LONDON

GI BE RT AND RIVI NGTON PRI NTE RS L , , ’

J H UARE . ST . O N S S Q

O O O C

( l ' .

( G I ‘

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'

T HE DEVONSHIRE GEMS . A MANUAL OF

PR E C I O U S S T O N E S

A N T I QU E GE M S .

DDER E TROFF HO M. S W , “ ” “ - E AU THOR OF HAND BOOK OF AR OHJE OLOGY, PRE H I S TORI C PHAS S .

2101111011

S AMPS ON W MAR ST N LOW SE ARLE LO , O , , ,

CROWN B DIN F E E T S T RE E T . UIL GS , 188, L 1 74 8 .

[A llrig hts reser ved]

P REFACE .

I HAVE n indu ced to com ile for of a a u s bee p , the benefit m te r

of a a of s and collectors antique gems , concise ccount preciou stones and antique gems ; those usually called hard or fine s and a o of and c tones, ls some other stones substances whi h

a o a of r c nn t be comprised under the he d p ecious stones, but are in and for o a and frequently used j ewellery, rnament l u glyptic p rposes . In this compilation I have frequently adopted the words

of a . and the best uthorities , Dana, Bristow, Mr Maskelyne ,

I a i a others . In the second part h ve noticed the pr ncip l

s s n and o s for preciou to es, ther ubstances employed glyptic

s o n to a i an i purpose , kn w the ncients , and descr bed by c ent

i and an of wr ters , have attempted identification them with

n to of in those know mineralogists the present day, which

I am e to n f n and much indebt d the writi gs o Mr . Ki g

Mr . Maskelyne . In all a ges precious stones and engraved gems have been

of of a not for . favourites men t ste, only the transcendent

of o and a s beauty c lour the brilli ncy displayed in these stone ,

' also for but the art exhibited in the engravings on them . Even warriors in ancient times testified their a dmiration o f

io s gems and prec u stones . Alexander the Great was a 555 6315 R A viii P E F CE .

at n o f art d gre patro the glyptic isplayed in them , and such

of l no an admirer gems , that he would al ow artist but

P r ote le s to y g engrave his royal countenance, and that only

on . an emerald . Mithridates was a great gem collector

’ The gems and precious stones acquired by Pompey s con quest of his dominions were the first that gave the Romans

a f r ae a t ste o these precious objects . Julius C sar was an

ll of and of enthusiastic co ector gems other works art , six cabinets of which he dedicated i n the temple of his patron

e a godd ss, Venus Victrix . Augustus , M ecenas , and Hadrian, were also gem collectors : though M aecenas passionately loved

o f gems , the Sight his emeralds , beryls , and pearls , he

l for of declared, cou d not console him the departure

r of Ho ace . Among the Romans in the time Pliny there

a was quite rage for precious stones and engraved gems , Roman Senators outvying one another i n the extravagant prices given for them . Nonius , a Roman Senator, was content to su ffer proscription and exile rather than give up to Antonius a priceless opal which he possessed .

n In moder times we find the Medici , Frederick the

Great, Winkelman , Goethe, Visconti, devoting their atten x f tion to this e quisite branch o art . A century ago men of rank and wealth in this country

o were vying with each ther in collecting antique gems .

of of The Dukes Marlborough and Devonshire , the Duke of

o f Be sborou h Montague, the Earls Carlisle and g , and Lord

Algernon Percy, were among the noblemen whom culti v ated tastes induced thus to expend wealth on collections of classical and arch ae ological interest . In the last few years a fresh impulse has been given to their study in England by PREFA CE . i x

’ n on the publication of Mr. Ki g s works Precious Stones and

n of Antique Gems , and by the acquisitio a wonderful b Blacas . collection , the , y the British Museum A number o f collectors of the last fe w years and of the

n wh o present day may be e umerated , are the fortunate f l o . possessors some price ess and exquisite gems Mr .

Townly, Mr . Payne Knight, Mr . Hamilton, Mr . Hertz , 1 Mr . Rhodes , Mr . King, Mr . Maskelyne, Mr . Beresford

n Hope , the Rev . C . H . Townshend, in E gland ; the Duke

u e Blacas Pourtale s de Luynes , the D k de , the Count de , ld Fou . M . , M Roger, in France ; Cardinal Antonelli and

Signor Castellani in Italy. Among the most famo u s public collections we may e mention the Florentine, the Berlin , the Biblioth que , Paris , the St . Petersburg , the Hague , the British Museum , the

Museum , Naples ; and among private, the Marlborough , the

Devonshire , the Royal .

’ 1 M e e e t i s not nl m e for h Mr. ask lyn s coll c ion o y re arkabl t e e x te e me of t art it t bu t for th e quisi sp ci ns glyp ic con ains , also e t of th e t e t e m e e e e e e e ed w b au y s on s h s lv s, which hav b n s l ct ith de e p mineralogical knowle dge .

T CONTEN S .

PRE C I OU S S T O NE S .

NON - ME TALLIC MIN ERALS .

’ Ca/rbon m D d a e 1 d 9 . ia on , p g . Carbona o,

t 9 . Bor ,

hi t m - re e e S ire 15 . e S W apph , L on colou d apphir ,

Ye w S ire or O e Ori e Pe t 17 . llo apph , ri ntal ntal rido ,

T 16. e S e 13. opaz, Blu apphir , G e e 0 S e or O e al R or re d S e 1 . r n apphir , ri nt uby, apphir ,

Eme 16. S t S i e 17 . rald, ar apph r ,

- S e a ee S e or Ori S t R 17 . gr n apphir , ar uby, e talA m e 17 . 17 . n qua arin , Girasol,

A n lmwi a tes of Magn esi a,

S i e R 18 . R e e 18 . p n l uby, ubic ll ,

R 18 . Alm e 18 . Balas uby, andin ,

' A l ' h /mi na tes of GI/ucqfna,

e 19 m e 19 . Chrysob ryl, . Cy ophan ,

Si I/ica tes o Ala/mine Ma e a f , gn si ,

Gar e 0 1. 2 . E te 2 n t, ssoni ,

n e 2 1. H t i e G e 2 1. Carbu cl , yacin h n arn t, m A i e 2 1 S t G e t 2 1. l and n , . ar arn ,

Si riam 2 1. Ve me e 2 1. , r ill , P e 2 1 yrop , . xii C ON TEN TS .

S i li ca tes of Al/u/m/ina an d Glu ci na

me E Ye e 2 . 2 3. 5 rald, llow B ryl , e 5 e 2 5 . E 2 . B ryl, uclas ,

A m a n e 2 5 . qua ri ,

S i li ca tes of Alum i n a an d Flu ori ne P T 2 i te T 2 6 6. Wh opaz , . ink opaz , Ye T 2 6 llow opaz , . e T or S a Blu opaz , Brazilian p

i e 2 6. ph r ,

S i li ca tes of Ma gnesi a

te 2 7 . O e 2 8 . Chrysoli , livin , Pe 2 t . rido , 7

S i li ca te o Alwmina Ma nesi a a nd Iron f , g , I te 30. oli ,

Si li ca tes of Zi rconi a

h t Re d or J acinth i e J 2 8 . W argoon, Jargoon,

Ye H t 2 8 . J 2 8 . llow argoon, yacin h,

G e e J 2 8 . r n argoon,

S i li ca tes of Alum i na wi th Bora ci c Aci d

Y dT m i e or R e li te 2 9 . e T u m ne 30. Re llow o r ali , our al n , ub l ,

m e or Indioolite 30. G e e T r mal e 30. e T r n ou in , Blu our alin , ,

S i li ca te of Alum i na

n te 31. Kya i ,

i li ca tes o Al/wmi na P o S f , ota sh, S da

M m t e 31. t e 31. A S oons on , azon on ,

S t e 31. uns on ,

i li ca te o Alumi na Ma n s a im S f , g e i , L e

H e rste ne 32 . yp ,

S i li ca te o i me Ma n esi a f L , g

D e 32 iopsid , .

S i li ca te o Alu mi na I ron ime Ma nesi a f , , L , g

I e 32 docras , . x C ON TEN TS . iii

e 31. Crocidolit ,

’ a Alwrmna oda i me with u l hu r S ilic te of , S , L S p L l 32 Lapis azu i, .

Si li ca te of Magnesi a (hyd/rou s)

N e S e e t e 33. obl rp n in ,

Si li ca te of Magnesi a (an hydrou s)

e Ne te 33 Jad , phri , .

Si lica te of Alwmin a an dMa gnesi a

ite 4 . J ade , 3

o Alum ina ime oda Si li ca tes f , L , S

O d 35 . bsi ian,

Si licate of A a a an d Potash

A m i te 35 . gal atol ,

Si li ca te of Ma gn esi a

S te t e 36. a it ,

S u lpha te of Li me

e eni te 36. S l ,

Phospha te of Alumi na

T e e re e 36. urquois , blu , g n,

B n colon/reelb co er o e, y pp

Od t e or e T se on olit , Bon urq uoi ,

S ILICA. Vitreou s Quartz

I 42 . t 40. Rock Crys al ris,

R e 42 . ubass ,

t i e 42 A t e 42 . Ci r n , . van urin ,

n m or Ye r z 41. P e 43. Cair gor , llow Qua t , ras , xiv TE N TS CON .

Cha lcedon/ic Qua rtz

i e . He t e e te or 43 4 . Chalc dony (Wh Gr y), lio rop , 7

S i e or e Chalce A te 47 . apph rin , Blu ga ,

M A e 49 . oss gat ,

e 44. Ri A te 49. Carn lian, bbon ga ,

t Re d 44. E e A te 49 . Ligh , y ga ,

F rtificati on e . D Re d 44. o A 49 ark , gat ,

S 44 . Z e or e A te 49 . ard, on d Band d ga , A S d x 45 . e te te 49 . ar ony , Br ccia d ga ,

e A te 46. O x 44 . ny , Jasp r ga ,

M S t e 49 . e x 45 . Chalc dony , ocha on , ’

0. e O x 46. E e 5 Jasp r ny , Cat s y ,

0. N 46. se 5 icolo, Chrysopra ,

P m 46. las a,

J a spery Qu a/rtz

e 5 0. R or de e 5 1. Jasp r, ibbon Ban d Jasp r,

Re d e 5 1. t e 5 1. Jasp r, Bloods on , P Ye w e 5 1. P e ni te or e llo Jasp r, orc lla , orc lain

G e e e 5 1. e 5 2 . r n Jasp r, Jasp r,

E t Pe e 5 1. gyp ian bbl ,

Hydrou s Si li ca

M t x O 38 . of O l 39 . pal , a ri pa ,

38 . F e 39 or P e O O . Noble r cious pal , ir pal, H i e O 38 . te 39 . Harl quin pal, yal , H G e O 38. e 39 . old n pal , ydrophan ,

mm O 38 . C 39 . Co on pal, acholong,

E TALL C M ERAL M I IN S .

M a te 5 2 e te 5 2 . . Magn ti , arc si ,

Haem t te 5 2 . a i ,

t e 5 2 . Az te 5 3. Diop as , uri ,

Silicate of Copper. Blue Carbonate of Coppe r.

M l hi te 5 3. a ac ,

Gre en Carbonate of Coppe r. ON T N TS C E .

ANTIQUE GEM S .

Adamas Corundu m Carbunculus Indi cus The R uby

the Fe male The S pine l . Th e S apphi re The Ye llow S apphire Th e S tar S apphi re The Balas Ruby Aste ria The Cymophane S maragdus Th e E merald Be ryllu s The Be ryl C arbunculus Garamanticu s The Garnet T opaz io s Chrysolite T opazi os Pra soide s Pe ridot toChrysoprasiu s Gre en Jargoon Meli chrysos Ye llow Jargoon

a hi Q. S pp ru s Lapis Lazuli S olis Gemm a Moonstone S e lenite s Adularia S andastros (Male) S unstone o Chrysopra siu s Amazon Stone Nili on Jade T anos Ja de ite Callais Turquoise C allaina Gre e n Tur quoise Opal Mithrax Matrix of Opal An thraciti s Hydrophane C rystallu s Crystal I l Ame th stu s Ame t t , y hys Craterite s Ye llow Crystal xv i TS C ON TEN .

Iris S andastros (Fe male ) Avanturi ne S an dare sos Gre e n Avanturin e S ardius Sard 5 S ardonyx Onyx

Ja sp- onyx Be li Oculus E gyptilla Prasine Prasiu s S anguinei s Pu ncti s (3. Jaspis

Achate s A strobolos

1 Jaspe r Molochi te s Gree n Jasper Heli otropium Bloodstone S maragdus Medi cus Malachite Haematite s Hematite Magne s Magne tite Obsidi anu m Obsidi an Gagate s J et S uccinum Amb er Coral Margarita Pe arl Fluor S par Onyx Orie ntal Alabaster Basanite s Basalt Porphyrite s Leptoseph os

Syenite s

2 PR I O S T E E C U S ON S .

m o f o f The ost famous mines India were those Golconda,

r o f Raolcondal n in the ter itory the Nizam ; and at , ear

Vi sia r m in oo . p , in the Mahratta empire Dia onds also occur

B undelcu nd n in Mahanu dd . , near Pan a , and the y, near Ellore t n now By far the larges qua tity are , however, importe d m i n into Europe from the Brazils . They are found ostly alluvial soil derived from the materials brought down from the hills bordering the higher parts of the valleys in the

o f district Cerro di Fria, Minas Geraes , and San Paulo, and f 2 in the beds o rivers .

’ by thb i rEpe Ssion of grains of sand and crystals on the surface of th e u the e e O e t e e a s m . b t s “ , al o by nclosur f c r ain for ign bodi s, such m ixe r t s e m t n and e e e e t e t t e of 3 r c ys al , g r ina i g fungi, v n v g abl s ruc ur s ’ be ac a highe r organization . If Profe ssor Goe ppe rt s conclusions ce te d fi min and e xte a s t e do th e e w e Ne w p , con r g nding h y vi s h ld by t on e te and e di m e em t o be th e n t of , Br ws r, Li big , a onds s fi al produc P e th e che mical de composition of ve ge table substance s . rof ssor M w te we e On Ge m and P e Th e orris ri s, ho v r s r cious supposition that th e diamond ha s be en de rive d from organic matte r m n ot e te t oo t Th e t e ma e ust b adop d has ily . crys alliz d carbon y hav e e e e t m st te of or th e b n produc d by cond nsa ion fro a a vapour, by i s e me t o f r m its m t w t l i e gradual d plac n ca bon, fro co bina ion i h ch or n or me t e e em e t or a s e te P e sulphur by so o h r l n , , sugg s d by rof ssor Maskelyne in th e following passage The re i s anothe r dire ction in f h I i e w hich th e production o t e diamond may be looke d for . t s w ll t t r e e t t it ma di s known ha i on, wh n surcharg d wi h carbon, hough y e it i n t te of e t th e e x e o f a w e it solv a s a , fusion, d posi s c ss c rbon h n m m bu t i n th e t i t . S e t e m e t or me cools, graphi ic od fica ion o o h r al , so e in th e t t the m e m e t m t e the e x chang condi ions wi h sa al, igh caus ’ I n trusion Of th e carbon in the form of diamond . illustration o f M r x fin e me o f hi e t Mr . e te e r t e t s sugg s ion, or is hibi d a sp ci n c ys alliz d

i te e re Mr. D F e m its t in r graph , pr pa d by avid orb s fro solu ion i on

a t te m e t e an d e e t . The ari e t e of a high p ra ur , subs qu n ly cooling v i s crystalline forms would infe r a slow proce ss an d fre e dom of motion

m th e m e ule du e t o t te . a ong ol c s, a viscous s a 3 t te the m e e e e t e to its m t x Un il la ly dia ond had n v r b n rac d a ri ,

hi h a s n ow ee e i n at e t tw o t n e in . The b u t t s b n don l as ins a c s Brazil , a in 1839 and th e h t e it w as e ed first w s , rock whic con ain d d scrib by M TH E D I A ON D . 3

The Brazilian diamonds are of different specific gravity t n o the India , and are inferior in lustre and brilliancy .

