ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No. Content Page No.
1 Editorial - Chief Editor’s Desk 3
2 Editorial –2 - Issue Editor’s Premise 4
3 World's Largest Projects: Jubail II 5
4 Three Gorges Dam 8
5 Glass Bridge 10
6 Delta works 12
7 Gateshead Millennium Bridge 14
8 Civil in Aviation 16
9 Hundred Dragons Elevator 18
10 U-Shaped Skyscraper 20
Japanese Earthquake Resistance and Seismic 11 22 Isolation Technologies
12 Hoover Dam 25
13 Golden Gate Bridge 27
14 Activities 29
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 2 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology
EDITORIAL - Chief Editor’s Desk
Dear Readers,
Civil engineering is one of the core branches of Engineering. The scope of civil engineering is so vast that it is has become a versatile branch nowadays. Civil Engineering is an evergreen branch whose scope is increasing with the passage of time. It was prevalent in mid of last century and even now the scope is wide. Civil engineering branch is the backbone of engineering. Civil Engineering can be further sub divided into a number of branches which justifies its broad field.
With the advent of research oriented studies, civil engineering has become a key subject which is producing marvels. Moreover the civil engineering is foremost as far as aesthetics are concerned. This edition of ACME focuses mainly on mar- vels of civil engineering which depicts the significance of civil engineering in modern times. I hope readers will enjoy this edition as our faculty members and students have prepared it with full dedication.
Dr. Vikrant Sharma Professor and Associate Dean Faculty of Engineering and Technology, GNA University
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 3 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology
EDITORIAL –2 - Issue Editor’s Premise
Dear Readers,
Civil engineering has been ruling since the ancient times and this trend is prevalent even nowadays. The scope is so wide that it is further divided into braches such as structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transporta- tion engineering, environmental engineering and hydraulics. Astounding struc- tures are a result of research oriented approach towards civil engineering which are truly the illustrations of blend of innovation with technology. The miraculous structures not only resist the heavy loading, but at the same time are economical.
The structures are now built with new designs all over the world. The global scope of civil engineering has diverted several engineering interests towards the civil engineering. Civil construction is very unique and astonishing these days and some of the demonstrations are presented in this edition. We hope that readers will cherish this edition.
Mr. Hardev Singh & Mr. Harpinder Pal Singh Assistant Professor Faculty of Engineering and Technology, GNA University
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 4 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology
World's Largest Projects: Jubail II
Creating one of the world's greatest industrial city on Jubail, is not an easy task. Jubail Indus- trial City, which was built more than three decades ago will double its size once completed during 2016. A cost of $80 billion for infrastructure works only, Jubail II will be the largest civil engineering project of the world. Jubail Industrial II construction is a multi-billion dollar industrial city aiming to create social benefits and to strengthen petrochemical industry. This project will double the size of the Jubail Industrial City by 6,200 hectares. With more than 20,000 workers during its peak season and investing more that $4 billion in infrastructure, the area will be turned into a large industrial park, larger than what it is right now. The work encompasses miles and miles of roads, utilities, water, wastewater and all re- quired infrastructure. But that's not all, at least $18 billion dollars are being designed to build the industrial city, extending from the existing industrial park to Kuwait-Ras Ta- nura corridor. The construction process is so large and wide that the project has been broken into four phases. Over 50,000 residential units will be added by 2026 as part of the expansion process. The RCJY has asked Bechtel, which handled Jubail 1, to manage Jubail II.
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 5 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology
The proposed transportation system consists of a six lane highway between Jubail and Dammam. This highway is considered as the main commercial area within the project creat- ing a strong and efficient communication systems will all project components. Hundreds of roads and paths have been created leading to smaller towns and areas within the project. In total more than 530 miles and 60 bridges were build during the construction phase. The pro- ject has been carefully planned many decades ago and it has been developed taking into con- sideration and around massive oil lines that were installed years before the industrial devel- opment started construction. The total project cost can fluctuate even higher to accommodate changes and requests to expand its operations.
Jubail II Rail and Roads
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Over 1,900 hectares will be developed during the process and a combination of tunnels, high- ways and superstructures that will create an unobstructed path to development and the mining industry. The earthwork process will require to move more than 30 million cubic meters of aggregates, along with the installation of almost 16 feet diameter pipelines to carry water from the sea into the industrial facilities at a rate of 200,000 cu m per hour.
