Screening Investigation of Faecal Pollution Sources in the Lower and Middle Yarra River

Home , Andersons Creek, Darebin Creek, Gardiners Creek, Glass Creek, Hawthorn Bridge, Koonung Creek

SCIENTIFIC REPORT

SCREENING INVESTIGATION OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES IN THE LOWER AND MIDDLE YARRA RIVER

DAVID ROBINSON, LISA DIXON, GRAHAM ROONEY1

Publication 1184 December 2007 ISBN 0 7306 7667 6

EPA Victoria 40 City Road, Southbank Victoria 3006, Australia

Printed on recycled paper

1 Melbourne Water 1

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

INTRODUCTION transportation of a range of pollutants to our streams and rivers. The city’s extensive sewerage system The Yarra River is an important environmental and carries sewage through another series of pipes to recreational asset for the Melbourne community. In its sewage treatment plants. With complex pipe systems upper reaches, the river provides drinking water and for both stormwater and sewage, a lot of which is water for agriculture (including aquaculture), irrigation underground, faecal contamination from human and for stock and domestic purposes. It also supports sources can find its way into the stormwater system a range of water-based recreational activities and, and consequently into recreational waters. increasingly, the city section of the Yarra River is a In dry weather, potential sources of faecal inputs to focal point for tourism in Melbourne. waterways include sewer blockages, seepage of While water quality in the Yarra River has improved sewage from the system and cross-connections greatly since the 1970s and compares favourably with between sewerage and stormwater pipes. Animals and many metropolitan overseas rivers (State of Victoria poorly operating septic tanks are also potential 2006a), the presence of faecal contamination contributors. presents a potential public health risk to recreational The amount of contamination in the river can increase users. in wet weather from a range of sources, including The Yarra River Action Plan (State of Victoria 2006b) increased run-off from stormwater drains, surface run- recognises that more has to be done to manage the off direct to the river and sewer emergency relief stresses being placed on the river by increasing urban structures allowing temporary discharge of sewage to development and agriculture. One of the Plan’s waterways during storm events (EPA Victoria 2007). initiatives established a three-year program to locate Identifying and quantifying the types of faecal and remove key sources of faecal pollution entering contamination, and how and where it is entering the the lower and middle reaches of the Yarra River. The Yarra River, is necessary to enable the direction of program began in August 2005 and is being led by targeted actions and investment to reduce faecal EPA Victoria and Melbourne Water. inputs to the river. (State of Victoria 2006a). The first year of the program involved a Screening study approach comprehensive screening investigation to identify which of the many stormwater drains and tributaries A systematic ‘screening’ of major tributaries and entering the Yarra River contribute significant levels stormwater drains leading to the Yarra River was of faecal contamination to the river. These would undertaken to identify the most significant require further detailed investigation to track down contributors of faecal inputs. the sources and direct works to remove them. Inputs Screening of chosen sites occurred on a set number of of human faecal contamination were a particular occasions covering both dry and wet weather focus. conditions, with sampling carried out for a range of This report describes in detail the screening indicator bacteria and water quality measures. Flow investigation and results, and identifies priority rates were measured or estimated to provide an stormwater drains and tributaries for further detailed indication of the relative contributions to the faecal investigation. EPA has previously published a load in the river from the various input tributaries and summary of this investigation and the prioritisation of drains. inputs (EPA Victoria 2007). Where elevated bacterial levels were found, the method developed by CSIRO for the determination of BACKGROUND faecal sterols (Leeming et al. 1998) was used to assist in identifying whether human sewage contamination Substantial water quality gains have been achieved was present. Due to differences in gut conditions and since the 1970s through large-scale sewer installation, diets, different animals produce unique combinations sewerage system and sewage treatment plant of faecal biomarkers. One faecal sterol in particular — upgrades, management of point-source industrial coprostanol — is a biomarker of human contamination, discharges, diversion of waste from stormwater to the comprising approximately 60 per cent of the total sewerage system and improved stormwater sterols found in human faeces. management. Despite these improvements, bacterial levels in areas METHODS of the Yarra River are still elevated and water quality is generally not suitable for swimming (State of 1. Sampling sites Victoria 2006a). The Yarra River between Warrandyte and Bolte Bridge Melbourne’s drainage system was constructed to was chosen as the focus for investigation. Bacterial rapidly remove stormwater. This reduced the risks to levels increase in this stretch of the river and public health and safety but allowed the efficient recreational use is greater. This section was divided

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

into nine reaches on the basis of major tributary inputs This was not ideal, as drainage water could sit in the and stormwater drains. Starting from the downstream pit for some time before sampling. It also meant that end at Bolte Bridge the reaches targeted for the sampling times for Hanna Street did not coincide investigation were: with sampling times for the rest of the sampling sites, • Bolte Bridge to Princes Bridge nor was it possible to associate the samples with any specific weather conditions or events. However, this • Princes Bridge to Gardiners Creek was the best practicable approach for this drain in a • Gardiners Creek to Dights Falls screening study. • Dights Falls to Darebin Creek Gosch’s Paddock Main Drain (site 10 in Figure 1) was • Darebin Creek to Koonung Creek dry on all sampling occasions and no samples were • Koonung Creek to Plenty River collected from this site. • Plenty River to Diamond Creek Generally, sampling started between 8 and 9 am on • Diamond Creek to Mullum Mullum Creek each sampling day and three teams sampled • Mullum Mullum Creek to Warrandyte. concurrently, so that all sites were sampled in one day. A team of investigators visited each reach and, using In the estuarine reach of the river, a boat was used to maps of the drainage system, identified potential gain access to many of the sites. sampling sites. At least one main-stem river site was 2. Water quality samples and measurements selected within each reach at the downstream end, and all sites sampled under the weekly Yarra Watch Water samples were collected for measurement of monitoring program were included common indicator bacteria. The bacterial types (www.epa.vic.gov.au/water/yarrawatch). The means of measured were Escherichia coli (E. coli), enterococci calculating flow rates at the time of sampling was also and Clostridium perfringens. specified for each drain, tributary and river sampling Eight litres of water were collected from each site. sampling site for faecal sterol analyses. These samples Fifty-two sites were selected: 13 on the Yarra River, 29 were immediately refrigerated, filtered within 24 on stormwater drains and 10 on significant tributary hours of collection and the glass fibre filter paper systems. Sampling site locations are shown in Figure 1 extracts frozen. Frozen filters were held pending the and Table 1, and are detailed in Appendix 1. results of measurements of bacterial densities. Samples returning low bacterial densities were not Given the greater number of large-diameter drains submitted for faecal sterol analyses, as they would not downstream of Kew (Chandler Highway), there was a provide sufficient sterols for analysis. comparatively higher density of sites in the lower reaches of the Yarra. All major tributary and A cut-off density or ‘trigger’ was used to select stormwater drain inputs were sampled at or near the samples for sterols analysis. The triggers chosen were point of entry into the river. 550 E. coli organisms/100 mL for the Yarra River and 1000 E. coli organisms/100 mL for all drains and Several drains (especially those discharging to the tributaries. Exceptions were the eight Yarra Watch estuarine reach) could not be sampled at their outlet sample sites that were analysed for sterols, to the Yarra, because of river water backing up into irrespective of their measured bacterial densities. the outlet structure. It was considered that this could result in water samples that were unrepresentative of An estimate of flow for each drain was recorded (in the quality of run-off water from the drain’s litres per second to one decimal place). At each catchment. At these drains, infrastructure maps were sampling site, in situ measurements were taken for used to locate upstream manholes. The principle turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and followed was to sample the lowest manhole on the temperature. drainage system that avoided sampling river backup waters. In the case of the Hanna Street Main Drain, located upstream of Spencer Street Bridge on the western side of the Crown Entertainment Complex, a different sampling strategy was required. Manholes were too far upstream and sampling was considered problematic, given the major roads involved. While access was possible via a pit complex in Whiteman Street, special equipment was required to remove the covers to the pit. As a result, sampling had to coincide with routine fortnightly maintenance operations.

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Table 1: Yarra River faecal sources investigation sites

Site number Site name Site Number Site Name

1 Yarra River at Docklands 27 Alexander Parade Relief Drain

2 Johnson Street Main Drain 28 Merri Creek

3 Ferrars Street Main Drain 29 Fairfield Main Drain

4 Hanna Street Main Drain 30 Yarra River at Kew

5 Elizabeth Street Main Drain 31 Kew Main Drain

6 Princes Bridge Council Drain 32 Darebin Creek

7 Yarra River at Southgate 33 Yarra River at Ivanhoe

8 Federation Square Council Drain 34 Locksley Road Main Drain

9 Batman Avenue Council Drain 35 Glass Creek Main Drain

10 Goschs Paddock Council Drain * 36 Koonung Creek

11 Yarra Park Main Drain 37 Bulleen Road Drain

12 Yarra River at South Yarra 38 Yarra River at Heidleberg

13 Prahran Main Drain 39 Salt Creek Main Drain

14 Williams Road Diversion Drain 40 Banyule Main Drain

15 Richmond Quarry Main Drain 41 Bulleen North Main Drain

16 Canberra Road Main Drain 42 Plenty River

17 Yarra River at Burnley 43 Yarra River at Templestowe Lower

18 Gardiners Creek 44 Ruffey Creek

19 Yarra River at Swan Street Bridge 45 Yarra River at Templestowe

20 Hawthorn Main Drain 46 Porter Street Main Drain

21 Palmer Street Main Drain 47 Diamond Creek

22 Church Street Main Drain 48 Yarra River at Eltham

23 Harper Street Main Drain 49 Mullum Mullum Creek

24 Gipps Street Council Drain 50 Stony Creek

25 Yarra River at Abbotsford 51 Yarra River at Warrandyte

26 Alexander Parade Main Drain 52 Andersons Creek

* Site 10, Gosch’s Paddock Council Drain, was not sampled because it was dry on all sampling occasions.

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Figure 1. Yarra River faecal sources investigation sampling locations (site numbers refer to Table 1)

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

3. Wet and dry weather sampling Table 2: Sampling events A range of weather conditions were targeted in the Sampling event Abbreviation Date sampling design, comprising: Dry weather in a wetted • two separate wet-weather events following rainfall catchment • one dry-weather event when the catchment’s Dry day 1 Dry 1 24 August 2005 ground is ‘wetted’ Dry day 2 Dry 2 25 August 2005 • one dry-weather event when the catchment’s Wet weather ground is dry. Wet day 1 Wet 1 31 August 2005 For each dry weather event, sampling was scheduled for two consecutive days to better distinguish between Wet day 2 Wet 2 8 November 2005 potential sources of contamination that may be Dry weather in a dry intermittent or systemic in nature. catchment Criteria were established and rainfall figures were Dry day 3 Dry 3 29 November 2005 used from four meteorological stations adjacent to the Dry day 4 Dry 4 30 November 2005 Yarra River (in the CBD region and towards Warrandyte (www.melbournewater.com.au)), to trigger sampling events. Rainfall and flow conditions preceding the sampling For wet weather, the trigger for sampling was that all events four rainfall stations adjacent to the Yarra River Criteria for initiating sampling events were generally system had received 10 to 20 mm of rainfall in the well met. Rainfall figures prior to the first dry and wet prior 24-hour period. events are shown in Figure 2. A rainfall event of this magnitude was chosen because Four to five days prior to the first dry event (24 and 25 it represents a consistent event of appropriate August 2005), significant rainfall occurred, with four intensity where sewerage system exfiltration is rainfall stations recording between 10 and 13 mm of emphasised and spilling of raw sewage from rainfall. Over the next few days, minor amounts of emergency relief structures is unlikely. Events of rainfall occurred, with all stations recording less than larger magnitude are known to cause such spillages 2 mm of rainfall in the 24 hours preceding the start of and they can be identified through electronic data sampling for the first dry event. The rainfall prior to collected by metropolitan water utility companies. A this event did produce a moderate response in flows in more general rainfall event was preferred over an the Yarra River (Figure 3), increasing from 5 m3/sec to intense and localised event because the entire river 15 m3/sec (flow data supplied by Melbourne Water). and drain system could be sampled with some surety This sampling event was considered a dry-weather that a wet-weather event had occurred over all the event in a wetted catchment. catchment and inputs. Approximately one week after the first dry event, The criteria used for scheduling a dry-weather significant rainfall occurred across the catchment, sampling were no significant rainfall (less than 2 mm with the four rainfall stations receiving from 8 to across the catchment) for at least 24 hours, an 13 mm of rainfall in the 24 hours prior to the first wet- absence of obvious storm flows in the Yarra River at weather sampling event (31 August). This was followed key gauging sites and a forecast for dry weather. by rainfall of 4 to 12 mm on the day of sampling Each site was sampled six times using these criteria. (Figure 2). This produced a sharp increase in flows in The six sampling days were made up of four dry- the Yarra River, which moved from approximately weather days and two wet-weather days. The sampling 5 m3/sec to a peak of about 37 m3/sec (Figure 3). days are detailed in Table 2. Yarra River flows were around 20 to 25 m3/sec when sampling for the first wet-weather event commenced. In the 24 hours prior to the second wet-weather event, 13 to 14 mm of rainfall was recorded at the rainfall gauges (Figure 4). This produced a fairly sharp response in Yarra River flows (Figure 5), increasing from about 6 m3/sec immediately prior to the rainfall to about 12 to18 m3/sec on the day of the second wet- weather sampling.

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Rain gauges Warrandyte Heidelberg Fairfield Burnley Flow gauges Warrandyte Templestowe Heidelberg Kew

14 20

18 12 16

10 14

12 8 / second) 3 10 6 8 Flow (m Flow 4 6 4

(mm) period hour previous 24 in Rainfall 2 2

0 0 11-Aug 16-Aug 21-Aug 26-Aug 31-Aug 5-Sep 3-Nov 4-Nov 5-Nov 6-Nov 7-Nov 8-Nov 9-Nov 10-Nov 11-Nov 12-Nov 13-Nov Date: Day-month 2005 Date: Day-month 2005

Figure 2. Antecedent rainfall to the first dry run Figure 5. Antecedent flows to the second wet run (24/8/05 and 25/8/05) and the first wet run (31/8/05) (8/11/05)

Flow gauges Warrandyte Templestowe Heidelberg Kew Blah Blah Rain gauges Warrandyte Heidelberg Fairfield Burnley 40 24

35 20 30 16 25

/ second) 12 3 20

Flow (m Flow 8

(mm) hour period 24 previous in Rainfall 4 5

0 0 14-Nov 16-Nov 18-Nov 20-Nov 22-Nov 24-Nov 26-Nov 28-Nov 30-Nov 2-Dec 4-De 11-Aug 16-Aug 21-Aug 26-Aug 31-Aug 5-Sep Date: Day-month 2005 Date: Day/ month 2005

Figure 3. Antecedent flows for the first dry run Figure 6. Antecedent rainfall to the second dry run (24/8/05 and 25/8/05) and the first wet run (31/8/05) (29/11/05 and 30/11/05)

Rain gauges Warrandyte Heidelberg Fairfield Burnley Flow gauges Warrandyte Templestowe Heidelberg Kew 16 10

14 9

8 12

7 10 6

8 / second) 3 5

6 4 (m Flows 3 4

2 Rainfall in previous 24 hour period (mm) 2 1

0 0 3-Nov 4-Nov 5-Nov 6-Nov 7-Nov 8-Nov 9-Nov 10-Nov 11-Nov 12-Nov 13-Nov 20-Nov 22-Nov 24-Nov 26-Nov 28-Nov 30-Nov 2-Dec 4-Dec Date: Day-month 2005 Date: Day-month 2005

Figure 4. Antecedent rainfall to the second wet run Figure 7. Antecedent flows to the second dry run (8/11/05) (29/11/05 and 30/11/05)

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Rainfall recorded for the two weeks prior to the The problem with filtering samples was not second dry event on 29/11/05 and 30/11/05 is shown in encountered consistently. The most affected was the Figure 6. There had been a large rainfall event on ‘Wet 1’ sampling run where, of the 45 sterols 16/11/05 when 15 to 22 mm of rainfall was recorded at commissioned, only 28 could be analysed. ‘Wet 2’ was the gauges. Following this rainfall event, there were improved, with 41 of the 46 submitted samples two periods of minor rainfall (3 to 6 mm) and only returning valid sterol results. Twenty-six sterol trace amounts of rainfall in the 24 hours prior to the analyses were commissioned for ‘Dry 1’ and 22 for ‘Dry commencment of sampling for the second dry event. 2’, with returns of 23 and 19, respectively. Flows in the Yarra River had dropped to a steady 5 to Once the issue with the filters was identified, an 3 6 m /sec about two days prior to sampling (Figure 7) alternative brand was sourced that caused no extraction and this was considered to be a dry weather event in a problems. The last two dry-weather days returned dry catchment. complete sterol results for all samples submitted (26 sets 4. Faecal sterols analyses of results for ‘Dry 3’ and 26 for ‘Dry 4’). An important aspect of the screening investigation The initial problem with the filters resulted in a was determining concentrations of faecal sterols at number of individual sites where fewer than 60 those sites where bacterial counts were elevated. This percent of the samples submitted for sterols analyses method involves the analysis of water samples for a were successfully analysed. These were Yarra Park suite of cholesterol breakdown products (Leeming et Main Drain (one of three), Canberra Road Main Drain al. 1998). (two of four), Banyule Main Drain (none from one) and Yarra River at Ivanhoe (none from two). Specific faecal sterols have been identified for humans and herbivores, and this allows the origin of bacterial contamination to be assigned to one of three groups — human, herbivore or unexplained. The category of unexplained bacterial indicators comprises all other potential sources, including dogs, cats, bats, rats, possums, birds, domestic rubbish and in-stream generation from sediments, and can constitute a significant component of total bacterial load. Faecal contamination of human origin is determined by the level of coprostanol present and the ratio of coprostanol to 5a-cholestanol. A coprostanol concentration greater than 100 ng/L indicates human contribution. A ratio greater than 1.5 indicates a significant contribution, greater than 5 very high, and raw sewage is characterised by a ratio within the range 10 to 15. The sterol biomarker for herbivore contamination is the presence of 24-ethyl coprostanol. Based on the E. coli ‘trigger’ criteria, 196 sterols analyses were commissioned. Of these, only 167 valid results were obtained, due to analytical problems. During the investigation, the specialist laboratory employed to carry out the analyses reported a problem with the glass fibre filters that interfered with the extraction of sterols in a number of samples. Extraction of the material retained by the filters normally yields a fluid separated into two layers. The sterol-containing layer is then isolated and analysed. Several sets of filters, however, formed stable emulsions after the extraction process that did not separate out into discrete layers and, as a result, the sterol-containing fraction could not be isolated. Due to the time lag in transporting batches of filters to the laboratory and commencing extractions, the problem could not be quickly identified and the first four sampling days (Dry 1, Dry 2, Wet 1 and Wet 2) were conducted using these glass fibre filters.

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

sampling days. There were two flows estimated in this PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA manner (Appendix 4). Full results of bacteriological and water quality In wet weather, a missing flow was estimated by using sampling are presented in Appendix 2. Results of the the ratio of flows in drain catchments adjacent to the sterols analyses are presented in Appendix 3. drain with the missing flow. Flows measured in one or other of the wet-weather events were used to E. coli concentrations for each of the sampling days at estimate a missing drain flow. There were five flows each of the locations are presented schematically in estimated in this manner (Appendix 4). Figure 8. The river sites are shown in order from upstream to downstream. The input tributaries and Three drain sites were drowned out with water backed drains have been positioned to indicate the reach up from the Yarra River on all sampling occasions. As where they enter the Yarra River, with northern inputs a consequence, loads could not be estimated for in the left column and southern inputs in the right Johnson St, Ferrars St and Hanna St main drains. column. The levels have been colour-coded to assist Within-river loads were estimated for all Yarra River with interpretation and to highlight major inputs. sites. Due to its estuarine nature downstream of Kew, Assessments of the risk to recreational users of the flow measurements were not available for this reach river are based on E. coli concentrations. However, for of the river. In estuaries, a freshwater layer often the purpose of identifying the most important overlies a denser saltwater layer and flow can often be contributors to Yarra River concentrations there are a in opposite directions in the two layers. Freshwater number of factors that need to be considered. These flows were estimated for river locations downstream include the: of Kew by adding flows from the river site immediately upstream and flows from all input drains and • load of E. coli carried into the river from a tributary tributaries between the two sites. Because of this, or drain loads and flows for the Yarra River sites downstream • proportion of human faecal matter in the input of Kew are indicative only. • effect of the input on concentrations of E. coli in the river. 2. Relative loads For example, while a large tributary with high flows Load numbers are usually very large and have been may carry a relatively high load of faecal indicators, expressed relative to the load in the Yarra River at this input may dilute the concentrations in the river if Kew set at 100 for each sampling event, to assist the input concentrations are lower than in the river interpretation. For example, if a drain were carrying itself. High loads that carry high levels of human faecal double the load of the Yarra River at Kew it would matter also pose a greater risk to recreational users have a relative load of 200. If it were carrying one than equivalent input loads that show no evidence of tenth of the load it would have a relative load of 10. contamination of human origin. While the relative load for the Yarra River at Kew is set The method used to assess data and prioritise inputs is at 100 on all occasions, the actual or absolute load was set out in the following sections. of course different on each sampling occasion. 1. Estimating loads of E. coli Relative loads are presented schematically in Figure 9. For the Yarra River at Kew there is a second line Load estimates for each drain and tributary were where the first sampling occasion is set at 100, and all determined from the flow estimates at each location subsequent sampling events at Kew are expressed and the measured concentration of E. coli (expressed relative to that. From this, it can be seen that there as organisms per second, Appendix 4). There were a was a much lower faecal load at Kew on the third and small number of drain sites where some flow fourth dry-sampling days than on the first two dry- measurements were missing or could not be taken. sampling days, due to lower flows and lower In dry weather, a missing drain flow was estimated by concentrations in the river. using the flow for the same drain sampled on the previous or subsequent day of a pair of consecutive

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Northern Inputs Mainstream Yarra Southern Inputs Dry 1 Dry 2 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Dry 1 Dry 2 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Dry 1 Dry 2 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Warrandyte (51) Stony Creek (50) 200 290 520 210 250 96 Andersons Ck (52) 170 390 1700 5500 730 24000 180 170 3100 5500 980 1600 Mullum Mullum CK (49) Eltham (48) 730 550 3300 8200 150 150 260 330 1600 920 110 130 Diamond Ck (47) Porter St MD (46) 980 550 1700 6500 270 1200 Templestowe (45) 150 610 24000 1300 6100 4100 250 150 1400 1700 250 210 Ruffey Ck (44) Templestowe Lower (43) 580 210 3300 1400 1100 770 Plenty River (42) 310 130 820 2400 190 120 280 240 1600 8700 610 690 Bulleen Nth MD (41) Banyule MD (40) 35000 6900 2000 8200 530 20000 770 280 980 1000 730 440 Salt Ck MD (39) 24000 2400 2900 9800 3700 6100 Heidelberg (38) Locksley Rd MD (34) 330 130 440 1200 160 140 Bulleen Rd MD (37) 120000 14000 14000 7700 650 2000 870 2400 9200 13000 730 1200 Koonung Ck (36) 1000 410 3100 17000 2400 550 Glass Ck MD (35) Ivanhoe (33) 2000 310 2000 24000 99 4100 Darebin Ck (32) 340 240 1800 1300 150 190 Kew MD (31) 980 150 4100 5800 2200 3100 >240000 170000 >240000 52000 2000 730 Kew (30) Fairfield MD (29) 730 370 2800 4100 86 150 2000 490 1700 87000 39000 290 Merri Ck (28) 250 110 2500 3100 280 220 Alexander Pde RD (27) 200 250 2000 17000 24 15 Alexander Pde MD (26) 34000 1600 2000 39000 260 150 Abbotsford (25) Gipps St MD (24) 1300 1400 1300 1300 120 110 390 520 610 6900 1700 8200 Harper St MD (23) 120000 160000 73000 16000 >240000 170000 Church St MD (22) 1600 370 4100 12000 2800 460 Hawthorn MD (20) Palmer St MD (21) 6100 1600 6500 24000 1600 1400 96 71 1400 20000 93 820 Swan Street Bridge (19) 550 330 1200 2000 150 250 Gardiners Ck (18) 980 190 52000 11000 260 690 Burnley (17) Richmond Quarry MD (15) 520 290 2900 4900 240 200 Canberra Rd MD (16) 270 370 2600 1000 140 2400 290 <1 1700 16000 24000 4600 Williams Rd DD (14) 400 46 2000 82000 1000 520 Prahran MD (13) South Yarra (12) 730 46000 1300 35000 52000 31 Yarra Pk MD (11) 1200 1100 1600 11000 290 550 310 37 1200 4600 610 770 Batman Ave Drain (9) 2000 2000 920 12000 17000 820 Federation Sq CD (8) 10 <1 140 460 690 310 Southgate (7) Princes Bridge CD (6) 610 460 2500 8700 120 55 Hanna St MD (4) 61000 2000 4600 31000 20000 160000 980 520 >2400 230 2000 770 Ferrars St MD (3) Elizabeth St MD (5) 980 440 2400 8700 22 34 140000 92000 17000 17000 46000 14000 Johnson St MD (2) Docklands (1) 6 27212311 1400 650 330 8700 250 4

E. coli concentration ranges Sampling days Drain acronyms <200 Dry 124-Aug-05 MD Main Drain 201 - 1000 Dry 225-Aug-05 RD Relief Drain 1001 - 5000 Wet 131-Aug-05 CD Council Drain 5001 - 25000 Wet 2 08-Nov-05 25001 - 125000 Dry 3 29-Nov-05 >125000 Dry 4 30-Nov-05

Figure 8. Concentrations of E.coli in the Yarra River, tributaries and drains

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Northern Inputs Mainstream Yarra Southern Inputs Dry 1 Dry 2 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Dry 1 Dry 2 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Dry 1 Dry 2 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Warrandyte (51) Stony Creek (50) 26 66 16 2.2 277 69 Andersons Ck (52) 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.10.10.80.34.64.8 Mullum Mullum CK (49) Eltham (48) 0.70.93.02.11.00.6 Diamond Ck (47) 34 76 29 11 129 98 Porter St MD (46) 2.2 1.9 1.3 0.9 2.4 5.2 Templestowe (45) 0.00.10.60.03.31.0 33 35 29 20 295 159 Ruffey Ck (44) Templestowe Lower (43) 0.2 0.1 1.5 0.7 29 13 Plenty R (42) 41 30 12 29 271 93 0.4 0.7 1.1 2.9 6.8 4.0 Bulleen Nth MD (41) Banyule MD (40) 1.90.50.10.20.11.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salt Ck MD (39) 2.9 0.8 0.2 0.4 3.0 4.6 Heidelberg (38) Locksley Rd MD (34) 48 35 10 15 190 104 Bulleen Rd MD (37) 2.1 0.4 0.2 3.2 0.1 0.1 0.00.00.10.10.10.1 Koonung Ck (36) 0.60.41.98.8111.6 Glass Ck MD (35) Ivanhoe (33) 0.2 0.0 0.1 12 0.0 18 Darebin Ck (32) 50 66 48 18 179 141 2.1 0.4 24 11 15 13 Kew MD (31) Kew (30) * 25 33 1.6 3.2 0.8 0.2 Fairfield MD (29) 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 11 0.0 100 43 667 606 57 Merri Ck (28) 0.9 0.7 16 6.7 8.1 4.1 Alexander Pde RD (27) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Alexander Pde MD (26) 1.7 0.2 0.1 1.3 0.4 0.1 Abbotsford (25) Gipps St MD (24) 183 388 55 35 143 76 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.5 Harper St MD (23) 2.7 5.4 0.3 1.3 50 34 Church St MD (22) 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.9 0.2 Hawthorn MD (20) Palmer St MD (21) 0.80.40.75.12.60.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.1 Swan St Bridge (19) 77 92 51 54 180 172 Gardiners Ck (18) 2.9 0.7 481 18 4.9 11 Burnley (17) 75 82 150 141 292 141 Canberra Rd MD (16) Richmond Quarry MD (15) 0.00.00.00.34.30.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Williams Rd DD (14) 0.1 0.0 0.0 28 1.2 0.4 Prahran MD (13) South Yarra (12) 0.15.50.04.5270.0 Yarra Pk MD (11) 173 310 83 323 353 388 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 Batman Ave Drain (9) 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 5.7 0.2 Federation Sq Drain (8) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Southgate (7) Princes Bridge CD (6) 88 130 129 255 146 39 Hanna St MD (4) # 1.4 0.4 0.1 0.7 1.8 18 Elizabeth St MD (5) Ferrars St MD (3) # 13 10 0.2 0.7 359 40 Docklands (1) Johnson St MD (2) # 202 183 17 256 1716 2.8 Relative load ranges Sampling days Drain acronyms <1Dry 1 24-Aug-05 MD Main Drain 1-5 Dry 225-Aug-05 RD Relief Drain 6-15 Wet 131-Aug-05 CD Council Drain 16-50 Wet 2 08-Nov-05 50-100 Dry 3 29-Nov-05 # Relative loads unable to be estimated for these sites. >100 Dry 4 30-Nov-05 * Note: All loads are expressed relative to the load at Kew set at 100. The second line for Kew sets the load at 100 for the first sampling day. All other Kew loads are expressed relative to the first day.

Figure 9. Relative loads of E.coli in the Yarra River, tributaries and drains (Kew set at 100)

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

The following process was used to rank the relative importance of drain and tributary impacts on the recreational values of the Yarra River. It focused on the: • relative risk posed by the E. coli inputs (based on both the level of E. coli and the proportion of E. coli from human sources) • significance of the inputs contributions of E. coli to the river (based on load and its effect on concentration in the river).

RELATIVE RISK RANKING

1. Rank each input (Ainput).for each of the six sampling runs by the factored E. coli concentration.

• Factored E. coli concentration is an adjusted E. coli concentration that aims to better reflect the potential hazard, based on the proportion of human and non-human faecal matter present. th • Non-human faecal matter is assumed to pose a hazard 1/10 that of human faecal matter. • The factored E. coli concentration is determined using the following equation:

Factored E. coli conc. = E. coli conc. x H where H = (%human/100 x 0.9) + 0.1, and varies from 0.1 for 0% to 1 for 100% human sources of faecal matter.

2. Determine the average rank for each input (A ) from the factored E. coli concentration (A ), for the three weather av,input input conditions: all weather, dry weather only, and wet weather only.

A 1 = Average (A , A , etc). av,input input 1, run 1 input 1, run 2

3. Using the Aav,input value, reorder each input to determine a revised ranking (Binput) based on factored E. coli concentration for each of the three weather conditions.

RELATIVE INPUT SIGNIFICANCE RANKING 4. Rank each input (C ) for each of the six sampling runs by the estimated change in E. coli concentration in the Yarra River. input

• The impact of each input on E. coli concentrations in the Yarra River is a key driver of priority. The estimated change is a function of both the input load and the relative concentration of E. coli compared to the Yarra River.

• The estimated effect of an input on Yarra River E. coli concentration is calculated as follows:

Combined load = Yarra River load above the input + input load Combined flow = Yarra River flow above the input + input flow Combined concentration = Combined load/Combined flow Estimated change = (Combined concentration — Yarra River concentration above the input).

5. Determine the average rank for each input (Cav,input) from the estimated change in E. coli concentration in the Yarra River (Cinput), for the three weather conditions: all weather, dry weather only, and wet weather only.

Cav,input 1 = Average (Cinput 1, run 1, Cinput 1, run 2, etc).

6. Using the Cav,input value, reorder each input to determine a revised ranking (Dinput) based on the estimated change in E. coli concentration in the Yarra River for each of the three weather conditions.

OVERALL INPUT RANKING

7. Determine the average rank for each input (Eav,input) based on the combination of (Binput) and (Dinput), for the three weather conditions: all weather, dry weather only, and wet weather only.

Eav,input 1 = Average (Binput, Dinput)

8. Using the E value, reorder each input to determine the overall final ranking (F ) based on the factored E. coli av,input input concentration and estimated change in E. coli concentration in the Yarra River.

As similar ranking outcomes for inputs were obtained for both all-weather and dry-weather conditions, the rankings for all

weather were used to decide the final rank order of the inputs.

Figure 10: Summary — Drain and tributary ranking method

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

3. Estimating and factoring in the proportion of numbers produced by these analyses are not as human faecal matter important as the subsequent rankings of the sites derived from them. The risk of disease to humans is greatest with the presence of faecal matter derived from humans. For 5. Ranking of drain and tributary inputs the purpose of assessing the significance of inputs, the Following estimation of the loads, human faecal presence of human faecal matter was factored into component, and effect on river E. coli concentrations, measured E. coli concentrations. The proportion of a ranking procedure was used to determine the human faecal matter was estimated from the faecal relative significance of the inputs and set priorities for sterols and bacteriological indicators data using the further detailed investigation. The ranking focused on method of Leeming et al. 1998. These approximations the relative risk posed by E. coli levels containing were used as an indication of the level of human faecal human faecal matter and the effect of a drain or contamination. tributary on E. coli levels in the river. A summary of The World Health Organisation guidelines (WHO 2003) the process is provided in Figure 10. for coastal and freshwaters were used to provide a weighting for human and non-human faecal inputs. Initial ranking The guidelines generally indicate factors of 5 to 10 for Two initial ranking procedures were undertaken for the difference in the risk levels of faecal indicators each of the inputs, based on the: from human and non-human sources. As a • factored E. coli concentration (includes the precautionary measure, a ratio of 10 was used as the proportion of human faecal matter) basis for factoring in the estimated proportion of human faecal matter. • estimated effect of a drain or tributary upon E. coli concentration in the Yarra River. The factored E.coli concentration provides an Factored E. coli concentrations for each drain and indication of the degree of risk of an input to human tributary were used to produce a ranking on each of health and was one of the two criteria subsequently the sampling days. An average rank for the various used to rank the significance of input drains and sampling occasions was determined and this value was tributaries (Figure 10). Since the factored E.coli used to produce an ordering of the drains and concentrations are approximations, it is the relative tributaries for all runs combined, all dry runs and all site rankings derived from these numbers that are of wet runs (Appendix 5). most interest, rather than the actual numbers themselves. For some drains, faecal sterols data was not available for some runs. In these instances, the data available 4. Estimating the effect of inputs on was used to derive rankings rather than leaving the concentrations of E. coli in the Yarra River site out of the rankings. For example, if a rank could The estimated effect of an input on Yarra River E. coli only be calculated for two out of four dry days, then concentration was the second criterion used to rank the combined rank is an average of two measures the significance of input drains and tributaries. This rather than four. Since an E. coli concentration of 1000 was used, rather than the absolute load contribution of organisms/100 mL was used as the ‘trigger’ for an input, as it is the effect on the river’s concentration conducting faecal sterols analysis, the result of this that is of most value in assessing risks to recreational procedure is that the samples with the highest levels users. of E. coli tended to determine rankings for locations where few samples were analysed for faecal sterols. The potential impact of each input was estimated by combining load and flow estimates for a drain or Drains and tributaries were also ranked according to tributary with load and flow estimates for the Yarra their estimated effect on E. coli concentration on each River site immediately upstream. The likely change in of the sampling days. The average rank was calculated concentration resulting from the hypothetical mixing for the various sampling occasions and used to of the two water bodies was calculated and expressed produce an ordering of drains and tributaries. Sites as organisms/100 mL (Figure 10). This estimate is not were assigned new ranks according to the ordering expected to tally with observed changes in river produced for all runs combined, all dry runs and all wet concentrations2. It is used primarily as a means of runs (Appendix 6). gauging the relative importance of drain and tributary Overall input ranking inputs to the Yarra River, taking into account estimated loads and differences in concentration of An overall ranking of inputs was generated by faecal indicators. Because of this limitation, the actual averaging the ranks of the two ranking procedures (factored E. coli concentration and the calculated effect on main-stem Yarra E. coli concentration). Inputs were reordered using these average values and 2 Based on spot measurements, assumes that mixing of inputs with the river is instantaneous, and does not take into account travel time of water an overall rank was assigned for all runs combined, all between sites or rates of die-off of the indicators. dry runs and all wet runs (Appendix 7). The limiting

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

factor in producing the overall ranking was the 6. Grouping the inputs number of inputs for which there were no faecal Based primarily on the results of the overall rankings sterols data, as these could not be ranked. These for all runs combined and both ranking criteria inputs generally had E. coli concentrations that were combined (Appendix 7), sites were placed into four too low to meet the criterion for a faecal sterols groups to inform the discussion of inputs and the analysis. As such, these would rank low in the assignment of priorities for action. As sampling was hierarchy of inputs, which is where they have been intentionally biased towards dry weather (twice as placed. Unranked inputs at the lower end of the many sampling days) this results in a greater influence hierarchy were ordered according to their E. coli on the rankings. This is considered appropriate concentrations. because the river is in a dry-weather flow state for This ranking procedure highlights drain and tributary most of the time. inputs that consistently have a high E. coli count The first group includes the drains that are clearly (especially if this is also associated with a high contributing high loads of human faecal matter to the proportion of human faecal matter) and are likely to Yarra River. The second group are those drains for have a large impact upon Yarra River E.coli concentration (high load and higher concentration of which there is some evidence of faecal contamination. E. coli than the river). A check for correlation between The next group includes drains that were clearly variables (Figure 11) reveals that there is a broad contributing low loads of faecal matter to the Yarra scatter of the data with a weak positive correlation. If River. The tributaries comprise the last grouping. the two ranking criteria were strongly negatively Inputs are presented in Table 3 (drains), and Table 4 correlated, the criteria would have cancelled out, (tributaries), listed in rank order. The tables include resulting in poor differentiation of sites. the data on which rankings are based and have been colour-coded to indicate high and low levels of the indicators. Inputs at the bottom of each table that were initially unranked due to the lack of faecal sterols data have been ranked according to their average E. coli concentrations.

1000

800

concentration 600

E.coli

400

(org/100mL)

200

Estimated change in Yarra River 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

-200 Factored E.coli concentration (org/100mL)

Figure 11: Check of the two ranking criteria for correlation

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Table 3: Drain rankings – ranked by E.coli concentration factored for proportion of human faecal matter and estimated effect on Yarra River E.coli concentration

Factored E. coli concentration Estimated effect on Yarra E. coli Relative load (orgs/100 mL) concentration (orgs/100mL) (% of the Yarra River load at Kew) E. coli concentration (orgs/100 mL) Site Drain no. Dry 1 Dry 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 1 Dry 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 1 Dry 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 1 Dry 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Wet 1 Wet 2 23 Harper Street 104240 29121 87887 60088 26524 2848 19 19 42 50 6 45 2.7 5.4 50 34 0.3 1.3 120000 160000 240000 170000 73000 16000 5 Elizabeth Street 28099 14465 34860 1712 1886 93 23 289 55 4 12 13 10 359 40 0.2 0.7 140000 92000 46000 14000 17000 17000 31 Kew 189326 89708 200 73 197536 166 119 1 0 60 226 25 33 0.8 0.2 1.6 3.2 >240000 170000 2000 730 >240000 52000 6 Princes Bridge 16632 271 2451 16664 769 4383 9 1 1 26 0 17 1.4 0.4 1.8 18 0.1 0.7 61000 2000 20000 160000 4600 31000 39 Salt Creek 10507 1098 1562 1077 882 1175 21 3 2 6 11 23 2.9 0.8 3.0 4.6 0.2 0.4 24000 2400 3700 6100 2900 9800 20 Hawthorn 766 303 493 1180 1162 3263 4 0 2 1 13 180 0.8 0.4 2.6 0.5 0.7 5.1 6100 1600 1600 1400 6500 24000 34 Locksley Road 94007 10124 543 3864 889 14 2 0 0 10 204 2.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 3.2 120000 14000 650 2000 14000 7700 46 Porter Street 4998 4100 3408 0 0 3 1 29 0 0.0 0.1 3.3 1.0 0.6 0.0 150 610 6100 4100 24000 1300 41 Bulleen North 7196 1161 2233 1029 14 2 0 2 2 14 1.9 0.5 0.1 1.7 0.1 0.2 35000 6900 530 20000 2000 8200 13 Prahran 500 5083 5200 372 3505 0 12 22 0 -1 135 0.1 5.5 27 0.0 0.0 4.5 730 46000 52000 31 1300 35000 29 Fairfield 750 13211 395 9019 0 0 10 0 0 52 0.1 0.0 11 0.0 0.0 1.3 2000 490 39000 290 1700 87000 35 Glass Creek 425 410 304 2675 1 0 0 24 4 861 0.2 0.0 0.0 18 0.1 12 2000 310 99 4100 2000 24000 37 Bulleen Road 2400 1200 1513 1804 0 0 0 0 4 7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 870 2400 730 1200 9200 13000 22 Church Street 613 280 4088 0 -1 2 0 1 45 0.1 0.1 1.9 0.2 0.1 1.3 1600 370 2800 460 4100 12000 14 Williams Road 100 8200 0 0 1 0 0 898 0.1 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 28 400 46 1000 520 2000 82000 26 Alexander Pde 3400 160 3900 12 0 0 0 -1 47 1.7 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 1.3 34000 1600 260 150 2000 39000 9 Batman Avenue 1700 1200 0 0 5 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 5.7 0.2 0.0 0.1 2000 2000 17000 820 920 12000 24 Gipps Street 836 5933 690 0 0 0 1 0 7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.2 390 520 1700 8200 610 6900 15 Richmond Quarry 249 1299 227 0 0 0 0 0 -3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 270 370 140 2400 2600 1000 16 Canberra Road 2534 460 0 0 3 1 0 6 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.5 0.0 0.3 290 1 24000 4600 1700 16000 21 Palmer Street 2111 0 0 0 0 0 77 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.2 96 71 93 820 1400 20000 27 Alexander Pde Ra 1700 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 200 250 24 15 2000 17000 3 Ferrars Street 348 981 980 440 22 34 2400 8700 11 Yarra Park 61 0 0 0 0 0 -7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 310 37 610 770 1200 4600 4 Hanna Streetb mean 494, range 341 - 625 mean 1150, range 230->2400 40 Banyule 0 0 0 0 1 -4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 770 280 730 440 980 1000 8 Federation Square 0000000.00.00.10.00.00.010 1 690 310 140 460 2 Johnson Street 6 2 23 11 72 1 Sampling Days Dry 1 24-Aug-05 <201 <3 <201 Dry 2 25-Aug-05 201 - 1000 3 - 10 <3 201 - 1000 Dry 3 29-Nov-05 1001 - 5000 11 - 50 3 - 10 1001 - 5000 Dry 4 30-Nov-05 5001 - 25000 51 - 250 11 - 100 5001 - 25000 Wet 1 31-Aug-05 25001 - 125000 251 - 1000 101 - 200 25001 - 125000 Wet 2 08-Nov-05 >125000 >1000 >200 >125000

NOTES a Alexander Pde. Relief Drain. b Sampling times for Hanna Street do not correspond to other sites and cannot be assigned to wet or dry weather. Blank cells indicate no data - either no flow data, the E. coli concentration was lower than "trigger" for faecal sterols analysis, or no faecal sterols analysis available. Where a factored E. coli concentration was not available, the E. coli concentration was used in ranking sites. A negative number for estimated effect on concentration means a reduction in E. coli in the Yarra River. E. coli results with > indicates greater than the reporting limit of the method of analysis used. Sites are listed in net rank order based on results from all sampling runs.