Diamonds of the best quality come from Borneo (Sarawak). Diamonds are also found in the gravels and sands o f valleys .

w - s on of I n ali and ater course , the sides mountains , Austr a and i n South Africa .

to of The Cape diamonds lately imported . are said be an

n d ' re as il a o . inferior quality, to have a g yh y look Yellow is the prevailing colour; The diamond has been in all ages held in the highest

I ts estimation . brilliancy and play Of colour is attributed to i r n its high refract ve and eflecti g powers , and it was the observation of these properties which led Newton to infer i t

. m was co bustible, a conclusion which was verified in the same year (1693)by th e Florentine Academy . The diamond possesses also the property of flashing ou t the colour of the of to rainbow, which a piece the heavy glass used counter ff feit the diamond possesses to, at least, as e ective a degree .

on to It becomes phosphorescent exposure the light, and the smaller diamonds become phosphorescent by a much shorter f exposure than those o larger Size . The most valuable

to diamonds are perfectly colourless , and are then said be o f the purest water . The colour suite is, however, exten i 3 n and . s ve , blue, green , pink , yellow, brow , black It occurs also opalescent . M P. h . e a s rés sa mmi te t o f ee to e t e Chass au g p , a sor sandy fr s n , t h e d mm Th e di s locali y being t e S rro de S antantonio e Gra ag oa . e e of th e e t t m it m di m a s th e was cov r rs d posi ook fro any a onds, rock t bu t ee e it e m e e and e e t m e f t to sof , d p r b ca hard r, cons qu n ly, or di ficul ” . i P e S t e e work (K ng, r cious on s, pag Profe ssor Maskelyn e also write s In Brazil it h as be en trace d to i ts rock home in itacolumite (a micace ous quart zose schist ofte n con taining tal cose mine rals an d inters e cte d by quartz ve ins)and also in ” e e h l m te t w t t e t . a hornbl nd , also con inuous i h i aco u i 3 M . G t wh o h a s m t e the of re allardo Bastan , uch s udi d origin p cious 4 PR I O S S T S E C U ON E .

r n Though the ha dest know substance , a diamond is very bri ttle ; a Slight blow struck i n the direction o f the plane of Q ff o f u cleavage , would have the e ect ca sing it to split . The diamond is valued a ccOI ding to its weight in

3 I isin v I a idl carats ( 5, grains each), the value g e p y with the size . w n Diamonds , hen cut, are called brilliants , rose diamo ds d an . or rosettes , table diamonds Of these the brilliant is

i t of the most esteemed , as displays the lustre the stone to the greatest advantage . I n a brilliant, the table is the upper surface , the girdle is

of one - of the broadest part the stone , and should be at third n the whole depth , the portio above it being the bezel ; the

a nd two - w culet is the base , should be thirds belo the girdle , th e whole depth o f the stone being equal to the width

n v across the girdle . Rose diamonds have tria gular facets o er f o . the surface the stone , the under side being flat Lasque diamonds are the flat thin stones us e d much in

t e h a s mm te t o th e A e m o f S e e a t P h i s s on s , co unica d cad y ci nc s aris opinion i n re gard to th e change of colour i n the diamond produce d ” “ m h e i s m of e t . The e w by h a y llo dia ond , says , a co pound carbon a nd the fl e o f m m and its e w i s e i t uorid alu iniu , y llo colour chang d n o

- m e me i s e e t the t e . Th e e ros colour sa ph no non obs rv d wi h opaz , i i m of m n m ex an d flu ori c th e e w wh ch s a co pound alu i iu , Sil , acid, y llo

colour of whi ch also change s to rose - colour a t an ele vate d tempera T e of i s du e to the t o f b t ure . his chang colour absorp ion car onic

‘ ” and t a e o f t as . acid , analysis shows r c s his g m A green diamond i s th e rare st o f all gems . A s all one (about ’ ‘ 300l H for . 15 carats)sold lately at Mr . ancock s The large rose - tinte d brilliant b elonging to th e late Duke o f

i for 2 82 4l. Brunswick sold at th e sale. o f hi s th ngs 4 This g e m be ing compose d of infinite ly thin laminae de posite d ove r e ach other i n a dire ction paralle l to the fac e s Of the primitive t it can be e t of e i n th e e t of crys al, asily spli by a blow a knif dir c ion ” P e S t n e . t mi ae . he se la n (King, r cious o s , p THE D IA M ON D . 5

and - n native Indian work , in , neck head bands , ba gles , & c . , rings " The art Of cu tting and polishing diamonds was di scovered

of in 14 5 6 by Louis van Berguen , a citizen Bruges, , pre v iou sly to which time the diamond was only known in its

or in its . rough , cleaned state At the present day the ff of cutting is e ected chiefly by the Jews Amsterdam . m m d. The dia ond was someti es , but very rarely engrave x 1867 In the Paris E hibition , , was a ring with an engraved

to da . diamond , said be by Jacopo Trezzo In the Royal

of Collection is the Signet ring Charles II . , when Prince of d Wales , bearing the evice the ostrich plumes between the " P m letters C . . , very neatly cut, upon a large yellow dia ond ,

n i s a table 3x3i diameter . The Cavalier Costanza said to have made several e ngravings u pon th e diamond in the

n of . n of beginni g the last century . Mr Ki g gives a notice

n diam nd in of n three e graved o s the possession Messrs . Hu t

ske ll and Ro .

n o f Small atural crystals , the octahedral form , have been

x - n occasionally found , set in si teenth century ri gs , used for

n on & c writi g glass , . The largest dia mond of which there is any record is that described by Taver nier as belongi ng to

the Great Mogul . him According to , it is a very high rose d h diamon , and weig

ing 2 80carats . When

Mir imola r g , Tave

T he Gre at o u . n who be M g l ier writes , 6 I LRIZCYY7 LU? . SYYZAUESZ

tra e d l his re se nt ~ o f y the Great Mogu , master, made a p

to r this stone Shah Sehan , with whom he took efuge , it

in 787 . was the rough , and weighed then § carats

Another diamond , cele

brate d i s for its size , that

o f a the Rajah of Matt m ,

in Borneo . It is o f a pear " e shaped form , and w ighs the rou h 367 in g carats .

- i - or The Daiy a Noor, sea o li ht f g , the gem o f

the Persian collection , is

. of 186 , a stone carats . Anothe r fine diamond in the same collection is the C rown o th M e . oon 14 f , 6

carats . The following are the T he attam M . names and weights o f the most celebrated diamonds in Europe The Russian or Orloff dia 1 4 9 . mond , i carats It has the

- u d . nder si e flat, and is rose cut It was bought by the Emp re ss

Catherine II . for and 40001 a pensio n of . It is said

e one to have form d of the eyes '

Th e Orlofi . o f an idol in a Brahmi n te m m now u a . ple . It is in the R ssi n I perial sceptre

he 139 . T Austrian diamond , 3carats It is yellow, rather i w th ck , and is covered ith facets , like a rose diamond , being pointed both at top and bottom ; it is val ued at T I A HE D M ON D . 7

r d 3 o 1 6 . The Regent Pitt diamon , 5 carats It was bought

’ o f l t o f O f by the Duke Or eans , hen Regent France, Pitt, the

o f . 1 1 for 135 000l Governor Fort St George , in the year 7 7, , .

i n of I t was found G olconda . It forms part the French crown jewels .

o t a T he Pig t . ( )

' a n lhe Au stri .

i mond T h e Ho pe D a .

T he e nt R ge . 8 PR I O S S T E C U ON ES .

’ l i ott d 82 “ as d b The gg diamon , 5 carats , isposed of y I n 1801 300001 lottery London ( )for , . 44 . The Hope diamond , 5 carats This brilliant , formerly o f l the property the ate Mr . Hope , is o f a most brilliant

is sapphire blue . It valued at

The N assa ck diamond (the

o f lVe s tminste r 893 Marquis ), 5

re - carats , cut as a brilliant,

carats , captured from the Pe ish wah of the Mahrattas

o f the the The Star South , in 2 5 4 rough , 5 carats , cut as a

12 4 a t brilliant, 5 carats , found

T h N assack 10 e . ( B o a en i the g g mine , Brazil .

of 46 . The Star South Africa, 5 carats It has been valued at It is now in the possession o f Messrs k ll Hunt and Ros e . The most celebrated diamond o f modern times is the

KOh - i - of n o f noor, which became the property the Quee England on the annexation o f the Punj au b by the East

1 5 0 to 4000 India Company in 8 . It is reputed be years old

h n by Indian tradition . It is said to ave belo ged to the

f a i n 60B . h o M . C t e Rajah j y , and to have remained in pos " session o f his successors until India was subdued bythe

. n 1665 the Mohammedans It is mentioned by Taver ier in , as

- - of . i property the Great Mogul It was called the Koh noor, r of to u t o Mountain light . When brought this co ntry i

186 o f weighed 5 carats . The beauty this stone being o f m greatly marred by its irregularity for , and the imperfect

cu t r - manner in which it had been , it was determined to e cut

. u u r it This was skilfully and successf lly accomplished , nde

o f . th the care Messrs Garrard, by two workmen from e great a f t o . o f u elier Mr Foster Amsterdam . Altho gh the weigh t

10 PR I O S S T ON S EC U E .

THE RUBY.

T HE O t ruby, the sapphire, the oriental topaz , the rien al e a merald , the orient l amethyst, are pure crystallized alumina , and are a ll classed under th e f are name o corundum . They t in iden ical every particular, dif

fe rin g only in colour . The ruby is said to be ti nted

x o f by the pero ide iron , the sap

the x the phire by proto ide, and viole t tint may possibly be pro duce d by an admix ture o f man h ganese wit the iron . They occur crystallized i n variously termi

nated x m he agonal pris s , and in

rolled masses , and are generally C r sta of C " y l orundum . u in of or fo nd beds rivers , asso e l ated with crystalline rocks .

or re the The ruby red sapphi is considered , next to d t of n of iamond , the mos precious all gems . Whe a large s m n h e ize, good colour, and free fro flaws , it exceeds eve t

in u diamond itself val e . Rubies are for the most part small ,

or seldom exceeding eight ten carats . The specific gravity is 39 to 4 1 , its hardness superior to any kno wn substance ’ n in except diamond, being umbered 9 Moh s scale . It is THE R UB Y. 11

of of composed alumina, and coloured by traces metallic

& c oxides , chrome, . Alumina Oxide of iron 1° O Lime 05

‘ The colour of the ruby v ai ie s from the lightest rose - tint to the deepest carmine . The colour most prized is a ’ ” the rich and lovely crimson known as pigeon s blood, but

u r its scarlet tints are also beautif l . It is neve a large stone for whereas the sapphire occurs in very considerable

u of - a masses , a r by above the size three car ts is worth more

m o f the than a dia ond same weight . The finest stones are fo und in the sands of rivers in Ceylon and in the Capelan m iriam S . ountains , near , a city In Pegu The ruby mines o f Burmah , whence come the finest stones , have been long

to or famous . They are said be situated about sixty

- m . seventy miles fro the capital , in a north easterly direction

a no n These mines are rigorously gu rded , European bei g

to 011 are allowed approach them any pretence . They a l n royal monopo y . The Ki g of Burmah is said to retain fo r his ow n use the rarest and o f finest specimens . One his ” titles is the Lord o f Rubies . The largest known ruby is on that ment ioned by Chardin ,

' which was e ngrav e dthe name hi o f Sheik S e p .

thei' to A no , also belonging f the Shah o Persia, a draw ing o f which has been given 17 5 by Tavernier, weighed Ruby of the Sh ah of Persi a . KIn of Bur carats . The g 12 PR I S T EC O U S ON ES . mah is said to possess a ruby as large as a pigeon ’s egg . The largest ruby ever seen in Europe is that presented b f . o to y Gustavus III , Sweden , the Czarina, upon his visit ’

1777 . i n to to her in It is equal bulk a small hen s egg ,

o f and is fine colour . n i n A very large o e is the French crown jewels . It

o f Golden Fle e ce adorns the order the , and is cut into the f 5 form o a dragon with extended wings .

’ 5 At th e e o f th e D e of e we A sal uk Brunswick s j ls ( pril , a e e cu t ou t o f i e o f mme e e w a s to Chin s idol, a s ngl ruby i ns siz , sold M A of P for It w a s t e m th e . chard, aris, francs ak n fro summer p alace o f Pekin on th e sackin g o f that place by the French t an d w a s e the D e on the e t of th e e x e roops , purchas d by uk r urn p m e t t m . Th e t e wa s n o t to sa o f e di ion fro China s on y r arkabl puri y, bu t th e workmanship of th e image wa s exce ll ent . 1 THE S A PPHI RE . 3

HE T S APPHIRE .

T H E u o f sapphire is the bl e variety corundum . Like the

of x o f ruby , it is composed pure alumina coloured by o ide

r . I n o f i on hardness it is equal to that the ruby . It ' of o f e occurs all tints and Shades blue . Jewellers hav

i two m r t d vided them into kinds , the male and fe ale , the fi s f o . being a deep indigo colour, and the second a light blue l The latter is a so sometimes termed a water sapphire . The colour which approximates to blue velvet o f the shade “ ” roi formerly called bleu de is the most valuable . The sapphire occurs generally i n crystals o f much larger size than the ruby . This stone is chiefly brought from Ceylon a nd u Peg . l 132 The argest sapphire known , weighing carats , is in é n the Mus e de Mineralogie, Paris . It has bee called the ” - o o f Wooden Spoon Sellers , from the ccupation the man “ ” o who found it in Bengal . It is als called the Ruspoli ,

- S ix after a former owner . It is lozenge shaped with faces ,

Pcrre t for and was bought by , a Parisian jeweller,

o f francs A statuette Buddha , about an inch

ou t o f one and high , carved entire perfect sapphire, is in the Mineralogical Department of the British Museum . Among the sapphires famous for their historical interest

or n to is that in the Lennox Darnley jewel , belo ging her

g se t Majesty . This historic relic is a pendant olden heart, - S S T N 14 PRECI O U O ES .

- t . 15 5 with a hear shaped sapphire Its date is about 7 , and

made for it was , that Margaret Douglas whose husband and

’ son o f x , the Regent Earl Lenno and Darnley, Mary s

t o f consort, came bo h them to their ends by murder .

n not h e A other, less interesting, is t sapphire which , set as ’ t o f h a ring , was a the moment Queen Elizabeth s deat ,

th e ou t f a when all doors were closed by order, thrown o window by Lady Scrope to her brother, Robert Cary, son f o f o Lord Hunsdon , and later Earl Monmouth , who at once took horse to Scotland and presented the token to James

of o f o f u VI . in proof the truth that fact, which he bro ght

ne w of the first tidings . It forms the centre a diamond " i s i n of e o f star, and the possession the Count ss Cork and

i of u Orrery . The Tal sman Charlemagne , which was fo nd suspended from the neck o f the Emperor on the opening of

1166 two his sepulchre in , has large rough sapphires , and a

n of s e t portio the Holy Cross in the centre , round with f gems . It was presented to Napoleon by the clergy o l - l t A i x la C hape le . It af erwards came into the possession of I I I the late Emperor, Louis Napoleon . I n the centre of the cross on the summit o f the Imperial

a of - St te Crown England is a rose cut sapphire, which tradition says came o u t o f the famous ring of Edward the

u on the Confessor, so long treasured p his shrine, and heritage of which gave his successors the miraculous power

- rin s the f of blessing the cramp g . In front o the crown is a

- large , broad spread sapphire (partly drilled), purchased for

n e the crown by his Majesty Ki g Georg IV . h f A superb sapphire , engraved wit the heads o Henry

and to 1605 IV. Marie de Medicis, face face , signed , by

ldere - of l C o , the gem portrait painter Queen E izabeth, was f o . . L e tu r of lately in the collection M T F . q Paris . ’ In the Duke of Brunswick s collection lately sold at TH E S A PP IR H E. 15

n n Geneva was an e graved sapphire ring , beari g the royal

of a on n to arms Engl nd , which ce belo ged Mary, Queen o f

Scots . The sapphire was the stone generally used for the n e 6 th Episcopal ri g, as prescribed by Pop Honorius . In e

n 18 n Lo desborough collection an Episcopal ri g, gold , with

n of t sapphire , Fre ch work the twelfth century . I was found in of of n 1165 n the tomb Thierry, Bishop Verdu , . The ri g

o f of of William Wykeham , Bishop Winchester, was a m n n assive plai gold ri g set with a sapphire . The word “ ” a d to a to sapphire, ccor ing some, ppears come from the

sa hila h a e of Syriac p , . the n m in that language the sapphire .

sa heiros The sapphire , in Greek pp , M . Maskelyne writes , was the name applied by the Greeks andRomans to what

we call lapis lazuli . But it is obviously a word foreign to i u . to the I the Greek tong e Accord ng the Talmud , tables O the law were fashioned o f sapplr ; the word i s connected with the roots from which are derived the Hebrew terms for a i “ n or n . book , writi g , e graving This root s safar, to ” n o to h to e grave , but it seems als ave the meaning shine , and this may be the source of the application of the name t sappir o a precious stone .