Another one of the amazing structures is the desalination plant that will process 800,000 cubic meters of water for cities in the Eastern Province, as well as generate 2,750 megawatts of electricity. The area also includes two large ports, built on an artificial harbor protected by 11 miles of breakwater. Bechtel acting on behalf of the managers of the project indicated that 'The development also comprises a 5.6-mile-by-984-foot (9 kilometer-by-300 meter) cause- way, with a four-berth open-sea tank terminal, a dry-bulk terminal with nine berths, a service quay, and a module-import facility―all built under contracts to the Saudi Ports Authority.
Mr. Jaspreet Singh Chana Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 7 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Three Gorges Dam The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW). In 2012, the amount of electricity the dam generated was similar to the amount generated by the Itaipu Dam. Except for a ship lift, the dam project was completed and fully functional as of July 4, 2012, when the last of the main turbines in the underground plant began produc- tion. Each main turbine has a capacity of 700 MW. The dam body was completed in 2006. Coupling the dam's 32 main turbines with two smaller generators (50 MW each) to power the plant itself, the total electric generating capacity of the dam is 22,500 MW. However, the dam flooded archaeological and cultural sites and displaced some 1.3 million people, and is causing significant ecological changes, including an increased risk of landslides. The dam has been a controversial topic both domestically and abroad. Made of concrete and steel, the dam is 2,335 m long and the top of the dam is 185 meters above sea level.
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The project used 27.2 million cubic meters of concrete (mainly for the dam wall), 463,000 tonnes of steel (enough to build 63 Eiffel Towers) and moved about 102.6 million cubic me- ters of earth. The concrete dam wall is 181 meters high above the rock basis. When the water level is at its maximum of 175 meters above sea level, which is 110 meters higher than the river level downstream, the dam reservoir is on average about 660 kilometers in length and 1.12 kilometers in width. It contains 39.3 km3 of water and has a total surface area of 1,045 square kilometers. On completion, the reservoir flooded a total area of 632 square kilometers of land, compared to the 1,350 square kilometers of reservoir created by the Itaipu Dam. Pow- er generation is managed by China Yangtze Power, a listed subsidiary of China Three Gorges Corporation (CTGC) a Central Enterprise SOE administered by SASAC. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest capacity hydroelectric power station with 34 generators: 32 main generators, each with a capacity of 700 MW, and two plant power gener- ators, each with capacity of 50 MW, making a total capacity of 22,500 MW. Among those 32 main generators, 14 are installed in the north side of the dam, 12 in the south side, and the re- maining six in the underground power plant in the mountain south of the dam. The expected annual electricity generation will be over 100 TWh. The government estimated that the Three Gorges Dam project would cost 180 billion Yuan (US$22.5 billion). By the end of 2008, spending had reached 148.365 billion Yuan, among which 64.613 billion Yuan was spent on construction, 68.557 billion Yuan on relocating af- fected residents, and 15.195 billion Yuan on financing. It was estimated in 2009 that the con- struction cost would be recovered when the dam had generated 1,000 terawatt- hours (3,600 PJ) of electricity, yielding 250 billion Yuan. Full cost recovery was thus ex- pected to occur ten years after the dam started full operation, but the full cost of the Three Gorges Dam was recovered by December 20, 2013
Mr. Harpinder Pal Singh Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 9 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology Glass Bridge
This is the world’s longest, highest, pedestrian glass bridge – and it has a deck just 60 centi- meters thick. But don’t worry: even though it hangs 300 meters above the Zhangjiajie Nation- al Park in the Hunan province of southern China, the 375-meter-long construction is deemed perfectly safe to walk across. "We drove a 40 ton truck over one of the glass panels, and the deflection was only 2.16 cm,” says Haim Dotan, the Tel Aviv-based architect behind the project. “But this was not enough. So we invited people to take hammers to the bridge, hammering the glass for five minutes. Under these heavy blows only the top layer shattered – the bottom two remained intact.” The walkway cost 460 million yuan (£48 million) to construct and is made from a triple layer of 50 mm 12m2 glass panes. The bridgeitself is built from steel girders filled with reinforced cement, and Dotan says its 2,200 tonne weight helps pedestrians feel at ease: “They feel like they are walking on solid ground.”
