/ completeness ’mprty /amb/partē/ c’k P. čāq, Psh. čāγ, Wkh. caḳ 33. give dy(y)-M dh- /dah-/ λα(υ)-/ *daH- id. > Av. dā- /day-/ d’d λαδο *daθa-/*dāta- dh-Z /dah-/ (Ch 43–45) d’tnZ /dādan/ b’xt M βγš- /βaxš-/ būṣṣ- *baxš- divide, have /bāxt/ βγt- /βaγd/t/ a share : *baǰ- id.; pt(y)βγš- Av. baž- : baxš- (Ch /pat(i)βaxš/ 19–20) δ’βr /δāβar/ hβr- haur-, *fra-bar- : *bar- bring δβ’r /δβar, hur- (Ch 6–10): Ygh. tifar θfar/ hūr- θ(’)βr- /θ(ā) βar/ fr’’γrβ- *fra-grabH- : *grabH- /frāγarβ/ to grab, seize, take (Ch 119–20) hatcañ- *fra-sčand- : *sčand- to break, cleave (Ch 342) 60 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments 34. good xwbM γwp, xwp xwb, xwβ xobo *hu̯ -apah- (E 3, 416) xwpZ /xūp/ Av. huā̆ pah- wohltätig /xūb/ P. xōb; OI. svápa- xwšM xwj xž χο(υ)ζο *hu-u̯ arźa- (E 3, 418) hwšZ / /xuž, xōž/ Os. xorz xwaš/ nywM,Z nyw *naiba-: OP. naiba- /nēw/ /nēw/ id., nice nykM nyk /nēk/ *naiba-ka-; OP. naiba- nywkZ id., nice, P. nēk id. /nēk/ (H 238–39) wyhZ /wēh/ Av. vahiiah- better, P. bih id., good (H 55) hwd’(h)kZ Av. hu-dāh- guttätig /hudā(ha) g/ nγz- /naγz/ šyr’y /širē/ śśära- ?þιζγο *srīra-(ka-) þιζγο *xšiǰ- desire, long for (Ch 456) 35. hwzrgwnM hwzrgwn green /huzargōn/ /huzarγōn/ zlgwnZ zrgwng zrγwn’k Sgd. zrγwn /zarγōn/ /zargōn/ /zarγōnag/ /zarγōnē/ plant, vegetable; P. zaryūn spz, sbzZ (ysba P. sabz id. (DK 355) /sabz/ cane, Psh. sābuh grass reed) ’γs’ynh *axšaina-: (E 1, 284f) /a/əxsēn/ Av. axšaēna- dark čmrγ, ǰmrγ gvā- green *gauvaka-; cf. Bal. yellow gōraγ grey, white pe *pāyi- : OI. pītá- yellow : pitta- bile 36. hair mwyM *maud-: P. mōy, Bal. mwdZ mūd/mīd id. (H 223) /mōy/ wlsZ /wars/ wrs /wars/ wrs /wars/ *u̯ arśa-: Av. varəsa-, P. gurs id.; OI. válśa- twig γwn’k’, γwnyk ggūna- *gauna- (E 3, 240) γwn’y Av. gaona- hair /γōn»/ Shug., Brt. gūnǰ hair ẓw- /žō̆ / dro *drau̯ -: Ygh. darau, Os. ærdo id. (E 2, 462) (γys’n *gaiśa-: Av. gaēsa- Kamelhaar) hair, P. gēs Locke δš *darśa- (E 2, 353f) tcaṃjsa- *sčanga-; OE sceagga hair of head vatca *u̯ asča-: Os. becukkæ forelock; Iran. > Georg. becvị hair, fur sakṣa- *safča-: Wkh. šafṣ̌ id. OI. śépha- tail 37. hand dstM,Z / dst /dast/ δst δst dasta- *dasta-: OP. dasta-, P. dast/ /δast-/ dast vs. Av. zasta- < *źasta- (E 2, 371) ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 61

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments pnck bck, pck P. panǰa pentad, hand, /panǰag/ paw gwZ daev. *gaba-(sti-) (E 3, 94, /gaw/ ggośtä 229): Av. gauua- id. < Av. (daev.), Wkh. gawust fist; OI. gábhasti arm, hand 38. head srM, slZ sr /sar/ s’r /sār/ s’rxwt/d P. sar Kopf + xōy/xūd /sar/ pts’r’k Helm; cf. Av. sarah- & /patsārē/ sāra- head (km’rM (km’r kamala- Av. kamərəδa- /kamār/ of /kamār/ of (of daevic beeings) evil being) evil being) km’lZ daev. /kamāl/ wγt’nZ Av. vaγδana- (of ahur. ahuric beeings), lit. /waγdān/ receptacle of voice? raṃga- cf. Kh. rraṃga- bank, ridge, shore, Os. rængæ row 39. hear ny(y)wš-M ngwš- n(y)γ’wš- (’)nγws- < νιγαυ-/ *gauš- : *ni-gauš- n(y)dwhš-Z /niγōš-/ /niγōš/ *ni-gauš- ναγαυ- P. gōšīdan : niyōšīdan /niyō(x)š-/ ptγ’wš pyūv, pū *pati-gauša- /patγōš/ pyūṣṭa ’xšt- *gušta- : Av. gūš- hear /ax/γušt/ (Ch 115–16) ’šnw-M ‘šnw- *xšnau- id. < sharpen /ašnaw-/ /išnaw-/ (the ears) (Ch 456) ‘šnw-M P. šunaw-, šunūdan /išnaw-/ ’šnwtnZ /ašnūdan/ ’xšyn-M (’xšy- *Haxš-: Av. aiβiiāxš- /āxšīn/ be heard) to guard, supervise, OI. ákṣi- eye (Ch 171) ‘zgwl- cf. Pt. ‘zγwlg ear 40. heart dylM,Z /dil/ zyrd /zirδ/ δrjy(y), δrzy zrz ysära- *źr̥ d- (R 110) /δəržē/ < Av. zərəδaiia- *δr̥ yaza- < P. dil *zr̥ daya- OI. hr̥ ́daya- žy’wr /žyāwar/ < *δžyāwar < *δr̥ žyāwar γrδy’ /γarδē/ ’wx(y) *ahu-: Av. aŋhu- /ux(ē̆ )/ existence (E I, 93) 41. horn srwyM šw ṣū *śrū-: Av. srū-, sruuā- /srūy/ P. surū(n) slwbZ /srū/ zγyk P. azg twig qrn /karnā/ < Semitic 42. I ’z /az/ ’zw /azu/ ’’z, (n)’z aysu, aysä αζο *aźam: Av. azǝ̄ m mnM /man/ P. man 62 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments ’n(y) M /an/ 43. kill jsan- *ǰan- id., slay, strike > Av. gan-/ǰan- ’wzn-M ’wjn- (’wz’n wzn- *au̯ a-ǰ an- (Ch /ōzan-/ /ōžan-/ murder) 224–25) kwš-M *kauš- fight, kill: YAv. /kuš-, kōš- kuš- fight, struggle, P. kw(h) kuštan / kōšīdan kill š-ytnZ (Ch 251) /kō(x) šīdan/ ptγw’y- *hu̯ ah- strike, thresh : /patxwāy/ *pati-hu̯ ā̆ h-ai̯ a- ptwx’y- (Ch 141) /patuxāy/ ptyxw’y- /patixwāy/ zyt- cf. Sgd.ẓyt- to hit, strike 44. knee ‘šnwgM z’nwg z’n’wk z’nwk ysānū ?ζαν[ *źānu-(ka-) (R 93) /išnūg/ /zānūg/ /zānūk/ /zanūk/ P. zanū, Psh. zangūn z’nwkZ jnwwq Av. žnu-/zānu- /zānūg/ /žnuk/ 45. d’n-M,Z / z’n- /zān-/ (’)’z’n, z’n ζαν- *źanH- id.: Av. zā̆ n-, know dān-/ /(ā)zān/ P. dānistan pt’yz’n paysān- *πιζαν- *pati-źān- /patizān/ haysān- *fra-źān- ‘šn’s-M ‘šn’s- *xšnās-: OP. xšnā- id. /išnās-/ /išnās-/ Av. žnā- šn’s-Z f’šn’s- /šnās-/ /fāšnās/ *fra-xšnās- ‘zw’rdnM ’wzw’l-tnZ /uzwārdan/ frwd- *u̯ at- inspire, be /frawad-/ informed : *fra-u̯ at- (Ch 427) γrβ- /γa/ *grabH-: Ygh. γiriv id. ərβ/ (Ch 119–21) but-, buv- *baud- feel, sense: Av. baod- (Ch 14–15) pt(y)βyδ- *pati-baud- /patβēδ/ yw’ry- *u̯ ar(H)- choose, /wi-wā̆ r-/ convince; believe: Av. var- (Ch 420–21) 46. leaf wlgZ wrgr wrkr bāggara- *u̯ arka-: Av. varəka-, /warg/ /wargar/ /warkar/ P. barg (H 47; R 107) png pnc pl. to pārra- *parna-(ka-) /pannag/ *pnk perä, pirä Psh.. pā́ ṇa, pl. pā́ ṇi leaves, cf. Kh. pārra feather. foliage 47. lie sy-M s(’)y- ’sy- śśä- *saiH-: Av. saēte, Os. /say-/ /(ə)say-/ sæjun npd-Z nypδ- ’nbzy nuvad- *ni-padi̯ a-: *pad- to /nibay-/ /nipaδ/ fall nbstM Av. ni paiδiia-, Ygh. npstnZ něpid (Ch 287) /nibastan/ ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 63

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments 48. liver yklZ - gyagarrä *i̯ akr̥ (t): Av. yākarə /ǰagar/ P. ǰigar 49. long dgrM, dglZ drγ /darg/ (δrγyc adv. dāra- *darga- > Av. darəga- /dagr/ long time) dyrM /dēr/ P. dēr dglndZ P. dērand /dagrand/ dl’cZ P. dirāz /drāz/ βn /β/pan/ (bwlc’ (bwrz / βrz /βərz/ bulysa-, *br̥ źa- : *barz- be high /burz/ burz/ high) βrz’k βžk cf. *br̥ źaka- (Ch 12) high) balysga- high 50. ‘spyšM špšh /špiš/ sb’h, sp’h *śu̯ iš-: louse /ispiš/ /spăh/ Av. spiš- spyšZ P. šipiš, Ygh. šipuš /spiš/ ršk’ /rišk/ P. rišk, Psh. riča, Os. liskæ; OI. likṣā 51. man myrdM mrd mrt’y mrc, mrǰ μαρδο *marti̯ a-: /merd/ /mard/ /marti/ OP. martiya mltZ / Av. mašiia-̣ mard/ wyrM, wylZ *u̯ īra-: Av. vīra- /wīr/ nrwyrM (nr /nar/ *nar-: Av. nar- (R 46) /narwīr/ male) (nrM, nlZ male /nar/) δx /δax/ daha- *daha- 52. pwrMB / γrβ/f /γarf/ pha(ra-) (φαρδαρο *paru- many pur/ < *farγu < pharāka more; OP. paru- *faruwu further < Av. pauru-, pouru- *faru- OI. purú- tara-) wsM,Z /was/ ws /was/ OP. vasiy- many wsy(k)’l P. bas, Bal. gvas id. /wasyār/ P. comp. bisyār (H 50) ’ft’r *fratara-; /(ə)ftar/ cf. OI. pratara- šyyr /šēr/ tr’ypw /trē̆ pu/ (’)ck’m, cf. Khw. c’k full ǰk’m < co tvarai *ati-bar- : *bar- bring υαβισο *ha-bai-sah > Kh. haṃbīsa- heap or *ha-bus-ya- > P. ambōh multitude, much, many 53. meat pytM pyd /pid/ ’pt- /(ə)pət/ p6 flesh Av. pitu-, Os. fidflesh p(y)tZ food : OI. pitú- juice /pit/ *paH- to drink (Ch 289) y’ty, y’t’k Ygh. yōta /yātē/ 64 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments xw’r Khw. xw’ry- caus. feed : *h„ar- eat (Ch 147) gwštZ ggūśta *ga„-šti- produced /gōšt/ from bovine; cf. P. gōšt, Psh. γwašạ ; Av. gauu- cow 54. m’hM,Z m’h /māh/ m’γ(h)’, m’h mao, Av., OP. māh-, P. māh moon /māh/ m’x (myk māstä mauo, *mās-ti-: Psh. miyāst /māx/ month) maoo Yazg., Srk. māst ’dšm (’)xmyk *uxšm- /āyišm/ 55. kwfM, kwpZ kwf /kōf/ *kaupha-: OP. kaufa-, mountain /kōf/ P. kōh; Av. kaofa- mountain ridge glZ /gar/ γr /γar/ γr- /γar/ ga, garä-, γαρο *gari- > Av. gairi-, γrcyk / γrycyk ggari- geiro Ygh. γar (E 3, 191–93) γarčik/ of mountain 56. dhynM Av. zafan-/zafar- mouth /dahen/ Rachen zplZ daev. paś6uda P. dahān mouth /zafar/ *pati-zafta- P. zafar mouth (H 131, 147) rwmb rwβ /ruβ/ cf. Av. uruθβan belly, /rumb/ entrails kwc’(k) kūṣḍa < /kūčā(k)/ kauždači- -ā-kā- rγ’h /raγ/xā̆ / k’m *kāhman-: Os. k’am id., P. kām id., Gaumen (E 4, 169) ttāṃra *tur-na- ttura āha- * āh-: Av. āh-; OI. ās- 57. n’mM,Z / n’m /nām/ n’m /nām/ n’m(y)k nāma ναμο *nāman-: Av. nāman- name nām/ 58. neck gry(y)wM gry(y)w * grīu̯ ā-: Av. grīuuā-, glywZ /grīw/ P. girē, Psh. griva id. /grīw/ (H 203; E 3, 291) grdnM γrδ’k(h) γrδk gaḍaa- < *gart- turn (Ch gltnZ /γarδāk/ *gartaka- 110–11) /gardan/ gīsāra- P. gardan neck (H gesāra- < 201) *gr̥ t-s- Psh. γāṛa šδ’y, šδ’kw Av. ušaδā- /šaδē, Bezeichnung eines šaδāku/ Teils des Rückens mūṇūkä *manuka-; Av. manaoθrī-, OI. mányā- 59. new nwgM nw’g nw’k(w) (’)nwk, νωγο *nau̯ a-ka- nwkZ /nawāg/ /nawāk(u)/ nwyk /nōg/ nwyy / nūvara- *nau̯ a-tara-(ka-); Av. nawē/ naotara- comparative to nauua- 60. night šbM, špZ šb /šab/ ’γšp-,’xšp- ’x(y)b, xb ṣṣavā- χαβ- *xšapā- : Av. /šab/ /(ə)xšapā/ xšap(an)- ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 65

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments 61. nose wynygM Av. vaēnā- nose : wynykZ *u̯ ai(H)n- see (Ch /wēnīg/ 413) P. bīnī, Ku. bēn (H 60) n’wc nyc /nēč/ n’c, n’ǰ *nāhika-; Ygh. nays or /nāwiž/ < *nāca *nahi̯ a-čī- (B 190); cf. Av. nāh- ns /nas/ neśte < nns /nans/ *nāstī < *nāsn 62. not nyM ny n’ /nā/ n(y) na, ni, ne να, ναυο Av. nōit̰ & na, P. na /nē/ /nē/ n’y’, ny /nē/ ne m’ M /ma/ ?m’! m’ ma P. ma (imp., opt.) 63. one ’yw M /ēw/ yw /ēw/ ’yw, (‘)yw ’yw śśau m. ιωγο *ai„a-(ka-) ykM /yak/ /ē̆ w/ śśā f. > Av. aēuua- ’ywkZ /ēk/ P. -ē vs. yak 64. mrdwhmM mrdwhm mrtxmy(y) *mart- & *tauxman- person mltwmZ /mardōhm/ /martəxmē/ seed of man: P. /mardōhm/ mardum cf. Av. maša-̣ , mašiia-̣ tn, tnM,Z tn, tn also “body; self” /tan/ /tan/ P. tan ksM /kas/ P. kas person, somebody OP. kaščiy-, Av. kascit̰ somebody (H 190) ’γryw also “body” /(ə)γriw/ n’fc /nāfč/ naḍe *nr̥ tā(ṷā)h hv6nd- Av. aošah-uuaṇt- mortal Psh. ž’awai person 65. rain w’r’nM w’r’n w’r /wār/ w’r bāra *u̯ aHr-: Av. vār-, Psh. n. w’l’nZ /wārān/ wor, P. bārān (Ch /wārān/ 406f) 66. red swhrM (suraa- Av. suxra-, P., Os. surx swhlZ clean) Psh. sūr id. /suhr/ OI. śukr/lá- white rxt(y)k rraha < *raǰ- to colour, dye *raxva- (Ch 313–14) OI. rakta- red : raj- be r. klmyrZ krm’yr *kr̥ mira- (R 4, 391, /karmīr/ /karmir/ 401) qyrmyr Ygh. kimir; MP. > /kərmir/ Arm. karmir red; cf. Kroraina kremeru- red (B 435) : *kr̥ mi- worm mījī *m(a)ičīi̯ a-: OI. mécaka- dark-blue, black; or Hitt miti- red dravāśaṃ cf. MIr. derg red, dark, red OE. deorc dark rrusta- cf. Av. raoδita- id.; OI. róhita- rrvana *raudana-; cf. P. rōdan 66 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments hätänai Pt. ’ (’)hyd stain, hinai Av. an-āhitā-, glossed hiṃja by ZorPhl. avinast not defiled, OI.ásita- dark 67. road r’hM, l’sZ r’h /rāh/ r’δ(h), r’θ *ραυο in *rāθa- : raθa- /rāh/ /rāθ/ ωραυο carriage; companion cf. Av. raiθiia- path pndM,Z / pnd’n pnd’k / pada πανδαγο *pantā-(ka-) pand/ /pandān/ pyd’k pande *pantāh cf. Av. paṇti- & paθ(ā)- maśpa *amaxšya-pāda-, cf. Toch. B amäkṣa-, Gr. ἄμαξα chariot, ἀμαξιτός high road haspara *fra-spara- : Kh. spar- āspara- to trample, Av. spar- to tread < *sparH- (Ch 352) 68. root bwnM bwn orig. “base, bottom” /bun/ /bun/ lyškZ P. rēša root, fibre /rēšag/ H 142: P. rēše hair wyx /wēx/ wyγ(h), wyx bā(ga), *u̯ i̯ ākā; but cf. Os. /wēx, wix/ bāta-, wedagæ root bāvā- virä *u̯ ai- : vi- to twist? 69. gyrdM γwrs /γurs/ γyr’dyk Khw. γyr- sich round gltZ < *gar(t)su wenden; zurück /gird/ kehren < *gar- turn, wind (Ch 104–05) prγrs’y *garθ/s- (E 3, 203; Gh /pari-grs-/ 286 cites non-existing Av. gərəsna-) gesava Kh. gesti revolving < *gr̥ t-to (B 90; E 3, 203) ’skwrnkh Av. skarəna- /(ə)skurnē/ parbīra- *pari- + *bar- go over (Ch 294) ṣpaṭa- Wkh. peṭ, puṭ, Srk. peṭ, puṭ, pet id. 70. sand sygdMD sygd (šykth /šikt/ cγ, ǰγ siyatā- *sikatā- : OP. θikā, but /sigd/ /sigd/ gravel) OI. síkatā- (AV) with s- rygM, lykZ P. rēg, Ku. rīk id. /rēg/ (H 142) ’sngryzg /asangrēzag/ 71. say gw-M, (γwβ- (ggupha γοβ- *gaub-: OP. gaub- gwb-Z to praise) abuse) speak /gōw-/ P. guftan, gō(y)- say, gwptnM,Z speak (Ch 113–14) /guftan/ (w’c- M,Z w’c- ws- / *„ač- id.: Av. vāc- (Ch word) wassa/ 402) wy’wr-M wy’wr- *u̯ i̯ -ā-bar- : *bar- /wyāwar-/ /wyāwar-/ bring (Ch 8) ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 67

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments w’β /wāβ/ *u̯ ab/f- call: Av. uf- suppletive: sing wγt- /waγd/ (Ch 401) wγd’r /waγdār/ (hw’nZ hvan- *hu̯ an-: Av. xvan- to /xwān/ sound; OI. svan- id. call) (Ch 144–45) 72. see wy(y)n-M,Z wy(y)n- wyn- /wēn/ wyn- āvīda- he ο(ι)ην-, *u̯ ai(H)n-: Av. vaēn-, /wēn/ /wēn/ past stem sees < οιν- P. bīn-; OI. ven- look wyt- /w÷t/ *ā-vīnda for (Ch 412–13) dydM,Z / dyd /dīd/ δy- dai- : di- λιδο *dai-: Av. dai-; OI. dīd/ pp. seen (pret. āy- < dhyāti (Ch 48–50) pp. seen stem) *ā-day- tcäṣ- *čaśš-: Av. čaš- show, teach; OI. cakṣ- shine vajsäṣ- *au̯ a-čaš- (Ch 35) 73. seed twhm(g)M twxm tγm, txm ttīman- τοχμανο *tauxman- twmZ /tōxm/ /təxm/ Av. taoxman- /tōhm(ag)/ twxmy /tu/oxmē/ d’ngM d’ng δ’n /δān/ (dānā- *dāna-(ka-): Av. dāna- d’n(k)Z /dānag/ grain, corn, P. dāne corn, /dānag/ corn) seed OI. dhānā́- grain (E 2, 448f) cyhrM cyhr id., Av. čiθra-, OP. čiça- cyhl(k)Z nature, seed, origin (E 2, 259) /čihr(ag)/ relationship b’wg /bāwag/ kyšf’n /kišfān/ kšt’k kšt(y)k P. kišt < *kr̥ št- : *karš- sow (E 4, 308–10) ’δβ’nk /(ə)δβānk/ δβ’nk /(a)δβānē/ βyz’k’ bījä *bīźaka-: Par. bīz /bīze/ Saatkorn; OI. bı̄́ja- seed (E 2, 164f) 74. sit nšyd-M nšyd- n(y)st- /nist/ nyθ < näṣ6d- < *ni-šizd/šād- : *had- /nišīd-/ /nišīδ-/ nyδ- *ni-hĭda- *ni- id. /ni-hı̄̆δa/ šādaya- Av. nišhiδo : nišāδo : hiδ- sit (down) Ygh. nid, nīsta pršyδ-/ *pari-šizd- pšyd- /paršēδ/ āh- *HaHh-: Av. āh-, OI. ās- 75. skin crmM, clmZ crm crm, črm, tcārman- *čarman-: Av. carəman /čarm/ /čarm/ ǰrm Os. carm (E 2, 231) pwstM,Z / pwst(h) *paṷastā (R 104) pōst/ /pōst/ also “bark”; P. pōst id. (H 75); cf. *paus- dress, cover (Ch 303) 68 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments twcZ *tauča-: P. tōz, Ku. skin, bark töž; /tōz/ cf. OI. tvác- id. (EWAI I, 684) dwb’lZ /dawāl/ cha(vā-) OI. chavı̄́- id. chala (EWAI I, 557) ttanä *tani-; Os. tænæ loins häysä *iza-: Av. izaēna- made of skin, Psh. žai leather bag, Orm. īz skin-bag, Os. xizä net, veil kaṅga- Kh. kan- to cover 76. sleep xwptM xwsp- ’wβs-, hūs *au̯ a-hufsa- : *hu̯ ap/f- hwptnZ /xusp-/, w’βs- cf. Av. hufsa-, Ygh. ū̆ fs /xuft/ pp. xwft /ufs, ōfs/ *au̯ a-hufta- hwps-Z pf. ’wβt- /xuft/ /uβd, ōβd/ ūm- < *ava- *au̯ a-hu̯ af-na- humna- (Ch 145–47) s(’)y- also “to lie (down)” /say-/ 77. qwdkM *kauta-ka-: Av. small kwtkZ kutaka-P. kōdak (E 4, /kōdak/ 382)

kwc(k)Z P. kūčak /kūča(k)/ kmbM, kmZ k/qmbyg (comp. (knb less) *kamb-na-: Av. /kam(b)/ /kambīg/ knpy, kamna- kmbyy) (E 4, 193f) kyhM, ksZ ’ks- (’k(y)s- *kaś-: Av. kasu- id., /keh/ /(ə)kasē/ meagre) κασοκο P. keh (E 4, 331f; Ch 247) qwwkM,Z /kūk/ nsng Z /nihang/ hwz’rkM ’wc’lkZ /ōzārak/ k/qšwdg /kašūdag/ rngs rynczk (rnc light) (raysga- *ranǰ-: Av. rəṇjiiah- /rangas/ /rinčik/ light, comp. light, Psh. swift) rangai zn(y)k ’ndqM ’ndg ’ndkZ /andag/ /andaq/ gšnkZ gyšng šn’’k(h) jse̮ iṇa- < /gišnag/ /gišnag/ /šnāk/ *ǰašna- (Tumšuq: tsänakai of insect) ttaṃga- *tanaka-; Os. tænæg small, thin thin, small ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 69

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments ñaḍa *ni-arta- ground down Bal. hūrt < *hu- artaka- bata-, *u̯ ata-(ka-); MP. wt bad baka vatak worse, P. bad, Bal. gwat bad maśā cf. Lit. mãžas id. vanda- Bal. gwand short Av. ūna- incomplete, less < *Hu̯ aH- OI. ūná- deficient (Ch 204) valaka from **(H)u̯ ard- grow? vilaka- (Ch 208) vitka y., small ṣṣīka, *fšari̯ a-ka-: MP. ṣīrka pafšīr- to press 78. dwdM dwd /dūd/ δwd *dūta-: P. dūd smoke dwtZ (R 94; Ch 68) n. /dūd/ pzt /pazd/ *pazd- to smoke: Os. fæzdæg, Ygh. paysd n. (Ch 304) dumä OI. dhūma- (cf. Ch 68) 79. ‘yst-’dn M ‘(y)št- stā- (stado *staH-: Av. stā- id., set stand ’st’tn Z /išt-/ entstand) (Ch 358) /ēstādan/ ’wyšt’dnM ’wyšt- ’wšt- /ōšt/ viṣt *au̯ a-hišta-: Ygh. ūšt ’wšt-’tnZ /awišt-/ w’št /wāšt/ *au̯ a-a-hišta- /awištādan/ p’y-M (p’δ’y *pād- ”stand” : *pāda- p’d-Z / standing, foot (Ch 305) pāy-/ on foot) P. pāyistan stand, wait 80. star ‘st’rgM ’st’rg ’st’r’k, ’stry ’st’rk stāraa- *stāraka-: Psh. stōrai st’lkZ /astārag/ /(ə)stārē/ Orm. starrak /(i)stārag/ Av. star- ’strM /astar/ stl /star/ ’xtrM ’htlZ /axtar/ ’nγr, ’nxr *ana-har- /anxar/ 81. sngZ ’sn(n)g sng, snk, snk saṃgga- asagge,-i *aśanga-: Av. asəṇga- stone /asang/ snq /sang/ (R 47) wymM / wym /wēm/ (bīma- *u̯ aima-: Av. vaēma- wēm/ rock) rock, cleft, Arm. lw. (wymZ vēm stone, rock rock) didiya Shug. δi- be thrown; OI. didyú- missile (B 158) garṣva pl. OI. gharṣati rub or Av. zarštuua- stone? 