T P WHI E SAP HIRE .

a na White sapphire is the pure colourless crystallized lumi ,

6 The writer o f an article on Fin ge r- Rings in th e British ” te Re e In 1194 th e hi of th e Quar rly vi w (July, says, fas on r e wa s e tt e d P e I n e t III . who e t piscopal ring s l by op n oc n , o dain d tha i t be of and se t t e t e on h should solid gold, wi h a pr cious s on , whic h t n w as to be cu t . Th e t e s e e e t e u no hi g s on s u ually chos n w r r by , t the eme for t n i t an d e an d indica ing glory, rald, ra qu lli y happin ss, ’ m t d i se t for an t . A s t t crys al , si plici y puri y cardinal s ring wi h a

hi re to e te the - e t and i s e e e i s sapp d no high pri s hood, giv n wh n a titl hi m ” as sign e d to . 16 PRECI OUS S T ON ES .

x u generally, however, e hibiting a faint bl e tint, which is n m sometimes expelled by heat . Whe cut and polished , fro a its brilliancy it has been p ssed as a diamond . It is also h called Lux Sapp ire .

ORIENTAL TOPAZ .

The oriental topaz is a name give n by jewellers to the

o f r f yellow variety co undum . It is generally o a pale

x u e straw yellow, but sometimes e hibits a beautif l gold n in c tint, and almost equals the diamond brilliancy , for whi h

it is frequently mistaken . Some good specimens set i n

K. M S . . rings are in the Townshend collection,

ORIENTAL AMETHYST .

The violet variety o f corund um is termed the oriental

I t n o f a methyst . is ofte formed by a mixture r uby and i s apphire n the same crystal . It may be distinguished from the ordinary amethyst by its superior brilliancy and

of play, as well as by its hardness . It is a gem rare

r it the o ccurrence . Jewellers f equently confound with

' fine a o rdinary amethyst . A specimen set in ring , from in h . t e K. M Hope collection , is the Townshend collection , S .

ORIENTAL EMERALD .

of The oriental emerald is the green variety this species , b u t it lacks the rich hues o f the splendid mineral afte r

'

i i t is name d . wh ch , the true emerald It is lustrous , but f x ’ a lmost invariably o an e tremely pale hue . It is said to be the rarest o f all gems ; there are some fine Specimens in

rii ne . e wo lbe . the G G , Dresden In the British Museum are two Specimens of this rare stone . The author also possesses a smallone o f a deep green colour .

18 PRECI O US S 7 ON ES .

I PI PRE C OUS S NE LS .

E o f T H p recious varieties spinels , which comprise a large " o f e mineralogical group, consist essentially alumina, combin d n n erha s I with mag esia, and ti ted , p p , with iron. They

i n a T h a h generally occur octahedral cry st ls. e se re t e Spine]

and u ruby, the balas ruby, the almandine ruby, the r bi

‘ i n h celle . They are found Ceylon , Siam , Pegu , and ot er f e n d o . aster countries , in rolled pebbles , in the be s rivers

] o f e The spine ruby is a scarlet variety consid rable fire, and

of e - o f a rich colour . The balas ruby is a d lica te rose pink

u . colour, Showing a blue tint when looked thro gh Its n m e Beloochistan a e is said to be d rived from , anciently r Balastan . Both these stones are te med rubies by jewellers , and deeper tinted kinds are sometimes sold for the true

n al ruby . They may be readily disti guished from the Orient or true ruby by inferior hardness , and specific gravity ; and z o f also by the crystalli ation, which is an octahedral

o f the form . Many famous stones that pass under the

f to e name o rubies belong this speci s . The famous ruby " s n w o f aid to have bee given to Ed ard Prince Wales , the

D on of a o f Black Prince, by Pedro C stile, after the battle

A D 130 and now in a of Nagara, . . 7, the Imperial St te Crown m th . e England , is a Spinel Al andine is name applied to the variety which sometimes occurs with a tint containing

than more blue the balas ruby, and approaching the alman i n n dine garnet hue . Rubicelle is a ame given to the

- orange red variety . THE CHR YS OBE R YL . 19

THE CHRYSOBE RYL .

T HE C a Or hrysoberyl , called lso by j ewellers the iental f C o in . hrysolite, is a compound alumina and the oxide gluc a

o f It belongs to the rhombic system crystallization . It "

of n - e llow u usually occurs a gree ish sy colo r, and sometimes

- o f n . I t l n a yellowish brow hue is a very bri lia t gem , and I n n nd is sometimes used in jewellery . brillia cy a trans

arenc in n i t p y it nearly equals the diamond, while hard ess of is very nearly the rival the sapphire . It is found in

in a i Brazil and Ceylon, in rolled pebbles, the lluv al deposits

f n o f for o . . rivers A fine specime this stone , which Mr i 300 n to . Hertz is said have rece ved gui eas from Mr Hope , is among the recent acquisitions of the mi neral department o f the British Museum .

CYMOPHANE .

Cymophane is a term given by French jewellers to the

of r n en mineral species the chrysobe yl , which , whe cut ca bochon a of r or of , exhibits like drop wate , the pupil an

a o of n eye , moving about inside it, and ls a band light floati g

on . n KidL a its surface Its ame is derived from / , a wave , and ’ / to a o C II w . a , appear This v riety is als called the hryso ’ - of beryl cat s eye . Fine specimens this stone may be seen in the Townshend and Beresford Hope Collections in the n S outh Kensi gton Museum . 2 0 PR I S S T S EC OU ON E .

H T E GARNE T .

of PRECIOUS garnets are silicates alumina, magnesia , l are ime , and iron , and mostly found in rhombic dodeca

b or . n edral crystals , in granite mica Slate Ceylo , Pegu , m n Brazil , and Bohe ia, supply these sto es . The word

” ’ ra na tzcu s garnet is said to be derived from g , as its pre vailing colour resembles that of the seed o f the pome

n gra ate .

Cry stals of Garnet .

the of r From brilliancy and richness thei colour, they are much used in jewellery .

of are There are many varieties this stone, which distin gu ishe d by their colour and also by the difference o f thei r I ZZE GULRAOEI T 2 1

chemical composition ; Of these, the best known are the a S iriam i lmandine , the , the es son te, the hyacinthine , the

uarnaccino . pyrope , the g

S iriam or The most esteemed kind is the , oriental garnet , ” s o m S iriam of n called fro , a city Pegu , it bei g formerly the c for t n n hief mart the fines gar ets . The colour ra ges from n in the deepest crimso to a violet purple , some instances rivalling the finest oriental amethyst the red colour

due to n of x i of being the prese ce proto de iron , and the m n violet to a ganese . ‘ The almandine is an alumina iron garnet o f a beautiful ” v o r me iolet a thystine tint . The word almandine is said to ’ o f to be a corruption Pliny s alabandine , a term applied the

m cu A laban da g arnet fro its being t and polished at .

or - an The essonite, cinnamon stone , is alumina lime

f - n w . g arnet o a. cinnamon or reddish yello ti t

- The hyacinthine garnet is o f a dark orange red tint . It i s r r f equently confounded by jewelle s and some writers , with the true hyacinth or red zircon . The pe pe or Bohemian garnet (a variety of iron garnet) o f is a deep blood red , and a fiery character, hence it is s in a ometimes also called fire garnet . It is found Bohemi

S of axony, and other parts Germany .

Gu arnaccino is the Italian name for the brow nish - red garnet .

or i of - The vermeille, vermill on garnet, is an orange red c olour .

Carbuncle is the name given in j ewellery to the garnet,

out en ca bochon f when that is to say o a boss form , usually hollowed out underneath to allow the colou r o f the s tone to be seen .

of w The star garnet is a variety this species , hich , when h l or o n e d in the sun , shows a star , rather a cross the sur 2 2 PR I S T S EC OUS ON E .

of on face, having the appearance having been scratched the n sto e . Small cu ps are occasionally made i n India from the

of i larger crystals this stone, which sometimes occur the s ze f o a fist . THE E Il/E RA LD . 2 3

THE ME E RALD .

T HE er of and h em ald is a Silicate alumina glucina , whic ,

to it is said by some mineralogists , owes a little chromium the n it 1 transcendent gree which characterizes . It crystal “ 7 Un t e Mr t te G f M e te . e w r o il v ry la ly, Bris ow ri s ( lossa y in ralogy, p . the colouring matte r of th e e m e rald w a s suppose d to be du e t o th e f e e e of n or o r . o x f m m T pr s nc o e tw pe cent o ide o chro iu . his ’ h a s ho we v r Mr e n t , e bee n e to be e t . L w s e e , , prov d incorr c by y r c che mical inve stigations into th e formation and composition of th e e me h rald of Muzo. T e quantity o f chromic oxide obtaine d by ana w a s so m as to be e e in t too m te to be lysis s all inappr ciabl , fac , inu

e e e te and th e e t t t o f the ~ e merald i s w igh d s para ly, b au iful in Shown

M. e w to be e an t e h e e s by L y produc d by organic subs anc , which consid r t o be u et of e m to t t e t a carb r hydrog n, si ilar ha chlorophyll which cons i tu te s th e r - m t f th h m colou ing at er o e le ave s o f plants . T e se e e ralds are of the darke st tint which contain th e gre ate st amount of organic m tte and th e C i s m ete e t e a t low re d e t a r, olour co pl ly d s roy d a h a , w e e the t e i te an d e e on the t e hich r nd rs s on wh opaqu , whil , o h r hand , heat produce s n o loss of colour in th e se mine rals which are coloure d x e of me e k e d a t r t e to th e x o f by o id chro , br a ing r a ily igh angl s a is

the m . The e me e t e xt te m th e m e at pris ralds, wh n firs rac d fro in " M are so t and e t a t th e e t an d e t e me uzo, sof fragil h larg s fin s sp ci ns can be reduce d to powder m ere ly by rubbing the m be twe en th e n e an d th e t l O te k an d fallto e e te e n fi g rs, crys a s f n crac , pi c s af r b i g m e m th e m e e t m of te a s th e m e re ov d fro in , appar n ly fro loss wa r, chro e t Uwa rov ite Th e n m h m i garn . organic colouri g atte r of t e e erald s probably derive d from the de composition of the animals whos e re mains are n ow found fossilize d in the rock whi ch forms th e matrix of

- the t e . e i e the m tte M e w t e s on B s d s organic colouring a r . L y ob ain d

’ m t o 2 15 o f w ate r from w h e h a s e d a t th e n fro , hich arriv co clu t t e me e ee me in th e we t t i s to sion ha ralds hav b n for d way, hat s a t t t e e e te m e m t n y, ha h y hav d posi d fro a ch ical solu io . 2 4 PRE CI OUS S T ON ES .

i n x m h the n lizes he agonal pris s , wit sides striated lo gi tu dinall l y. It is rare y found without a flaw, and is ' x e xtremely bri ttle . It ranks ne t

a the ruby in value . It occ s ionally shows a star in the sec

o f x tion , which there is an e ample in the Townshend collectiOn in "

the South Kensington Museum . The stones of the finest colour

in N e w are found at Muzo ,

n anta Fé de Bo Gra ada, near S

gota, in a calcareous rock . E r s C y talof Emerald. Indian meralds are generally of o f a pale green , and full

flaws . They are said to come from the mountains o f Can

ar u m n an j g , in the Decca , which have also yielded abundant of supply beryls . I n the Loan E xhibition of 1872 were some oriental l emera ds, set as drop earrings , contributed by her Majesty

. th the Queen They are remarkable for their size , e stones

u are unc t, but polished over the surface and pierced . The mines of E katerinbe rg in Siberia furnish emeralds of superior quality . The emerald said to be the largest known is the property o f u of 2 in the D ke Devonshire it measures inches height,

2 8 z 18 wts . o . . and 5 across It weighs , d It is reported to

n and have bee brought to this country by Don Pedro , was found at Muzo .

a d b This is surp sse , however, y a magnificent stone in the

f D u l e n h l o e is . possession p Si g , which three inches ong , two l n wide, and an inch thick . Mr . Eastwick me tions an ( ha f e in merald the Persian collection as big as a walnut , t covered wi h the names of kings who h ad possessed it .

2 S S T ON 6 PRE CI O U ES .

P TO AZ .

of a flue - of r The topaz consists silicate alumina, c ystal liz ing in rhombic prisms with striated sides .

ha s n d e e two The topaz bee ivided by j well rs into kinds , the oriental and occidental . The oriental is the yellow

and flu e - of sapphire , the occidental a silicate alumina .

The occidental topaz may be divided into three varieties , the yellow, the blue, and the white . The yellow, the pre i w t va ling tint, passes from a pale yello o a rich orange

axon 18 B ra be r a . S y . ( ) zil . Si i

Cr sta s of o a y l T p z .

n colour . Some jewellers call this deep orange tint an orie tal

T he o f m a a topaz . finest these co e from Vill Ric , Brazil .

x o f in on Sa ony also furnishes topazes a pale yellow, border g canary colou

o in e n They are found als Asia Minor, C ylo , Pegu ,

e d Sib ria, in Scotland , in Aberdeenshire , and in Irelan ,

in the Mourne Mountains .

a The blue comes from Br zil , and is sometimes called the

Brazilian sapphire . The wh ite is a colourless variety found at Minas Novas S I LI CA TE S . 2 7

a n s in at in Brazil , ame by which thi kind is called th

as r country . In lustre the white topaz surp ses rock c ystal . ’ The purest varieties are called Gouttes dE au (Pingos ’ d Agua). In the pink topaz this c olour is produced by e xposing the orange topaz to a low red heat it is sometimes termed the

ra s B zilian ruby . The pink variety is , however, sometime n found in ature .

r T o az ios n o f The word topaz is derived f om p , the ame

Re d n an island in the Sea, whence, accordi g to Pliny, the

n n to to az ios ancients obtained the sto e know them as p , but

in r which was reality a ch ysolite . The true topaz was unknown to the ancients .

CHRYSOLITE .

i of of w Chrysol te is a silicate magnesia, a pale yello ,

n r slightly tinted with green . It is usually found in a gula or a rolled pieces , rarely cryst llized . The crystals , usually

8 10 or 12 - a r I t in , , sided prisms , are lmost tabula . occurs

and n Upper Egypt, Mexico , Auvergne , ear Constantinople . As a gem the chrysolite is deficient in hardness and play o f o f colours , but when the st nes are large and o good " and m n colour, well cut and polished , it is ade into ecklaces ,

& c. t hair ornaments , From its sof ness it loses its polish

. to az ios an and wears at the edges It was the p of the cients .