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Fifty glass balls, each weighing around 500 kg, have been placed on the surface of the bridge to resist vibrations. Two large water reservoirs suspended beneath the span further dampen any movement. Dotan’s original design called for glass handrails, but simulations showed that wind speed in the valley could reach 56 meters a second, hitting the rails like a sail and destabilizing the bridge. Instead, steel poles were used, allowing the wind to pass through; by bending these and the rail atop them, the team found that they could break up the rhythm of groups of people walking on the bridge, helping to prevent the development of resonant vibrations, a phenome- non that troubled London’s Millennium Bridge when it first opened. After 18 months of construction, the bridge opened in August last year and will allow for
sightseeing and, of course, bungie jumping. Work is also underway on a 3,000-seat amphithe- ater alongside the bridge, with plans for fashion shows and music concerts to be held on the six-meter span.
Mr. Hardev Singh Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 11 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology Delta work
The Delta Works protects a large area of land around the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta from the sea. Delta Works is a very complicated collection of locks, sluices, channels, bridges, slides, dams, dikes, storm surge barriers and gates working together.
The aim of the dams, sluices, and storm surge barriers was to shorten the Dutch coastline, thus reducing the number of dikes that had to be raised. This dam consists of several strings of gates and their massive supporting pylons which, in normal weather, allow tidal sea waters to ebb and flow in the Eastern Schelde estuary, thus benefiting the fish, bird life and the local fisheries. The four great estuaries in the south-western Netherlands should be closed with dams. These closures should be done in a special order because of tidal movements of ship- ping and fishing, this guarantees for the economy of the country.
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The piers support 300- to 500-ton steel gates and their hydraulic machinery, as well as a road- way above and load-bearing beams below. Three kilometers long, this anti-tempest dam is constituted of 65 pillars between which one can slide 62 iron flood-gates
The height of one pillar is 38 meter and its weight 18.000 tons. When the sea becomes danger- ous, one hour is enough to lower the flood gates. This system affords to keep 75% of the tide amplitude as well as the fishing industry, the breed of mussels and oysters and above all, the unique eco-system of the Biesbosch.
One of the latest improvements of the Delta plan was the storm surge barrier in the New Wa- terway near Hoek van Holland built in 1997. It consists of two enormous doors mounted on swing arms that can be used to close the estuary if storm and high water requires in order pro- tecting the country.
Mr. Manvir Singh Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University
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Gateshead Millennium Bridge Gateshead Millennium Bridge is the world's first and only tilting bridge, and was designed by Ramboll with Wilkinson Eyre. Made of steel and designed with the aid of LUSAS Bridge analysis software, the bridge stands 45m high and spans 105m across the River Tyne to pro- vide a link for pedestrians and cyclists between the newly revived Newcastle quayside and the Gateshead quayside opposite. Whilst small river craft can sail beneath the bridge, for larger craft the cable-stayed double arched structure pivots at the abutments through an angle of 40 degrees to give the 25m navi- gational clearance as specified by the client, Gateshead Borough Council. Powered by eight electric motors, it takes approximately four minutes to rotate the 850 tonnes dead weight of the structure to its fully open position. When raised the suspension cables lay horizontal hold- ing the pair of arches together. Huge 14 tonnes castings on either side support bearings which withstand the outward and radial thrusts imposed.
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The130m long bridge deck is parabolic in elevation and of steel box section that tapers in plan towards the center of the deck. It carries a pedestrian footway that varies from 3m to 5m in width as well as a 2.5m cantilevered cycleway. The main arch is also parabolic in shape and tapers both in plan and elevation.
A dynamic analysis of the opening and closing sequence using step-by-step integration was also carried out. For this analysis, elements were amended to allow for a 40 degree rotation of the whole model with contact joint elements being used to allow for support separation. In ad- dition, the 3D engineering thick beam elements were replaced with nonlinear 3D engineering thick beams to accommodate the rotation in the model.