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES Table 4: Tributary rankings – ranked by E.coli concentration factored for proportion of human faecal matter and estimated effect on Yarra River E.coli concentration

Factored E. coli concentration Estimated effect on Yarra E. coli Relative load E. coli concentration (orgs/100 mL) concentration (orgs/100mL) (% of the Yarra River load at Kew) (orgs/100 mL) Site Tributary no. Dry 1 Dry 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 1 Dry 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 1 Dry 2 Dry 3 Dry 4 Wet 1 Wet 2 Dry 1Dry 2Dry 3Dry 4Wet 1Wet 2 36 Koonung 227 406 1802 3 1 8 2 71 620 0.6 0.4 11 1.6 1.9 8.8 1000 410 2400 550 3100 17000 18 Gardiners 214 127 5697 1100 9 -2 2 10 9108 546 2.9 0.7 4.9 11 481 18 980 190 260 690 52000 11000 32 Darebin 581 749 580 9 -1 11 17 409 519 2.1 0.4 15 13 24 11 980 150 2200 3100 4100 5800 47 Diamond 120 650 12 3 1 6 4 63 2.2 1.9 2.4 5.2 1.3 0.9 980 550 270 1200 1700 6500 44 Ruffey 562 208 1 0 19 12 41 -11 0.2 0.1 29 13 1.5 0.7 580 210 1100 770 3300 1400 50 Stony 434 2400 865 0 0 0 0 1 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 170 390 730 24000 1700 5500 52 Andersons 160 659 0 0 3 6 21 28 0.1 0.1 4.6 4.8 0.8 0.3 180 170 980 1600 3100 5500 49 Mullum Mullum 820 4 2 -1 0 80 187 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.6 3.0 2.1 730 550 150 150 3300 8200 42 Plenty 8700 1 3 4 331730.40.76.84.01.12.9280 240 610 690 1600 8700 28 Merri 514 310 -12 -6 5 2 -46 -81 0.9 0.7 8.1 4.1 16 6.7 250 110 280 220 2500 3100 Sampling Days Dry 1 24-Aug-05 <201 <3 <201 Dry 2 25-Aug-05 201 - 1000 3 - 10 <3 201 - 1000 Dry 3 29-Nov-05 1001 - 5000 11 - 50 3 - 10 1001 - 5000 Dry 4 30-Nov-05 5001 - 25000 51 - 250 11 - 100 5001 - 25000 Wet 1 31-Aug-05 25001 - 125000 251 - 1000 101 - 200 25001 - 125000 Wet 2 08-Nov-05 >125000 >1000 >200 >125000

NOTES Blank cells indicate no data - either the E. coli concentration was lower than "trigger" for faecal sterols analysis, or no faecal sterols analysis available. Where a factored E. coli concentration was not available, the E. coli concentration was used in ranking sites. A negative number for estimated effect on concentration means a reduction in E. coli in the Yarra River. Sites are listed in net rank order based on results from all sampling runs.

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

GENERAL FEATURES OF THE INPUTS in particular had higher relative contributions of faecal load on wet sampling days (Figure 9). However, it 1. Dry days: drains cannot be assumed that high concentrations of E. coli only enter the tributaries during high-flow rain events. E. coli concentrations (Figure 8) generally show that It is quite possible that E. coli inputs in dry weather drains had much higher E. coli concentrations than could accumulate on biofilms and in sediments in the tributaries or the Yarra itself. Many drains also showed tributaries, only to be mobilised during high-flow large variation between consecutive dry days and events. were generally much more variable than tributaries and the Yarra. The highest variability was seen in Studies in New Zealand streams using artificially Prahran, Fairfield and Alexander Parade main drains. generated floods (Muirhead et al. 2004) found that large increases in E. coli concentration (two orders of This variability in dry weather is difficult to explain. On magnitude) could be generated solely from two consecutive days during a dry spell there should mobilisation of sediments. Because of the urban be little or no stormwater in the drainage system, with nature of the catchments surrounding most of the flow reduced to a small amount of groundwater tributaries in this study, only a small amount of rain is infiltrating the drain that should carry little faecal required to generate high flows. contamination. Sewer emergency relief structures (ERSs) should not be operating. Sudden breakdowns in Similarly to their behaviour in dry weather, drains the sewerage system occurring between successive were highly variable, with many showing high sampling days (pump failures, broken pipes) could concentrations and loads on one day but significantly account for this variability but it appears far too lower concentrations and loads on the other wet prevalent for it to be caused by these relatively rare sampling day. events. Leakage from the sewerage system, cross- When comparing the two wet-weather events (August connections or breakdowns are expected to produce a and November 2005, Table 3), drains tended to have more constant, high level of contamination. higher flows and concentrations of E. coli in the It appears that, in some of the drains, there are second event. There was a strong contrast in the intermittent discharges of faecal waste entering the proportion of human faecal matter present between system that are then being diluted or flushed out by the two events, with the second event having generally other, less contaminated flows or industrial discharges lower human contributions. that are possibly toxic to E. coli. The contrast between the two wet-weather events A consequence of high variability in drains is that may reflect differences in the state of the drains and sources of contamination will be difficult to track the catchments. Generally higher flows in the second down, as there will be no guarantees that faecal event may have had the effect of diluting any human contamination will be present when an investigation is inputs and washing more non-human faecal matter undertaken. into drains. Similar in terms of the amount of rainfall, the results 2. Dry days: tributaries from the two events may also be influenced by the Most tributaries on dry days had, in comparison to timing of sample collection. In urban drains the drains, fairly low to moderate E. coli concentrations, response to rainfall is typically very rapid and it is although there are a few exceptions on dry days 3 and possible that one of the events may have been 4 (Figure 8). sampled closer to the actual storm event. Frequent sampling during storm events, preferably using The tributaries also showed much less variability in dry automated samplers, would ensure the capture of the weather than most drains. With generally higher flows early part of an event when higher levels of compared to drains, the estimated loads for tributaries contamination are likely to be present. were often relatively large in dry weather (Figure 9). Generally, E. coli concentrations in many of the Rivers and creeks, in contrast to drains, are larger, tributaries were often similar to or less than those in more open systems and rise more slowly, allowing the river, and their estimated effect on Yarra River more time for a sampling response. It is clear that, in concentrations in dry weather was minor or even one wet weather, high faecal loads can be generated, of dilution (Table 4). particularly from tributaries (Table 4). It is not known, however, how much of the difference between urban On some days, there were a few tributaries creeks and drains observed in this study is due to contributing amounts of E. coli to the river that difficulty in sampling drains quickly enough in a rain elevated or at least maintained concentrations in the event. river. 3. Wet weather: drains and tributaries In general, inputs had higher E. coli concentrations and loads in wet weather than in dry weather. Tributaries

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

SYNOPSIS AND DISCUSSION OF INPUTS drains, ranging from about 63,000 ng/L to more than 800,000 ng/L, and very high ratios of coprostanol to 1. Drains contributing high loads of human 5a-cholestanol (8.9 to 11.3) (Appendix 3). faecal matter For the first three sampling runs, this drain was clearly Harper Street Main Drain the most heavily contaminated with human faecal matter of all the drains, and had a large estimated Harper Street was the most highly ranked of all the contribution to the Yarra River E. coli concentrations drains and tributaries and was clearly contaminated on the first two dry days (Table 3). with human faecal matter. E. coli concentrations were In contrast, the last two dry days and second wet run in the hundreds of thousands of organisms/100 mL on had significantly lower E. coli levels and proportions of all dry days and samples had a high proportion of human faecal matter. This apparent change in human faecal matter (Table 3). behaviour moved the drain from top position in the On the two wet-weather sampling runs, significantly rankings and is strongly suggestive of a large lower E. coli concentrations were measured, although discharge of sewage that ceased between the August they were still in the tens of thousands. This suggests and November surveys. constant, high inputs of contamination to this drain, It is not known why Kew MD changed in this way. which are diluted by stormwater flows. There are no records of major sewer overflows during The faecal sterols biomarker data showed coprostanol this period, although the generally wetter catchment concentrations greater than 10,000 ng/L in all but one conditions on the first two dry days may have caused instance and very high ratios of coprostanol to some sewers to overflow that do not discharge to the 5a-cholestanol (in the range 4 to 9), comparable to drain system under drier catchment conditions. secondary treated effluent (Appendix 3). This suggests Until causes of the very high levels of faecal there was a substantial breach or breaches in the contamination and the reason for the change in sewerage system resulting in leakage into the behaviour of Kew MD can be established, it should stormwater drain. rank highly. Elizabeth Street Main Drain Princes Bridge Council Drain Elizabeth Street had consistently high E. coli Three of the four dry-weather samples for this drain concentrations in dry weather and slightly lower had high to very high E. coli levels, ranging from concentrations in wet weather (Table 3). 20,000 to 160,000 organisms/100 mL in dry weather Concentrations of coprostanol were highly variable in (Table 3). Flows were sufficient for the drain to be dry weather and quite low in wet weather, indicating estimated as having a slight to moderate effect on some dilution of inputs by stormwater (Appendix 3). Yarra River E. coli levels. The sample taken on the first wet-weather day had The first dry-weather sample was significantly such low concentrations of all sterols that this result is contaminated with human faecal matter. However, in not considered to be reliable. The other wet-weather the second sample on the following day, the human sample had concentrations of sterols within the contamination dropped across all the major indicators expected range and elevated levels of epicoprostanol. (absolute coprostanol concentration, ratio of This indicates that not all of the coprostanol present coprostanol to 5a-cholestanol and bacteria counts) by was from a fresh faecal source. more than 90 per cent (Appendix 2 and 3). In all dry-weather samples, ratios of coprostanol to In wet weather, E. coli levels were lower than the 5a-cholestanol were greater than 1.5, indicating a average dry-weather concentration, suggesting significant human faecal source. dilution of contaminated inputs with stormwater. These data suggest there is sewage leaking into the Overall this drain had five out of six samples showing drain, but that the load to the drain fluctuates for an evidence of contamination from human sources as-yet-unknown reason. The high levels of E. coli show (coprostanol more than 100 ng/L, and coprostanol/ that, in addition to human faecal contamination, there 5a-cholestanol ratio greater than 1). is also a significant contribution from non-human sources. Salt Creek Main Drain Kew Main Drain Salt Creek had consistently elevated E. coli concentrations (Table 3) and the proportion of human Kew had very high E. coli levels on the first two days of faecal matter was also generally high. The absolute dry-weather sampling and the first day of wet-weather concentrations of coprostanol (range of 150 to sampling (Table 3). Faecal sterols data indicated that 1033 ng/L), and ratios of coprostanol to the discharge in this drain was basically human 5a-cholestanol (2 to 5) indicated significant human- sewage, only slightly diluted. This drain had the derived faecal contamination (Appendix 3). highest coprostanol concentrations of any of the

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

In the final two dry-weather samples, levels of human faecal contamination on these days (Table 3, epicoprostanol were also elevated. This indicated that, Appendix 3). on these two occasions at least, not all of the In wet weather, this drain had one high E. coli coprostanol present could be attributed to fresh concentration of 24,000 organisms/100 mL but levels human faecal matter and that in situ anaerobic of coprostanol that were much lower, though still production may have contributed to the coprostanol elevated (850 ng/L). This suggests some dilution of levels observed. the human faecal input with non-human faecal matter The drain’s estimated effect on Yarra River E. coli during storm flows. concentration was slight to moderate (Table 3). Bulleen North Main Drain Hawthorn Main Drain Bulleen North had highly variable E.coli In dry weather, this drain had elevated E. coli concentrations, ranging from 530 to 35,000 concentrations that showed evidence of human faecal organisms/100 mL. Concentrations of coprostanol contamination, with a coprostanol range of 137 to were found up to 344 ng/L and ratios of coprostanol 455 ng/L and ratios of coprostanol to 5a-cholestanol to 5a-cholestanol ranged from 0.89 to greater than 2 between 1.4 and 2.3. Flows were generally low and the (Appendix 3), indicating significant levels of human drain’s estimated contribution to the Yarra River was contamination. low. The highest E. coli concentration was measured on the In wet weather, the drain’s estimated effect on Yarra first dry day. This coincided with the drain’s highest River E. coli concentration was considerably greater, estimate of human faecal contribution (12 per cent, but sterols data showed no significant increase in Appendix 3) and a moderate estimated effect on Yarra human-derived faecal input. On two occasions, River E. coli concentration. epicoprostanol was present, indicating anaerobic In wet weather, E. coli concentrations were elevated, conditions such as those found in older sludges or although they were generally lower than dry-weather sewage (Appendix 3). results. The data suggest that there may be a dry- Locksley Road Main Drain weather human source that is diluted by other sources of faecal contamination when it rains. Locksley Road was highly variable, with E. coli concentrations ranging from 650 to 120,000 Prahran Main Drain organisms/100 mL in dry weather (Table 3). Prahran had highly variable E. coli concentrations and The first two dry-weather samples and the first wet- showed the most variation between consecutive dry weather sample showed high levels of human-derived days (Figure 8). On the first dry run, E. coli levels went faecal contamination, with greater than 1000 ng/L of from 730 to 46,000 organisms/100 mL on consecutive coprostanol and coprostanol/5a-cholestanol ratios days and, on the second dry run, E. coli levels went greater than 5 (Appendix 3). Results from samples from 52,000 to 31 organisms/100 mL. On each pair of taken in November 2005 indicate that human consecutive days the flow rate (Appendix 2) and time contamination was substantially diminished. of day of sampling were similar. On dry day 1, when E. coli concentrations were very The levels of human faecal indicators did not high, the proportion of human faecal matter was also demonstrate the same pattern (Appendix 3). On the very high, flows were moderate and this drain was first dry day, the level of coprostanol at 2832 ng/L and estimated to be having a moderate effect on the Yarra a ratio of coprostanol to 5a-cholestanol of 5.4 were River E. coli concentration (Table 3). very high, indicating a high level of human In wet weather, and particularly on the second wet contamination. However, on the next day, when E. coli day, this drain also had a high discharge of levels increased significantly, coprostanol dropped to predominantly non-human faecal matter and its 450 ng/L and the ratio of coprostanol to 5a- contribution to the Yarra River E. coli concentration cholestanol dropped to 3.0, resulting in a significantly was estimated to be very high. reduced estimated human faecal contribution. Similarly, on dry day 3, when E. coli levels were very It appears that there is human sewage contaminating high, coprostanol levels were very low. this drain, as well as a considerable amount of non- human faecal matter being washed into the drain in The variability in E. coli and human biomarker wet weather. concentrations in dry weather cannot be explained by differences in the time of day of sampling, as the times Porter Street Main Drain were the same for each pair of consecutive days. The results suggest an intermittent source or sources of Porter Street had two dry days with elevated E. coli E. coli that are not human in origin, over the top of an concentrations, very high levels of coprostanol already significant source of human faecal matter. The (>2000 ng/L) and ratios of coprostanol to 5a- sample from the second wet day had high levels of cholestanol greater than 3, indicating significant

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

epicoprostanol, indicating the presence of older second wet day, E. coli loads were resulting in a large sludges or sewage rather than fresh material. effect (Table 3). Investigations during the course of this survey found a Levels of coprostanol, although elevated on the significant source of contamination that was largely second wet day, did not match the increase in bacterial non-human. A vegetation and litter wash-down area indicators and the estimated proportion of human had been connected directly to the main drain and faecal matter on that day was very low. Generally the measurements showed extremely high bacterial biomarker data suggests a significant degree of contamination. This source has since been removed. contamination with human faecal matter, with Prahran Main Drain was one of three drains studied in coprostanol greater than 100 ng/L and the ratio of 1995 as part of a pilot investigation using the faecal coprostanol to 5a-cholestanol ranging from 1 to 2.2. sterols method (Bate et al. 1997). Of these drains, it Non-human sources, however, appear to be more was found to be the most heavily contaminated with dominant in this drain (Appendix 3). human faecal matter. In dry weather, the levels of 2. Drains with evidence of some faecal contamination found in 1995 were similar to this contamination investigation, considering the variability found in the drain (1995 results for E. coli were 1100 and 5900 Drains in this group (Table 3, Bulleen Rd to Canberra organisms/100 mL and coprostanol levels were 646 Rd main drains) showed some evidence of faecal and 690 ng/L, respectively). In the one wet-weather contamination and warrant further investigation to event sampled in 1995, levels of E. coli (98,000 establish their status. Generally, E. coli concentrations organisms/100 mL) and coprostanol (10,870 ng/L) were not as consistently high as those in the previous were considerably higher than those measured in this group, or the estimated human faecal matter study. This would seem to indicate higher levels of contributions or loads were much lower. wet-weather faecal contamination in 1995, but the size Bulleen Road Main Drain of the rainfall event is not documented. In Bate et al. (1997), the wet-weather sampling had to have at least On two dry-weather days and both wet days, elevated half a day of heavy rain and it could well be that the levels of E. coli were measured at Bulleen Rd (Table 3). rainfall event was large enough to trigger overflows Significant levels of coprostanol were measured on from sewer ERSs. In this case, it would not be these days (467 to 1271 ng/L) and ratios of coprostanol surprising to see such high levels of human to 5a-cholestanol were also high (3 to >5), indicating contamination. considerable levels of human contamination (Appendix 3). However, flows were generally low and the Fairfield Main Drain estimated contribution of this drain to Yarra River E. This was a highly variable drain in dry weather, with E. coli levels ranged from negligible in dry weather to coli concentrations varying greatly on consecutive dry slight in wet weather. days (Table 3). Elevated E. coli levels coincided with Church Street Main Drain moderately high estimated human faecal matter contributions. These results suggest an intermittent Church Street had elevated E. coli levels on two dry- source or sources with a component of human sewage. weather occasions and the estimated proportion of This is confirmed by ratios of coprostanol to 5a- human faecal matter was moderate on one occasion cholestanol greater than 2 (Appendix 3). (Dry 1). On one of the wet days, the drain produced a high load In dry weather, flows in the drain were low and the and concentration of E. coli that was estimated to have estimated contribution to Yarra River E. coli a moderately large effect on the Yarra River E. coli concentrations was negligible (Table 3). concentration. The faecal sterols results indicate that With higher flows and faecal load on the second wet this high wet-day load had a large non-human day, the estimated effect on Yarra River E. coli component. While this reduced the estimated concentration was moderately high. High coprostanol proportions of human contamination, a measure of levels (just under 3000 ng/L) and a ratio of 300 ng/L coprostanol and a coprostanol/5a- coprostanol to 5a-cholestanol of 8.7 indicated a cholestanol ratio of 2.8 indicated that the degree of significant input of human faecal matter on that day human contamination was still significant. (Appendix 3). Glass Creek Main Drain Williams Road Diversion Drain In dry weather, Glass Creek had elevated E. coli levels Williams Rd had consistently low E. coli concentrations on two occasions (Dry 1 and Dry 4) and the estimated in dry weather (<1000 organisms/100 mL). proportion of human faecal matter was moderate on In wet weather, E. coli levels increased. A very high one occasion (Dry 1). On dry day 4, the estimated concentration (82,000 orgs/100 mL), load and faecal load provided a moderately high contribution to estimated contribution to Yarra River E. coli the Yarra River E. coli concentration while, on the concentrations was evident on the second wet-

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

weather day (Table 3). However, the estimated faecal matter is leaking into this drain that is not proportion of human faecal matter was very low, significant in proportion to Yarra River loads and indicating that the faecal input was predominantly concentrations. non-human in origin (Appendix 3). Canberra Road Main Drain Alexander Parade Main Drain E. coli levels ranged widely in this drain (1 to 24,000 This drain was highly variable. In dry weather, E. coli organisms/100 mL) in dry weather (Table 3). On dry concentrations ranged from 150 to 34,000 day 3, when the highest E. coli concentration was organisms/100 mL and, in wet weather, from 2000 to measured, human faecal matter was estimated to 39,000 organisms/100 mL (Table 3). negligible (Appendix 3). Levels of epicoprostanol were When the highest E. coli concentrations and loads elevated, indicating that faecal material was not fresh occurred, the drain’s estimated effect upon the Yarra and that some anaerobic in situ production of River was moderate. However, levels of coprostanol coprostanol may have been occurring. and the ratio of coprostanol to 5a-cholestanol were Moderately elevated levels of E. coli occurred in wet very low, indicating that little if any of the faecal weather, with the second event resulting in a small contamination was human in origin. estimated effect on Yarra River E. coli concentration. There were no faecal sterols data available for wet Batman Avenue Main Drain weather. Batman Avenue had elevated E. coli concentrations on 3. Drains with little or no indication of faecal three dry days (Table 3), but levels of coprostanol were all very low, indicating little if any human contamination contamination (Appendix 3). The drains in this group (Table 3, Palmer Street to Elevated E. coli and high epicoprostanol levels Johnson Street) appear to be of little concern. They occurred on one of the wet days. This indicates that had low E. coli concentrations at all times in dry some of the coprostanol likely comes from in situ weather and their estimated effect on Yarra River anaerobic production, and the estimated proportion of E. coli concentration was negligible. human faecal matter in this drain in wet weather was Three drains also had low E. coli levels in wet weather estimated to be very low. (Banyule, Federation Sq and Johnson St). The others Gipps Street Main Drain had moderately elevated levels of E. coli in wet weather, but their contribution to Yarra River E. coli This drain had elevated levels of E. coli on dry days 3 concentration was low to negligible. The exception was and 4 (Table 3). High levels of coprostanol were Palmer St on the second wet day, which was estimated measured on dry day 4, when the highest E. coli to have a moderate effect upon Yarra River E. coli concentration (8200 organisms/100 mL) was seen. concentration but contained a very low estimated The ratio of coprostanol to 5a-cholestanol was very human contribution (Appendix 3). high, indicating significant levels of human faecal Considerable temporal variability was obvious in many contamination (Appendix 3). However, measured flows drains. While the sample size of the screening phase in the drain were very low on dry days and its study was very spatially extensive, sampling was only estimated effect on Yarra River E. coli was negligible. undertaken on six days and therefore was on a small In wet weather, low to elevated levels of E. coli were temporal scale. It is possible that higher levels may measured, but levels of coprostanol and the estimated occur in these drains but they have been missed under human faecal matter were low. this sampling regime. While this study was appropriate It appears that there can be human contamination in for initial prioritisation of key drain inputs, surveillance dry weather that doesn’t reach the Yarra River, and monitoring is needed to confirm the low-ranking status this contamination is diluted by stormwater flows and of these drains. inputs of non-human faecal matter in wet weather. Hanna Street Main Drain flows into a large underground sump that can only be accessed using Richmond Quarry Main Drain special equipment to lift manhole covers. Because of E. coli levels were generally low in this drain, except this, the sampling of Hanna Street had to coincide with for two occasions (Dry 4 and Wet 1) when elevated the regular inspection and cleaning of the sump levels were measured. Flows in this drain ranged from (pumped out into the Yarra River). As such, sampling very low in dry weather to moderate in wet weather times did not coincide with the dry and wet-weather and the estimated effect on Yarra River E. coli sampling of other drains. Sampled six times in total, concentration was, at all times, negligible (Table 3). E. coli concentrations were generally low to moderate. Although E. coli levels were generally low, estimated The median concentration was 1150 organisms/100 mL human faecal matter in dry weather was moderately (Appendix 2). Four samples were assessed for faecal high (Appendix 3). It would appear that some human sterols. Coprostanol levels were around 400 to 500 ng/L, indicating the presence of human faecal