T HE R PE IDOT .

a n a f The peridot is yellow gree v riety o the chrysolite .

and It is found in rolled pebbles in Ceylon, Persia, Egypt,

h . t for a r Bo emia It is sof precious stone , being j ust unde quartz in hardness . It was rarely u sed by the ancients for

n on n in e graving , but modern works freque tly occur it .

n A eridet a The ame Peridot is derived from the rabic f , precious stone . OLIVINE .

i - n o f Ol vine is an olive gree variety the same stone , but inferior in colour and clearness . It occurs in yellowish

- o r r . green , olive coloured , embedded masses and g ains Minute specimens occur i n lavas a nd basalts ; grai ns o f i t have been also discovered filling up cavities in aé rolites .

ZIRCON O R J AR C OO N The zircon is a silicate of zirconia crystallizing i n square

i n . prisms , terminating pyramids Zircons occur embedded i n and granite, syenite , basalt, lava , are found in alluvial beds in Ceylon . It has a somewhat varied colour suite ,

' d ellow re . white , green , y ,

Cry stal s of Zi rcon .

or a The white , colourless variety, is the nearest m tch in brilliancy and refractive energy to the diamond . It is most

i n t of n abundant the distric Matura, in Ceylon , whe ce it has T h e its common name in that country of Matu ra diamond . colourless zircon is also cut and sold as a false diamond in th f e bazaars o India .

The green olive - tinted zircon is found in Ceylon . E S I LI CA T . 2 9

Is of a o The yellow a honey tint, ls found In Ceylon .

or l The red OI true hyacinth , jacinth , is remarkab e for

nd occm s in its fine lustre a hardness . It the sands and

of n andi s alluvial deposits rivers in Ceylo , often sold by the n inhabitants as a inferior ruby . It is always found in small

‘ n o f . grains , and ever a large Size It is also found at

E x ill i n d in p y, Auvergne , and lately at Mu gee in Australia,

o f r . or h rolled pebbles a large size The hyacinth jacint , d and in frequently sold by ealers , mentioned collection s of n n of s e graved gems , and in the writi gs ome recent auth ors , n is in reality a hyacinthine garnet . The ame zircon is from

z erk n a the Arabic word , signifyi g gem , and the word

a cu i hyacinth from the Persian and Arabian y , a ruby . The grey or slightly smoky variety is by some mineralo gists solely named jargoon .

TOURMALINE .

o f d Tourmaline is a silicate alumina with boracic aci , x r occurrmg In he agonal c ystals . Its optical characters in f are valuable, consequence o its property of absorbing one o f the polarized rays of light i nto which it divides every ray that enters the

of - s side its prism haped crystal . Its

‘ colour - suite i s very extensive n black, brow , blue, green , red , yel

and or low, white , colourless . The

finest colour is that of the ruby - re d

or s variety termed rubellite iderite . n When free from flaws , it co stitutes

a fine stone . The finest known spe cimen of this gem is in the collection Cr stal°f T °U m alfne 2 3 y ° ( 0 o f minerals in the British Museum . 30 PR I O S S T N S EC U O E .

of n o It is uncommo form and dimensi ns , and was presented t n of has o Colonel Symes by the Ki g Ava . It been valued 0001 a t 1 . This variety comes from Ava, Ceylon , and Siberia . The green variety from Brazil is called the Brazilian " emerald , and is often used as a precious stone . It is worn

” by the Roman Catholic B ishops of South America as a Signet s tone .

- m The indigo blue kind fro Brazil is called Indicolite . The yellow and brown varieties are chiefly brought from

Ceylon . The yellow has been termed the Ceylon chrysolite .

or o r i n Black tourmaline sch rl is ve y abundant granite . w in The white variety, hich is very rare, is found the ’ in a i sland of Elba and Siberi . The name tourmali ne appears to be derived from the m li Cingalese word tu ra a .

IOLITE .

of a Iolite is a silicate lumina, magnesia , and iron , c rystallizing often in hexagonal prisms . It is found in

d and Spain , Bavaria, Greenland, Sweden , Norway, Finlan , " " i . n Ceylon in rolled pebbles It is also termed dichroite , as it

ff in two o f Shows di erent colours directions , appearing a deep

x or blue colour along the vertical a is , but red yellowish grey when viewed by transmitted ligh t at right angles to the axis of the prism .

It is occasionally employed as an ornamental stone, and off a is sometimes passed as sapphire . in The transparent variety, found small rolled masses ’ i n or - Ceylon , is styled sapphire d eau, water sapphire , by jewellers .

~ n e de riv e d from iov Its am is (violet), in allusion to its

- n in one and bluish violet colour, whe viewed direction, the n i n ou s ame d chroite, from its prese ting two col r . S I LI CA TE S . 31

KYANITE . " Kyanite is a silicate of alumina o f a delicate sky- blue " w o f o m hen transparent, and a fine blue colour, it is s meti es " em r ro cut and employed as a g . It is generally impo ted f m " of i a . It s India, cut and polished as variety sapphire ,

’ o o a t i n . o h wever, deficient hardness It is f und St . G thard ,

i n a o i and t rIa Switzerland , in C rinthia , B hem a, S y . Its

name is derived from Ktia vos (blue).

‘ MOONSTONE . " ° a n of adularia which Moonstone is transluce t variety , is

’

a a e of a . a a silic t alumin , potash and soda It presents pe rly

or of not of silve ry play colour unlike that the moon, which

‘ n t e in ra n gives it its ame . I is h ld conside ble estimatio as

' on C n an ornamental stone , but Is more prized the o tinent

n i o r than in Engla d . It is soft compared w th the gems . n The finest stones are brought from Ceylo .

CROCIDOLITE .

of n a o Crocidolite is a Silicate iro , with fibr us structure

a n ou t and resembling sbestos , and showing , whe polished ’ - en ca bochon t . , a chatoyant lus re like the quartz cat s eye

o f u n and It is found in Southern Africa bl ish colour, gree ,

- n o o . yellowish brown, the last variety bei g the m st lustr us

SUNSTONE . Sunstone is a translucent variety of a dularia or potash

o f felspar (orthoclase), yellowish colour, with minute u and spangles o f oxide of iron disseminated thro ghout, o reflect ing the light at certai n angles . It comes fr m Ceylon ,

and Siberia, Norway .

AMAZON STONE .

Amazon is a pale green variety of felspar (orthoclase), i n it is exces It is Opaque, and exhib ts a nacrous reflectio ; 32 S S T N S PRE CI O U O E .

l f s iv e e o . y brittle , but susc ptible a fine polish The name is derived from the circumstance o f its first discovery by the Spaniards amongst the orna ments of the Indians dwelling n w upo the River Amazon , near hich it occurs in rolled s ‘ masses . The tone from Lake Baikal in Siberia is some

thou lf ffi to times , g rarely, in pieces su ciently large be made into small Cases and other ornaments .

DIOPSIDE .

f of A silicate o magnesia and lime . It is various shades

f r o g een . It is found in translucent crystals , in veins tra

! i . versing serpent ne at Ala, in Piedmont The more trans parent crystals are sometimes cut and worn as gems .

HYPE R T E NE S .

of o f A silicate magnesia, lime, and a large proportion protoxide of iron it is o f greyish or greenish - black colour with lamellar structure , and a bright metallic , pearly lustre .

r It is found in Labrador and G eenland . It is sometimes

- in cut for ring stones and brooches France . IDOCRASE

o f i e . I t Is a Silicate alum na, iron , lime, magn sia is found i n crystals in the cavities of volca nic rocks in Mount Vesu in vi ns . The finest specimens , however, come from Ala ,

di . x e the Val Brozzo, Piedmont Its colour suite is e tensiv

- . cu t brown , yellow, orange , blue , green , rarely black It is

- n into ring sto es and other ornaments at Naples , and Turin ,

d S o s i a n old under vari us name , as chrysol te , h“yacinth , according to the colour . At Naples they are called Gemme ” di Vesuvio . LAPI s LAZULI

f u o f I S a silicate o al mina, soda, lime with sulphur , a of n be au tifulaz u re colour . Spangles iro pyrites sometimes o b occu r disseminated through the stone, earing a great

34 PRE CI OUS S T ON ES .

f n o . India . Cups a mottled variety come from Siam I New Zealand a variety called poe namu is fashioned into

e clubs (meri), hatchets , idols (call d Tiki). The pure trans

- lucent kind is made into ear pendants, and worn by the

. T he chiefs . It is also used in New Caledonia for hatchets

th e v ec é kidne l name nephrite is from Greek bp g, y, in a lusion to the belief entertained in former times of its influence in

o f h frequently curing diseases the kidney . The Frenc

hi - a da name jade is said to be derived from j , the Spanish

E stner word for kidney . According to it is from the name

' i i du . g , by which it is called in India

A DE I T E J . f A Silicate o alumina and magnesia . It is an opaque f x w o . stone , a green , colour mi ed with hite It is often used

- in India for sword handles and other ornaments . The

is o f t f Chinese variety a delica e green . The rude figures o x w green colour, not transparent, mi ed with hite, carved

x o f and skilfully polished , found in tombs in Me ico , are this

. Chalchitu itl e stone It was named by the Aztecs , who h ld t it in high estimation . The elaborate clasp fas ening the ’ o f monarch Montezuma s imperial robe was this stone . It was supposed by the Spaniards to be an inferior emerald

r (baj a esme a lda ).

e e xte e an e ul e t of mi e or so in e t and quarri s nd ov r irr g ar b l a l l ng h, 2 00or 300 e e t in e t th e m t e and in t e f br ad h along oun ain sid , his spac t the re are the e ntrance s of a le ast 100min e s .

- e m i n Jade rocks were oft n any fe e t thickne ss . The colour of the

u t r e e m t t - e e t r the di ffe c su fac vari s fro a ligh s raw gr n, h ough Th re nt shade s of gree n up to ne arly blac k . e latte r re se mble s the ” ” h ri e f - l f . T e e o e u n e hr te o S e e . n p i ib ria Jad Quar s Ku n , by Cayl y ’ ll M a zi n e Oct . 18 1. Ma cmi a/n s ag , , 7 d he Pe an t e e v ol i . m ni Pe . . 91 e t Dr . Re e 2 n king king s , p ) n ions at Pe i n e re et of ee n e to e t se eing k g a v ry ra vari y gr jad , which gr a

- - I as te me F te su e . value i s attached . t w r d a e S I I A TE 35 L C S .

LA RR AD OR P . LABRADORITE , OR FELS AR

of . x A silicate alumina , lime , and potash It e hibits

cha to a nt u o f beautiful y and golden reflections , and is sually

- greyish blue colour . It is found in Canada, Norway , and

on of Sweden , and the coast Labrador, whence it was origi n d a o ally brought, and hence erives its name . It occurs ls in in the Oriental verde antique Of Greece , and porphyries . From its play o f colour and cha toya nt reflections it is some in times used jewellery for ornamental purposes , and also for n carvi g grotesque heads in relief.

OBSIDIAN .

o f 80 10 It consists in general silica , alumina , with

u m o f m x vario s inor percentages potash , soda, li e , o ide of

. n lass c f iron It is a volca ic g various colours , but usually black or greenish - black ; a green variety occurs in Cali fornia . The principal localities in which it is found are

a be n Icel nd , Si ria , Hu gary, New Zealand , New Caledonia , n ff x Ascensio , Teneri e , the Lipari Islands , Me ico , Peru ,

Madagascar, South Sea Islands , Melos , and other islands

W. . in the Grecian Archipelago , California , and N . America

for t It is remarkable its perfec conchoidal fracture, and

n of for its sharp , cutti g edges , advantage which was taken

' o f T e ne rifle by the ancient Mexicans , the inhabitants , and o who r - a ther primitive races , made it into a row he ds, knife & c. o f o and blades , razors , The ancient inhabitants Mexic ,

' a r of lso the Romans , made mi rors obsidian, and sometimes used it as a gem .

E AGALMATOLIT .

of a a A silicate alumin and pot sh . Its usual colour is or re d or white , both colours intermingled in bands and D 2 PR I O S S T ON S 36 E C U E .

fi ure - patches . It is also called g stone, pagodite , and is brought from China, carved into grotesque figures and seals . It is distinguished by its chemical composition from

i a no a . steatite , wh ch always cont ins magnesia, but pot sh

S TEATITE .

t of o f i of A silica e magnesia , various t nts white , grey , yellow, green , and red . It has generally a soft and u not nctuous feel , and yields to the nail, but does adhere to the tongue; It is also called soapstone . The white variety

u is carved into beautif l ornaments at Agra, in India .

SELENITE .

h o f o f A ydrated sulphide lime , a translucent variety

for a for gypsum . It is frequently used ornament l purposes

& c . necklaces, bracelets,

TURQUOISE .

of a l o f A phosphate umina, tinted with phosphate iron ,

f k - o o f S . and phosphate copper, a beautiful y blue It occurs reniform , stalactitic . This is the true turquoise de la

o r . vieille roche, the Oriental mineral kind The best comes

of A from Persia, from the mines nsar, near Nishapur, in

ae . Khorasan . It has also been found in Arabia Petr a It

a i n t kes a fine polish , and is much employed jewellery, cut

low d e a . in cabochon . It is much use in Ori nt l countries for & c c. ornamenting swords , daggers , ups , This stone is very

of liable to lose its colour under the action alkalies , such as ,

o or x u to are c ntained in soap, even by e pos re the light and f x the action o the air . The Me icans had also a turquoise

h to which they used , as the Persians ave always done, orna

' ment ~ ob e cts in a r j clustered m sses . The e is also a green T R 15 5 U Q 00 . 37

i to . n n According Mr Eastwick , the Persia Treasury is or n the finest turquoise in the world , three four inches lo g

fla and without a w .

ODONTOLITE .

d or O ontolite , turquoise de la nouvelle roche, also termed

or o to or occidental , b ne turquoise, appears be bone ivory

ox f i n n coloured by ide o copper . It is found La guedoc .

bu t of - The colour is generally fine , an inky blue, which is never seen in the Persian turquoise . Its texture is very compact . 38 PR T E CI O US S ON ES .

PRE CIOUS OPAL.

P r t o f a of 90to 95 o f O AL is a hyd a e silic , consisting from

5 t 10o f a o . . silic , and water There are several varieties

or The most highly prized is the noble precious opal ,

x o f which e hibits a rich play prismatic colours , which flash from minute fissures apparently striated with microscopic

to cr stalli lines , due it may be lamina, formed by incipient y

z ation . The colour is not due to any colouring matter, but is in consequence of the diffraction of the light produced by these fine lines . When held between the eye and the

of - light it appears a pale red and wine yellow tint, with a milky transparency . By reflected light it displays the most

l re d beautiful iridescent colours, green , ye low, , blue , violet .

It is always cu t with a convex surface . Fine stones are

e extremely rare, and s ldom large . This variety is called

a the Harlequin opal . Golden opal is a term pplied to that

o l on e - variety in which n y colour, an orange yellow, is " e do no t x u present . The common vari ties e hibit the pec liar play of colours termed opalescence . They are sometimes

- made into pins , cane heads , and other ornaments . The finest opal o f modern times was the Empress ’ “ ” n of Josephine s , entitled the Burni g Troy, from the

fl n on inn umerable red ames blazi g its surface , the reverse being perfectly opaque . The largest Opal known is in the Imperial Cabinet o f ’ of e e Vienna . It is the size a man s fist, and weighs sev nt en PRE I S PA 39 C 0U O L .

of n ounces , but is full fissures . Good specimens may be see i n K M the Townshend Collection , S . . .

in x s The opal is found Hungary , Me ico, and Hondura i n d i n . and small roun ed pieces sand , in Ceylon

FIRE OPA‘ L

- o f . Is a rich hyacinth red variety opal , from Mexico It is

fine i also called Girasol and Sun opal . A spec men is in the M l . K. Beresford Hope Col ection , S

HYALITE .

m - a of A se i transparent v riety opal , occurring in small reniform , botryoidal forms , resembling glass .