70 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments gaḍä ?*u̯ arta-: P. lāža-vard lapis lazuli 82. sun xwrM γwr, xwr ’x(y)r, xyr *h(u)u̯ ar-/*h(u)u̯ an- hwlZ /xwar/xur/ Av. huuarə / xvan- id. /xwar/ γwyr, xwyr (E 3, 438f) /xuwər/ xōyr/ myhr M myhr / myr /mē/īr/ miiro, miri *miθra-: YAv. miθra- mtr Z mihr/ miuro, god of contract /mihr/ meiro urmaysda *ahura-mazdāh 83. ‘šn’z-M sn’c (sn’y- wash, *snaH-: Ygh. sinōy, swim šn’c-ytnZ /snāž-/ bathe / Os. najun swim, P. /išnāz-/ snāy/) (haysnāta- šinā(w) fsn’y- washed) *fra-snāi̯ a- (Ch 348) /f(a)snāy/ wz- 84. tail dwmbgM dwmb δwm(ph) δwm dumaa- *dumba-(ka-): Av. dwm(b)Z /dumb/ /δum(b)/ duma-, Bal. dumb(ak), /dumb(ag)/ P. dum, Os. dumäg pcyk Khw. pc hinten 85. that . h’nM /hān/ n’ ’nZ /ān/ ’wyM /ōy/ hw (’)γw, xw(w) *hau̯ : /hō/haw/ /xō/ OAv. huuō, YAv. hāu, γ’, x’ f. /xā/ OP. hauv; cf. OI. a-sáu γwn(’)γ, xwnx, hwnx /xōnax/ xwny(y) /xōnē/ ’wn’(k)w /ōn(ak)u/ w- /ō, ū̆ οο *au̯ a-: ww /(a)wu/ OP. ava-, Av. auua- acc. OP. avam, Av. aom w’n’(k) f. /wānā(k)/ wny(y) *au̯ aina /wene/ wyny(y) *au̯ ana /wē̆ ne/ wyδ /wēδ/θ/ ttara *ta-tara- or *taθra- ttāra- *ta-tāra- 86. this ‘ymM, ’mZ ‘ym /im/ ’m’ /əma/ ma-, mai, εiμo, amo *a/ii̯ am: OP. iyam /im/ mū Av. aiiə̄ m, OI. ayám mw /mu/ acc. *imam: Av. iməm, OP. imam; OI. imám mwn’(k)w /mun(ak)u/ ’yn M /ēn/ ’yny(y), ny(n) -eino *aina-(ka-): ’yn’k /ēnē/i/ P. īn ’yd M /ēd/ (’)yδ /ēδ/ ειδο *aita-: Av. aēta-, OP. aita- ‘ymyδ / imēδ/ γyδ, xyδ /x-ēδ/ ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 71

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments (’)šw /(ə)šu/ ṣa- *aiša: Av. aēša-; OI obl. tta- eṣa ’tw /at(u)/ acc.m. *tam: OAv. tə̄ m; OI. tám tyδ το, τι ’w /avu/ *au̯ am yw /yu/ (ι)εio *ai̯ am, OP. iyam ywn’k/y /yō/ūnē/ 87. thou twM tw /tū, tō/ tγw /t(ə)xu/ (’w)tk thu το(ο)ι *tū / *tuṷam: Av. tū / /tū, tō/ tw /tō/ τοουο tuuə̄ m, OP. tuvam; P. tu 88. ‘zw’nM ‘zb’n ’zb’(’)k, zb’k zβ’k, zf’k biśā *hiźu̯ ā-(ka-): (E 3, tongue /izwān/ /izβān/ /(ə)zβāk/ 403f) ’wzw’nZ Av. hizuuā-, Os. ævzag /uzwān/ P. zabān 89. tooth dnd’nM,Z dnd’n δnt’(k) dandaa- *danta-(ka-); Ygh. /dandān/ /dandān/ /δand`(k)/ dindak, Os. dændag d’tZ /dād/ Av. dātā- & daṇtan- (E 2, 329–331) γ(y)š *gastra-: *gah- to gorge Psh. γāš ̣id. (Ch 93) ysīmä pl. Av. zamb- zermalmen : *zamb- open the mouth (Ch 463), OI. jámbha- tooth 90. tree d’rwM / d’lwg *dāru-(ka-): Av. dāru/ /dālūg/ dāuru- stem of tree, d’lZ /dār/ wood, P. dār id., tree (H 116) drxtM drxt P. diraxt id. (H 121) dl’htM /draxt/ /draxt/ wnZ /wan/ wn /wan/ wn- /wan/ wn(y)k banhya- Av. van- id., Psh. wǝ́na wn’kh id., P. bun (H 52); /wanāk/ OI. van- ’βr’γ ttīla Os. tala young tree, OI tarú- tree; or *tarθri̯ a- 91. two dwM dw ’δw /(ə) (’)δw, ’δyw duva, dva λοο(ι), λοι *duu̯ a- > Av. duua- /dō/ /dō/ δwa/ dbo (E 2, 481) δw’ /δwā̆ / 92. walk šw-(dn)M šw- /šaw-/ šw- /šaw/ tsa-, tsv- þαο(ι)- *či̯ au-: Av. š́iiauu-, OP. šwb-Z Tumshuq š(i)yava-, P. šudan; OI. /šaw-/ ccha- cyav- (Ch 41; R 125) rw-M, rwbZ *Hrab/f-: P. raftan/ /raw-/ rav- Ku. roy- id. (Ch 184) prnpt M *fra-nam- : *nam- to