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

matter. High levels of epicoprostanol showed that with very high flows, produced some very high some of the coprostanol was probably produced by in contaminant loads to the river. All were estimated to situ anaerobic production (Appendix 3). be having a very large effect on Yarra River E. coli concentrations. Gardiners Creek, in particular, carried 4. Tributary inputs some very high loads of E. coli in wet weather and, on The urban tributaries surveyed follow their natural the first wet day, had the highest measured load of watercourses and retain many features of natural any of the sites (drain, tributary or river) over the rivers or creeks. Unlike drains, they are open systems course of this study (relative load of approximately within much larger catchments, and many smaller 480). stormwater drains and creeks discharge to them. They There is a lack of faecal sterols data from the carry much greater flows than drains in wet and dry tributaries’ first wet-weather run, due to early weather and have more potential to store collection methodology problems. The available data contaminants within their sediments in depositional suggest that, in wet weather, the proportion of human areas. faecal matter in most of the tributaries is very low Stony Creek was the only tributary to record a high (Appendix 3). The data for drains indicated that the E. coli concentration in dry weather (Dry 4, 24,000 proportion of human faecal matter was higher for the organisms/100 mL). The faecal contamination first wet run compared with the second wet run. measured on that day was non-human in origin Melbourne Water takes monthly samples of water (Appendix 3) and there was no flow from the creek quality in many rivers and creeks throughout the into the Yarra. However, such an accumulation of Melbourne metropolitan area. Historical data (1999 to faecal contamination in non-flowing tributaries could 2005) collected from sites on the tributaries close to potentially make a significant contribution to the Yarra where they enter the Yarra River is presented in River in the first flush after a significant rainfall event. Figure 12 and Table 5. In dry weather, Darebin, Koonung and Gardiners Gardiners and Koonung creeks clearly stand out from creeks had E. coli concentrations that were at times the other creeks in terms of their mean E. coli elevated compared to the Yarra River. Due to their concentrations. The Plenty River, Mullum Mullum, much greater flows compared to drains they were, on Anderson’s and, in particular, Ruffey creeks have some occasions, estimated to be having an effect in improved over the last three to four years. Diamond increasing Yarra River E. coli concentrations (Table 4). Creek and Merri Creek appear to be of little concern in The proportion of human faecal matter was also terms of recent historical or current E. coli levels. This moderate to high in these instances (Appendix 3). data clearly supports the findings of this study with In wet weather, these creeks had moderately high to respect to the key tributary inputs to the Yarra River. very high concentrations of E. coli that, in combination

2000

Koonung Ck

1500 Gardiners Ck Ruffey Ck

1000

(org/100mL) Mullum Plenty R Darebin Ck Mullum Ck E.coli Andersons Ck 500 Diamond Merri Ck Ck

e t ew te K dy n a Yarra River mainstream sites rr Southga Wa

Figure 12: Yarra River and its tributaries — geometric mean of all E.coli data 1999—2005 (organisms/100 mL; diamonds represent main-stem sites, squares represent tributaries)

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

100 ng/L and coprostanol/5a-cholestanol ratios OBSERVATIONS IN THE YARRA RIVER greater than 1 on some occasions (Appendix 3). Upstream of Heidelberg, E. Coli levels were generally 5. E. coli levels and loads lower, with levels of coprostanol usually below the Concentrations of E. coli in the river on the six detection limit, and ratios of coprostanol to 5a- sampling days were fairly typical compared to Yarra cholestanol less than 1, indicating low absolute levels Watch data (www.epa.vic.gov.au/water/yarrawatch) of human contamination. over the study period. The highest coprostanol concentration (1029 ng/L) In the first dry event in August 2005 (Dry 1 and Dry 2), was measured in the Yarra River at Kew on dry day 1. concentrations were between 200 and 1000 E. coli A very high coprostanol/5a-cholestanol ratio (>14.7) organisms/100 mL, except at Abbotsford, South Yarra indicated significant contamination from human and Docklands. On the second dry run (November sources. Coprostanol levels in Kew MD on that day 2005), E. coli concentrations were very low, with most were in excess of 800,000 ng/L and the coprostanol/ sites below 200 organisms/100 mL. 5a-cholestanol ratio was 11.33. This is significant On the wet sampling days, river concentrations were evidence of the impact of a contaminated discharge higher but still within the range of Yarra Watch data. from the Kew MD at that time. Elevated E. coli concentrations were measured in the The only strong evidence of herbivore faecal Yarra River at South Yarra and downstream sites on contamination was at Warrandyte on dry days 1 and 2. the second wet day, likely reflecting inputs of E. coli Levels of 24-ethyl coprostanol, the herbivore faecal from Prahran MD and Williams Rd DD (Figure 8). When marker, were 278 and 233 ng/L and the estimated the relative loads in these drains and the river site proportions of herbivore faecal matter were 36 and 24 below these inputs on that day are considered (Figure per cent, respectively. Similar proportions of human 9), it seems likely that the sampling did not include the faecal matter (26 and 21 per cent) were found, with the wet-weather peak and most of the contaminated flow remainder assigned to the unexplained grouping coming down these drains. High concentrations, (Appendix 3). Estimated proportions of less than five however, were still evident in the drains. per cent herbivore faecal matter were recorded as far The Yarra generally seems to carry much greater downstream as Heidelberg in dry weather. loads of E. coli than its input tributaries and drains, There is a clear pattern of rapidly waning influence of with most carrying significantly less than five per cent herbivore faecal inputs downstream of Warrandyte, of the total load of the Yarra River at Kew (Figure 9). and an increasing presence of human faecal indicators Gardiners, Darebin and to some extent Koonung and downstream of Heidelberg. This strongly suggests that Ruffey creeks among the tributaries, and Kew MD, a significant proportion of faecal inputs in the lower Harper St MD, Prahran MD and Elizabeth St MD had Yarra River are human in origin and derived from the relative E. coli loads of more than 10 per cent of the local catchment, rather than being imported from Yarra at Kew on some occasions. Two high relative upstream of Warrandyte, where E. coli levels are loads were measured at Gardiners Creek (Wet 1) and generally the lowest in the Yarra River Elizabeth Street MD (Dry 3), at about five and three- (www.epa.vic.gov.au/water/yarrawatch). and-a-half-times the E. coli load of the Yarra River at 7. Interpretation limits Kew, respectively. Changes in concentration and loads from one Yarra There was substantial variability observed in the River location to the next generally do not tally with inputs to the Yarra River. As the river integrates these inputs between locations, and there is often a large inputs, what is measured is likely to be the result of shortfall between input loads and the change in load multiple pulses moving into and mixing within the river between two river sites. With the observed variability over a period of time. of the inputs and the wide range of possible factors For example, on the first wet day there was a fairly that can influence E. coli levels in the river, it is not substantial increase in estimated E. coli load in the surprising that what is observed in the river cannot be Yarra River between Swan St Bridge and Burnley. reconciled with input concentrations and estimated Gardiners Creek enters between these two locations. loads. Further work is required to better understand The load measured in the creek at the time was much variability in inputs and in-stream processes within the greater than the estimated increase in load between Yarra River before improved reconciliation of loads the two locations, and it appears to have only just can occur. started to integrate with and impact on the river. 6. Faecal contamination If the degree of spatial or temporal variation in the river itself were also high, then estimates based upon The faecal biomarker data indicated the presence of single-spot samples would likewise be very variable. contamination of human origin in the lower reaches of the river. Downstream of Heidelberg, a number of sites There is also a wide range of other factors that can recorded coprostanol concentrations of greater than affect the E. coli levels observed in the river. These

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

include possible inputs from large animal populations living on or near the river, discharges from boats, and unknown drains or pipes discharging to the river. The survival time of E.coli in Yarra River water or sediments has not been established. Isobe et al. (2004) report possible in-stream generation of E. coli through growth in sediments that can later be resuspended into the water column. All of these factors could have an important influence on E. coli concentrations found in the Yarra River.

ASSIGNING PRIORITIES FOR ACTION

A working group comprising personnel from EPA and Melbourne Water developed a list of high priorities for action. In deciding what inputs should be high priority, the results of the ranking procedures, raw data, historical data for the tributaries, knowledge of the practical difficulties involved in investigation of sites and expert judgement were used. In determining priorities, the working group deliberately erred on the side of caution so that, where indications were not clear, the input was included as a priority for further work rather than excluded. From this process, 12 stormwater drains and three tributaries were identified as having the greatest impact upon recreational values of the Yarra River (Table 6). These have been assigned high priority for action, requiring detailed follow-up investigations on each of these drains and tributaries to identify where faecal contamination is being introduced into these systems. This will enable maximum return for investment in improvements and repair works to reduce levels of faecal contamination inputs to the Yarra River. All other drains and tributaries were assigned low priority for action. Surveillance monitoring should be used to confirm the status or highlight any change in condition that subsequently requires a drain or tributary to be reassigned to the priority list.

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Table 5: Melbourne Water monitoring sites relevant to those sampled in the Yarra River Faecal Inputs Screening Study – E.coli annual geometric means 2000-2005 (organisms/100mL)

Year Gardiners Ck Ck Gardiners Merri Ck Darebin Ck Koonung Ck Plenty R Ruffey Ck Diamond Ck Mullum Mullum Ck Andersons Ck

2000 1041 287 1006 3091 1187 2209 858 1201 1743

2001 1216 337 497 2148 932 1571 839 888 830

2002 1216 201 378 2168 467 2122 425 548 673

2003 1984 500 832 2040 539 933 437 406 604

2004 1623 651 1063 1048 696 636 566 809 637

2005 913 404 1006 1341 746 500 704 888 588

Indicates an annual geometric mean greater than 1000 organisms/100 mL

Table 6: List of priority drains and tributaries SUMMARY

Harper Street Main Drain The screening investigation was conducted to identify which of the many stormwater drains and tributaries Elizabeth Street Main Drain entering the Yarra River contribute significant levels of faecal contamination to the river and require Kew Main Drain further detailed investigation to track down the Princes Bridge Drain sources and direct works to remove them. The Yarra River between Warrandyte and Bolte Bridge Salt Creek Main Drain was chosen as the focus for investigation, as bacterial Hawthorn Main Drain levels start to increase in this stretch of the river and recreational use is greater. Identifying inputs of Locksley Road Main Drain human faecal contamination were emphasised, as the potential risks to public health are greater than from Porter Street Main Drain non-human sources. Bulleen North Main Drain Sampling occurred for a range of indicator bacteria, faecal biomarkers and water measures at 52 sites on Prahran Main Drain six occasions, covering both dry and wet-weather Fairfield Main Drain conditions. The study design effectively sampled four events: two dry-weather and two wet-weather. Each Glass Creek Main Drain dry-weather event comprised sampling on two consecutive days, as it was considered that this would Gardiners Creek better distinguish inputs that had continuous Koonung Creek discharges of sewage from those that had intermittent discharges. Darebin Creek The results show that bacterial levels entering the Yarra River varied considerably, both between sample

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

locations and across the different sampling occasions individual drains and the drains were generally much at the same location. There are, however, some more variable than tributaries and the Yarra River. general observations that can be made. Some discharges may be brief and intense, or episodic, In dry weather, the majority of input drains tended to and a high probability exists that spot sampling will have much higher E. coli concentrations than either miss the main discharge event, resulting in only the tributaries or the Yarra River itself. residual contamination being picked up. As a consequence, it is possible that faecal inputs may With generally higher flows compared to the drains, occur in drains that currently show little indication of the E. coli load for tributaries was often relatively contamination. higher in dry weather. Despite this, the E. coli concentration in many of the tributaries was often The timing of sample collection during the wet- similar to, or less than, the concentration in the Yarra weather events may also have influenced results. In River, so the effect of the tributary input was often urban drains the response to rainfall is typically very only minor. rapid and it is possible that one of the events may have been sampled closer to the actual storm event. In wet weather, both the drains and tributaries Rivers and creeks are larger, more open systems that generally had much higher concentrations and loads rise slowly, allowing more time for a sampling than in dry weather. With higher flows during wet- response. It is clear that, in wet weather, very weather events, the tributaries made much greater significant faecal loads can be generated, particularly relative contributions of bacterial load than the drains. from tributaries. It is uncertain, however, how much of When E. coli concentrations were elevated (in the tens the difference between the urban creeks and drains of thousands of organisms per 100 mL or higher) the observed in this study may be due to the difficulty in proportion of human faecal matter tended to be high. sampling drains quickly enough in a rain event. In many drains, human inputs dominated in dry It is apparent that levels of E. coli in the Yarra River weather and other sources of faecal contamination are dynamic (constantly changing over time) and may diluted human inputs during wet weather. also exhibit high spatial variability. While the river The only clear evidence of herbivore contamination appears to carry a greater E. coli load than the sum of was found at Warrandyte, decreasing downstream to its input tributaries and drains, this is not unexpected Heidelberg. There is an increasing dominance of given the variability observed in the inputs and the human faecal indicators downstream of Heidelberg. range of possible factors that can affect E. coli levels This pattern strongly suggests that high levels of in the river. faecal indicators in the lower Yarra River have a significant human component and are derived from the local catchment, rather than being imported from further upstream. A number of inputs clearly stood out as significant sources of faecal contamination, while others show little signs of contamination. There were also a relatively large number of drains that showed some evidence of contamination but also exhibited a great deal of variability in results. Harper Street and Elizabeth Street main drains were clearly contaminated with a high proportion of human faecal matter. A number of other drains had a high E. coli load associated with a high proportion of human faecal matter, and were estimated to have a considerable effect upon Yarra River E.coli concentration on more than one occasion. This most often occurred in dry weather, when there should be little bacterial contamination present if stormwater and sewerage systems are performing well. In wet weather, Gardiners, Koonung and Darebin creeks had E. coli levels that, in combination with very high flows, delivered high contaminant loads to the river. All were estimated to be having a very large effect on Yarra River E. coli concentrations in wet weather. Significant variability in the E. coli, flow or human faecal biomarker results was observed in many

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

levels. Sampling should be undertaken to capture the PRIMARY RECOMMENDATIONS early part of discharge events, when higher levels of contamination are likely to be present. 1. Priority stormwater drain investigations 6. High spatial intensity sampling Detailed follow-up investigations of the twelve identified priority stormwater drainage networks Further study is needed to assess the degree of spatial should be undertaken to locate and direct works to variation of E. coli levels in the Yarra River, both at a remove the sources of human faecal contamination in site and longitudinally along a reach of river, including these drains. characterisation of variability between samples and spatial heterogeneity at sites. This will enable 2. Priority tributary investigations identification of the most appropriate sampling Many smaller stormwater drains and creeks discharge regimes for identifying and assessing potential to the large urban tributaries feeding the Yarra River. sources. Screening phase investigations, similar to this study, High spatial intensity surveys at selected sites or should be conducted for the identified priority reaches of the Yarra River could also assist in tributaries — Gardiners, Koonung and Darebin creeks — identifying unmapped or unknown drains or point- to identify significant faecal contamination inputs from source discharges, potential faecal contributions from drains or creeks within these systems. animal populations living on or near the river, and Detailed follow-up investigations should then be inputs from boats. undertaken to locate and direct works to remove the 7. Faecal contributions from sediments sources of human faecal contamination from these smaller stormwater drains and creeks. E. coli and other faecal bacteria may accumulate or even grow in sediments and become mobilised during 3. Surveillance of priority inputs high-flow events. Direct measurement of E. coli Surveillance monitoring of priority inputs is concentration in sediments and biofilms at selected recommended to assess the success of remedial works locations in the Yarra River, drains and tributaries, in reducing faecal contamination and highlight any together with artificial flood experiments, would change in condition that may indicate reoccurrence of provide insight into the significance of sediments as a contamination problems. store and source of bacteria in the river.

FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS 4. Monitoring of non-priority inputs This study demonstrated that E. coli levels are highly variable in many drains, and it is possible that some drains may not yet have been sampled in a state of discharge. Further monitoring of such drains will provide a more substantial information base to assess whether any should be reallocated to the priority list. Monitoring should occur more frequently and over a greater range of seasonal and catchment conditions. It is proposed that sampling of drains at their outlet to the Yarra River should be carried out on a fortnightly basis for a period of time. Given the general relationship between high E. coli levels and the proportion of human faecal matter, monitoring should focus on the more cost-effective bacterial and flow measures. Faecal sterols analysis should be used for detailed investigations where distinction between different types of faecal contamination is considered necessary. 5. High-frequency temporal sampling Automated sampling of selected drains at a high temporal frequency in base flow and storm flow events could increase understanding of the mechanisms causing observed variability in drain contamination

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Management. State of Victoria, Department of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sustainability and Environment, January 2006. EPA wishes to thank Melbourne Water for providing State of Victoria (2006b). Yarra River Action Plan. the funding for this screening investigation and its State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and contributions in the design, conduct and reporting of Environment, January 2006. the study. USEPA (2002), Implementation Guidance for Ambient Rhys Leeming of CSIRO is also thanked for his Water Quality Criteria for Bacteria, May 2002 Draft, assistance in data interpretation and review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington draft report. DC. World Health Organisation (2003). Guidelines for safe REFERENCES recreational water environments: Volume 1, Coastal and freshwaters. World Health Organisation, 2003, Bate N, Hewlett R, Leeming R and Reed J (1997), ISBN 92 4 154580 1 Origins of faecal contamination of the lower Yarra River — an Investigation using faecal sterols and bacteria, Publication 538, EPA Victoria, Melbourne. Brown E, Caraco D and Pitt R (2004), Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: A Guidance Manual for Program Development and Technical Assessments, the Center for Watershed Protection, US EPA, Washington, DC. Coleman R (2001), Investigation of Human Faecal Contamination within Prahran Main Drain, unpublished report, Melbourne Water, Melbourne. EPA Victoria (2007), Yarra Inputs – Tracking Sources of Faecal Pollution, Publication 1057, EPA Victoria, Melbourne. Isobe KO, Tarao M, Nguyen H.Chiem, Le Y Minh and Takada H (2004) Effect of Environmental Factors on the Relationship between Concentrations of Coprostanol and Faecal Indicator Bacteria in Tropical (Mekong Delta) and Temperate (Tokyo) Freshwaters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70(2):814-821. Leeming R, Ball A, Ashbolt N, Jones G and Nichols P (1994). Distinguishing between human and animal sources of faecal pollution. Chem. Australia 61:434- 435. Leeming R, Ball A, Ashbolt N and Nichols P (1996). Using faecal sterols from humans and animals to distinguish faecal pollution in receiving waters. Water Res. 30:2893-2900. Leeming R, Nichols PD and Ashbolt N (1998). Distinguishing sources of faecal pollution in Australian inland and coastal waters using sterol biomarkers and microbial faecal indicators. CSIRO Research Report no. 204, November 1998. Report prepared for the Water Services Association of Australia. Muirhead RW, Davies-Colley RJ, Donnison AM and Nagels JW (2004). Faecal bacteria yields in artificial flood events: quantifying in-stream stores. Water Res. 38:1215-1224. State of Victoria (2006a). Strengthening the Management of the Yarra and Maribyrnong Rivers: A background report for Future Water Quality

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Appendix 1: Yarra River faecal sources investigation – Sampling sites

Yarra River Yarra Watch Stream or Site no. Site name Location details Flow calculation by: site site drain

Reach: Bolte Bridge to Princes Bridge

1 Yarra River at Docklands Mel 2E B7; mid-stream from boat Not possible – estuarine X X

Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 2 Johnson Street Main Drain Mel 2E H9; manhole at 4804/MH003 X current velocity Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 3 Ferrars Street Main Drain Mel 2E J9; manhole 4805/MH002 X current velocity Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 4 Hanna Street Main Drain Mel 2F B9; the pits adjacent to Whiteman street X current velocity Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 5 Elizabeth Street Main Drain Mel 2F F6; boat sampling at outlet X current velocity Mel 2F G6; three sizeable outlets, take representative sample Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 6 Princes Bridge Council Drain from boat current velocity