HYDROPHANE .

o f o f n A variety opal a dull appearance , but which whe immersed in water acquires all the opalescent tints Of the

of precious opal . It is also an opaque yellow, which when

re moistened becomes quite transpa nt . It adheres to the ’ tv w tongue . Its name is derived from water, and a , to appear .

CACHOLONG .

o f so r A variety opal , called f om its being found in great

on of the i B u charia . beauty the borders R ver Cach , in It

o f or - is nearly Opaque , a milky bluish white colour, dull

x . e teriorly, but with a somewhat pearly lustre within It is sometimes found associated with hydrophane .

MA T R I F x O OPAL .

o f u A porphyry containing minute veins opal , r nning

ff- through it . Snu boxes and other ornaments are made

O f ih F 44) I FHRLEECl llIZI JII ZJIVOELSZ

K ROC CRYSTAL .

This colourless variety o f vitreous quartz consists o f pure

. t Silica crystallized . It is very common in grani e and other

o f o - rocks and veins , in the shape r ck crystal , presenting

- n one t itself in six Sided prisms , terminati g at or bo h ends in

- six . sided shining pyramids It scratches glass , and is

n not so z . harder tha felspar, but is hard as topa It is

(2 4) found in various localities in almost every part of the

z in r globe ; In the East Indies , Ceylon , Bra il, seve al

of a parts England, Irel nd , Scotland , where the crystals

d t of are called iamonds, such as Bris ol diamonds , Isle

for a Wight diamonds, Irish diamonds . It is employed orn a it ment l purposes . In India is cut into cups, vases , some elaborately carved .

AMETHYST .

u t or ta of Q ar z , rock crys l , coloured by a minute portion

a f iron and manganese . It is transparent stone o a purple

42 R I S T N S P E C O U S O E .

a of m R benstein, in Bavaria , in a vein anganese traversing t d grani e, in France, in Finlan , and also in Scotland and

Ireland .

CITRINE .

f of - w r A variety o crystal a lemon yello colou .

x S n o Y QUARTZ .

- Crystals o f quartz of a brown or smoke coloured tint . It

l l is also cal ed mor on .

IRIS .

The name applied by French je wellers to a variety o f ro ck n e of the crystal , possessi g the prop rty reflecting pris matic colours by means of natural flaws in the interior o f the stone . It may be produced artificially by dropping

a or cryst ls suddenly into boiling water, by heating and e suddenly dropping it into cold water . The Empr ss f Josephine possessed a s ui te of ornaments made o this stone .

RUBASSE .

A name given by French lapidaries to a variety o f rock ‘ - a re crystal with rose coloured cracks . These fissures artificially produce d by heating the crystal red - hot and

f o f or then plunging it into a solution o purple cassius , carmine .

AVANTURINE . f A translucent vari e tyof vitreous quartz o reddish colour, and containing minute yellow spangle s o f mica . It is found

. in India , Bohemia, Cape de Gata , in Spain , and in Siberia

Many ornamental articles are made o f it . An artificial . e variety Of it is made at Venice . It was discov red by HA D ON I A R TZ 4 C L CE C QU . 3

a r a v a ntura chance (p ), a workman having accidentally m f let fall so e brass filings into a pot o melted glass . The m na e has been derived from this .

A beautiful green variety is found in India, which is

for I n i o f sometimes used glyptic purposes . the collect on

. of o f Dr Wise is a lingam green avanturine, with the head a n i t Siva c rved o .

PRASE .

A dull but hard green impure translucent variety o f

u of an vitreo s quartz , the colour which is caused by admix

of n m ture amphibole . It seems seldom noticed , but the a e is very frequently confounded by some writers with plasma ,

- o f a green chalcedony . It is found in the iron mines

Schwartz e nbe r on Breitenbrunn , near g , in Saxony, and the

Harz .

CHALCEDONY .

" Pure chalcedony is a most intimate mixture of silica in

two o f the states quartz and opal , and in variable propor

or tions . It is colourless , a very pale horn colour ; but tinted with small quantities o f iron and other substances it f of orms a brilliant , endless variety sards , agates , cornelians ,

& c plasmas , .

WHITE CARNE LIAN

- f n Is the milk white variety o chalcedo y .

P SA PHIRINE .

A name applied by lapidaries to chalcedony of a blue tint . Another variety o f chalcedony is that o f a yellow Opaline is a term sometimes applied to a variety o f

- chalcedony which presents an opaline semi opacity . 44 PRE CI O US S T ON ES .

CARNELIAN .

of The red variety chalcedony . Its colour ranges from a

o - clear bright red tint t a deep reddish brown . The colour

o f n so is due to the presence iron . The Occide tal variety , n n m or amed to disti guish it fro the Oriental variety, sard , is

of re d i n of generally a dull , and is deficient the rich hues f e . o for the latt r stone It is susceptible a high polish , and ' of that reason , and the brightness its colour, it has always

a been a favourite subst nce , much used for seals , brooches , & c . rings , necklaces , It is found in Bohemia , Saxony, and

ca rneu s ca ro in Scotland . The name is derived from (from ,

flesh)in allusion to its colour .

SARD .

The name sard is only applied to the Oriental variety o f

or e rfe c carnelian , red chalcedony . The sard , when in its p

o f - tion , is a full, rich reddish brown colour, and when held x between the eye and the light e hibits a deep ruby colour,

r or approaching to cher y red , blood red . The French term

- o f the deep brownish red variety this stone , almost inclining

' to sa rdozne corna line. black , , calling the red alone The in finest sards come from Cambay and Surat India . They

in u are als o found Arabia . The sard was m ch used by the

for ancients intagli . l Cornaline de vieil e roche , is a name given by lapidaries to a of n o f the clear, transparent Orient l variety car elian a

of dark red colour, and held in most esteem in consequence

o f the richness its colour, and its hardness , which renders it

of h in o susceptible a igh polish . It is found the older r cks , and is chiefly brought from Surat, in India .

ONYx .

A variety of chalcedony in alternate stripes of black and ' CHA L CE D ON I C Q U AR TZ .

a to white . The name is more especially pplied the strata o f ou t two agate , when in only parallel horizontal layers , the

r two f . o white being uppe most There are varieties onyx ,

of the Oriental and the Occidental . The Oriental is a fine

r texture , and extremely hard . It generally comes f om c India . The O cidental variety, especially that from Ober

' t stein , is sof er than the Oriental . The finest onyxes , from

m Bre a ch the earliest times , came fro India , principally from , n M th ear Cambay, and from alwa ; the greater number at e

u present day come from Ur guay, in Brazil , and are worked up into ornamental stones at Oberstein . These are mostly

‘ x all artificially coloured . The word ony is derived from

' ‘ Ovv a na il i n in f, , because it has a white it resembling that ’ the nail o f a man s finger . (Pliny . )

S A RD ONYx .

A variety o f chalcedony consisting o f alternate parallel

o f in n layers white and red chalcedony, and some insta ces o f two o ne more than layers , when an upper brown is

W for of . so introduced hen used the purposes art, it is

or arranged that the white layer is over the red , sard .

The Oriental variety is most prized , and was the only kind used by ancient artists the Occidental variety is that gene

for came i or rally adopted , ornaments at the present day . This variety o f onyx has been defined by Pliny as pre

one of senting a white layer over sard (candor in sarda), like the human nail over flesh .

C HA LC E D ON Yx .

of o f ’ A variety chalcedony , with alternating layers white n and grey, the white being uppermost whe used for camci . 46 PRE CI O US S T ON ES .

- NY AGATHE O x .

Agathe - onyx is a name given by the French to that variety in which the upper layer is opaque and white , the

or lower transparent, and either colourless a pale yellow . This is the material most frequ ently employed for modern m carving , and is often ter ed the German onyx , where the ancients preferred almost exclusively for that purpose the

- o f x opaque and rich coloured strata the Indian sardony .

NICOLO .

of n x ' A variety o y so called , when the lower layer is

one of black , and the upper a bluish tint . When used for

the t intagli, design is cut hrough the upper layer to the

one . x n lower It generally e hibits a bevel edge . The ame

' n m ta n onzcoZo icolo is fro the I lia word (a little onyx).

BANDED AGATE .

When ' an agate is so cut that th e layers run across the “ ” o f e - or d face the stone it is term d tri coloured , ban ed agate .

o f - It was a favourite stone the Italo Greek engravers .

P ONYx . P JAS ER JAS ER AGATE .

These are varieties in which one or more of the layers o f of the agate are formed a coloured jasper .

PLASMA .

- n A leek green tra slucent chalcedony, possessing a waxy m x m lustre, and someti es e hibiting s all black spots . The stone used by ancient engra vers came from India ; at the present day it comes from Schwarzwald , near Baden ;

Hauskopf, near Oppenau . Many antique intagli occur in this stone . A 4 CHA L CE D ONI C Q U R YZ . 7

The word plasma is an Italian corruption o f pra siu s o r

la sma di smera ldo prasina . It is called by the Italians p , w r ra sma . o p This stone is not to be confounded ith prase , a dull green vitreous quartz , a mistake frequently made by some writers of the present day .

P HELIOTRO E .

or A translucent green chalcedony , plasma with red spots .

The finest kind comes from India .

AGATE .

Agates are mixtures in alternating layers o f various

u varieties of chalcedony . They have been sually formed by infiltration o f siliceous waters into cavities in trap in r rocks , and the layers the agate ma k the successive and often concentric walls o f the cavity as from time to time in new deposits were formed the interior . In amygdaloid

the of w or they are mostly found in form hollo balls geodes ,

r coated inside with quartz o amethyst . The hardest and

fine st- o f in coloured are those India and Uruguay, Brazil .

Softer agates are found in Germany, and in other localities . s The finest varietie are termed Oriental . From these n stones , the onyx , sardo yx , are produced when cut i n parallel horizonta l layers . ° t . u s The bes Indian agates , Mr Forbes tells , are found in

t of peculiar strata, thir y feet under the surface the earth ,

on in a small tract among the Rajpipla hills , the banks of the Nerbudda ; they are not to be met with in any other

o f and part Guzerat, are generally cut and polished in Ca“mbay . n o f Bre ach o f In the eighbourhood , n dules o agate are

9 “O M m . l e e v o . I I . 2 0. ri ntal s , . p 48 PR I S IV S E C O U S T O E . procured by sinking pits in the dry season i n the channels o f - torrents . Their colour when recent is dark olive green ,

to inclining grey . The preparation which they undergo is , "

first, exposure to the sun for several weeks , and then calci n e ation . The latter process is perform d by packing the

fiv e in earthen pots , and covering them with a layer ‘ stones ’ r ix o f - o s inches thick dried goat s dung . Fire is then

e w h appli d to the mass , and in t elve ours the pots are suf

ficie ntly cool to be re moved . The stones which they co n x d f tain are now e amine , and are found to be some o them

ff re s e c red , and others nearly white , the di erence in their p tive tints depending in ‘ part on the original quality of

o n ff in ° colouring matter, and in part, perhaps , the di erence ” 1 e e x the heat to which th y have been posed .

o f Immense quantities agates are obtained from Uruguay ,

Ba which are cut and polished at Oberstein , in Rhenish

x o f th e varia, whence they are e ported to all parts world .

e Agates are also found at Oberst in , and in Scotland . Sicily furnishes a variety o f agate mottled with yellow

. or and white , and red and white It never occurs in layers stripes .

o f ih The colours agate , when indistinct, may be also

' firs t in oil or t creased , by steeping honey , and af erwards

su l hu rI c a cId th e o f oil boiling in p , which turns carbon the or honey absorbed by this stone to a light or dark brown o r to black , according the quantity that has penetrated , which is in proportion to the more or less porous nature o f f the stone or parts o the stone . The sard or red tint is produced by soaking the colour " in a of less grey chalcedony solution nitric acid , water, and iron , and then heating it to turn it into red .

1 ’ “ amie son s M e v ol. i . . 2 5 5 . J in ralogy, p

5 0 R P E CI O US S TON ES .

t it of moschos or stone . O hers say is a corruption ( moss) stone .

r of e The name agate is derived f om that the river Achat s ,

to h t in Sicily, where , according Theop rastus , aga es were

first found .

’ YE CAT S E .

o f o f A variety chalcedonic quartz , usually a yellowish greenish colour, sometimes hyacinth red , olive green , and n en ca bochon blackish . Whe cut it displays a peculiar

’ of floating lustre , resembling the contracted pupil a cat s eye when held to the light, which is supposed to be caused h ' of e of y the presence small parall l fibres asbestos . It is

- mostly used as a ring stone . The finest kinds come from

Ceylon and Malabar . It is greatly esteemed by the modern on l Hindoos , and a high value set it . The argest known is

in S . K. M r the Beresford Hope collection , . It fo merly

n to the o f . a 1 belo ged King Candy It is hemispheric l , 5 i f ’ inches n diameter . The Italian name or cat s eye is

’

- belocchzo.

CHRYSOPRASE .

- of An apple green variety chalcedony, coloured by oxide

Kose mu th i of . o n nickel It is nly found at , Siberia . In

for ff- brooche s and France it is much used seals , snu boxes , , \ ornaments .

JASPE R.

of A compact variety quartz , rendered opaque by a small

of u . of lre d proportion al mina and iron It is usually a dul ,

n or or yellow, brow , green colour, sometimes blue black .

of in A red jasper, a vermilion colour, is found in a breccia

. of r India, and also in Egypt Pebbles red jaspe are found on a n of r the pl i s Argos ; yellow jaspe is found at Vourla, 445 135 1?Y R T 5 QUA Z . 5 1

in the bay o f Smyrna . Red jasper is coloured by the s a x w of pero ide yello and brown by the hydrate , iron ; green jasper is coloured by a mixture o f the green mineral

chlorite . When the colours are arranged i n stripes it is called

or f striped ribbon jasper . A variety with stripes o red and f green comes from Siberia, and another with stripes o

w . yello , red , and white from India Egyptian jasper occurs i n the form o f pebbles on the

of of n fre banks the Nile , and is zoned with shades brow ,

quently Spotted with black .

of o f Sicily furnishes a fine variety jasper, which cups ,

colu mns are tables , altars , even pillars and , made . ‘ t o f Jasper is suscep ible a brilliant polish , and is manu

fa ctu re d f - x - into brooches , snu f bo es , vases , knife handles ,

and other ornamental articles . The jasper (j a spis ) is undoubtedly a word o f Semitic

in w a sh eh h orig . It is the Hebre j p (firm , toug ), from

usku t to en de rlv atlon f ( be str gthened), a that derives some interest from the fact that nearly all the Semitic (Ph oenician) gems we know are engraved on ‘ a chloritic

e a s is e gre n jasper, known as j p by Gr ek and Latin lapi 2 d ri a e s .

BLOODSTONE .

I t A green jasper spotted with red spots . is often used

f r h m o seals . In the middle ages it was eld in high estee

to of h as the red spots were supposed be the blood C rist .

’ B u ch aria It is found massive in India , , Tartary , Siberia .

aS ro san u ineo a In Italy it is termed j p g (s nguineus jasper). n or This sto e is often confounded with heliotrope, green

chalcedony with red spots,

” ’ 2 wf R i ul P e i St e E dnmb h ev ew 1866 . 2 37 . r c ous on s, g , J y, , p E 2 R S T N E 5 2 P ECI O US O S .

O R O PORCELAIN JASPER , P RCELLANITE .

e e o f A clay altered by h at , and often having the asp ct f certai n ki nds o porcelain .

MAGNETITE .

ore 69 A magnetic iron , consisting of about iron peroxide

f - 31 t x . o with iron pro o ide It is iron black colour, with a

a met llic lustre ; strongly magnetic , especially when massive . I It is found in ndia , Hungary , Saxony, Siberia , France , and many other countries .

of t Babylonian cylinders are sometimes made this s one .

