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The Moral Theology of Kenneth Kirk, Bishop of Oxford Studies In The Moral Theology of Kenneth Kirk, Bishop of Oxford Studies in its Development, Application and Influence by George Garnsey, M.A. Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2012 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made to the text. I give consent to this copy of my thesis, when deposited in the University Library, being made available for loan and photocopying subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. …………………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has benefited from formal supervision provided by Dr David Dockrill, Dr John Wright and Dr Joseph Mintoff. I am especially grateful to Dr Mintoff for his substantial assistance given to me in the latter stages of the completion of the thesis. I am immensely grateful to my wife, Jan, who typed the thesis from my longhand script which is extremely difficult to read at the best of times. CHAPTER 1 THE LIFE OF KIRK For its entry on Kenneth Escott Kirk (1886–1954) the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography1 has drawn on the work of Kirk’s own biographer, the Revd Canon (subsequently The Rt Revd Bishop) Eric Kemp2 who knew Kirk personally as his pupil at Oxford, as a priest of the Diocese of Oxford, and as son-in-law. Kirk was born on 21 February, 1886, the eldest child of Frank Herbert Kirk and his wife, Edith Escott. His grandfather John Kirk was a well–known Wesleyan Methodist minister in the neighbourhood and Kirk was baptised at the Wesley Chapel, Fulwood Road, Sheffield. When he was about twelve years old his family joined the Church of England and he was subsequently brought up as an Anglican.3 Kirk was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Sheffield, and at St John’s College, Oxford, where he was a Cusberd scholar. He took first class in honour moderations (1906) and in literae humaniores (1908). In 1909 while working for the Student Christian Movement he was given responsibility for looking after oriental students in London. From 1910 to 1912 he was warden of the University College Hall at Ealing, and assistant to the Professor of Philosophy at University College, London. He was ordained deacon in 1912 and priest in 1913 and was curate of Denaby Main, Yorkshire from 1912 to 1914. In 1913 he was awarded the Denyer and Johnson scholarship and the following year was made tutor of Keble College, Oxford, although the outbreak of the First World War prevented him from coming into residence until 1919. During the war he served as a chaplain to the forces in France and Flanders, and his experiences led to the publication of his first book, A Study of Silent Minds, in 1918, and directed his thoughts to the subject of moral theology.4 After the war Kirk returned to Oxford, and in 1919 was elected a prize fellow of Magdalen, which office he held, together with his tutorship at Keble, until he was appointed fellow and chaplain of Trinity in 1922. In 1920 he 1 Ed by H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, Oxford University Press, 2004, Vol.31 pp 772-4. 2 E.W. Kemp, The Life and Letters of Kenneth Escott Kirk, Hodder and Stoughton, London (1959). 3 E.W. Kemp, op.cit., p.9. 4 E.W. Kemp, op.cit., pp 12-32. 3 published Some Principles of Moral Theology, to be followed in 1925 and 1927 by its two sequels, Ignorance, Faith and Conformity, and Conscience and its Problems. The study of moral theology which flourished in England in the seventeenth century had in the two succeeding centuries been much neglected; in Canon Kemp’s view, Kirk’s three books were pioneer works which did much to revive interest in the subject in the Church of England. Kirk became Reader in Moral Theology in 1927 and succeeded R.L. Ottley as Regius Professor of Moral and Pastoral Theology and Canon of Christ Church , to which titles he succeeded in 1933.5 Kirk believed that Christian ethics and moral theology necessarily are based on Christian faith expressed in Christian doctrine. “The first business of Christian ethics is to enumerate the main duties of a Christian in normal circumstances”.6 In 1928 Kirk delivered the Bampton Lectures which were published in 1931 under the title The Vision of God. This is generally considered his greatest book and is a work of immensely wide learning and insight. What “drives” Kirk is his passionate desire to affirm that the Christian Gospel is good news for all people, and that Christian faith and life taken together amount to a way of freedom and promise, not of