Reach: Princes Bridge to Gardiners Creek

7 Yarra River at Southgate Mel 2F G6; mid-stream Not possible – estuarine X X

Mel 2F H6; open drain leading away from open space area at Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 8 Federation Square Council Drain rear of Federation Square to river, sample at outlet current velocity Mel 2G A8; council drain on north side of Yarra opposite Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 9 Batman Avenue Council Drain intersection of Alexandra Avenue and Jeffries Pde, sample current velocity at outlet Mel 2G E11; council drain on north side of Yarra leading to Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 10 Goschs Paddock Council Drain Yarra just above Morell Bridge, sample at outlet current velocity Mel 2G F11; on north side of Yarra leading to Yarra below Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 11 Yarra Park Main Drain X Punt Road Bridge, sample at upstream manhole current velocity

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Yarra River Yarra Watch Stream or Site no. Site name Location details Flow calculation by: site site drain Mel 2L J2; at Melbourne High School, from 12 Yarra River at South Yarra Not possible – estuarine X X south bank decking below drain outlet structure Mel 2L K3; from outlet structure on south bank of river below Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 13 Prahran Main Drain X Church St Bridge current velocity Mel 2M C3; from south bank opposite Como Park, South Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 14 Williams Road Diversion Drain X Yarra, at outlet current velocity Mel 2M C1; from north bank, drain emerges from under Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 15 Richmond Quarry Main Drain X Monash Freeway, sample from upstream manhole at 2H C12 current velocity Mel 2M F2; from south bank, adjacent to Winifred Cres Res, Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 16 Canberra Road Main Drain X from outlet current velocity

17 Yarra River at Burnley Mel 2H G12; mid-stream at MacRobertson Bridge Not possible – estuarine X

Reach: Gardiners Creek to Dights Falls

Telemetry at Great Valley Rd; Flow estimated 18 Gardiners Creek Mel 59 C2; sampled below Glenferrie Road X at the lower section when flows small

19 Yarra River at Swan Street Bridge Mel 45 A11; mid-stream Not possible – estuarine X

Mel 45 A11; immediately upstream of the Swan St Bridge, at Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 20 Hawthorn Main Drain X upstream manhole north of Glan Avon Rd in Morang Res current velocity Mel 2H H7; from west side of river, immediately upstream of Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 21 Palmer Street Main Drain X Hawthorn Bridge, at outlet current velocity Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 22 Church Street Main Drain Mel 2D B12; from south side of river in Abbotsford, at outlet X current velocity

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Yarra River Yarra Watch Stream or Site no. Site name Location details Flow calculation by: site site drain Mel 2D A10; at end of street on west side of river in Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 23 Harper Street Main Drain X Abbotsford, sample at outlet current velocity Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 24 Gipps Street Council Drain Mel 2D A11; at end of Gipps St Abbotsford, at outlet X current velocity

25 Yarra River at Abbotsford Mel 2D C8; at Johnston St Bridge, mid-stream Not possible – estuarine X

Reach: Dights Falls to Darebin Creek

Mel 2D B5; leads into Merri Creek under in-bound Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 26 Alexander Parade Main Drain carriageway of eastern Fwy, travel upstream of footbridge X current velocity on Merri Ck, sample at outlet Mel 2D B5; leads into Merri Creek under in-bound Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 27 Alexander Parade Relief Drain carriageway of eastern Fwy, travel upstream of footbridge X current velocity on Merri Ck, sample at outlet Mel 2D C4; at end of Roseneath Street adjacent to footbridge 28 Merri Creek Telemetry X south of Ramsden St Res

29 Fairfield Main Drain Mel 31A12; at end of Yarraford Rd at outlet structure Use drop by catching water in a vessel X

30 Yarra River at Kew Mel 31 B12; mid-stream Telemetry X X

Mel 45 E1; off Willsmere Rd; through underpass to north side Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 31 Kew Main Drain X of Eastern Fwy current velocity Mel 31 E11; at Clark Road footbridge in Ivanhoe, opposite end 32 Darebin Creek Telemetry X of Old Heidelberg Rd

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Yarra River Yarra Watch Stream or Site no. Site name Location details Flow calculation by: site site drain

Reach: Darebin Creek to Koonung Creek

33 Yarra River at Ivanhoe Mel 31 K11; at Burke Rd Bridge, Kew North, at mid-stream Telemetry from other Yarra sites X

Mel 31 G9; off the Boulevard, Ivanhoe, opposite Locksley Rd Drain invert water cross-sectional area times 34 Locksley Road Main Drain intersection, sample at same side as tennis and car park at X current velocity outlet structure Mel 45K2; north-east along walking trail from Kilby Rd - Estimate cross-sectional area in invert times 35 Glass Creek Main Drain X Frater St intersection; at outlet structure current velocity

36 Koonung Creek Mel 32 D10; at Bulleen Road Staff gauge – rating table X

Reach: Koonung Creek to Plenty River

Mel 32 C9; off Bulleen Rd, walk along south side of Veneto Estimate cross-sectional area in invert times 37 Bulleen Road Drain Club fence on straight line to river, at outlet structure current velocity

38 Yarra River at Heidelberg Mel 32 C5; at the Banksia St Bridge, from mid-stream Telemetry X X

Mel 32 C4; off Beverly Rd opposite Heidelberg Pk in car park Estimate cross-sectional area in bluestone 39 Salt Creek Main Drain X at Yarra Trail signpost; at footbridge below tennis courts low-flow channel times current velocity Mel 32 E3; off Buckingham Rd, from Banyule tennis club, A reasonable control here and could also use 40 Banyule Main Drain through gate along dirt path, opposite old sheds and X drop by catching water in a vessel drinking trough, turn right and locate drop structure Mel 32 G4; north off Templestowe Rd in cleared area Estimate cross-sectional area in invert times 41 Bulleen North Main Drain X opposite YarraView Childcare Centre, at outlet structure current velocity

42 Plenty River Mel 20 K12; at Henty Road bridge Staff gauge – rating table X

43 Yarra River at Templestowe Lower Mel 33 B3; Finns Res, at Duncan St carpark, off footbridge Telemetry from adjacent Yarra sites X

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Yarra River Yarra Watch Stream or Site no. Site name Location details Flow calculation by: site site drain

Reach: Plenty River to Diamond Creek

Mel 33 D4; 44 Ruffey Creek Staff gauge – rating table X Parker Street, Templestowe Lower

45 Yarra River at Templestowe Mel 21 G12; at Fitzsimons Lane bridge, Templestowe Telemetry X X

Mel 33 F2; off Fitzsimons Lane, Templestowe, in Westerfold Estimate cross-sectional area in invert times 46 Porter Street Main Drain X Park just north of Wattleview carpark current velocity

47 Diamond Creek Mel 21 H9; at Main Road bridge, Eltham Take reading from staff gauge – rating table X

Reach: Diamond Creek to Mullum Mullum Creek

48 Yarra River at Eltham Mel 21 K11; at end of Griffith Park Rd, Eltham, sample off bank Adjacent telemetry site X

Mel 34 F3; at Deep Creek Reserve, Warrandyte, just upstream 49 Mullum Mullum Creek Staff gauge – rating table X of Warrandyte Rd

Reach: Mullum Mullum Creek to Warrandyte

Mel 23 C9, off Research-Warrandyte Rd, along to end of The Estimate cross-sectional area in invert times 50 Stony Creek X Boulevard current velocity

51 Yarra River at Warrandyte Mel 23 F11; at Warrandyte Rd Bridge, Warrandyte Telemetry X X

52 Andersons Creek Mel 35 C1; at Everard Drive bridge, Warrandyte Staff gauge – rating table X

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Appendix 2: Yarra River faecal sources investigation – Water quality and microbiological data

Clostridium pH EC Dissolved perfringens E. coli Enterococci Site Run Turbidity (pH (uS/ Temp Oxygen Flow (organisms/ (organisms/ (organisms/

no. Site type Site Name Type Date Time (NTU) units) cm) (oC) (O2 mg/L) (litres/sec) 100 ml) 100 ml) 100 ml) 1 Yarra River Docklands Dry 1 24/08/2005 8:15 20 7.6 10000 10.9 10.0 N/A 1000 1400 2300 Dry 2 25/08/2005 14:50 19 7.7 16000 12.8 9.9 N/A 150 650 420 Wet 1 31/08/2005 7:50 12 7.8 31000 11.9 8.7 N/A 370 330 2900 Wet 2 8/11/2005 12:40 9.4 7.8 19000 20.3 6.8 N/A 250 8700 2900 Dry 3 29/11/2005 6:35 3.9 7.8 22000 19 9 N/A 10 250 70 Dry 4 30/11/2005 12:30 2.3 8 36000 21.3 8.8 N/A 10 4 20 2 Main Drain Johnson Street Dry 1 24/08/2005 13:40 0.9 7.9 28000 14.9 6.5 N/A <10 6 10 Dry 2 25/08/2005 15:00 0.3 7.7 27000 15.1 6.0 N/A <10 2 <10 Wet 1 31/08/2005 13:20 1.5 7.8 29000 14.6 6.6 N/A 20 72 60 Wet 2 8/11/2005 13:55 1.3 7.7 23100 18.9 5.9 N/A <10 1 510 Dry 3 29/11/2005 13:40 1.2 7.8 24200 20.4 6.4 N/A <10 23 130 Dry 4 30/11/2005 10:50 0.4 7.8 24200 19.8 5.5 N/A <10 11 160 3 Main Drain Ferrars Street Dry 1 24/08/2005 14:00 25 7.5 9600 12.0 7.7 N/A 600 980 750 Dry 2 25/08/2005 15:20 24 7.6 12000 12.5 7.6 N/A 210 440 430 Wet 1 31/08/2005 13:40 23 7.7 12000 12.9 7.6 N/A 1700 2400 5900 Wet 2 8/11/2005 14:20 7.2 7.2 9610 20.1 3.2 N/A 200 8700 7000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 14:00 1.5 7.2 17870 20.2 4.9 N/A <10 22 10 Dry 4 30/11/2005 11:05 1.7 7.5 18120 20.4 7.2 N/A 10 34 30 4 Main Drain Hanna Street Pit 1 2/09/2005 9:15 44 7.3 540 14.0 7.1 N/A 120 980 2100 Pit 2 16/09/2005 9:00 10 7.6 2180 15.3 8.3 N/A 30 520 230 Pit 3 30/09/2005 9:00 91 7.3 1720 16.0 5.1 N/A 240 >2400 12000 Pit 4 14/10/2005 9:00 8.4 7.4 2600 17.0 5.9 N/A 40 230 86 Pit 5 27/10/2005 9:15 26 6.9 1440 17.0 4.2 N/A 600 2000 4200 Pit 6 11/11/2005 8:30 100 7.4 255 16.7 8.7 N/A 50 770 2500 5 Main Drain Elizabeth Street Dry 1 24/08/2005 14:30 250 8.5 4200 14.1 7.3 9.4 5700 140000 35000 Dry 2 25/08/2005 14:15 22 8.4 7200 14.2 8.8 4.6 170 92000 3400 Wet 1 31/08/2005 8:10 12 7.7 9000 13.0 9.6 9 800 17000 19000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 12:15 15 8.4 1180 18.9 9.3 26 470 17000 36000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 7:00 51 7.5 2600 19.1 7.3 35 1100 46000 5400 Dry 4 30/11/2005 7:15 12 8.8 750 19 7.5 19.8 60 14000 16000 6 Council Drain Princes Bridge Dry 1 24/08/2005 14:10 27 7.8 1200 13.6 8.0 2.2 250 61000 5000 Dry 2 25/08/2005 14:05 9.1 7.6 180 12.8 10.7 8 180 2000 2500 Wet 1 31/08/2005 8:25 58 9.0 460 14.4 9.6 8 230 4600 39000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 12:00 36 7.7 600 19.1 8.0 N/A 300 31000 25000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 7:25 9.6 7.3 740 17.1 6.6 0.4 85 20000 9400 Dry 4 30/11/2005 12:05 12 7.7 2200 19.7 5.9 0.8 350 160000 80000

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Clostridium pH EC Dissolved perfringens E. coli Enterococci Site Run Turbidity (pH (uS/ Temp Oxygen Flow (organisms/ (organisms/ (organisms/

no. Site type Site Name Type Date Time (NTU) units) cm) (oC) (O2 mg/L) (litres/sec) 100 ml) 100 ml) 100 ml) 7 Yarra River Southgate Dry 1 24/08/2005 14:45 23 7.6 11000 11.6 9.0 N/A 330 610 640 Dry 2 25/08/2005 13:55 28 7.6 9000 12.3 10.5 N/A 250 460 880 Wet 1 31/08/2005 8:40 35 7.3 9000 12.9 9.6 N/A 740 2500 7000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 11:50 13 7.6 9500 20.7 6.1 N/A 390 8700 3600 Dry 3 29/11/2005 7:35 6.8 7.3 13500 19.3 6.9 N/A 40 120 70 Dry 4 30/11/2005 11:55 4.4 7.6 20000 21.6 7.5 N/A 40 55 80 8 Council Drain Federation Square Dry 1 24/08/2005 15:00 1.7 8.2 11000 14.3 8.3 0.2 <10 10 110 Dry 2 25/08/2005 13:40 6.6 8.2 9300 14.2 10.1 2.8 <10 <1 <10 Wet 1 31/08/2005 8:50 11 8.3 8000 14.5 10.5 0.5 <10 140 1300 Wet 2 8/11/2005 11:15 6.6 8.0 10450 18.0 8.2 0.7 10 460 700 Dry 3 29/11/2005 7:45 2 8.2 9000 16.9 7.5 0.4 <10 690 240 Dry 4 30/11/2005 11:20 1.4 8.4 11000 17.4 7.9 0.8 <10 310 90 9 Council Drain Batman Avenue Dry 1 24/08/2005 13:35 13 8.0 850 12.9 8.5 3 320 2000 6100 Dry 2 25/08/2005 13:00 7.3 7.9 640 13.0 9.8 1.4 170 2000 7900 Wet 1 31/08/2005 9:05 63 8.8 910 12.6 9.9 2.7 230 920 2000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 10:55 58 8.2 245 18.6 8.6 3.9 420 12000 11000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 8:05 14 7.9 450 17.1 8.8 1.5 44 17000 31000 Dry 4 30/11/2005 11:05 13 8.1 560 18.6 8.3 1.6 <10 820 310 10 Council Drain Goschs Paddock Dry 1 24/08/2005 13:20 Dry Dry 2 25/08/2005 12:50 Dry Wet 1 31/08/2005 9:30 Dry Wet 2 8/11/2005 10:45 Dry Dry 3 29/11/2005 8:25 Dry Dry 4 30/11/2005 7:25 Dry 11 Main Drain Yarra Park Dry 1 24/08/2005 7:10 20 7.1 1700 12.5 9.0 N/A 360 310 2200 Dry 2 25/08/2005 14:30 18 8.1 450 13.8 7.8 1 250 37 250 Wet 1 31/08/2005 7:10 45 7.1 230 13.5 9.8 11.4 710 1200 5100 Wet 2 8/11/2005 6:45 89 6.8 1400 18.3 6.8 N/A 210 4600 1100 Dry 3 29/11/2005 6:10 7.4 7.4 330 17.1 7.6 0.81 130 610 9000 Dry 4 30/11/2005 12:10 2.4 8.2 930 18.3 6 N/A 33 770 60 12 Yarra River South Yarra Dry 1 24/08/2005 9:00 30 7.0 4600 11.1 10.6 N/A 1200 1200 2100 Dry 2 25/08/2005 12:40 32 7.5 5500 11.9 10.3 N/A 310 1100 640 Wet 1 31/08/2005 9:40 42 7.4 2400 12.8 9.5 N/A 560 1600 5000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 10:35 15 7.4 4800 20.8 6.6 N/A 440 11000 6300 Dry 3 29/11/2005 8:35 7.6 7.2 6050 19.8 7.1 N/A 80 290 110 Dry 4 30/11/2005 10:50 6.8 7.2 8000 21.9 7.3 N/A 70 550 90

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Clostridium pH EC Dissolved perfringens E. coli Enterococci Site Run Turbidity (pH (uS/ Temp Oxygen Flow (organisms/ (organisms/ (organisms/

no. Site type Site Name Type Date Time (NTU) units) cm) (oC) (O2 mg/L) (litres/sec) 100 ml) 100 ml) 100 ml) 13 Main Drain Prahran Dry 1 24/08/2005 9:15 12 7.6 450 12.5 6.9 7.5 800 730 5200 Dry 2 25/08/2005 12:25 9.7 7.7 470 13.0 8.8 5 13000 46000 66000 Wet 1 31/08/2005 12:40 36 7.5 950 12.8 8.8 N/A 800 1300 6600 Wet 2 8/11/2005 9:50 18 7.6 120 18.8 8.4 77 560 35000 92000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:00 16 7.6 430 17.1 7.1 2.3 360 52000 8000 Dry 4 30/11/2005 7:50 15 6.6 1010 19.2 8 3.1 30 31 <10 14 Diversion Drain Williams Road Dry 1 24/08/2005 9:35 15 8.0 1400 13.6 9.8 12.8 410 400 360 Dry 2 25/08/2005 12:15 11 8.0 1400 13.7 9.8 8.8 350 46 370 Wet 1 31/08/2005 10:00 63 8.0 570 13.7 8.8 13.2 1000 2000 3700 Wet 2 8/11/2005 9:30 23 7.6 143 18.3 9.4 202 3000 82000 80000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:15 3.5 8.1 1730 16.8 10.5 5.3 70 1000 900 Dry 4 30/11/2005 10:40 2.6 8 1920 17.2 7.8 5.5 70 520 510 15 Main Drain Richmond Quarry Dry 1 24/08/2005 8:00 23 7.3 320 13.0 9.0 0.42 230 270 470 Dry 2 25/08/2005 14:00 12 7.7 3500 13.3 6.7 0.3 350 370 480 Wet 1 31/08/2005 7:40 11 7.5 180 13.4 9.4 5.3 1300 2600 6900 Wet 2 8/11/2005 7:20 11 7.4 107 17.8 9.2 13.4 130 1000 2700 Dry 3 29/11/2005 6:50 4.3 7.4 260 17 5.1 0.1 140 140 520 Dry 4 30/11/2005 11:40 11 8.1 274 17.5 5.7 0.2 100 2400 560 16 Main Drain Canberra Road Dry 1 24/08/2005 10:00 8.7 8.1 560 12.7 10.5 0.9 530 290 2100 Dry 2 25/08/2005 11:50 31 7.6 520 13.1 10.1 0.9 270 <1 <10 Wet 1 31/08/2005 10:40 110 8.1 500 12.5 9.5 N/A 6000 1700 4200 Wet 2 8/11/2005 14:50 460 8.0 397 18.0 8.7 approx 10 260 16000 24000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:10 53 8.1 679 18 9.5 0.81 13000 24000 13000 Dry 4 30/11/2005 9:00 59 8.2 577 17.6 9 0.81 4000 4600 3700 17 Yarra River Burnley Dry 1 24/08/2005 10:15 32 7.1 1800 11.0 10.3 N/A 670 520 760 Dry 2 25/08/2005 11:40 32 7.2 1900 11.5 10.1 N/A 700 290 430 Wet 1 31/08/2005 10:40 39 7.6 460 13.2 8.9 N/A 3000 2900 7300 Wet 2 8/11/2005 9:15 15 7.4 1070 21.0 7.4 N/A 450 4900 3100 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:30 8 7.3 3630 20.4 7.6 N/A 100 240 140 Dry 4 30/11/2005 10:15 7.8 7 5300 21.5 7.4 N/A 40 200 230 18 Tributary Gardiners Creek Dry 1 24/08/2005 9:10 21 7.5 330 11.7 9.4 365 730 980 1100 Dry 2 25/08/2005 11:45 19 8.5 420 13.4 10.4 6890 200 190 390 Wet 1 31/08/2005 6:25 87 7.0 120 12.8 9.3 6040 1000 52000 19000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 16:15 35 7.6 154 21.2 8.2 1040 830 11000 11000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:40 3.4 8.2 541 19 11.6 140 65 260 410 Dry 4 30/11/2005 8:35 3.4 8.2 606 19.1 11 180 150 690 470