E H MATITE .

o f u of - A peroxide iron , opaq e , an iron black colour with

' I t u red streaks . is fo nd in France, Spain , Germany,

o f Russia, and in many parts England .

’ e n to It is som times hard e ough take a very fine polish ,

fo r and is thus used polishing glass , gold , steel , and other metals . "

It is distinguished from magnetite by its red streaks . Babylonian cylinders and intagli are frequently found o f this stone .

MARCASITE . f or o . White iron pyrites , sulphuret iron It takes a good

. I n polish , and is cut into facets , like the rose diamond

of this state it possesses all the brightness polished steel . m It was for erly much employed for ornamental purposes ,

d in when it was ma e into Shoe and knee buckles , and set

& c. pi ns , bracelets ,

DIOPTASE .

of ce er of of A Silicate pp , an emerald green colour and a A A H 3 M L C I TE . 5

vitreous lustre . It occurs disposed in small crystals OII

é . I t quartz in the copper mines at Altyn Tub , in Siberia

for has been sold emerald by ignorant dealers . A specimen o f this stone passed off as an emerald may be seen in the m e r n . Geological Museum, J y Street

MALACHITE .

f i o . n Green carbonate copper It occurs reniform , o botryoidal , and stalagmitic masses in c pper mines . Its

o f of colour is various shades green, from a light, bright

to e green , a dark opaque kind . Fine specim ns are worked

f - and T he up into vases , snu f boxes , other ornaments .

100 o f finest variety comes from Siberia, about miles south

Bo oslofsk n r g . Fine specime s are also found in Aust alia ,

- n a kd at Burra Burra . The ame is derived from n xn, the ma rsh- ma llow on of i n , account its resemblance colour

of t to the leaves this plan .

AZURITE .

f f an o o . Blue carbonate copper, azure blue colour It generally occurs associated with malachite . It is also

i to called chessylite , a name which has been g ven it from

t u Chessy, near Lyons , where it occurs in beau if l crystals . 5 4 PR I S EC OU S T ON ES .

PEARLS .

Pe arls are concretions of carbonate o f lime found in

e - fish e u n a re certain sh ll (avicula , ostr a , nio , pi na), and formed o f infinitely delicate layers o f shell matter around some foreign body accidentally introduced into the shell

o f o f e n (usually a grain sand), for the purpose pr venti g the irritation its roughness would otherwise occasion to the tender inmate .

o f ff They are found di erent colours , white , yellow, pink , black .

- fish erie s on The principal pearl are in the east , the west

o f of coast Ceylon , in the Bay Manaar, in the Persian

Gulf. They also come from Panama and California .

e They are much prized for ornamental purpos s , and are

or - s generally worn strung as necklaces in ear ring . The pearl necklace of the Empress of the French is one f o . the finest known The necklace, presented to her

Majesty by the East India Company is equally fine .

The largest known pearl, weighing three ounces , and set

n i n the as a penda t, is Beresford Hope Collection , in the

- South Kensington Museum . It is pear shaped , and measures m 2 inches deep by 2 5 in circu ference at the longer end . 0 0l h of has e 60 0 . The Sha Persia a pearl valu d at ,

ff o f All the di erent varieties the pearl , together with an

o f - x example the pearl bearing oyster, e hibiting the pearl in

u . the fish , may be seen at the South Kensington M seum 5 5 A MBER .

AMBER .

A fossilized gum or resin found in irregular masses of all

o f w to d shades yello , from the palest primrose the eepest

I ts or orange, sometimes brown . lustre is resinous waxy , T he and varies from transparent to Opaque . composi x n tions are , carbon , hydrogen , o yge , n di It becomes egatively electric by friction . Accor ng to

e o f x a Go ppert, amber is the mineralized resin e tinct conifer e ,

' ' ’ one o f Pzni tes su cczm er or e which he has named f , amb r

- bearing pine tree .

Amber is found in abundance - on th e P russian coast of

to on of the Baltic , from Dantzig Memel , also the coast

e . N D nmark , in Sweden , orway, Moravia , Poland , Switzer

o on land , and in France . It is als found the Sicilian coast n n ear Catania , at Hasen Isla d in Greenland , and occa

sionall on of y the coast Norfolk , Essex , Sussex , and Kent . That found on the coast is distinguished as marine

r. o re ambe The ther description , called ter strial amber, is

ou t o f n in dug mi es , and is generally found alluvial deposits

‘ o f and os n sand clay, associated with f sil wood, iro pyrites ,

and alum shale . n I sects and other a nimals frequently occur enclosed in it . They appear to have been entangled in the viscous sub

e stanc while alive . In the Beresford Hope Collection is a

of piece amber in which is a small fish .

or Yellow amber, cut in facets simply in heads for

and a a . bracelets neckl ces , was in f shion some years ago At

the e i u pr sent day it is ch efly used in the east by the T rks ,

s n of Egyptians , Arab , Persians , and the atives India , . to

o of rnament their pipes , arms , the saddles and bridles their

horses . At the present day in Europe it is still u sed for m f t the outhpieces o pipes . The translucent yellow varie y PRE CIO US S T ON ES .

nd is the rarest a the most prized by the Orientals . In the Museum o f Mineralogy in Paris is th e handle o f a cane

f l - or made o pure impid yellow amber . The semi opaque clouded variety was much prized in England in the age

of Pope and Gay .

J ET .

of z e A variety lig nite (fossil wood imperfectly minerali d), the col our is velve t black .

° Jet is found principally in the amber mines on the coast f n o the Baltic, where it is known by the ame of black

in in of amber, and alum shale the neighbourhood Whitby a in Yorkshire . It is there m de into various articles , and is especially used for mourning ornaments .

CORAL .

a i s t Cor l a production secreted by marine as eroids, polypi ,

or o . of of zo phytes It is composed carbonate lime , a little d n f x f e an o o . magn sia, a very small perce tage o ide iron It a - ssumes a peculiar plant like form with numerous branches .

of an It is found several colours , red, pink , green , brown , d

a yellow, as well as white and black . The pale delic te pink is the most valued, and realizes a high price . Coral is found in enormous reefs in the seas in many

o f fo r o f parts the globe . That adapted purposes ornament comes almost entirely from the Mediterranean, and is found

on principally the African coast . At Naples and Genoa it is largely used for ornamental

a n s purposes , and is carved into br celets , ecklace , beads , and charms against the evil eye .

FLUOR SPAR .

of n of and 332 5 A fluoride calcium, consisti g lime

5 8 A N TJ UE M Q GE S .

T M AN IQUE GE S .

— ADAMAS . CORUNDUM .

T H E adamas o f ' Pliny has been identified by many writers w th the m i dia ond , but we are inclined to adopt Professor ’ Dana s opinion , that it is doubtful whether Pliny had any acquaintance with the real diamond . “ i According to Pliny , the Ind an adamas appeared to

afli nit have a certain y to crystal , being colourless and trans

s ix n rm parent, having a gles , polished faces , and te inating like a pyramid in a sharp point (la teru m sexa ngu lo larzvore

’ tu rbana tu s in mu cronem or i o e ), also po nted at the opp sit

x m two - tu rbines e tre ities , as though whipping tops ) were ” j oined together by their broadest ends . This description correctly delineates the form of a crystal of corundum which

x m six - d is he agonal , co monly occurring crystallized in side

in x prisms . It is also found obtuse and acute double he a ’ he dral u rb n s a pyramids (Pliny s t i e ). It is gener lly found nearly colourless and transparent, but frequently with a

a o f on the bluish tint . The cryst llization the diamond,

r not othe hand , is octahedral , and hence it is evident it is the stone described here .

he o f a T hardness the adamas , Pliny s ys , is beyond all e xpression , owing to which indomitable powers it is that it

' f a has received the name which it derives rom the Greek ( , ’

8a a w to . not, and p , subdue) The corundum is next in hard A I M 5 9 N T QUE GE S .

be ness to the diamond . These stones , further says , are

a r w to tested with the nvil, and will esist the blo such an

ctah e ra cr sta of amon exah e ra cr sta of C orun u m O d l y l Di d . H d l y l d .

x the n l e tent as to make iron rebou d , and the very anvi d . w not nd split asun er This , ho ever, is the case with diamo , as it is very brittle , and splits readily when struck with a f f slight blow in the direction o the plane o cleavage . Pliny observes further on When by good fortune this

n o stone does happe to be broken , it divides int fragments so a s t minute o be almost imperceptible . These particles

wh o are held in great request by engravers , enclose them n in iron , and are e abled thereby, with the greatest facility,

of to cut the very hardest substances known . Fragments n corundum , from time immemorial , have been used by India

for n n lapidaries cutting and polishi g the hardest gems . Whe

a telier first introduced , Mr . King tells us , into the European ,

a o n o f some ninety years g , it was known by the ame adamantine spar . m 1 “ . w a So e mineralogists , Mr King rites , have dvanced

1 “ P e . S t e 42 . r cious on s, p so A N TI G MS QUE E . the paradox tha t the adamas o f the Romans was not the fli i n . s u c e t to diamond , but the sapphire A answer this is , that such large sapphires as th e ancients frequently e n

of for n 5 3 graved (the signet Constantius , insta ce , weighing

’ ’ r u nctu m la zdzs carats)could not be te med p p . And besides this the latter stone could not have been e ngraved by means o f own me its frag nts . The sapphire , too, usually occurs in m of e asses considerable relative siz , especially the grey sort, supposed , according to this theory , to represent the adamas ,

- o f and these are found rounded and pebble shaped a form ,

r in short, to be desc ibed by anything better than the term

u n um p ct . f n Mr . King must be well aware that the signet o Co stan n t a tius , and all other e graved sapphires , belong to a la e d te 2 o f of the Empire, and consequently after the time Pliny, ’ when , perhaps the true diamond was known . In Pliny s

u nctum time the diamond was evidently unknown . The p

' ' la zdzs or t o f p , sharp fragmen corundum, would have been

o f t enough for the purpose engraving the stones hen in use,

‘

o x . such as ny , sard , and other chalcedonic stones Besides

a o f u m small cryst ls cor ndu are frequently found , with sharp

’ unctu m la zdis points , to which the term p p may be well 3 “ on . applied . This Mr . King admits further Before the

o f r introduction the true diamond into Greece , sharp f ag

of r x r ments corundum , obtained f om Na os , se ved the same

: to purpose the name adamas was then , doubtless , confined

in or the blue and grey sapphires found Cyprus , to the opaquer crysta ls of corundum discovered in the emery

u mines . Such a stone, red ced to sharp fragments , would m serve to cut into and exci se the quartz ge s , sards , agates ,

2 m e Mr te r m The e ngrave d rubie s also ention d by . King all da f o a h Em e ve ry late pe riod of t e pir . 3 A small crystal of corun dum from Ce ylon in th e posse ssion of th e author re adi lv scratche s onyx . A N TI QUE GEMS . 61

jas pers , then in request as signets , with almost as much f ” acility as the diamond itself. He also allows further on in

108 cru sta a damantis a note , page , that the ancient was a

of splinter corundum , which is most probable .

Mr. t Further, Maskelyne sugges s that the Greek term ada mas was originally derived from the Semitic name for

or a material (probably corundum , massive sapphire), which 4 e Pho nician commerce brought from India .

o f Pliny mentions other varieties adamas, which were

— t n undoubtedly all white sapphires the Arabian , hose fou d

of E o f in the mines thiopia , between the temple Mercury

o f e r e o n and the Island Mero , the Cench ea , the Mac d nia ,

the Cyprian . The diamond has never been found in Arabia

JE thio ia The p mentioned by P“liny is in reality India, and Agassiz is o f Opinion that the Temple of Mercury means m f or o . of m Brahmaloka , Te ple Brahma Crystals corundu

on of in are still found in granite rocks the coast Malabar,

. n the Carnatic , and in Ceylon The Cenchrea, which Pli y

o f was describes as about as large as a grain millet in size ,

‘ doubtless a name applied to the small rolled pebbles of

o f . n sapphire found in beds streams The Cypria adamas ,

so n in o f called from its bei gfound the Island Cyprus , and

' to i deraa s r t wh ch colou was applied , shows it o be a sky

blue sapphire . x Ne t in succession he mentions siderites , a stone which

of shines like iron , and is more ponderous than any the others , ” but differs in its p roperties from them all . Mr . Maskelyne t t identifies this stone with magne i e , the heaviest and hardest

o re o f o f that steel to which , doubtless , the title adamas was

a originally v guely applied . The adamas of Theophrastus was in all likelihood the

of . emery stone , an amorphous form corundum

4 Edi nbur h Rev u 1866 . 2 37 . g , J ly, , p 62 A T N I QUE GEMS . “ I n of the Periplus the Red Sea we read , to Barace (Barce llore) are brought various and numerous kinds of d ” lustrous gems, the A amas and the Hyacinthus . The first

or here is doubtless the corundum , white sapphire , and the second the blue sapphire . Rings exist o f Roman workmanship in which the diamond

n is set in its original octahedral form , u polished, save with

n o f its atural somewhat resinous lustre , but evidently a ’ n much later date than Pliny s time . The Hertz collectio

- possessed a well formed octahedral diamond , about a carat

D act in weight , set Open in a Roman ring . The Waterton y liothe ca furnishes a fine example of a diamond in its original t set ing , apparently dating from the Lower Empire . All x m these e a ples , however, date from a period long after ’ Pliny s time .

The Male — The Ruby CARBUNCULUS INDICUS . m — The Fe ale The Spinel .

In the first rank among flame - coloured stones Pliny

so a places the carbunculus , c lled from its resemblance to a

- h e red hot coal . There are , says , various kinds Of car bu ncle s ; Of these , the most remarkable are the Indian and

aramantic the G , each kind being subdivided into male and

f o f h of female, the ormer whic is a more striking brilliancy ,

f s the brightness o the latter being not o strong . The male variety of the Carbunculus Indicus we would

or w identify with the ruby red sapphire , hich is remarkable

r fo its bright colour and rich tints , and the female with the spinel ruby, a darker stone with less brilliancy .

aramanticu s The carbunculus g was doubtless the garnet .

not ff t From their being a ec ed by the fire, they were

acau stoi a termed by the ancients , , quality which applies

to it . exclusively the ruby, as is infusible A N TI QUE GEMS . 63

Lessing and the Count de Clarac deny the existence Of

a . . any re lly antique intaglio in this gem Mr King , however,

a in o f enumerates few works ruby, apparently indubitable

t on o f antiqui y . First, account the quality, a large oval , “ ” o f slightly convex stone the true pigeon blood tint, and weighing apparently about three carats in the Devonshire

aru re x— a o p , engraved with a Venus Victri but poor intagli

ul- o f in the latest Roman manner . A f l length figure Osiris ,

- n in half relief, which seems a productio Of the Egyptian revival under Hadrian . ’ Prau n In spinel he cites a most splendid Gorgon s head ( ), m x of Pert a . and a head , in his possession

. n of Nevertheless , Mr Ki g remarks , engravings in any the Precious Stones are always to be received with the greatest suspicion .

of True rubies , and good colour, uncut, but with their

a natur l surface rudely polished , occur, both inserted into

of n pieces antique jewellery, and set in ri gs dating from the earliest times .

N — HYACI THUS . SAPPHIRE .

The hyacinthus o f the ancients is generally supposed to f lin o . S o u s be the sapphire the modern thus describes it .