Mr. Harpinder Pal Singh Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 15 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Civil in Aviation The battles for the best and biggest continue in the world of aviation, and the latest headline- maker is on the other side of the world, as a massive site located 29 miles south of Beijing has finally started taking shape after nearly three years of construction. Beijing Daxing Interna- tional Airport topped out the steel structure of its main terminal building on June 30, marking a major milestone on the way to its opening in 2019. It's then that the world will have a new entry on the list of largest airports. If it opened today, it would rank second in the world (after Atlanta) for passenger capacity and, at 6,600 acres, rank eighth for overall size
These aren't the only superlatives in play: With a projected cost of $13 billion, Daxing will al- so rank as China’s most expensive airport. That money will build seven runways, 78 gates, and include both a hip capsule hotel and a transportation hub, the latter connecting to both lo- cal and high-speed rail lines for easy transit to Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei.
Courtesy Methanoia via Zaha Hadid Architects
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 16 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology The airport will serve 45 million passengers initially, but could eventually serve 100 million. At the center of the action will be the 7.5-million-square-foot passenger terminal, the world’s largest, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. The plans for the building, the first airport struc- ture to be completed by Hadid, were unveiled in early 2015, before the celebrated architect passed away from a heart attack in March 2016. Her firm will continue the work with French airport planning and project management specialists ADPI.
Building the frame required 57,000 tons of steel and 56.5 million cubic feet of concrete .The location selected will leave room for numerous expansions. 11 villages were relocated to clear up to 3000 hectares of land. Undoubtedly such a large project will completely transform the region, and accelerate the development of the area. 500000 jobs could be involved with Bei- jing’s new airport.
Mr. Gurpreet Singh Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 17 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology Hundred Dragons Elevator
Bailong elevator is officially the tallest outdoor lift or elevator in the world, according to Guinness World Records. Its name means “Hundred Dragons Elevator”. Literally hewn into the side of a cliff in Wilingyaun area of China, the whole structure rises 326 meters up the cliff. The incredible Bailong Elevator in Hunan, China was honored in 2015 at a special Guinness World Records certificate presentation event. Amazingly, the upper 171.4 meters of the structure is above ground and built literally into the quartzite cliff face. The lift allows pas- sengers to get an awesome view over the area's karst monolith rock formations. The elevator has been open to the public since May of 2002 and ascending the structure takes a full minute and a half, more or less. Each elevator car has a weight capacity of 4,900 kg or about 50 people. The elevator transports around 1,380 people an hour per car.
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 18 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology
Work on the elevator began in 1999 and was completed in 2002 at a total cost of around £12 million or 120 million Yuan, practically a steal. The project was not without criticism at the time, however. The entire region is a world heritage site and proposals for the project were met with opposition from environmentalists. Campaigners were concerned that the area al- ready has a high saturation of tourists, around 5 million a year, and the environment wouldn't benefit from another boost for attractions in the area. The entire region was originally listed on the UNESCO list to preserve its original beauty. Supporters argued, however, that the ele- vators would save mountain trails from further traffic damage.
154 meters of the elevator's total height are sighted in mountain walls with the rest of the 172 meters exposed steel derrick and other components. The lift has three separate sightseeing ele- vators that run in parallel. The cars run at around 3 meters per second and can car- ry 4,000 people an hour if all three are in operation.
Mr. Hardev Singh Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 19 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Big Bend: World First U-Shaped Skyscraper The race to build the world’s most spectacular skyscraper has reached new heights - and tak- en a turn in direction. Designs for ‘The Big Bend’, a slender tower that would transform Manhattan, New York city skyline have been unveiled. Manhattan developers keep building skyscrapers taller and taller, but Greek architect Ioannis Oikonomou hopes to break a new kind of record. His firm, Oiio Studio, has designed a U- shaped tower called the "Big Bend" that aims to become, what Oikonomou calls, "the world's longest building" (if you were measure from end to end of the U, which would total approxi- mately 4,000 feet). Described as the ‘longest building in the world’, the project's concept drawings reveal a sky- scraper reaching an apex then curving back down. And featuring an elevator system that can travel in curves, horizontally and in loops. The design calls for a super-tall, skinny skyscraper bent in half, to form what looks like the first drop of a roller coaster. From the sidewalk to the building's peak, it would stretch about 200 feet taller than One World Trade Center, the larg- est tower in the city
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 20 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology
The residential building would be located on the southern border of Central Park, an area that's known as "Billionaire's Row" and contains many luxury skyscrapers. Oikonomou is confident that plans for the Big Bend could move forward since many devel- opers will do whatever it takes to get a better return on investment, he says. In a huge sky- scraper that doesn't take up much space, more people would pay mortgages or rent.