law, available and accessible to all people. This is an essential theme of his work, The Vision of God, subtitled The Christian Doctrine of the summum bonum, (the greatest, or highest, good). He also contributed essays on subjects of dogmatic theology to the volumes Essays Catholic and Critical (1926) and Essays on the Trinity and the Incarnation (1928) and in 1935 published a volume of highly characteristic sermons under the title of The Fourth River. He took the degrees of B.D. in 1922 and D.D. in 1926.7 In 1921 Kirk married Beatrice Caynton Yonge Radcliffe, (d. 1934), daughter of Francis Reynolds Yonge Radcliffe, county court judge of the Oxfordshire circuit. They had three daughters and two sons; their elder son was Sir Peter Michael Kirk (1928–1977), a Conservative politician.8 5 E.W. Kemp. The Life and Letters of Kenneth Escott Kirk, pp 54, 57-58. 6 K.E. Kirk, Principles, p.32. 7 E.W. Kemp, op.cit., p.59. 8 E.W. Kemp, op.cit., p.48. 4 In addition to his academic distinctions Kirk was an active and influential tutor and college chaplain, and also played an important part in university administration. In 1921 he was appointed controller of lodgings in the university and in the course of the next few years he built up this office into a system of supervising and licensing lodgings which was of great benefit to the undergraduates.9 On the resignation of T.B. Strong, Kirk was appointed Bishop of Oxford. He was consecrated in St Paul’s Cathedral on 30 November 1937, and enthroned at Christ Church on 8 December. The exceptionally large diocese taxed his powers of administration to the full. It covered the three counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Berkshire. So that permanent Episcopal care might be provided for each of the three counties, Kirk secured the appointment of a suffragan bishop in each county. Kirk had inherited his father’s business ability and he gave particular attention to the finances of the diocese.10 As Bishop of Oxford, Kirk managed to retain a much closer touch with the life of the university than had any of his recent predecessors. He was a delegate of Oxford University Press, honorary fellow of St John’s and Trinity Colleges, president of the Oxford University Church Union and a much sought-after preacher in the University Church, college chapels and other churches frequented by undergraduates. During the latter part of his episcopate he held every term a simple and informal confirmation service for members of the university, at which his characteristically original and carefully thought-out addresses always made a deep impression. Shortly before becoming a bishop he published a valuable Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (1937); in 1939 he edited and contributed to the volume called The Study of Theology and in 1946 he published a small book on the Church Dedications of the Oxford Diocese.11 As well as being an administrator and a figure in academic life, Kirk was very much a pastoral bishop. He had a singular gift for adapting his style of preaching to widely differing congregations; at parochial gatherings he made a point of speaking individually to as many people as he could, and all to whom he 9 E.W. Kemp, The Life and Letters of Kenneth Escott Kirk, p.47. 10 E.W. Kemp, op.cit., p.75. 11 E.W. Kemp, op.cit., p134f. 5 spoke felt that he was interested in them as persons. He liked to attend clerical gatherings not as Bishop of Oxford but as Dr Kirk who had come to discuss common problems with fellow priests. Throughout the whole diocese he inspired a deep affection.12 In the church at large Kirk’s episcopate was remarkable in a number of ways. In 1938 he became chairman of the advisory council on religious communities in the Church of England which had been set up a few years before to help the bishops and the communities in a variety of problems which arose in their relationships. The communities trusted him deeply, and he was able to perform a unique work of integrating them into the general life of the Church of England. The Directory of the Religious Life which was first published in 1943 was compiled under his immediate supervision.13 Kirk’s connection with the Woodard schools dated from 1924, and he had shown his usefulness to such an extent that early in 1937, before his nomination as Bishop of Oxford, he was elected provost of the southern division. He felt obliged, on account of other work, to resign this office in 1944, but two years later he became the first president of the entire Woodard corporation.
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