Amongst these things (in Ethiopia), Of which we have

ceru lea n treated, is found also the hyacinthus Of a shining

for colour ; a stone Of price if it be found without blemish ,

to it is extremely liable defects . The best colour Of the

b one to o stone is an equa le , neither dulled by deep a dye , n r too r t : o clea wi h over much transparency . A better

no f description could t be given o the sapphire .

o f a The description the hy cinthus, by Pliny, would lead to him us identify the stone mentioned by , with the Oriental

or amethyst violet sapphire . He thus describes it Very 64 A N T I QUE GEMS .

ff di erent from this stone (the amethyst) is hyacinthus , h n thou g partaki g Of a colour that closely borders upon it . dff e The great i erence betw en them is , that the brilliant

so u ame th stu s t violet, which is ref lgent in the y , is dilu ed in ” the other stone .

of x On account its e treme hardness, the ancients for the most part employed the sapphire as a mere ornamental stone for n e setting in their jewellery , une graved and unshap d , contenting themselves with giving a tolerable polish to the n v ati e irregular surface Of the pebble . Most of the known antique intagli in sapphire are of a late Roma n period . In the Marlborou gh Collection are two most valuable as well as genuine examples Of the sapphire, bearing antique

f a intagli ; o ne is a head o Caracalla . The int glio is some

to what shallow, and is polished within a singular degree Of

of lustre . The stone is a deep violet colour, and 3inch ’ u t high by wide . The other is a Med sa s head , in fron

of face , the treatment the features , and the curling snaky

to r tresses spirited a degree , and every pa t most highly

- s finished . This sapphire is Of a fine sky blue hade . But

f n now the most famous o all is the sig et Of Constantius II . (

Rinu ccini on in the Collection), a perfect stone, weighing

5 3carats . ’ i on l Some good intagl sapphire are in Mr . Maske yne s

Collection . to a According ncient writers , the word hyacinthus is derived from the name Of a flower of a similar colour to this stone , but the received Opinion at the present day is, that it

a cu t is derived from the Persian j , ruby . The iolite may have been classed by the ancients under

s to the name of hyacinthu , as they were, perhaps , unable distinguish between it and the sapphire . In Mr . Maske

66 A N TI G MS QUE E .

o f x - crystals sapphire, which e hibit a brilliant six sided star in its centre . “ Pliny further on writes : Among the white stones there ’ e o f is one known as c raunia, which absorbs the brilliancy

o f the stars . It is Of a crystalline formation , a lustrous

e rm Z e no themis azure colour , and is a nativ Of Ca ania . admits that it is white but asserts that it has th e figure o f

. m e a blazing star within This is evidently the sa e ston , which frequently occurs o f so pale a blue as to be almost white .

— LYCHNIS . BALAS RUBY .

Pliny mentions among the flame - coloured stones the l so m ychnis , called fro its lustre being heightened by the m m light Of the la p , under which circu stances its tints are

e particularly pleasing . It is found in the same place wher

o f rtho sia the garnets occur, in the vicinity O , throughout

e of whole of Caria, but the most approved ston s are those

e of India, which last som“e have term d a carbunculus milder s f e e tint . He then add , Between these last I find a di f renc

d one notice , kind having a purple lustre , the other a red

We (cocco , kermes). may, we think , be justified in

n or - t identifyi g the first with the almandine ruby, violet inted

.

or - t spinel , and the latter with the balas , rose red varie y of spinel .

n n ~ he e Mr . Ki g mentio s in balas the ad Of a Bacchant ,

n e crow ed with ivy, a masterpi ce belonging to the best days l Of Roman g yptic art . The name EAAHN appears in micro

scopic letters at the side .

— ASTERIA . CYMOPHANE .

n n Next amo g the white sto es , Pliny says, is asteria, a gem which holds its h igh rank on a ccount of a certa in pecu A N T G S I QUE E M . 67

liarit in y in its nature , it having a light enclosed within , the f o . pupil an eye as it were This light, which has all the

of m n appearance ovi g within the stone , it transmits accord in o f n in g to the angle i clination at which it is held , now one in direction , and now another . When held facing the

ts and sun it emi white rays like those Of a star, to this, in fact, it owes its name . This is undoubtedly the cymophane ,

’ o r e - x chrysob ryl cat s eye , which e hibits as it were the pupil

n e Of an eye movi g about within the stone, and wh n held

on facing the sun shows a pale opalescent ray its surface .

- G . SMARA DUS . EMERALD

to r According Pliny , the thi d rank in esteem (adamas

i n n being the first, and pearls in the second)was give to the sm“aragdus . “ of i There is no stone , he says , the colour which s

l for x s more delightfu to the eye , whereas the sight fi e itself

of with avidity upon the green grass and the foliage trees , we have all the more pleasure in looking u pon the smarag

x o f i dus , there being no green in e istence a more ntense col“our than this . “ no Of this stone , he continues , there are less than twelve different kinds : o f the finest is the Scythian smarag

du s . , so called from the country where it is found None o f n or them has a deeper colour tha this , is more free from defects ; indeed , in the same degree that the smaragdus is

to t inferior other precious stones , the Scy hian smaragdus is

to e x to superior the other varieti s . Ne t in esteem this, as

o f also in locality , is the smaragdus Bactria . The third rank is held by the stones Of Egypt, which are extracted ” o f of fro“m the hills in the vicinity Coptos, a city Thebais . - All the other kinds are found in copper mines , and F 2 A E MS [ Vl U GE .

it o f of hence is that, these varieties , the smaragdus Cyprus ” holds the highest rank . He characterizes the smaragdus

f - of o f o the copper mines Chalcedon as brittle, and a colour f r m a fro distinctly pronounced , resembling in their tints the

the o f the or on feathers that are seen in tail peacock , the

f smara di o f neck o pigeons . He also notices the g Attica

of r r . and Media, and other infe io varieties

o f In the Opinion Mr . Maskelyne , the first three, the Scythian ,

r Bactrian , and Egyptian , we e the true emerald ; the Scythian

d Bissersk coming no oubt from the Siberian locality near , to the east o f E katharine nberg ; the so - called Bactrian most

o or likely came from a locality unkn wn to us , to the north

- o f - C oosh a north east the Hindoo , possibly from the Alt i ,

w T i eretz . here, in the g mountains , beryls are now Obtained

of a - i n The discovery the emer ld mines at Mount Zabara , l Egypt, near the Red Sea, by Sir Gardner Wi kinson , with the hous es almost inta ct in which the workmen formerly ’

i for . l ved , establishes Pliny s Egyptian locality the emerald

Mr . King would identify the Scythian smaragdus, from its darkness and freedom from defects , with the green sapphire,

or r . O iental emerald There may be grounds for this view, as the emerald from Siberia, with which Mr . Maskelyne

so of connects it, is Of a pale colour, very ft, brittle, and full

t a o f flaws . O hers connect it with dioptase , a green silic te

in - be copper, found copper mines in Si ria .

. n smara di n According to Mr Ki g, the g from Cyprus a d Chalcedon were only crystals Of transparent chrysocolla

O f O (a silicate opper)still called the copper emerald . The

o- n chalc smaragdus , from Cyprus, mentioned by Pli y, was doubtles s the s ame stone . The infe rio r varieties o f emerald

of mentioned by Pliny are regarded as plasmas , and jaspers ff di erent shades Of g reen . T he large smaragdi mentioned by Theophrastus were A N TI G MS 6 QUE E . 9

of most probably pieces green jasper , while the colossal

t of s atue Serapis , mentioned by Apion , was in some vitreous

for composition which Alexandria was famous .

I sme nias the The musician , in reign Of Alexander, having

of on heard a smaragdus engraved with an Amymone , sale

for in Cyprus , at the price Of six gold pieces , sent his agent

who for w it, by bargaining procured it four pieces, at hich

I smeni as ff of took O ence, as he considered the value the stone ” b was lowered thereby . But, Mr . King O serves , the

o of locality, the age, and the comparative trifling c st the

o to n stone , all g prove that nothing more tha a plasma i s ” here understood by the term smaragdus . Among the famous emeralds mentioned in ancient writers

o f m was the signet Polycrates , an e erald with a lyre

on engraved it by Theodorus Of Samos . m n True e eralds , Mr . Ki g writes , with really antique intagli upon them , are amongst the rarest Of the rare , and appear scarcely one Of them referable to an earlier date than f the age o Hadrian .

x of e i Mr . King enumerates a few e amples antiq u intagl ’ one o f d a of in emerald , the Emperor Hadrian s hea , nother

o f n his consort Sabina, and a third the heads both faci g each

e a ru re o x B other . The Devonshir p als e hibits ( andeau , ’ 11 o NO . )a large and beautiful emerald cut int a Gorgon s

o f head in high relief, which has every mark being an

of antique work the same period . x An intaglio head Of the Solar Lion , the Ale andrian

ne h o f C p , in a stone the finest colour, purity, and lustre , was

o f in the late Fould collection . A bearded head Jupiter, in l ’ an emerald % by 5 , is in the Duc de Luyne s collection ,

Paris .

of In the possession the author is a small emerald , with n a lotus flower engraved o it . It is considered to be a 0 7 A N TJ Q UE GEMS .

m l th e m speci en ofan emera d from Egyptian ines , and perhaps the sole genuine e xample Of an antique engraved emerald .

e m the e m fla t Pliny r arks when surfac Of the s aragdus is , it reflects the imag e of Objects in th e same manner as a mirror and adds that th e Emperor Nero used to view the

m f u n the co bats o the gladiators pon a smaragdus . By holdi g

th e e o f flat surface of em rald in possession the author, close

th e e e e e to eye , distant obj cts can be distinctly seen r fl ct d in i t ’ . It thus confirms Pliny s statement, as the distinct refl e ction of distant Objects on the slightly conve x surface o f the e me rald must have been o f great importance to a

- r near sighted pe son , as Nero was . The name smaragdus is said to be the Greek form Of the

r u r m r u Persian sa ma r d o z e o d.

B YL L — H E R u . T E E s B RYL . “ u o f Beryls , Pliny writes , it is tho ght are the same m nature as the s aragdus . India produces them , and they are

e T h e rarely to be found elsewher . most esteemed be ryls are those which in colour resemble th e pure green of th e

e n n e x o f m sea , the chrysoberyl b i g t in value , a stone a so e what paler colour, but approaching a golden tint . Pliny has here anticipate d the mod e rn discove ry that beryls are of e m m the the sam che ical co position as em e rald . Those which res emble the gre e n of the sea are the modern aqua

th e e marine , and the chrysoberyl is evidently yellow b ryl ,

de T he th e which is of a gol n tint . Indian locality Of beryl

an ar u m e is C j g in the D ccan .

e on e The beryl was seldom engrav d , and cons quently

i e me t t ma genuine antique intagl are rar ly to be wi h . We y ” o fe w x qu te a Of the finest e amples . The earliest is the

l Prau n n no Taras on the dolphin (former y in the collectio , w 1 A N TI Q UE GEMS . 7

’ n o f in Mr . Maskelyne s), the desig which is placed by

Winkelman in the first class o f Etruscan work . Amongst

b of the est specimens Roman date are the young Hercules ,

r s . a h r f s erc e s of Gnaios . T a a J lia d te o Tit . l u , ug u H u

‘ I NAIO Blacas inscribed E, in the collection , and the aqua 1 m e O f o f 2 2 arin the extraordinary magnitude 3, X % inches,

o f of engraved with the bust Julia , the daughter Titus , and signed by the artist €YO AO C € HO | EL It is i n the collection o f the Imperial Library at Paris .

— I . T H E C AR BUN OUL U S GAR A MAN T C U S GARNET .

The term carbunculus , being indiscriminately applied by t the ancients o all red and fiery stones , comprises the several

o f varieties the garnet . The Greek synonymous word, as ’ dv d a given by Theophrastus , is p é, a name signifying a live

e a - coal . He d scribes it s blood red in colour but if held up again st the sun assuming the appearance of a

o f burning piece charcoal .

ar manticu s of the The carbunculus g a Pliny is, doubtless, 72 A N TI G MS QUE E .

m garnet . He divides it into ale and female kinds , the first being the more brilliant, and finer in colour, and the latter

u being the d ller varieties .

aramantic The g , he tells us , has been also called the carche donian in compliment to the former Opulence o f Car th a K dw ge ( a pxn v). The male and female kinds o f the carbunculus garaman ticu s m O f , in every probability , co prised all the varieties the ff ’ garnet, and the di erent colours , ranging from a brilliant red to the deeper and duller tints .

E A labandic Pliny notes also the thiopian and the stones ,

of Orthosia the latter which are found at , in Caria, but are l n cut and polished at A aba da .

- w The most highly esteemed , ho ever, Pliny says , is the

- fire m o f amethyst coloured stone , the at the extre ity which ”

of . closely approached the violet tint the amethyst This , u ndoubtedly, is the modern almandine garnet Of a beautiful

to violet purple colour . The term almandine is said be

m A labanda derived fro , where it was cut and polished in ancient times . “ x s rtites Ne t in value he notes the y , . radiant with a

' znna to u l ore wavy , feathery refulgence (p f g ,)an appearance which is sometimes to be seen in the interior of some red garnets .

carch e donia r o f The , desc ibed by Pliny as inferior value ,

asamone s and found in the mountains among the N , and Of

‘ m entre o t which Carthage was in for er times the p , was ,

a of doubtless , commoner variety garnet . He says he finds it stated that in former times drinki ng - vessels used to be f d ff t made o this stone, and ad s, this kind o ers the mos

b r to for o stinate esistance the graver, and, if used seals , is

o f apt to bring away a part the wax . Pliny Observes that the carbu ncles of India admit of

74, A N TI MS Q UE GE .

‘ ’ I AIO E II O IEI . I t o f u engraved E is , however, doubtf l antiquity .

e l came i Many fine ngravings , and a so , occur in the h m essonite , and the hyacinthine garnet . The c ryselectru ,

l e b which P iny describes Of the colour which inclin s to am er,

the e the — was probably essonit , while deep, rich coloured

’ stone— the hyacinthine garnet— was doubtless the morzo of

T h e m m o f th e of Pliny . orio, he re arks , when colour the x carbunculus , is from Ale andria ; when it shares that Of

h e the sard , is from the Cyprus . They are both , adds , well m adapted for carving in relief. We have so e splendid e xamples among the finest gems Of Grae cO - Roman artists i n essonite and hyacinthine garnet . Among the most well known in the hyacinthine garnet are the Julius C ae sar o f the A ollO t e Dioscorides , p Ci haro dus , deeply cut, in a l beautiful example o f this stone : both are in the Bla ca s col

on lection . In the Florentine collection is a fine head a

en ca bochon hyacinthine garnet cut , representing the portrait o f ae o f m a Philet rus , King Perga us . The M ecenas Of Apol m n n . loui s , formerly in the Hertz collectio , is in the sa e stone x ’ A fine e ample is in the author s collection , carrying Lao dicaea on , as a female figure with her hand the round pharos o f the harbour Of that town . These latte r stones have been frequently confounded by some writers and collectors with th e hyacinth or j acinth

h a s e o (red zircon), and much confusion aris n fr m this mis

came i take . In some public collections also, antique and intagli in the hyacinthine garnet are ticketed as jacinths .

PA z r s — T O o . CHRYSOLITE .

T o az ios p , according to Pliny, is a stone that is held in

for 1s very high estimation its green tint . The name said ’ 5 A N TI QUE GE IMS . 7

m T o az os l in to be derived fro p , an is and the Red Sea,

e whenc the ancients procured these stones . The stone is considered to be indubitably ou r chrysolite — a greenish yellow stone . n The most rece t writers , according to Pliny, say that this stone is found also in the vicinity Of Alabastron , a city Of

d o f it— r Thebais , and they istinguish two varieties the ch y

te r n ra ide th sop o (the chrysolite)and the p so s ( e peridot).

to a z ios o f He adds further, The p is the largest all pre cio u s one m o f l stones , and is the only a ong those high va ue

e o f the n that yi lds to the action file , the rest bei g polished

f x m too o . by the aid the stone Of Na os (emery) It ad its , , ” f i n t of o being worn by use . The chrysolite is reali y a t very sof nature , and wears at the edges . Crystals Of it sometimes occur Of considerable size . h T e modern topaz was totally unknown to the ancients .