If carried out successfully, The Big Bend will end up becoming the longest building in the world, surpassing even Dubai’s Burj Khalifa in total length. For now, the Big Bend is merely a design. Oikonomou tells Business Insider he has sent the design to a few developers, and is currently seeking investment. We do not yet know when to expect this world wonder on Manhattan City, but we are bend- ing over backwards to stay patient.
Mr. Virender Singh Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 21 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Japanese Earthquake Resistance and Seismic Isolation Technologies
Earthquake-Resistant Construction Standards Updated 30 Years Ago. Sendai, the largest city of Miyagi Prefecture and the Tohoku region, was hit by strong tremors measuring over inten- sity six on the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) seismic intensity scale. Although many roofing tiles of old houses were dislodged, very few buildings actually toppled or collapsed. The low instances of severe structural damage may be due to the fact that most modern build- ings have been built to meet the New Earthquake-Resistant Construction Standards, which were revised in 1981. They were devised to ensure that structures are able to withstand earth- quakes measuring up to intensity seven, the highest reading on the JMA scale. Thus, struc- tures equipped with thicker beams, posts, as well as more braces and rebar that were previ- ously required managed to survive the massive quake.
Apple Towers Sendai proved the effectiveness of seismic isolation construction (illustration).
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 22 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology
Earthquake damage is not limited to collapsing buildings. Tremblers measuring six or more in intensity can send furniture and large interior fixtures falling or flying, crushing people in their path. The threat increases dramatically with height: the higher the floor, the stronger it shakes during a quake, leading to increasingly severe damage in rooms. To mitigate this dan- ger, the construction industry has for the past 15 years been researching “seismic isolation” technologies, whereby structures are decoupled from the base foundation, so that the buildings themselves are not affected by ground tremors. Such construction methods proved to be par- ticularly effective for high-rise buildings during the recent earthquake. One of the key features of seismic isolation construction is the use of two types of massive bearings that support the entire building. The first of these is a laminated rubber bearing, made of alternating layers of rubber and steel plate, which sways left and right to isolate the build- ing from the ground tremors. Then, as the shaking intensifies, the sliding seismic isolator, a laminated rubber bearing with a sliding mechanism achieved by attaching resins that slide smoothly to the bearing, works to absorb strong tremors. These seismic isolation technologies theoretically cut the intensity of shaking on the building’s top floors to one-third of the seis- mic intensity on the ground, and also substantially slows the swaying itself. This in turn pre- vents damage to the building’s framework and keeps large furniture inside from toppling
The laminated rubber bearing (left) and sliding seismic isolator (right) are key structural ele- ments to seismic isolation construction.
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 23 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology
According to data on structural displacement relative to the ground, the aforementioned two buildings recorded a maximum horizontal displacement of 14cm and 23cm, respectively. Thanks to seismic isolation techniques, the two buildings were to a great extent spared the in- tense force of the March event.
Living in an earthquake-prone country, Japanese people have learned from past experiences and are continually developing technologies capable of minimizing damage when disaster strikes.
Mr. Gagandeep Singh Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University
“Build the change you
want to see in the world”
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 24 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology Hoover Dam Hoover Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by Presi- dent Franklin D. Roosevelt. Originally known as Boulder Dam from 1933. The dam was named after President Herbert Hoover. Since about 1900, the Black Canyon and nearby Boulder Canyon had been investigated for their potential to support a dam that would control floods, provide irrigation water and pro- duce hydroelectric power. In 1928, Congress authorized the project. The winning bid to build the dam was submitted by a consortium called Six Companies, Inc., which began construction on the dam in early 1931. Such a large concrete structure had never been built before, and some of the techniques were unproven. The torrid summer weather and lack of facilities near the site also presented difficulties. Nevertheless, Six Companies turned over the dam to the federal government on March 1, 1936, more than two years ahead of schedule.
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Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. Hoover Dam impounds Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the Unit- ed States by volume (when it is full). The dam is located near Boulder City, Nevada, a mu- nicipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project, about 30 mi (48 km) southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. The dam's generators provide power for public and private utilities in Nevada, Arizona, and California.
