ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology TABLE OF CONTENTS Sr. No. Content Page No. 1 Editorial - Chief Editor’s Desk 3 2 Editorial –2 - Issue Editor’s Premise 4 3 World's Largest Projects: Jubail II 5 4 Three Gorges Dam 8 5 Glass Bridge 10 6 Delta works 12 7 Gateshead Millennium Bridge 14 8 Civil in Aviation 16 9 Hundred Dragons Elevator 18 10 U-Shaped Skyscraper 20 Japanese Earthquake Resistance and Seismic 11 22 Isolation Technologies 12 Hoover Dam 25 13 Golden Gate Bridge 27 14 Activities 29 Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 2 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology EDITORIAL - Chief Editor’s Desk Dear Readers, Civil engineering is one of the core branches of Engineering. The scope of civil engineering is so vast that it is has become a versatile branch nowadays. Civil Engineering is an evergreen branch whose scope is increasing with the passage of time. It was prevalent in mid of last century and even now the scope is wide. Civil engineering branch is the backbone of engineering. Civil Engineering can be further sub divided into a number of branches which justifies its broad field. With the advent of research oriented studies, civil engineering has become a key subject which is producing marvels. Moreover the civil engineering is foremost as far as aesthetics are concerned. This edition of ACME focuses mainly on mar- vels of civil engineering which depicts the significance of civil engineering in modern times. I hope readers will enjoy this edition as our faculty members and students have prepared it with full dedication. Dr. Vikrant Sharma Professor and Associate Dean Faculty of Engineering and Technology, GNA University Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 3 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology EDITORIAL –2 - Issue Editor’s Premise Dear Readers, Civil engineering has been ruling since the ancient times and this trend is prevalent even nowadays. The scope is so wide that it is further divided into braches such as structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transporta- tion engineering, environmental engineering and hydraulics. Astounding struc- tures are a result of research oriented approach towards civil engineering which are truly the illustrations of blend of innovation with technology. The miraculous structures not only resist the heavy loading, but at the same time are economical. The structures are now built with new designs all over the world. The global scope of civil engineering has diverted several engineering interests towards the civil engineering. Civil construction is very unique and astonishing these days and some of the demonstrations are presented in this edition. We hope that readers will cherish this edition. Mr. Hardev Singh & Mr. Harpinder Pal Singh Assistant Professor Faculty of Engineering and Technology, GNA University Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 4 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology World's Largest Projects: Jubail II Creating one of the world's greatest industrial city on Jubail, is not an easy task. Jubail Indus- trial City, which was built more than three decades ago will double its size once completed during 2016. A cost of $80 billion for infrastructure works only, Jubail II will be the largest civil engineering project of the world. Jubail Industrial II construction is a multi-billion dollar industrial city aiming to create social benefits and to strengthen petrochemical industry. This project will double the size of the Jubail Industrial City by 6,200 hectares. With more than 20,000 workers during its peak season and investing more that $4 billion in infrastructure, the area will be turned into a large industrial park, larger than what it is right now. The work encompasses miles and miles of roads, utilities, water, wastewater and all re- quired infrastructure. But that's not all, at least $18 billion dollars are being designed to build the industrial city, extending from the existing industrial park to Kuwait-Ras Ta- nura corridor. The construction process is so large and wide that the project has been broken into four phases. Over 50,000 residential units will be added by 2026 as part of the expansion process. The RCJY has asked Bechtel, which handled Jubail 1, to manage Jubail II. Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 5 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology The proposed transportation system consists of a six lane highway between Jubail and Dammam. This highway is considered as the main commercial area within the project creat- ing a strong and efficient communication systems will all project components. Hundreds of roads and paths have been created leading to smaller towns and areas within the project. In total more than 530 miles and 60 bridges were build during the construction phase. The pro- ject has been carefully planned many decades ago and it has been developed taking into con- sideration and around massive oil lines that were installed years before the industrial devel- opment started construction. The total project cost can fluctuate even higher to accommodate changes and requests to expand its operations. Jubail II Rail and Roads Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 6 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology Over 1,900 hectares will be developed during the process and a combination of tunnels, high- ways and superstructures that will create an unobstructed path to development and the mining industry. The earthwork process will require to move more than 30 million cubic meters of aggregates, along with the installation of almost 16 feet diameter pipelines to carry water from the sea into the industrial facilities at a rate of 200,000 cu m per hour. Another one of the amazing structures is the desalination plant that will process 800,000 cubic meters of water for cities in the Eastern Province, as well as generate 2,750 megawatts of electricity. The area also includes two large ports, built on an artificial harbor protected by 11 miles of breakwater. Bechtel acting on behalf of the managers of the project indicated that 'The development also comprises a 5.6-mile-by-984-foot (9 kilometer-by-300 meter) cause- way, with a four-berth open-sea tank terminal, a dry-bulk terminal with nine berths, a service quay, and a module-import facility―all built under contracts to the Saudi Ports Authority. Mr. Jaspreet Singh Chana Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology GNA University Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 7 ACME Faculty of Engineering and Technology Three Gorges Dam The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW). In 2012, the amount of electricity the dam generated was similar to the amount generated by the Itaipu Dam. Except for a ship lift, the dam project was completed and fully functional as of July 4, 2012, when the last of the main turbines in the underground plant began produc- tion. Each main turbine has a capacity of 700 MW. The dam body was completed in 2006. Coupling the dam's 32 main turbines with two smaller generators (50 MW each) to power the plant itself, the total electric generating capacity of the dam is 22,500 MW. However, the dam flooded archaeological and cultural sites and displaced some 1.3 million people, and is causing significant ecological changes, including an increased risk of landslides. The dam has been a controversial topic both domestically and abroad. Made of concrete and steel, the dam is 2,335 m long and the top of the dam is 185 meters above sea level. Volume 2 # issue 9 Page 8 ACME Faculty of engineering and Technology The project used 27.2 million cubic meters of concrete (mainly for the dam wall), 463,000 tonnes of steel (enough to build 63 Eiffel Towers) and moved about 102.6 million cubic me- ters of earth. The concrete dam wall is 181 meters high above the rock basis. When the water level is at its maximum of 175 meters above sea level, which is 110 meters higher than the river level downstream, the dam reservoir is on average about 660 kilometers in length and 1.12 kilometers in width. It contains 39.3 km3 of water and has a total surface area of 1,045 square kilometers. On completion, the reservoir flooded a total area of 632 square kilometers of land, compared to the 1,350 square kilometers of reservoir created by the Itaipu Dam. Pow- er generation is managed by China Yangtze Power, a listed subsidiary of China Three Gorges Corporation (CTGC) a Central Enterprise SOE administered by SASAC. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest capacity hydroelectric power station with 34 generators: 32 main generators, each with a capacity of 700 MW, and two plant power gener- ators, each with capacity of 50 MW, making a total capacity of 22,500 MW. Among those 32 main generators, 14 are installed in the north side of the dam, 12 in the south side, and the re- maining six in the underground power plant in the mountain south of the dam. The expected annual electricity generation will be over 100 TWh. The government estimated that the Three Gorges Dam project would cost 180 billion Yuan (US$22.5 billion). By the end of 2008, spending had reached 148.365 billion Yuan, among which 64.613 billion Yuan was spent on construction, 68.557 billion Yuan on relocating af- fected residents, and 15.195 billion Yuan on financing. It was estimated in 2009 that the con- struction cost would be recovered when the dam had generated 1,000 terawatt- hours (3,600 PJ) of electricity, yielding 250 billion Yuan.