prnm- M bend, bow (Ch 280) plnptn Z /franaftan/ /franam-/ nw- /naw-/ *nau- move (Ch 284) nwy- /niway-/ γr-, x(y)r- xr- *xar-: Ku. her- id. /xar-/ (Ch 443–44) ’’γ’yr-, ’xyr- /āxē̆ r/ 72 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments ’nšpr- *ni-spar-: *spar- /anšpar/ tread, kick (Ch 352) (’)y- jsā- *gaH-: Av. gā- (Ch 93) dram- *dram- run: OI. dram- (Ch 75) υαχσ- Pt. hxs- to follow < *hač- id. (Ch 124) gado ging *gata- : Av. gata- : gam- 93. grmM grm / γrm /γarm/ γrmnd garma- *garma- : *gar- heat warm glmZ / garm/ grāma- (Ch 105) Av. garəma-, garm/ OP. garma-, Ygh. γarm 94. ’b M, ’p Z ’b /āb/ ’’p, ’p, ’b *’b ū, ūtca < αββο *āp-/*ap- (E 1, 311f): water /āb/ /āp, āβ/ *apačā- Av. āp- cwb, ǰwb P. ǰōb nīrä OI. nīra- water Aškun nīl lake 95. we ’m’(h)M ’m’(h) m’γ(w), m’x buhu, gen. *ahmākam >Av. /amāh/ /amāh/ /māx(u)/ muhu, αμαχο ahmākəm, OP. maha amāxam, P. mā mβy dat. *ahmabi̯ ā > Av. ahmaiβiiā 96. what cyM cy, tšy ’cw /(ə)ču/ ’c(y), c acc. *čim > Av. čı̄̆m /če, čē/ /če, čē/ cw /čū̆ / ci, cä, cu gen. *čahi̯ ā > čahiiā nom.-acc. ntr. *čit > čit̰ kd’mM kd’m kt’’m Av. katāma- kt’mZ /kadām/ /katām/ who (of many) /kadām/ 97. ‘spydM ‘spyd ’sp’yt / sbydyk, śśīta- *śu̯ aita- (R 95, 129) white spytZ /(i) /ispēd/ əspēt/ spydyk Av. spaēta-, P. safēd spēd/ sp(y)ty / spē̆ tē/ ’lws Z /arus/ 98. who ky, qyM ky, qy ’ky /(ə)kē/ (’)ky ce, kye ka gen. *kahi̯ ā > Av. /kē/ /kē/ ky /kē/ kahiiā, P. kī (R 94) ky(y)’ /kyā/ kt’l Z /kadār/ 99. znM,Z /zan/ jn /žan/ ζινο *ǰanı̄̆-: Av. jə̄ ni-, jaini- woman (E 4, 141f) n’(y)lyk Z /nārīg/ ’ync, ‘ync, *yaunika-: ynch Ygh. inč, ēnč /i/ēnč/ stryc strīyā- Av. strī- wife /strī/ēč/ δyn /δīn/ (dīnū- *dainu-: Av. daēnu- cow) female of animal OI. dhenú- cow, female (E 2, 447f) (wywgM w(y)δ *ṷadū-: cf. Sgd. wδ-w /wayōg/ wife, Av. vadū- wife, bride) OI. vadhū- bride ON CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE IRANIAN LANGUAGES (PRELIMINARY REPORT) 73

etymological MPers. Parth. Sogd. Khwar. Khot. Bactr. comments maṇḍe B 322: *mantii̯ ā < *makantii̯ ā- : Av. maēk- P. makīdan to suck majṣī cf. Kh. majsā boy; Av. mijse̮ maγauua- unmaried or *mazišī-, cf. OI. mahiṣī- lady, queen < great one f.; Emmerick & Skjærvø 1997, 123–24: *miždušakī- gnädige (Frau)” : OI. mīḍhuṣı̄́ - 100. zlt Z /zard/ zyrt’k zrd(y)k ysīḍai *źarita- (R 151) yellow /zērtē/ f. ysīca- Av. zairita- ysarūna- Ygh. zērta id. y., red gvā- *gauvaka-; cf. Bal. gōraγ grey, white

Abbreviations: ahur. ahuric, Av. Avestan, Arm. Armenian, B = Bailey 1979, Bal. Baluchi, Brt. Bar- tangi, Ch = Cheung 2007, daev. daevic, E Ėtimologičeskij slovaŕ iranskix jazykov 1–4, EIran. East Iranian, Georg. Georgian, Gr. Greek, H = Horn 1893, Hitt. Hittite, Iran. Iranian, Kh. Khotanese, Khw. Khwarezmian, Ku. Kurdic, Lat. Latin, Lit. Lithuanian, M = Manichaean Middle Persian by MacKenzie 1971, Boyce 1977, Durkin-Meisterernst 2004, MIr. Middle Irish, MP. Middle Persian, O Old, OE Old English, OHG Old High German, OI. Old Indic, OP. Old Persian, Orm. Ormuri, Os. Ossetic, P. Persian, Par. Parachi, Psh. Pashto, Pt. Parthian, R Rastorgueva 1990, Sgd. Sogdian, Sgl. Sanglechi, Shug. Shughni, Skt. Sanskrit, Srk. Sarikoli, Wkh. Wakhi, Y Young, Yazg. Yazghulami, Ygh. Yaghnobi, Z = Zoroastrian Middle Persian by MacKenzie 1971, ZorPhl. Zoroastrian Pahlavi.