The owner of this dam is UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. The length of this dam is 1,244 ft (379 m), the height is 726.4 ft. (221.4 m). The elevation at crest is 1,232 ft (376 m). The width at crest is 14m (45ft).the width at base is 660 ft (200 m). The volume of dam is 3,250,000 cu yd. (2,480,000 m3). The spillway type is 2controlled drum gates. The spillway capacity is 400000 cu ft/s (11000 m3/s).
The total capacity of dam is 28,537,000 acre-ft. (35.200 km3).the active capacity is 15,853,000 acre-ft. (19.554 km3).the catchment area is 167,800 sq. mi (435,000 km2).the sur- face area is 247 sq. mi (640 km2) .the maximum length is 112mi(180km).the maximum water depth is 590 ft(180km). The annual generation electricity is 4.2 twh. The installed capacity is 2080mw
Mr. Gaurav Bhatia Student - Civil engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 26 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology
Golden Gate Bridge
The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning Golden Gate, the one-mile-wide (1.6km) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the American city of San Francisco, California. The bridge is most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and the United states. It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Golden Gate Bridge is the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed bridge in the world. At the time of its opening in 1937, it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world, with a main span of 4,200 feet (1,280m) and a total height of 746 feet (227m). Today, the Golden Gate Bridge is neither the longest nor the tallest in the world, but re- mains the tallest bridge in the United States.
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 27 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Characteristics
Design Art Deco, suspension, truss arch & truss causeways
Material Steel
Total length 8,981 ft (2,737.4m), about 2.7km
Width 90 ft (27.4m)
Height 746 ft (227.4m)
Longest span 4,200 ft (1,280.2m)
Clearance above 14 ft (4.3m) at toll gates, Trucks cannot pass
Clearance below 220 ft (67.1m) at high tide
Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges; it now has the second longest main span in United States. The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet (2,737m). The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets. The Golden Gate Bridge’s clearance above high water averages 220 feet (67m) while its towers, at 746 feet (227m) above the water.
Ms. Amandeep kaur & Ms. Paramjit Kaur Student - Civil engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 28 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology Ornithopter workshop
In GNA University, Faculty of Engineering and Technology organized Ornithopter work- shop where students learned the basic concepts of Designing and later on implemented the same by fabricating the structure and whole body of the Ornithopter workshop. Later on, successful testing of aircraft was done.
All 14 teams flew their respective aircraft. 3 teams were judged as winners as they calcu- lated design algorithm correctly and their models were more stable.
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 29 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology Workshop on “Internal Combustion Engine and Automobile Systems”
Faculty of Engineering and Technology had organized one day workshop on “Internal Com- bustion Engine and Automobile Systems” on February 02, 2018. Total 160 number of students are participated in the workshop from different schools, colleges and our own University. Ex- pert lectures were delivered by Dr. Anuranjan Sharda, Mr. Virender Singh, Mr. Gagandeep Singh and Mr. Suraj Kalia to update the students about basics of Internal Combustion engines their application, advancement and the automobile systems used in vehicles. The working of internal combustion engine and its components are also demonstrated to the students
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 30 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology MACHAUTO EXPO
Faculty of engineering and technology has arranged the students visits to MACHAUTO EXPO 2018, GALADA GROUND, LUDHIANA. B-Tech Mechanical Engineering 4th & 6th Sem, B-Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering 4th & 6th Sem and B-tech Mechatronics Engineering 4th and 6th students visited exhibition on date 19th February 2018 (Monday). This exhibition is about latest manufacturing technique like robotics arm using for welding, pick and place operation and also is used for working as a CNC operator. By visiting the exhibition students of various branches got knowledge about the latest trends in their respective fields.
Student from GNA University Baljit Singh (B. Tech Mechanical 8th sem) got placed in Mar- shall this year. Currently he is undergoing training in Marshall Machines. He represented Marshall as executive in Mach auto expo 2018, which is indeed proud moment for GNA University.
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 31 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology IOT Challenge
A national level event has been organized by GNA university in association with IIT Bom- bay. More than 90 students have participated in this two days workshop cum competition. Further five teams have been selected for the final round which is going to held in IIT Bombay on 10 March 2018. Students from other universities and colleges have participated in this event.
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 32 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology “We shape our buildings; there- after they shape us”
Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 33