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Clostridium pH EC Dissolved perfringens E. coli Enterococci Site Run Turbidity (pH (uS/ Temp Oxygen Flow (organisms/ (organisms/ (organisms/

no. Site type Site Name Type Date Time (NTU) units) cm) (oC) (O2 mg/L) (litres/sec) 100 ml) 100 ml) 100 ml) 19 Yarra River Swan Street Bridge Dry 1 24/08/2005 12:50 34 7.4 300 11.1 10.1 N/A 470 550 630 Dry 2 25/08/2005 11:20 38 7.3 300 11.0 10.0 N/A 360 330 460 Wet 1 31/08/2005 10:50 39 7.5 370 12.8 9.2 N/A 2100 1200 3600 Wet 2 8/11/2005 9:00 13 7.4 311 21.2 8.2 N/A 200 2000 1800 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:40 13 7.4 1360 20.9 7.7 N/A 100 150 140 Dry 4 30/11/2005 9:45 8.6 7 2300 21.5 7.4 N/A 180 250 130 20 Main Drain Hawthorn Dry 1 24/08/2005 8:30 15 7.9 1000 12.7 9.9 12.1 1800 6100 70000 Dry 2 25/08/2005 13:30 12 8.0 1200 13.0 8.2 9.2 300 1600 2700 Wet 1 31/08/2005 8:05 57 8.0 480 13.2 10.1 70 1100 6500 4700 Wet 2 8/11/2005 8:00 26 7.6 416 18.1 9.1 126 620 24000 31000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 7:20 6.9 7.8 1400 16.2 6.4 7.2 350 1600 1200 Dry 4 30/11/2005 12:50 10 8.4 1280 19.3 6.1 2.7 2000 1400 100 21 Main Drain Palmer Street Dry 1 24/08/2005 10:45 1.7 8.2 300 13.9 10.2 1.7 290 96 410 Dry 2 25/08/2005 11:05 1.7 7.3 290 13.5 9.6 1 100 71 330 Wet 1 31/08/2005 11:05 4.9 7.8 250 13.7 9.8 2.8 530 1400 4300 Wet 2 8/11/2005 8:42 23 7.6 115 18.0 9.4 65 390 20000 24000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:48 1.7 7.6 177 17.3 9 1.1 40 93 430 Dry 4 30/11/2005 9:30 2.1 7.6 188 17.1 9 0.6 500 820 1300 22 Main Drain Church Street Dry 1 24/08/2005 12:30 34 7.3 360 12.1 9.0 N/A 370 1600 900 Dry 2 25/08/2005 9:50 2.9 7.6 660 14.0 8.6 8 210 370 270 Wet 1 31/08/2005 8:55 11 7.8 220 13.9 9.3 8.2 1300 4100 4400 Wet 2 8/11/2005 8:50 17 7.8 731 18.2 6.8 66 800 12000 24000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 8:00 1 8.2 764 17.8 6.1 3.1 60 2800 1600 Dry 4 30/11/2005 13:30 1.1 8.5 324 19.3 7.4 2.8 150 460 1100 23 Main Drain Harper Street Dry 1 24/08/2005 11:20 9.7 7.4 270 13.4 9.1 2.2 9500 120000 22000 Dry 2 25/08/2005 10:25 9.2 7.3 230 13.2 10.9 1.4 9000 160000 280000 Wet 1 31/08/2005 11:50 7.9 7.6 250 13.0 8.9 2.4 4000 73000 36000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 8:05 13 7.3 90 17.9 9.0 48 3900 16000 32000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 10:40 18 7.6 330 17 N/A 0.93 17000 >240000 50000 Dry 4 30/11/2005 8:30 16 7.6 310 16.7 7.8 1.4 20000 170000 150000 24 Council Drain Gipps Street Dry 1 24/08/2005 11:40 4.3 8.7 330 13.4 10.6 0.8 96 390 130 Dry 2 25/08/2005 10:40 9.2 7.9 360 12.5 10.0 0.6 330 520 150 Wet 1 31/08/2005 11:30 3.2 8.0 290 13.5 9.8 1.1 300 610 800 Wet 2 8/11/2005 8:25 14 7.4 90 18.0 9.1 19 1000 6900 30000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 10:15 1.2 7.7 222 16.3 N/A 0.2 98 1700 360 Dry 4 30/11/2005 9:00 24 7.5 240 16.1 10.8 0.4 1300 8200 6800

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Clostridium pH EC Dissolved perfringens E. coli Enterococci Site Run Turbidity (pH (uS/ Temp Oxygen Flow (organisms/ (organisms/ (organisms/

no. Site type Site Name Type Date Time (NTU) units) cm) (oC) (O2 mg/L) (litres/sec) 100 ml) 100 ml) 100 ml) 25 Yarra River Abbotsford Dry 1 24/08/2005 12:00 42 7.3 280 11.1 10.8 N/A 600 1300 2100 Dry 2 25/08/2005 10:05 34 7.3 290 10.9 11.0 N/A 310 1400 640 Wet 1 31/08/2005 12:05 37 7.6 300 12.9 9.8 N/A 2000 1300 2700 Wet 2 8/11/2005 7:50 12 7.2 199 21.2 7.8 N/A 260 1300 1400 Dry 3 29/11/2005 11:00 20 7.4 261 21 N/A N/A 110 120 120 Dry 4 30/11/2005 8:45 21 7 228 20.6 8.4 N/A 130 110 200 26 Main Drain Alexander Parade Dry 1 24/08/2005 12:45 12 8.4 740 13.1 9.4 4.9 3000 34000 78000 Dry 2 25/08/2005 8:15 7.6 8.3 930 12.8 9.0 4.5 510 1600 2800 Wet 1 31/08/2005 9:40 15 8.2 360 13.6 9.8 28 1300 2000 12000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 12:40 16 7.8 377 18.9 9.0 19.4 700 39000 41000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 10:25 2.4 8.1 700 17.9 9.3 6.2 150 260 270 Dry 4 30/11/2005 7:20 0.9 8.1 337 29.5 7.5 6.8 80 150 270 27 Relief Drain Alexander Parade Dry 1 24/08/2005 12:30 1.0 8.4 1300 14.2 9.2 4.6 150 200 430 Dry 2 25/08/2005 7:50 0.8 8.4 1400 13.6 8.8 4.6 70 250 170 Wet 1 31/08/2005 9:20 3.3 8.1 740 14.0 9.5 6.6 3400 2000 5400 Wet 2 8/11/2005 12:20 12 8.1 917 18.5 8.8 7.1 1200 17000 28000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 10:50 0.8 8.4 1822 17.7 9.3 3.2 110 24 90 Dry 4 30/11/2005 7:40 1.2 8.4 1910 17.4 9.3 3.5 150 15 290 28 Tributary Merri Creek Dry 1 24/08/2005 11:30 16 8.3 510 12.0 9.6 336 740 250 200 Dry 2 25/08/2005 7:25 12 7.7 600 10.5 8.6 274 290 110 90 Wet 1 31/08/2005 10:00 49 7.8 480 13.6 9.6 4240 2500 2500 5300 Wet 2 8/11/2005 11:50 8.5 7.8 453 21.4 8.4 1280 370 3100 3700 Dry 3 29/11/2005 11:25 2.6 8.7 816 21.9 11.5 130 70 280 100 Dry 4 30/11/2005 7:00 1.2 7.9 875 19.1 6.2 130 40 220 260 29 Main Drain Fairfield Dry 1 24/08/2005 11:00 2.5 8.3 500 13.0 9.1 2.7 1200 2000 600 Dry 2 25/08/2005 10:30 9.1 8.4 410 12.7 9.6 2.8 180 490 290 Wet 1 31/08/2005 12:30 22 8.2 400 13.3 9.7 8.8 900 1700 3300 Wet 2 8/11/2005 11:20 15 7.8 247 18.2 9.1 9 2800 87000 170000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 11:45 1.5 7.9 441 17.1 9.7 1.3 2000 39000 770 Dry 4 30/11/2005 6:35 1.2 8.1 429 16.2 9.5 1 120 290 210 30 Yarra River Kew Dry 1 24/08/2005 10:40 43 7.4 280 11.4 9.5 13400 1100 730 2800 Dry 2 25/08/2005 10:50 48 7.4 310 12.0 9.1 11300 370 370 740 Wet 1 31/08/2005 12:00 71 7.4 220 13.1 9.5 23300 1000 2800 6300 Wet 2 8/11/2005 10:55 23 7.1 201 21.0 7.3 14470 270 4100 2600 Dry 3 29/11/2005 12:05 15 7.2 190 21.1 8.2 5220 70 86 90 Dry 4 30/11/2005 6:15 21 7.5 185 20.3 7.3 4650 110 150 110

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Clostridium pH EC Dissolved perfringens E. coli Enterococci Site Run Turbidity (pH (uS/ Temp Oxygen Flow (organisms/ (organisms/ (organisms/

no. Site type Site Name Type Date Time (NTU) units) cm) (oC) (O2 mg/L) (litres/sec) 100 ml) 100 ml) 100 ml) 31 Main Drain Kew Dry 1 24/08/2005 9:50 120 8.2 1300 16.5 4.2 10 200000 >240000 900000 Dry 2 25/08/2005 11:15 140 7.9 1600 14.3 7.4 8 26000 170000 170000 Wet 1 31/08/2005 11:30 55 8.1 930 14.1 6.0 N/A 36000 >240000 300000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 9:36 21 7.2 190 18.5 8.9 37 3400 52000 100000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 12:35 12 8.1 3840 16.2 7 1.9 140 2000 3400 Dry 4 30/11/2005 5:30 13 8.2 3450 15.6 7.3 2 220 730 5900 32 Tributary Darebin Creek Dry 1 24/08/2005 15:05 40 8.5 480 12.2 8.8 207 570 980 270 Dry 2 25/08/2005 7:00 17 7.3 510 10.2 8.1 116 280 150 140 Wet 1 31/08/2005 9:30 78 7.2 270 12.9 11.1 3800 3000 4100 6500 Wet 2 8/11/2005 15:00 13 7.8 305 20.7 9.2 1080 670 5800 6000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 13:35 1.8 8.2 826 21.1 8.9 30 210 2200 2700 Dry 4 30/11/2005 8:10 6.7 7.8 820 18.9 6.2 30 190 3100 4500 33 Yarra River Ivanhoe Dry 1 24/08/2005 9:50 37 6.9 280 11.3 10.4 14454 470 340 610 Dry 2 25/08/2005 11:55 43 7.7 300 11.3 9.6 11438 2100 240 420 Wet 1 31/08/2005 10:25 70 7.3 280 12.9 10.8 17574 1600 1800 6000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 10:15 24 7.4 176 20.8 8.9 8280 140 1300 1200 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:20 12 7.2 173 20.3 7.5 5350 73 150 180 Dry 4 30/11/2005 10:25 18 7.1 168 21.1 6.8 5180 60 190 170 34 Main Drain Locksley Road Dry 1 24/08/2005 14:50 9.3 8.3 1100 12.6 7.7 1.7 11000 120000 8800 Dry 2 25/08/2005 7:25 4.4 7.7 1100 11.4 8.5 1.3 2000 14000 1900 Wet 1 31/08/2005 9:50 30 7.8 680 13.0 11.2 11.3 700 14000 2500 Wet 2 8/11/2005 14:25 24 7.8 384 18.7 9.4 243 680 7700 16000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 13:15 9.3 8 751 17.8 9 0.4 100 650 1300 Dry 4 30/11/2005 7:45 7.7 7.9 1105 16.6 8.4 0.52 4800 2000 600 35 Main Drain Glass Creek Dry 1 24/08/2005 9:25 32 7.2 360 12.3 8.0 7.5 900 2000 2400 Dry 2 25/08/2005 12:20 17 7.7 650 12.8 7.3 3.9 460 310 1800 Wet 1 31/08/2005 10:45 26 7.5 270 12.4 10.4 35 2000 2000 19000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 9:30 26 7.3 262 18.4 9.1 294 1100 24000 31000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 8:46 2.5 7.1 300 19.7 4.9 1.49 70 99 230 Dry 4 30/11/2005 10:47 180 7.4 423 20 6.9 31.3 230 4100 2500 36 Tributary Koonung Creek Dry 1 24/08/2005 10:25 26 7.2 540 12.3 9.6 55 750 1000 980 Dry 2 25/08/2005 11:20 14 7.8 530 11.9 9.1 38 1000 410 980 Wet 1 31/08/2005 11:20 60 7.7 290 12.6 9.8 408 1600 3100 17000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 10:35 27 7.4 207 19.1 10.1 306 630 17000 23000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:45 3.6 7.4 847 17.7 6.1 20 170 2400 800 Dry 4 30/11/2005 9:55 3.6 7.4 978 18.4 4.7 20 170 550 540

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Clostridium pH EC Dissolved perfringens E. coli Enterococci Site Run Turbidity (pH (uS/ Temp Oxygen Flow (organisms/ (organisms/ (organisms/

no. Site type Site Name Type Date Time (NTU) units) cm) (oC) (O2 mg/L) (litres/sec) 100 ml) 100 ml) 100 ml) 37 Main Drain Bulleen Road Dry 1 24/08/2005 10:55 9.0 7.4 950 13.1 9.5 1.3 900 870 300 Dry 2 25/08/2005 10:55 7.4 7.6 1100 13.0 8.9 0.3 400 2400 320 Wet 1 31/08/2005 11:50 32 7.6 570 13.2 11.3 6.3 1000 9200 16000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 11:00 48 7.4 234 18.3 9.0 4.2 1200 13000 18000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 10:05 5.1 7.4 1174 17.2 8.6 0.7 120 730 510 Dry 4 30/11/2005 9:35 4.8 7.3 1149 16.7 7.8 0.75 220 1200 380 38 Yarra River Heidelberg Dry 1 24/08/2005 12:20 38 7.7 310 11.5 8.5 14300 480 330 620 Dry 2 25/08/2005 9:45 39 7.9 290 10.9 9.6 11400 300 130 410 Wet 1 31/08/2005 13:10 40 8.0 250 13.0 11.0 14800 240 440 1300 Wet 2 8/11/2005 12:20 23 7.3 182 21.2 8.4 7490 130 1200 2900 Dry 3 29/11/2005 11:10 9.7 7.3 158 20.2 7.8 5330 40 160 130 Dry 4 30/11/2005 8:40 9.5 7.3 166 20.4 6.9 5160 60 140 80 39 Main Drain Salt Creek Dry 1 24/08/2005 12:55 8.8 9.2 840 13.3 10.8 11.7 1200 24000 470 Dry 2 25/08/2005 9:10 7.0 8.3 1000 10.7 10.8 13.5 320 2400 600 Wet 1 31/08/2005 13:25 54 8.2 470 12.8 11.1 51 1000 2900 5900 Wet 2 8/11/2005 12:40 30 8.3 504 20.2 9.9 22.3 510 9800 6100 Dry 3 29/11/2005 11:30 12 8.3 965 19.5 8.6 3.6 3900 3700 3600 Dry 4 30/11/2005 7:00 5.4 7.9 874 15.8 8.3 5.3 330 6100 2700 40 Main Drain Banyule Dry 1 24/08/2005 13:30 10 8.1 510 12.1 7.8 5.8 840 770 700 Dry 2 25/08/2005 8:40 9.7 7.6 550 10.2 8.8 3.5 500 280 550 Wet 1 31/08/2005 14:00 18 7.9 360 12.9 10.7 42 200 980 3300 Wet 2 8/11/2005 13:15 18 7.5 312 19.8 8.8 19.2 110 1000 1500 Dry 3 29/11/2005 12:10 3.1 8.5 632 21.5 12.6 0.23 20 730 490 Dry 4 30/11/2005 6:45 2.8 7.3 649 14.7 5.6 0.1 20 440 590 41 Main Drain Bulleen North Dry 1 24/08/2005 11:35 19 8.1 710 13.1 10.3 5.3 980 35000 880 Dry 2 25/08/2005 10:20 12 8.3 730 12.9 10.1 3.3 900 6900 650 Wet 1 31/08/2005 12:35 32 8.2 580 12.2 11.6 17.5 430 2000 5000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 11:25 17 8.0 377 18.7 8.9 16.6 430 8200 15000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 10:34 18 8.1 1241 18.2 8.6 0.8 220 530 2800 Dry 4 30/11/2005 9:15 7.4 8 1166 16.5 8.4 0.6 3600 20000 3400 42 Tributary Plenty River Dry 1 24/08/2005 14:10 53 8.0 810 11.5 8.3 133 830 280 480 Dry 2 25/08/2005 8:10 58 7.8 790 10.2 8.9 116 900 240 270 Wet 1 31/08/2005 14:35 58 7.6 400 13.5 10.1 429 2000 1600 8000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 13:50 19 7.3 350 20.4 6.8 200 510 8700 4100 Dry 3 29/11/2005 12:35 14 7.5 478 23.1 6.8 50 400 610 310 Dry 4 30/11/2005 6:10 12 7 489 18.5 5.3 40 270 690 250

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Clostridium pH EC Dissolved perfringens E. coli Enterococci Site Run Turbidity (pH (uS/ Temp Oxygen Flow (organisms/ (organisms/ (organisms/

no. Site type Site Name Type Date Time (NTU) units) cm) (oC) (O2 mg/L) (litres/sec) 100 ml) 100 ml) 100 ml) 43 Yarra River Templestowe Lower Dry 1 24/08/2005 9:40 41 7.8 290 10.9 10.4 12942 300 310 760 Dry 2 25/08/2005 12:15 41 7.7 270 11.1 10.3 9514 600 130 450 Wet 1 31/08/2005 9:45 40 7.4 230 12.7 9.8 9805 400 820 2500 Wet 2 8/11/2005 9:45 33 7.5 163 20.6 7.0 7080 180 2400 4600 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:00 8.9 7.5 135 19.7 8.3 5410 20 190 110 Dry 4 30/11/2005 10:30 8.8 7.6 131 20.4 8 5409 20 120 90 44 Tributary Ruffey Creek Dry 1 24/08/2005 10:10 18 7.6 530 11.2 10.6 42 190 580 360 Dry 2 25/08/2005 11:50 12 8.0 810 11.2 11.7 14 140 210 200 Wet 1 31/08/2005 10:05 42 7.5 270 12.8 10.2 295 400 3300 7300 Wet 2 8/11/2005 10:05 15 7.6 316 19.0 9.3 280 190 1400 1300 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:25 3.4 7.7 1080 16.5 8.8 120 70 1100 200 Dry 4 30/11/2005 10:10 2.4 7.7 1340 17.6 8.3 119 70 770 170 45 Yarra River Templestowe Dry 124/08/2005 12:00 42 7.5 260 11.0 10.5 12900 330 250 770 Dry 2 25/08/2005 10:40 44 7.2 260 10.7 10.2 9790 60 150 360 Wet 1 31/08/2005 12:15 130 7.4 190 12.8 9.2 13500 1000 1400 7000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 12:20 41 7.3 130 21.0 6.9 7080 280 1700 4000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 11:30 9.6 7.4 128 20.1 8.1 5290 20 250 50 Dry 4 30/11/2005 9:45 9.8 7.4 121 20.1 7.9 5290 110 210 470 46 Main Drain Porter Street Dry 1 24/08/2005 11:10 22 7.5 1100 12.4 7.4 8.6 370 150 250 Dry 2 25/08/2005 11:00 12 7.2 1400 12.0 6.8 4.3 380 610 250 Wet 1 31/08/2005 10:30 72 7.3 630 12.8 7.9 15.2 1200 24000 21000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 11:00 30 7.4 1150 17.6 6.8 5.6 470 1300 970 Dry 3 29/11/2005 9:50 6.8 7.5 2390 16.5 6.6 2.4 60 6100 1400 Dry 4 30/11/2005 8:15 8.2 7.3 2470 15.9 4.3 1.7 900 4100 1200 47 Tributary Diamond Creek Dry 1 24/08/2005 12:30 92 7.4 460 10.9 10.1 216 280 980 810 Dry 2 25/08/2005 10:15 69 7.2 470 10.2 10.3 146 100 550 550 Wet 1 31/08/2005 11:20 120 7.6 290 12.5 9.2 481 1000 1700 10000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 11:25 61 7.4 228 19.5 7.0 80 280 6500 18000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 10:40 13 7.5 425 19.6 6.5 40 50 270 270 Dry 4 30/11/2005 9:00 11 7.8 467 18.9 5.6 30 100 1200 450 48 Yarra River Eltham Dry 1 24/08/2005 13:00 40 7.5 250 11.1 10.1 12684 240 260 530 Dry 2 25/08/2005 9:45 41 7.3 250 10.6 9.4 9644 130 330 570 Wet 1 31/08/2005 11:45 83 7.5 180 12.6 9.0 11819 3000 1600 5300 Wet 2 8/11/2005 11:50 18 7.4 125 21.1 6.8 7000 60 920 1400 Dry 3 29/11/2005 11:00 8.1 7.6 122 20.2 6.9 5250 10 110 80 Dry 4 30/11/2005 9:20 7.3 7.8 136 20.1 6.8 5260 70 130 90

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Clostridium pH EC Dissolved perfringens E. coli Enterococci Site Run Turbidity (pH (uS/ Temp Oxygen Flow (organisms/ (organisms/ (organisms/

no. Site type Site Name Type Date Time (NTU) units) cm) (oC) (O2 mg/L) (litres/sec) 100 ml) 100 ml) 100 ml) 49 Tributary Mullum Mullum Creek Dry 1 24/08/2005 13:40 33 7.4 270 11.2 9.8 94 420 730 810 Dry 2 25/08/2005 9:00 32 7.3 370 10.3 9.3 67 220 550 460 Wet 1 31/08/2005 12:40 150 7.4 140 12.4 9.6 585 1100 3300 28000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 12:50 72 7.3 159 19.7 7.3 150 520 8200 7500 Dry 3 29/11/2005 12:05 8.8 7.5 254 18.5 5.7 30 80 150 120 Dry 4 30/11/2005 7:35 7.7 7.6 291 18 5.2 30 180 150 460 50 Tributary Stony Creek Dry 1 24/08/2005 15:25 54 7.6 670 10.4 9.9 6.3 160 170 230 Dry 2 25/08/2005 7:15 46 6.6 730 9.3 9.3 4.6 600 390 530 Wet 1 31/08/2005 13:55 170 7.5 630 11.3 10.4 23.7 500 1700 7800 Wet 2 8/11/2005 14:00 110 7.5 458 17.9 7.5 2.8 230 5500 6300 Dry 3 29/11/2005 13:15 17 7.7 644 19.5 6.7 Trickle Flow 90 730 3000 Dry 4 30/11/2005 6:15 14 7.6 623 14.4 3.9 Trickle flow 24000 24000 22000 51 Yarra River Warrandyte Dry 1 24/08/2005 14:45 37 7.7 250 11.0 10.5 12700 120 200 460 Dry 2 25/08/2005 8:10 44 6.8 22 10.3 9.9 9500 150 290 720 Wet 1 31/08/2005 13:30 31 7.6 170 12.2 9.5 19800 80 520 1600 Wet 2 8/11/2005 14:20 5.9 9.0 138 20.6 7.2 6270 50 210 290 Dry 3 29/11/2005 12:50 6.5 8 134 20.6 7.8 4980 10 250 210 Dry 4 30/11/2005 6:45 6 7.8 132 19.2 6.3 4980 10 96 240 52 Tributary Andersons Creek Dry 1 24/08/2005 14:15 40 7.8 610 10.9 11.4 31 170 180 210 Dry 2 25/08/2005 8:40 33 7.1 750 9.1 10.3 19.6 120 170 170 Wet 1 31/08/2005 13:05 140 7.4 270 11.3 10.5 163 700 3100 13000 Wet 2 8/11/2005 13:15 57 7.6 310 18.7 8.7 33 270 5500 4000 Dry 3 29/11/2005 12:25 8.5 7.8 577 18.5 9 21 <10 980 600 Dry 4 30/11/2005 7:10 6.8 7.5 690 16.2 6.5 21 80 1600 420