REFERENCES

Bailey, Harold W. 1979. Dictionary of Khotan Saka. Cambridge: University Press. Benzing, Johannes. 1983. Chwarezmischer Wortindex. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Boyce, Mary. 1977. A Word-list of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian. Leiden: Brill (Acta Iranica, Troisième série, Volume II – Supplément). Cheung, Johnny. 2007. Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. Leiden-Boston: Brill. Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond. 2004. Dictionary of Manichaean Texts, Vol. III: Texts from Central Asia and China edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams, Part 1: Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian. Turnhout (Belgium): Brepols. Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond. 2010. Khwarezmian. In: The Iranian Languages, ed. by Ger- not Windfuhr. London-New York: Routledge, 336–376. Emmerick, Ronald E. 2010. Khotanese and Tumshuqese. In: The Iranian Languages, ed. by Gernot Windfuhr. London-New York: Routledge, 377–415. Emmerick, R. E. & Skjærvø, P. O. 1997. Studies in the Vocabulary of Khotanese, III. Wien: Ös- terreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 651. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, ed. by Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International 2009. Online version: Ėtimologičeskij slovaŕ iranskix jazykov, 1–4, ed. Vera S. Rastorgueva (1–3) & Džoj I. Ėdeľ- man (1–4). Moskva: Vostočnaja literatura 2000, 2003, 2007, 2011. 74 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK

EWAI Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen, I-III, von Manfred Mayrhofer. Heidel- berg: Winter 1986f. Gharib, B. 1995. Sogdian Dictionary (Sogdian-Persian-English). Tehran: Farhangan. Horn, Paul. 1893. Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie. Strassburg: Trübner. Jaxontov, Sergei E. 2006. Leksikostatističeskaja klassifikacija iranskix jazykov. In: Indo- iranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovych situacij: k 75–letiju so dnja roždenija Aleksandra Leonoviča Grjunberga, red. M. N. Bogoljubov. Sankt Peterburg: Nauka, 93–101. Korn, Agnes. 2005. Towards a Historical Grammar of Balochi. Wiesbaden: Reichert. MacKenzie, D. N. 1971. A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press. NEVP A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto, by Georg Morgenstierne, compiled by J. Elfenbein, D. N. MacKenzie & N. Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden: Reichert. Rastorgueva, Vera S. 1990. Sravniteľno-istoričeskaja grammatika zapadnoiranskix jazykov: Fonologija. Moskva: Nauka. Sims-Williams, Nicholas. 1989. Bactrian. In: Compendium Linguarum Iranicum, ed. by Rüdiger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 230–235. Sims-Williams, Nicholas. 2007. Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan II: Letters and Buddhist Texts. London: The Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions. Sokolova, Valentina S. 1967. Geneticeskie otnosenija jazgulamskogo jazyka i šugnanskoj jazykovoj gruppy. Leiningrad: Nauka. Sokolova, Valentina S. 1973. Geneticeskie otnosenija mundžanskogo jazyka i sugnano-jazgul- jamskoj jazykovoj gruppy. Leiningrad: Nauka. Sundermann, Werner. 1989a. Mittelpersisch. In: Compendium Linguarum Iranicum, ed. by Rü- diger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 138–164. Sundermann, Werner. 1989b. Parthisch. In: Compendium Linguarum Iranicum, ed. by Rüdiger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 114–137. Yoshida, Yutaka. 2010. Sogdian. In: The Iranian Languages, ed. by Gernot Windfuhr. London – New York: Routledge, 279–335.

Acknowledgement: The present study was prepared thanks to the grant of the The Czech Science Foundation (GAČR), P406/12/0655. The author would like to express his thanks to Ilya Yakubovich for his help with inaccessible sources.

Václav Blažek Department of Linguistics and Baltic Studies Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Arna Nováka 1 602 00 Brno Czech Republic