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Appendix 3: Yarra River faecal sources investigation – Faecal sterols data (ng/L or ratio)

Site Name and Run Number Type Date Coprostanol Epicoprostanol Cholesterol 5a-cholestanol Epi-5a-cholestanol 24-ethylcoprostanol 24-ethylepicoprostanol 24-ethylcholesterol 24-ethylcholestanol Coprostanol / 5a- cholestanol ratio epicop / coprostanol ratio Coprostanol / cholesterol ratio 24-ethylCop / 24-ethyl- 5a-cholestanol ratio 24-ethylCop / 24- ethylcholesterol ratio Proportion of Human faecal matter (%) Proportion of Herbivore faecal matter (%) Proportion of unexplained bacterial indicators (%) Yarra River Dry 1 08/24/05 <50 <50 735 <50 <50 <50 <50 456 <50 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Docklands (1) Dry 2 08/25/05 274 <50 1453 <50 <50 69 <50 999 <50 >5.5 nq 0.19 nq 0.07 60 0 40 Wet 1 08/31/05 134 <50 1028 141 <50 80 <50 679 149 0.95 nq 0.13 0.54 0.12 30 2 67 Wet 2 11/08/05 198 <50 964 130 <50 54 <50 563 106 1.52 nq 0.21 0.51 0.10 4 0 96 Dry 3 11/29/05 50 <50 972 72 <50 15 <50 548 74 0.69 nq 0.05 0.20 0.03 40 0 60 Dry 4 11/30/05 <50 <50 1206 66 <50 <50 <50 416 63 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Ferrars Street Wet 1 08/31/05 135 100 1020 117 <56 70 <50 1481 151 1.15 0.74 0.13 0.46 0.05 5 0 95 MD (3) Wet 2 11/08/05 92 <50 2101 124 <50 30 <50 894 111 0.74 nq 0.04 0.27 0.03 1 0 99 Hanna Street Pit 1 09/02/05 449 <50 2156 795 <50 150 <50 21038 994 0.56 nq 0.21 0.15 0.01 52 0 48 MD (4) Pit 3 09/30/05 428 <67 8672 1163 <67 611 <67 28723 1423 0.37 nq 0.05 0.43 0.02 5 7 88 Pit 5 10/27/05 518 433 3782 901 <67 263 <67 16661 634 0.57 0.84 0.14 0.41 0.02 24 1 75 Pit 6 11/11/05 455 535 3805 490 <400 120 <400 8160 815 0.93 1.18 0.12 0.15 0.01 55 0 45 Elizabeth Dry 1 08/24/05 7460 344 6992 1431 <222 1401 <222 5872 1142 5.21 0.05 1.07 1.23 0.24 11 0 89 Street MD (5) Dry 2 08/25/05 693 <50 4084 219 <50 117 <50 5784 <50 3.16 nq 0.17 nq 0.02 6 0 94 Wet 1 08/31/05 <50 <50 79 <50 <50 <50 <50 64 <50 nq nq nq nq nq nq nq nq Wet 2 11/08/05 204 88 1955 159 <50 86 <50 2403 226 1.28 0.43 0.10 0.38 0.04 1 0 99 Dry 3 11/29/05 12782 1286 55589 5118 <286 5415 414 11321 2004 2.50 0.10 0.23 2.70 0.48 73 2 25 Dry 4 11/30/05 279 <167 2235 169 <167 80 <167 1798 181 1.65 nq 0.12 0.44 0.04 2 0 98 Princes Bridge Dry 1 08/24/05 2687 <63 7609 471 <63 442 <63 2462 184 5.70 nq 0.35 2.40 0.18 19 0 81 Council Drain Dry 2 08/25/05 65 <50 1276 137 <50 20 <50 1981 113 0.47 nq 0.05 0.18 0.01 4 0 96 (6) Wet 1 08/31/05 333 113 2279 176 <75 82 <75 1858 172 1.89 0.34 0.15 0.48 0.04 7 0 93 Wet 2 11/08/05 1063 <50 26265 1048 <50 260 <50 93718 4430 1.01 nq 0.04 0.06 0.00 5 0 95 Dry 3 11/29/05 316 <87 2146 179 <87 100 <87 4125 252 1.77 nq 0.15 0.40 0.02 3 0 97 Dry 4 11/30/05 476 <190 4407 462 <190 150 <190 2995 331 1.03 nq 0.11 0.45 0.05 0 0 100 Yarra River Dry 1 08/24/05 144 <50 1591 <50 <50 45 <50 1329 <50 >2.9 nq 0.09 nq 0.03 30 0 70 Southgate (7) Dry 2 08/25/05 350 <50 1780 177 <50 99 <50 1350 189 1.98 nq 0.20 0.52 0.07 61 0 39 Wet 1 08/31/05 578 <83 2219 550 <83 263 <83 2350 542 1.05 nq 0.26 0.49 0.11 22 1 78 Wet 2 11/08/05 198 <50 1024 143 <50 63 <50 736 151 1.38 nq 0.19 0.42 0.09 4 0 96 Dry 3 11/29/05 <125 <125 1548 153 <125 <125 <125 1284 189 <0.8 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Dry 4 11/30/05 <121 <121 1033 <121 <121 <121 <121 632 183 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Site Name and Number Date Coprostanol Epicoprostanol Cholesterol 5a-cholestanol Epi-5a-cholestanol 24-ethylcoprostanol 24-ethylepicoprostanol 24-ethylcholesterol 24-ethylcholestanol Coprostanol / 5a- cholestanol ratio epicop / coprostanol ratio Coprostanol / cholesterol ratio 24-ethylCop / 24-ethyl- 5a-cholestanol ratio 24-ethylCop / 24- ethylcholesterol ratio Proportion of Human faecal matter (%) Proportion of Herbivore faecal matter (%) Proportion of unexplained bacterial indicators (%) Batman Ave Dry 1 08/24/05 <50 <50 1373 115 <50 <50 <50 1810 153 <0.4 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 MD (9) Dry 2 08/25/05 <50 <50 5333 121 <50 <50 <50 1224 76 <0.4 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Wet 2 11/08/05 196 198 1482 198 <89 564 <89 1649 226 0.99 1.01 0.13 2.50 0.34 0 3 97 Dry 3 11/29/05 <93 <93 1174 129 <93 <93 <93 1134 122 <0.7 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Yarra Park MD Dry 3 11/29/05 <50 <50 634 91 <50 <50 <50 651 91 <0.6 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 (site 11) Yarra River Dry 1 08/24/05 190 61 1814 170 <50 61 <50 1683 274 1.12 0.32 0.10 0.22 0.04 18 0 82 South Yarra Dry 2 08/31/05 348 <78 665 <78 <78 151 <78 656 <78 >4.5 nq 0.52 nq 0.23 21 0 79 (12) Wet 2 11/08/05 200 255 1136 159 <53 87 <53 1990 152 1.26 1.28 0.18 0.57 0.04 2 0 98 Dry 3 11/29/05 <83 <83 974 114 <83 <83 <83 842 139 <0.7 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Dry 4 11/30/05 <103 <103 1232 114 <103 <103 <103 862 123 <0.9 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Prahran MD Dry 1 08/24/05 2832 78 4012 524 <50 514 <50 4598 266 5.40 0.03 0.71 1.93 0.11 65 0 35 (13) Dry 2 08/25/05 450 64 2240 149 <50 73 <50 1376 111 3.02 0.14 0.20 0.66 0.05 1 0 99 Wet 1 08/31/05 297 <71 1474 265 <71 136 <71 1443 291 1.12 nq 0.20 0.47 0.09 21 1 79 Wet 2 11/08/05 286 330 2260 253 <100 643 <100 3045 349 1.13 1.15 0.13 1.84 0.21 0 1 99 Dry 3 11/29/05 <129 <129 4439 265 <129 <129 <129 13148 1050 <0.5 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Williams Rd Wet 1 08/31/05 <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Div Drain (14) Wet 2 11/08/05 348 415 2496 271 <98 1190 <98 3349 422 1.28 1.19 0.14 2.82 0.36 0 1 99 Dry 3 11/29/05 <53 <53 406 91 <53 <53 <53 801 72 <0.6 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Richmond Dry 2 08/25/05 238 <50 1317 <50 <50 80 <50 721 <50 >4.8 nq 0.18 nq 0.11 64 0 36 Quarry MD Wet 1 08/31/05 <50 <50 486 91 <50 <50 <50 464 93 <0.6 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 (15) Wet 2 11/08/05 128 125 1233 154 <50 40 <50 1019 134 0.83 0.98 0.10 0.30 0.04 14 0 86 Dry 4 11/30/05 540 <80 1897 143 <80 100 <80 913 92 3.78 nq 0.28 1.09 0.11 49 0 51 Canberra Rd Dry 3 11/29/05 219 279 1957 243 <114 216 <114 2134 281 0.90 1.27 0.11 0.77 0.10 1 0 99 MD (16) Dry 4 11/30/05 <211 <211 1858 234 <211 <211 <211 1824 271 <0.9 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Yarra River Wet 1 08/31/05 208 200 1556 215 <91 119 39 1911 223 0.97 0.96 0.13 0.53 0.06 6 0 94 Burnley (17) Wet 2 11/08/05 126 <50 1002 128 <50 65 <50 983 132 0.98 nq 0.13 0.49 0.07 3 0 97 Gardiners Dry 1 08/24/05 104 <50 936 <50 <50 35 <50 1141 123 >2 nq 0.11 0.28 0.03 13 0 87 Creek (18) Dry 2 08/25/05 166 <50 856 <50 <50 50 <50 681 <50 >3.3 nq 0.19 nq 0.07 63 0 37 Wet 1 08/31/05 460 560 2815 367 <167 296 <167 5044 452 1.25 1.22 0.16 0.65 0.06 1 0 99 Wet 2 11/08/05 <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Yarra R. Swan Wet 1 08/31/05 211 164 1418 237 <105 117 <105 1807 230 0.89 0.78 0.15 0.51 0.06 15 1 84 St (19) Wet 2 11/08/05 <50 <50 975 186 <50 <50 <50 829 194 <0.3 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Site Name and Number Date Coprostanol Epicoprostanol Cholesterol 5a-cholestanol Epi-5a-cholestanol 24-ethylcoprostanol 24-ethylepicoprostanol 24-ethylcholesterol 24-ethylcholestanol Coprostanol / 5a- cholestanol ratio epicop / coprostanol ratio Coprostanol / cholesterol ratio 24-ethylCop / 24-ethyl- 5a-cholestanol ratio 24-ethylCop / 24- ethylcholesterol ratio Proportion of Human faecal matter (%) Proportion of Herbivore faecal matter (%) Proportion of unexplained bacterial indicators (%) Hawthorn MD Dry 1 08/24/05 169 77 2196 124 <50 52 <50 1157 106 1.36 0.46 0.08 0.49 0.04 3 0 97 (20) Dry 2 08/25/05 137 50 1261 94 <50 45 <50 1024 81 1.46 0.36 0.11 0.56 0.04 10 0 90 Wet 1 08/31/05 412 179 1754 228 <54 96 <54 1264 207 1.81 0.43 0.23 0.46 0.08 9 0 91 Wet 2 11/08/05 791 254 2301 258 <50 257 <50 3128 237 3.07 0.32 0.34 1.08 0.08 4 0 96 Dry 3 11/29/05 271 67 1180 154 <67 88 <67 956 113 1.76 0.25 0.23 0.78 0.09 23 0 77 Dry 4 11/30/05 455 <77 1537 196 <77 93 <77 1237 102 2.32 nq 0.30 0.91 0.08 83 0 18 Palmer St MD Wet 1 08/31/05 51 <50 699 59 <50 <50 <50 1759 99 0.86 nq 0.07 nq nq 0 0 100 (21) Wet 2 11/08/05 158 138 1583 162 <51 112 <51 2378 233 0.98 0.87 0.10 0.48 0.05 1 0 99 Church St MD Dry 1 08/24/05 338 <53 1420 149 <53 99 <53 1461 157 2.27 nq 0.24 0.63 0.07 31 0 69 (22) Wet 1 08/31/05 <50 <50 1011 <50 <50 <50 <50 633 <50 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Wet 2 11/08/05 2821 158 3058 323 <50 461 <50 1921 219 8.73 0.06 0.92 2.11 0.24 27 0 73 Dry 3 11/29/05 226 <50 796 80 <50 <50 <50 466 56 2.83 nq 0.28 nq nq 0 0 100 Harper St MD Dry 1 08/24/05 42489 970 19024 4433 <50 7490 107 4526 1253 9.58 0.02 2.23 5.98 1.65 85 0 15 (23) Dry 2 08/25/05 12599 672 20866 2273 <50 2081 <50 7439 230 5.54 0.05 0.60 9.05 0.28 9 0 91 Wet 1 08/31/05 13713 488 10695 1999 <50 3012 198 3588 616 6.86 0.04 1.28 4.89 0.84 29 0 71 Wet 2 11/08/05 1219 155 1867 292 <50 295 <50 1556 206 4.17 0.13 0.65 1.43 0.19 9 0 91 Dry 3 11/29/05 30597 1130 45947 6637 <267 5337 518 17250 1990 4.61 0.04 0.67 2.68 0.31 30 0 70 Dry 4 11/30/05 36500 925 36422 4494 <250 5699 377 8756 1066 8.12 0.03 1.00 5.35 0.65 28 0 72 Gipps St Wet 2 11/08/05 <50 <50 1283 159 <50 <50 <50 1820 199 <0.3 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Council Drain Dry 3 11/29/05 322 <50 593 82 <50 57 <50 783 64 3.93 nq 0.54 0.89 0.07 44 0 56 (24) Dry 4 11/30/05 4767 1371 6474 695 <190 722 <190 8138 495 6.86 0.29 0.74 1.46 0.09 69 0 31 Yarra River Wet 1 08/31/05 241 <91 1508 <91 <91 110 <91 1534 220 >2.7 nq 0.16 0.50 0.07 18 1 81 Abbotsford Wet 2 11/08/05 <53 <53 1204 125 <53 <53 <53 936 124 <0.4 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 (25) Dry 3 11/29/05 <129 <129 1306 165 <129 <129 <129 1252 224 <0.8 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Dry 4 11/30/05 <121 <121 1176 124 <121 <121 <121 1173 167 <1 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Alexander Dry 1 08/24/05 <50 <50 442 62 <50 <50 <50 645 64 <0.8 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Parade MD Dry 2 08/25/05 <50 <50 243 <50 <50 <50 <50 277 <50 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 (26) Wet 1 08/31/05 <50 <50 553 <50 <50 <50 <50 612 <50 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Wet 2 11/08/05 <50 <50 627 69 <50 <50 <50 903 84 <0.7 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Alexander Pde Wet 1 08/31/05 <50 <50 324 <50 <50 <50 <50 274 <50 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Drain (27) Wet 2 11/08/05 <50 <50 514 50 <50 <50 <50 656 71 <1 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Site Name and Number Date Coprostanol Epicoprostanol Cholesterol 5a-cholestanol Epi-5a-cholestanol 24-ethylcoprostanol 24-ethylepicoprostanol 24-ethylcholesterol 24-ethylcholestanol / 5a- Coprostanol ratio cholestanol / coprostanol epicop ratio / Coprostanol ratio cholesterol / 24-ethyl- 24-ethylCop ratio 5a-cholestanol / 24- 24-ethylCop ratio ethylcholesterol of Human Proportion (%) matter faecal of Herbivore Proportion (%) matter faecal of Proportion bacterial unexplained indicators (%) Merri Creek Wet 1 08/31/05 261 <125 2105 256 <125 88 <125 2350 258 1.02 nq 0.12 0.34 0.04 12 0 88 (28) Wet 2 11/08/05 <50 <50 834 84 <50 <50 <50 536 <50 <0.6 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Fairfield MD Dry 1 08/24/05 319 <50 773 80 <50 63 <50 578 <50 3.99 nq 0.41 nq 0.11 31 0 69 (29) Wet 1 08/31/05 219 <50 1394 96 <50 50 <50 686 91 2.28 nq 0.16 0.55 0.07 15 0 85 Wet 2 11/08/05 311 <50 1186 110 <50 68 <50 810 93 2.83 nq 0.26 0.73 0.08 0 0 100 Dry 3 11/29/05 693 56 1292 179 <50 119 <50 2288 174 3.87 0.08 0.54 0.68 0.05 27 0 73 Yarra River Dry 1 08/24/05 1029 <70 2038 <70 <70 198 <70 1588 385 >14.7 nq 0.50 0.51 0.12 24 0 76 Kew (30) Dry 2 08/25/05 <75 <75 1134 <75 <75 <75 <75 1092 <75 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Wet 2 11/08/05 <91 <91 1539 <91 <91 <91 <91 1349 <91 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Dry 3 11/29/05 <133 <133 275 <133 <133 <133 <133 282 <133 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Dry 4 11/30/05 <100 <100 1405 138 <100 <100 <100 1213 183 <0.7 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Kew MD (31) Dry 1 08/24/05 868581 <308 391712 76650 <308 170820 <308 113312 24912 11.33 nq 2.22 6.86 1.51 77 0 23 Dry 2 08/25/05 63362 1324 30738 6233 <190 10967 <190 10455 874 10.17 0.02 2.06 12.55 1.05 48 0 52 Wet 1 08/31/05 330992 10819 233453 37386 <222 71723 7052 82478 12542 8.85 0.03 1.42 5.72 0.87 80 0 20 Dry 3 11/29/05 <129 <129 <129 <129 <129 <129 <129 <129 <129 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Dry 4 11/30/05 <73 <73 861 78 <73 <73 <73 1067 106 <0.9 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Darebin Creek Wet 2 11/08/05 <50 <50 878 97 <50 <50 <50 604 90 <0.5 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 (32) Dry 3 11/29/05 328 307 738 143 <50 79 <50 554 73 2.29 0.94 0.44 1.08 0.14 18 0 82 Dry 4 11/30/05 410 <67 850 146 <67 93 <67 468 72 2.81 nq 0.48 1.29 0.20 16 0 84 Locksley Rd Dry 1 08/24/05 31119 739 20300 3589 <50 5280 65 5353 418 8.67 0.02 1.53 12.63 0.99 76 0 24 MD (34) Dry 2 08/25/05 3203 74 2844 445 <50 540 <50 833 93 7.20 0.02 1.13 5.81 0.65 69 0 31 Wet 1 08/31/05 1078 <50 1443 200 <50 236 <50 859 127 5.39 nq 0.75 1.86 0.27 20 0 80 Wet 2 11/08/05 179 <100 2224 203 <100 123 <100 6858 320 0.88 nq 0.08 0.38 0.02 2 0 98 Dry 4 11/30/05 199 <50 892 97 <50 50 <50 542 71 2.05 nq 0.22 0.70 0.09 19 0 81 Glass Creek Dry 1 08/24/05 203 <50 1297 127 <50 65 <50 1058 655 1.60 nq 0.16 0.10 0.06 12 0 88 MD (35) Wet 1 08/31/05 112 <50 896 108 <50 35 <50 741 111 1.04 nq 0.13 0.32 0.05 6 0 94 Wet 2 11/08/05 258 <53 1305 117 <53 91 <53 1169 116 2.21 nq 0.20 0.78 0.08 1 0 99 Dry 4 11/30/05 <500 <500 1231 <500 <500 <500 <500 744 <500 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Koonung Dry 1 08/24/05 110 <50 1588 <50 <50 35 <50 871 274 nq nq 0.07 0.13 0.04 14 0 86 Creek (36) Wet 2 11/08/05 126 111 1272 108 <61 72 <61 876 98 1.17 0.88 0.10 0.73 0.08 1 0 99 Dry 3 11/29/05 101 51 1050 107 <50 30 <50 779 80 0.94 0.50 0.10 0.38 0.04 8 0 92

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Site Name and Number Date Coprostanol Epicoprostanol Cholesterol 5a-cholestanol Epi-5a-cholestanol 24-ethylcoprostanol 24-ethylepicoprostanol 24-ethylcholesterol 24-ethylcholestanol / 5a- Coprostanol ratio cholestanol / coprostanol epicop ratio / Coprostanol ratio cholesterol / 24-ethyl- 24-ethylCop ratio 5a-cholestanol / 24- 24-ethylCop ratio ethylcholesterol of Human Proportion (%) matter faecal of Herbivore Proportion (%) matter faecal of Proportion bacterial unexplained indicators (%) Bulleen Rd Dry 2 08/25/05 1271 <50 2616 235 <50 166 <50 886 <50 5.41 nq 0.49 nq 0.19 100 0 0 Drain (37) Wet 1 08/31/05 569 <50 1431 116 <50 104 <50 581 87 4.91 nq 0.40 1.20 0.18 7 0 93 Wet 2 11/08/05 467 <77 1262 <77 <77 83 <77 958 <77 >5 nq 0.37 nq 0.09 4 0 96 Dry 4 11/30/05 859 <100 1176 259 <100 128 <100 591 108 3.32 nq 0.73 1.19 0.22 100 0 0 Yarra River Dry 1 08/24/05 114 <62 1859 <62 <62 66 <62 4563 322 >1.8 nq 0.06 0.20 0.01 29 2 68 Heidelberg Wet 2 11/08/05 <63 <63 2085 <63 <63 <63 <63 1257 <63 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 (38) Dry 3 11/29/05 <129 <129 1173 152 <129 <129 <129 1097 166 <0.9 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Dry 4 11/30/05 <100 <100 1063 109 <100 <100 <100 856 143 <0.9 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Salt Creek MD Dry 1 08/24/05 541 51 1111 109 <50 92 <50 540 69 4.96 0.09 0.49 1.33 0.17 38 0 62 (39) Dry 2 08/25/05 454 59 941 109 <50 71 <50 410 83 4.17 0.13 0.48 0.86 0.17 40 0 60 Wet 1 08/31/05 490 <51 1528 186 <51 125 <51 1671 186 2.63 nq 0.32 0.67 0.07 23 0 77 Wet 2 11/08/05 150 <50 881 79 <50 50 <50 625 75 1.90 nq 0.17 0.67 0.08 2 0 98 Dry 3 11/29/05 1033 650 2691 305 <125 236 <125 2866 298 3.39 0.63 0.38 0.79 0.08 36 0 64 Dry 4 11/30/05 320 275 1698 146 <100 100 <100 1489 166 2.19 0.86 0.19 0.60 0.07 9 0 91 Bulleen Nth Dry 1 08/24/05 344 76 2549 158 <50 77 <50 829 116 2.18 0.22 0.13 0.66 0.09 12 0 88 MD (41) Dry 2 08/25/05 134 53 970 73 <50 45 <50 291 64 1.84 0.40 0.14 0.70 0.15 8 0 92 Wet 2 11/08/05 202 <50 1634 118 <50 60 <50 598 80 1.71 nq 0.12 0.75 0.10 3 0 97 Dry 4 11/30/05 99 <50 1780 111 <50 30 <50 1184 90 0.89 nq 0.06 0.33 0.03 1 0 99 Plenty River Wet 2 11/08/05 <100 <100 1893 203 <100 <100 <100 1799 203 <0.5 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 (42) Yarra River Templestowe Wet 2 11/08/05 <62 <62 1288 122 <62 <62 <62 857 106 <0.5 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Lower (43) Ruffey Creek Wet 2 11/08/05 59 <50 1110 71 <50 20 <50 363 59 0.83 nq 0.05 0.34 0.06 5 0 95 (44) Dry 3 11/29/05 200 53 1619 158 <50 53 <50 874 106 1.27 0.27 0.12 0.50 0.06 46 0 54 Yarra River Dry 1 08/24/05 131 <53 2320 240 <53 83 <53 1917 315 0.55 nq 0.06 0.26 0.04 40 4 56 Templestowe Dry 2 08/25/05 <70 <70 2313 <70 <70 <70 <70 2154 <70 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 (45) Wet 2 11/08/05 <50 <50 523 <50 <50 <50 <50 331 <50 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Dry 3 11/29/05 <80 <80 1331 147 <80 <80 <80 1124 171 <0.5 nq nq nq nq 0 0 100 Dry 4 11/30/05 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 nq nq nq nq nq 0 0 100

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Appendix 4: Yarra River faecal sources investigation – Loads of E. coli

Site E.coli load (organisms/ second) Site type Site name no. Dry1 Dry2 Wet1 Wet2 Dry3 Dry4 1 Yarra River Docklands 1.97E+08 7.66E+07 1.11E+08 1.52E+09 7.70E+07 1.98E+05 2 Main drain Johnson Street1 3 Main drain Ferrars Street1 4 Main drain Hanna Street1 5 Main drain Elizabeth Street 1.32E+07 4.23E+06 1.53E+06 4.42E+06 1.61E+07 2.77E+06

6 Council drain Princes Bridge 1.34E+06 1.60E+05 3.68E+05 4.24E+06 8.00E+04 1.28E+06 7 Yarra River Yarra River Southgate 8.59E+07 5.42E+07 8.44E+08 1.51E+09 6.56E+06 2.71E+06 8 Council drain Federation Square 2.00E+01 2.80E+01 7.00E+02 3.22E+03 4.83E+03 2.48E+03 9 Council drain Batman Avenue 6.00E+04 2.80E+04 2.48E+04 4.68E+05 2.55E+05 1.31E+04 10 Council drain Goschs Paddock2

11 Main drain Yarra Park 3.10E+03 3.70E+02 1.37E+05 8.98E+05 4.94E+03 6.24E+03 12 Yarra River South Yarra 1.69E+08 1.30E+08 5.40E+08 1.91E+09 1.58E+07 2.71E+07

13 Main drain Prahran 5.48E+04 2.30E+06 1.85E+05 2.70E+07 1.20E+06 7.13E+02 14 Diversion drain Williams Road 5.12E+04 4.05E+03 2.64E+05 1.66E+08 5.30E+04 2.86E+04 15 Main drain Richmond Quarry 1.13E+03 1.11E+03 1.38E+05 1.34E+05 1.40E+02 4.80E+03

16 Main drain Canberra Road 2.61E+03 9.00E+00 3.14E+04 1.60E+06 1.94E+05 3.73E+04 17 Yarra River Burnley 7.31E+07 3.41E+07 9.78E+08 8.38E+08 1.31E+07 9.83E+06 18 Tributary Gardiners Creek 2.84E+06 2.91E+05 3.14E+09 1.08E+08 2.21E+05 8.00E+05 19 Yarra River Swan Street Bridge 7.57E+07 3.83E+07 3.32E+08 3.22E+08 8.06E+06 1.20E+07 20 Main drain Hawthorn 7.38E+05 1.47E+05 4.55E+06 3.02E+07 1.15E+05 3.78E+04 21 Main drain Palmer Street 1.63E+03 7.10E+02 3.92E+04 1.30E+07 1.02E+03 4.92E+03

22 Main drain Church Street 1.28E+05 2.96E+04 3.36E+05 7.92E+06 8.68E+04 1.29E+04 23 Main drain Harper Street 2.64E+06 2.24E+06 1.75E+06 7.68E+06 2.23E+06 2.38E+06 24 Council drain Gipps Street 3.12E+03 3.12E+03 6.71E+03 1.31E+06 3.40E+03 3.28E+04 25 Yarra River Abbotsford 1.79E+08 1.62E+08 3.59E+08 2.05E+08 6.43E+06 5.27E+06 26 Main drain Alexander Parade 1.67E+06 7.20E+04 5.60E+05 7.57E+06 1.61E+04 1.02E+04 27 Relief drain Alexander Parade 9.20E+03 1.15E+04 1.32E+05 1.21E+06 7.68E+02 5.25E+02 28 Tributary Merri Creek 8.40E+05 3.01E+05 1.06E+08 3.97E+07 3.64E+05 2.86E+05 29 Main drain Fairfield 5.40E+04 1.37E+04 1.50E+05 7.83E+06 5.07E+05 2.90E+03 30 Yarra River Kew 9.78E+07 4.18E+07 6.52E+08 5.93E+08 4.49E+06 6.98E+06

31 Main drain Kew 2.40E+07 1.36E+07 1.06E+07 1.92E+07 3.80E+04 1.46E+04 32 Tributary Darebin Creek 2.03E+06 1.74E+05 1.56E+08 6.26E+07 6.60E+05 9.30E+05 33 Yarra River Ivanhoe 4.91E+07 2.75E+07 3.16E+08 1.08E+08 8.03E+06 9.84E+06

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Site E.coli load (organisms/ second) Site type Site name no. Dry1 Dry2 Wet1 Wet2 Dry3 Dry4 34 Main drain Locksley Road 2.04E+06 1.82E+05 1.58E+06 1.87E+07 2.60E+03 1.04E+04 35 Main drain Glass Creek 1.50E+05 1.21E+04 7.00E+05 7.06E+07 1.48E+03 1.28E+06 36 Tributary Koonung Creek 5.50E+05 1.56E+05 1.26E+07 5.20E+07 4.80E+05 1.10E+05 37 Main drain Bulleen Road 1.13E+04 7.20E+03 5.80E+05 5.46E+05 5.11E+03 9.00E+03 38 Yarra River Heidelberg 4.72E+07 1.48E+07 6.51E+07 8.99E+07 8.53E+06 7.22E+06 39 Main drain Salt Creek 2.81E+06 3.24E+05 1.48E+06 2.19E+06 1.33E+05 3.23E+05 40 Main drain Banyule (Ck) 4.47E+04 9.80E+03 4.12E+05 1.92E+05 1.68E+03 4.40E+02 41 Main drain Bulleen North 1.86E+06 2.28E+05 3.50E+05 1.36E+06 4.24E+03 1.20E+05 42 Tributary Plenty River 3.72E+05 2.78E+05 6.86E+06 1.74E+07 3.05E+05 2.76E+05 43 Yarra River Templestowe Lower 4.01E+07 1.24E+07 8.04E+07 1.70E+08 1.22E+07 6.49E+06 44 Tributary Ruffey Creek 2.44E+05 2.94E+04 9.74E+06 3.92E+06 1.32E+06 9.16E+05 45 Yarra River Templestowe 3.23E+07 1.47E+07 1.89E+08 1.20E+08 1.32E+07 1.11E+07 46 Main drain Porter Street 1.29E+04 2.62E+04 3.65E+06 7.28E+04 1.46E+05 6.97E+04 47 Tributary Diamond Creek 2.12E+06 8.03E+05 8.18E+06 5.20E+06 1.08E+05 3.60E+05 48 Yarra River Eltham 3.30E+07 3.18E+07 1.89E+08 6.44E+07 5.78E+06 6.84E+06 49 Tributary Mullum Mullum Creek 6.86E+05 3.69E+05 1.93E+07 1.23E+07 4.50E+04 4.50E+04 50 Tributary Stony Creek 1.07E+04 1.79E+04 4.03E+05 1.54E+05 3.65E+02 1.20E+04 51 Yarra River Warrandyte 2.54E+07 2.76E+07 1.03E+08 1.32E+07 1.25E+07 4.78E+06 52 Tributary Andersons Creek 5.58E+04 3.33E+04 5.05E+06 1.82E+06 2.06E+05 3.36E+05

Indicates a drain where flow was estimated

1 Drain drowned out with waters backed up from the Yarra River

2 Drain dry on all sampling occasions

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Appendix 5: Yarra River faecal sources investigation – Rankings based on factored E. coli concentration

All Runs All dry All wet Rank Site no. Site Name Rank Site no. Site Name Rank Site no. Site Name 1 23 Harper Street MD 1 23 Harper Street MD 1 31 Kew MD 2 46 Porter Street MD 2 5 Elizabeth Street MD 2 14 Williams Road DD 3 5 Elizabeth Street MD 3 46 Porter Street MD 3 22 Church Street MD 4 6Princes Bridge CD 4 6Princes Bridge CD 4 23 Harper Street MD 5 29 Fairfield MD 5 29 Fairfield MD 5 46 Porter Street MD 6 13 Prahran MD 6 24 Gipps Street CD 6 26 Alexander Parade MD 7 31 Kew MD 7 13 Prahran MD 7 6 Princes Bridge CD 8 37 Bulleen Road MD 8 34 Locksley Road MD 8 29 Fairfield MD 9 34 Locksley Road MD 9 41 Bulleen North MD 9 20 Hawthorn MD 10 20 Hawthorn MD 10 37 Bulleen Road MD 10 13 Prahran MD 11 41 Bulleen North MD 11 9 Batman Avenue CD 11 37 Bulleen Road MD 12 39 Salt Creek MD 12 39 Salt Creek MD 12 18 Gardiners Creek 13 14 Williams Road DD 13 31 Kew MD 13 21 Palmer Street MD 14 16 Canberra Road MD 14 50 Stony Creek 14 5 Elizabeth Street MD 15 22 Church Street MD 15 15 Richmond Quarry MD 15 35 Glass Creek MD 16 9 Batman Avenue CD 16 20 Hawthorn MD 16 34 Locksley Road MD 17 18 Gardiners Creek 17 16 Canberra Road MD 17 39 Salt Creek MD 18 24 Gipps Street CD 18 32 Darebin Creek 18 36 Koonung Creek 19 35 Glass Creek MD 19 44 Ruffey Creek 19 27 Alexander Parade RD 20 36 Koonung Creek 20 22 Church Street MD 20 9 Batman Avenue CD 21 50 Stony Creek 21 18 Gardiners Creek 21 3 Ferrars Street MD 22 15 Richmond Quarry MD 22 35 Glass Creek MD 22 41 Bulleen North MD 23 32 Darebin Creek 23 36 Koonung Creek 23 28 Merri Creek 24 52 Andersons Creek 24 52 Andersons Creek 24 42 Plenty River 25 44 Ruffey Creek 25 47 Diamond Creek 25 50 Stony Creek 26 47 Diamond Creek 26 14 Williams Road DD 26 49 Mullum Mullum Creek 2 Johnson Street MD 27 11 Yarra Park MD 27 24 Gipps Street CD 3 Ferrars Street MD 2 Johnson Street MD 28 52 Andersons Creek 4 Hanna Street MD 3 Ferrars Street MD 29 47 Diamond Creek 8 Federation Square 4 Hanna Street MD 30 32 Darebin Creek 11 Yarra Park MD 8 Federation Square 31 15 Richmond Quarry MD 21 Palmer Street MD 21 Palmer Street MD 32 44 Ruffey Creek 26 Alexander Parade MD 26 Alexander Parade MD 2 Johnson Street MD 27 Alexander Parade RD 27 Alexander Parade RD 4 Hanna Street MD 28 Merri Creek 28 Merri Creek 8 Federation Square 40 Banyule Ck MD 40 Banyule Ck MD 11 Yarra Park MD 42 Plenty River 42 Plenty River 16 Canberra Road MD 49 Mullum Mullum Creek 49 Mullum Mullum Creek 40 Banyule Ck MD

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Appendix 6: Yarra River faecal sources investigation – Rankings based on estimated effect on Yarra River E.coli concentration

All Runs All dry All wet Rank Site no. Site Name Rank Site no. Site Name Rank Site no. Site Name 1 23 Harper Street Main 1 5 Elizabeth Street MD 1 18 Gardiners Creek 2 5 Elizabeth Street Main 2 23 Harper Street MD 2 32 Darebin Creek 3 36 Koonung Creek 3 39 Salt Creek MD 3 36 Koonung Creek 4 32 Darebin Creek 4 47 Diamond Creek 4 49 Mullum Mullum Creek 5 39 Salt Creek Main Drain 5 44 Ruffey Creek 5 42 Plenty River 6 47 Diamond Creek 6 6Princes Bridge CD 6 20 Hawthorn MD 7 18 Gardiners Creek at 7 31 Kew MD 7 34 Locksley Road MD 8 20 Hawthorn Main Drain 8 36 Koonung Creek 8 35 Glass Creek MD 9 44 Ruffey Creek 9 41 Bulleen North MD 9 13 Prahran MD 10 42 Plenty River 10 32 Darebin Creek 10 47 Diamond Creek 11 34 Locksley Road Main 11 20 Hawthorn MD 11 52 Andersons Creek 12 13 Prahran Main Drain 12 13 Prahran MD 12 23 Harper Street MD 13 31 Kew Main Drain 13 18 Gardiners Creek 13 39 Salt Creek MD 14 49 Mullum Mullum Creek 14 42 Plenty River 14 14 Williams Road DD 15 41 Bulleen North Main 15 34 Locksley Road MD 15 21 Palmer Street MD 16 35 Glass Creek Main 16 35 Glass Creek MD 16 46 Porter Street MD 17 6 Large council drain (3 17 9 Batman Avenue CD 17 5 Elizabeth Street MD 18 52 Andersons Creek 18 46 Porter Street MD 18 22 Church Street MD 19 46 Porter Street Main 19 26 Alexander Parade MD 19 41 Bulleen North MD 20 29 Fairfield Main Drain 20 29 Fairfield MD 20 44 Ruffey Creek 21 26 Alexander Parade 21 16 Canberra Road MD 21 37 Bulleen Road MD 22 37 Bulleen Road Drain 22 49 Mullum Mullum Creek 22 31 Kew MD 23 9 Batman Avenue Drain 23 52 Andersons Creek 23 50 Stony Creek 24 14 Williams Road 24 37 Bulleen Road MD 24 29 Fairfield MD 25 16 Canberra Road Main 25 28 Merri Creek 25 26 Alexander Parade MD 26 50 Stony Creek 26 24 Gipps Street CD 26 24 Gipps Street CD 27 22 Church Street Main 27 40 Banyule Ck MD 27 40 Banyule Ck MD 28 24 Gipps Street Main 28 50 Stony Creek 28 8 Federation Square 29 40 Banyule Main Drain 29 14 Williams Road DD 29 27 Alexander Parade RD 30 21 Palmer Street Main 30 15 Richmond Quarry MD 30 9 Batman Avenue CD 31 28 Merri Creek 31 22 Church Street MD 31 6 Princes Bridge CD 32 15 Richmond Quarry 32 8 Federation Square 32 15 Richmond Quarry MD 33 8 Federation Square 33 21 Palmer Street MD 33 16 Canberra Road MD 34 27 Alexander Parade 34 27 Alexander Parade RD 34 11 Yarra Park MD 35 11 Yarra Park Main Drain 35 11 Yarra Park MD 35 28 Merri Creek 2 Johnson Street MD 2 Johnson Street MD 2 Johnson Street MD 3 Ferrars Street MD 3 Ferrars Street MD 3 Ferrars Street MD 4 Hanna Street MD 4 Hanna Street MD 4 Hanna Street MD

SCREENING INVESTIGATION REPORT OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

Appendix 7: Yarra River faecal sources investigation – Rankings based on estimated effect on Yarra River E. coli concentration and factored E. coli concentration

All Runs All dry All wet Rank Site no. Site Name Rank Site no. Site Name Rank Site no. Site Name 1 23 Harper Street Main 1 23 Harper Street MD 1 31 Kew MD 2 5 Elizabeth Street Main 2 5 Elizabeth Street MD 2 18 Gardiners Creek 3 31 Kew Main Drain 3 6Princes Bridge CD 3 36 Koonung Creek 4 6 Large council drain (3 4 39 Salt Creek MD 4 20 Hawthorn MD 5 39 Salt Creek Main Drain 5 41 Bulleen North MD 5 14 Williams Road DD 6 20 Hawthorn Main Drain 6 31 Kew MD 6 23 Harper Street MD 7 36 Koonung Creek 7 13 Prahran MD 7 35 Glass Creek MD 8 18 Gardiners Creek 8 44 Ruffey Creek 8 34 Locksley Road MD 9 34 Locksley Road Main 9 34 Locksley Road MD 9 22 Church Street MD 10 46 Porter Street Main 10 46 Porter Street MD 10 46 Porter Street MD 11 41 Bulleen North Main 11 20 Hawthorn MD 11 6 Princes Bridge CD 12 13 Prahran Main Drain 12 29 Fairfield MD 12 39 Salt Creek MD 13 29 Fairfield Main Drain 13 32 Darebin Creek 13 21 Palmer Street MD 14 32 Darebin Creek 14 36 Koonung Creek 14 49 Mullum Mullum Creek 15 35 Glass Creek Main 15 9 Batman Avenue CD 15 29 Fairfield MD 16 37 Bulleen Road Drain 16 47 Diamond Creek 16 37 Bulleen Road MD 17 22 Church Street Main 17 18 Gardiners Creek 17 42 Plenty River 18 14 Williams Road 18 16 Canberra Road MD 18 5 Elizabeth Street MD 19 47 Diamond Creek 19 37 Bulleen Road MD 19 26 Alexander Parade MD 20 9 Batman Avenue Drain 20 24 Gipps Street CD 20 32 Darebin Creek 21 44 Ruffey Creek 21 35 Glass Creek MD 21 3 Ferrars Street MD 22 24 Gipps Street Main 22 50 Stony Creek 22 13 Prahran MD 23 50 Stony Creek 23 52 Andersons Creek 23 41 Bulleen North MD 24 52 Andersons Creek 24 15 Richmond Quarry MD 24 52 Andersons Creek 25 15 Richmond Quarry 25 22 Church Street MD 25 47 Diamond Creek 2 Johnson Street MD 26 14 Williams Road DD 26 27 Alexander Parade RD 3 Ferrars Street MD 27 11 Yarra Park MD 27 9 Batman Avenue CD 4 Hanna Street MD 2 Johnson Street MD 28 50 Stony Creek 8 Federation Square 3 Ferrars Street MD 29 24 Gipps Street CD 11 Yarra Park Main Drain 4 Hanna Street MD 30 44 Ruffey Creek 16 Canberra Road Main 8 Federation Square 31 28 Merri Creek 21 Palmer Street Main 21 Palmer Street MD 32 15 Richmond Quarry MD 26 Alexander Parade 26 Alexander Parade MD 2 Johnson Street MD 27 Alexander Parade 27 Alexander Parade RD 4 Hanna Street MD 28 Merri Creek 28 Merri Creek 8 Federation Square 40 Banyule Main Drain 40 Banyule Ck MD 11 Yarra Park MD 42 Plenty River 42 Plenty River 16 Canberra Road MD 49 Mullum Mullum Creek 49 Mullum Mullum Creek 40 Banyule Ck MD