I E — T H E T O PA Z IO S PR A S O D s . PERIDOT .

n t This sto e , which Pliny describes as aiming at the exac

f r o f - ou r of i mitation o the colou the leek leaf, is peridot, a yellowish green . a r Some fine Greek intagli , Mr . King s ys , occu in peridot, to be ascribed from their style to the date Of its x o f first introduction at the Ale andrian Court, but they are

v the highest rarity . The Romans appear ne er to have

to az i rasoide s for n o n e used the p os p e graving , d terred either d o f by its softness , entailing the spee y destruction the

or . intaglio, else by its high value as a precious stone

on on Modern works it, the contrary , are abundant enough , and to this class will the majority o f supposed antiques in

w x to . peridot, hen critically e amined , be found belong

x l an a in A fine e amp e Of int glio peridot, engraved by 6 A TI 7 N QUE GEMS .

C alandre lli i n on , whose name is Greek characters the

K M. S . . stone, may be seen in the Townshend collection ,

- C HRYS OPRA sru s . GREEN JARGOON .

ch r so rasi us Pliny mentions a stone Of the name of y p ,

to o f closely allied the chrysoberyl in its brilliancy, but a more pallid colour, and thought by some to constitute a separate genus he again describes it further on as similar

hr S t r n in its green colour to the c y Op e o . n This stone may , perhaps , be the green jargoo , which is of usually a pale green tint, and remarkable for its brilliancy .

— ME LI HRY . O so s YELLOW JARGOON .

Me lichrysos is described by Pliny as a stone which has all the appearance Of pure honey seen through transparent gold . India produces these stones . This stone is probably h t e w . yello jargoon , often met with in India It is generally o f - w or a golden , honey yello colour ; it may be the yellow m tour aline , which comes from Ceylon .

LYNCU RIU M . “ The pertinacity , Pliny writes , that has been dis played by certain authors compels me to speak of lyn cu riu m for even those who maintain that it is not a variety of amber still assure us that it is a precious stone . They

to o o f o f assert, , that it is the product the urine the lynx

f of and o a kind earth , the animal covering up the urine the t moment it has voided it, from a jealousy tha man should

of gain possession it, a combination which hardens into

o f o f stone . The colour it, they inform us, like that some

o f of e Of kinds amber, is a fi ry hue , and it admits , they say,

t too a being engraved . They asser , , that this subst nce A N TI QUE GE MS . 77

not or of attracts to itself only leaves straws , but thin plates

or o f a copper even iron, a story which Theophr stus even

o n t a Droile s . ow n believes , the fai h Of a cert in For my

u o f part, I look pon the whole these statements as untrue , and I do no t believe that in ou r time there has ever been a ” n precious stone seen with such a ame as this . ’ I may here adopt Pliny s words , and say that the perti nacit o f m to l n cu riu m y so e writers , in persisting identify y

or with the hyacinth , jacinth , has compelled me to notice it ’ e e ou t o f here . They seem to k p totally view Pliny s express be lief that i n his time there was no stone with such

m l ncu riu m a na e . Theophrastus certainly mentions y as a

for stone , but it was undoubtedly amber, Pliny states else where that lyncurium was a name given to amber by

D e mostratus wh o , tells the same absurd myth about the origi n o f amber as Theophrastus and other writers have

o f f l n u riu m told the origin o y c . This misconception with regard to lyncurium may have aris e n from Theophrastus terming amber a stone

or n The true hyacinth , jacinth , was undoubtedly unknow n to the a cients , as no antique gems Of that stone have hitherto been discovered ; besides the hyacinth is generally found of too small a size for the purpose o f an en graved

e m to 1 g , and it is also too hard eng ave .

‘ so - or in of The called hyacinths , jacinths , collections or in gems , in descriptive catalogues Of antique intagli , are

reality hyacinthine garnets .

APPHIR — LAPI s S u s. LAZULI .

a hiru s n S pp , Pli y says , is refulgent with spots like gold .

It is Of an azure colour , though sometimes , but rarely ,

purple ; the best kind comes from Media . Theophrastus 7s A N TI QUE GEMS .

Sa hiru s t - u describes pp as spotted wi h gold d st, and Isidorus

Sa hiru s ae e s n says , pp c rul u est cum purpura , habe s pulvere ” a u re o ars s d o ur s sp os . The e escriptions answer to lapis

a re e e m lazuli , through which fr qu ntly disse inated particles f m o e . iron pyrites , b aring a great rese blance to gold The principa l supply Of lapis lazuli at the pre se nt day

e a nd to is from P rsia Bokhara, which, doubtless , the Media

Of Pliny may be e x te nde d . n Lapis lazuli abunda tly occurs in Egyptian jewellery ,

- w a s worked into signet tablets , pendants , and charms . It s m rarely used for cylinder by the Assyrians , though so e

on fine examples do exist . Greek work this stone is

x e c ca me i o f the e trem ly un ommon , but intagli and Roman

m t Blaca s col ti es are frequent in his material . In the

O f e o f e lection is a head P rseus , king Mac don , in lapis

’ l the lazuli . It was argely employed by Persians under the

e e Sassanian dynasty for r gal portraits and s als . With the Italians Of the Cinque Cento it was an espec ial f mi n1a tu re avourite , particularly for vases and for busts and small reli e vi .

— SOLIS GEMMA . MOONSTONE .

The description of the solis ge mma given by Pliny as

bu t ff the white, di using brilliant rays in a circle , after ” o f m to A du larian fashion that lu inary , appears suit the m n felspar, known as the oonsto e, from the silvery radiancy

f orb its x o the large that illumines conve surface .

— . R SELENITES ADULA IA .

’ Pliny s selenites appears to be a variety o f adularia

white and transparent, with a reflected colour like that of n n ho ey . It has a figure withi it like that Of the moon , and n reflects the face Of that lumi ary, if what we are told is 9 A N TI QUE GEMS . 7

to . o ur true , according its phases It may be, however,

of ae o f selenite , a crystallized sulphate lime , the thin lamin

or which reflect the disk o f the sun moon .

e The plates of this substance were split, and mployed by

he w the ancients for t lights Of indows .

— U . SANDASTROS (male). S NSTONE

c l two o f n A cording to P iny, there were stones the ame of one e sandastros , the mal , and the other female the first o f o f which he describes as having all the appearance fire ,

‘ e placed b hind a transparent substance , it burning with star l of ike scintillations within that resemble drops gold , and

to e are always be se n in the body Of the stone , and never ” u po n the surface . It is found in India . We can have no hesitation in connecting this stone with sunstone, a variety o f orth ola se l adularia ( felspar) Of a pale yel ow colour, and

o f n e which appears full minute golden spa gl s , owing to the

f of x o f presence o scales o ide iron disseminated through it . x E amples Of it come from Ceylon .

— H Y PRA S I U . C R S O S AMAZON STONE .

ChryS Oprasiu s is described by Pliny as similar in tint to

’ u of n u the colo ring matter the leek , but varyi g in colo r

t az ios between op and gold . It is found Of so large a size as to m m o f ad it of cups even being ade it, and is cut into ” cylinders very frequently .

n This stone was evidently an opaque stone , from its bei g

rasiu s not to associated with p , and is be confounded with

chr so ra siu s n the other y p , me tioned before , and which was m remarkable for its brilliancy , and consequently ust have

been a transparent stone . We would venture to identify this stone with Amazon

stone, which is brought from Lake Baikal in Siberia, and E A N TI Q U GEMS . is sometimes found in pieces sufficiently large to be made ‘ 5 into small vases and other ornaments ; and lately fragments o f a pedestal either o f a statue or a column sculptured Of this stone ha s been discovered in the ruins Of the villa of

iscu s . M . Vop at Tivoli

u mithre s The e , which was called by the Assyrians the

o f e o f - gem B lus , and which was a leek green colour, and ” greatly in request for superstitious purposes , was evidently

e t u the same ston . It was frequen ly sed by the Assyrians

t o f in for cylinders . The signe Sennacherib the British

Museu m is of this stone .

he T modern chrysoprase , a green chalcedony coloured

t x of not n to . wi h o ide nickel , was know the ancients It is only found in Silesia .

N I LI — N . O . J ADE

nilion India, according to Pliny, produces , a stone which

chr so rasiu s . differs from y p in its dull , diminished lustre ” E According to Juba , Pliny says , thiopia produces it, upon the shores of the river known to us as the Nilus to

an . which circumst ce , he says , it owes its name According

in s in S iberu s o f to S u d e it is to be found also the , a river

Attica .

- This stone , in all likelihood , may be the well known stone

or n of . jade, ephrite, which is generally a dull opaque green

‘ W m nilion The localities hich Pliny entions , where is found , correspond with those where jade occurs . It is largely employed i n India for ornamental purposes . It is also found in Egypt . of Axes , and some smaller implements jade have been

5 te l i em . i e e k of e According to Cas l an (G s, p Ca r sp a s a b au t e m e of Am t e and h h e saw in tiful an ique vas , ad azon s on , w ich

82 A N TI G M QUE E S .

t a pale green colour . It is found in the coun ries that lie

o f n the Ph cari to the north I dia , among y , who inhabit

ae th e D ah ae m Mount Caucasus , the Sac and . It is re ark

for e o f e x able its size , but is cov red with holes and full tra

m e w i n m neons att r ; that, ho ever, which is found Car ania is m o f e e . n a fin r quality, and far sup rior It is o ly a id inac cessible rocks that it is found , protruding from the surface, h h i n to t e . like an eye appearance , and slightly ad ering rock

t o f e th e of m The bes th se stones have colour s aragdus . The finest Of them lose their colour by coming in contact with oil or n u o f , unguents , eve undil ted wine ; whereas those a poorer quality preserve their colour better . This stone has by most writers been identified with th e

e o n m green variety Of turquois , which the Ro ans set the

in highest val ue . Turquoise is still found large quantities t in a mountainous dis rict of Persia , not far from Nishapur, ' i n e in v e ins Khorasan , wh re it occurs which traverse the m n n e e calla ina ou tai in all dir ctions . The id ntity Of with this stone is fu rther confirmed by the remark O f Pliny that

m n O il o r it loses its colour by co i g in contact with grease ,

o r for turquoise loses its colour by contact with oil grease , or n whe kept near musk or camphor, and also from damp n ess .

u The very rare antique works in turq oise, Mr. King

m a re x says , which have co e down to us, all e ecuted in

the o f T ibe rI u s the green sort, principal being the bust

u l (Florence), the head as large as a walnut, sculptured in f l relief ; and the busts of Livra and the same emperor as a

in on o f e child , half relief, a stone much larger dim nsions

u (Marlboro gh Collection). A mask Of the Indian Bacchus

of i n B laca s in front face, a large green turquoise, is the

Collection . The Mexicans also used green turquoise for ornamen ta l A N TI G MS 83 QUE E .

e m o u t o f purposes . In the Christy Mus um is a mask for ed

of n part a huma skull , coated with mosaic work , consisting

o f chiefly turquoise and obsidian .

’ ’ eh e ba O v lcro or o f The g q p s, fossil ivory Theophrastus , is ,

or de la nou v elle probably, the Odontolite , bone turquoise h ’ roc e . eha wa The word n , applied to it by Theophrastus , n l evide t y means deep blue , as Dr . Hill suggests , as he

t a hir a applie s a similar word o s pp u s or l pis lazuli .

A L — OP U S . OPAL . ” re Of all p cious stones , Pliny says , it is opal that

f l e c presents the greatest di ficu ties Of d s ription , displaying

o f at once the piercing fire carbunculus , the purple bril lianc o f a me th stu s - of y y , and sea green smaragdus , the whole

r blended together, and refulgent with a b ightness that is

d th e o f quite incredible . In ia is sole parent these precious

o f x stones . This stone, in consequence its e traordinary ’ aede ro s beauty , has been called p (lovely youth), by many a uthors ; and some who m ake a distinct species of it say that it is the same a s . the stone that i n India is called sa n enon - g . These last mentioned stones, it is said , are i found in Egypt, also Arabia, and Of very inferior qual ty in ” x t Pontus . Pliny mentions also , as being in e is ence in his

o f of on o f time , a stone the size a hazel nut , account which

Antonius proscribed the senator Nonius . On being pro

ou t o scribed , Nonius took to flight, carrying with him , f all his wealth , nothing but that stone, the value Of which was

2 0 f u m 0 00l. o r . S . o . estimated at vicies H , , oney

There can be no doubt Of this stone, described by Pliny ,

o f being the opal modern times . “ t n the Some mineralogis s , Mr . Ki g writes, doubt fact that any region Of the East Indies ever produced the

u no now u tr e, merely because such gem is bro ght from G 2 84 A N TI QUE GEMS . thence ; but the same argument applies here as in the case m in Of the true emerald , not at this mo ent found that

f o f country, ormerly the principal source the stone . ” “ so The precious Opal , Mr . Maskelyne says , is rare a

t o u r stone, that wi h mining enterprise and geological

e o f research over the far vast r world modern geography , w we kno Of only two certain localities for it, in Hungary ”

x . m and Me ico It is said , however, to be found in s all rounded pieces in sand, in Ceylon, whence probably the

Romans Obtained it .

of Mr . Maskelyne mentions a quartz in the trap rocks the ghauts above Bombay, which sometimes shows an iridescence on certain Of its crystal plains that seems to be

ma due to the presence of this kind of Opal . This y be the sa n enon o f o f g India . The stones Egypt and Arabia

f a are likely to be o a similar subst nce . ” v From its enormous alue, Mr . King writes, as well

on o f as account its fragile nature , the opal must have been

of the rarely submitted to the skill the Roman engraver, for " ” earlier Greeks were totally unacquainted wi th the gem . Hence Profe ssor U rlicks justly pronou nces unique the opal

Prau n Of the (former) Collection , engraved with the head f o Sol between those Of Jupiter and Luna . The somewhat ” debased style, Mr . King remarks, shows it to be a work ” o f the Lower Empire . Another magnificent Opal, though

se t of th e corroded by time , in a cabalistic ring thirteenth

in . century, is now the Braybrooke Collection

— MA T R I x O F . MI T HRAx . OPAL

mithr x The a , which Pliny tells us comes from Persia

of o f and the mountains the Red Sea, a ston“e numerous x colours , and reflecting various tints when e posed to the of sun, may be identified with the matrix opal, which

86 A N TI QUE GEMS .

e tions , as the largest work Of crystal that has ever be n

e one e u u beh ld , the that was cons crated by Julia A g sta in

e 15 0 . the Capitol , and which weigh d about pounds . h n Under the Lower Empire, crystal seems to ave bee

fin e r- Of much in use for making solid g rings , carved out a

th e n h l rv single piece , face e graved wit some intag io se ing for a signet. i m In Italy, during the Renaissance per od , some i portant

e x n intagli in crystal have b en e ecuted . Valerio Vicenti o

f f I n - was amous for this style o work . the Cinque cento Collection in the museum at Naples is a magnificent caske t o f r o f r t n silve , gilt, with engraved plaques c ys al , representi g

o f mythological subjects , and various events in the history

x m i n to Ale ander the Great, in co plimentary allus o the

o f m e . achievements Alessandro Farnese, to who it belong d

n of It bears the ame Of Joannes di Bernardi . A casket rock

o n o f crystal , which are engraved the events the Passion ,

in o f m by Valerio Vicentino, is the cabinet ge s in the

I t m e m Florentine Gallery . was a present fro Pop Cle ent I f to . on o VII . Francis , the marriage his niece, Catherine di Medici . od n Crystal has been Often used , both in ancient and m er ’ o o f times , for the purp se fraud . In Pliny s time the art

e how t to a was w ll known to stain crys al , so as p ss for

r emerald o any other transparent precious stone .

M T Y — A E H S T US . AMETHYST .

n o f Among sto es a purple colour, Pliny gives the first

o f rank to the amethyst India , a stone which is also found, he o f says , in the part Arabia that adj oins Syria , and is m E Ga known in Petra, as also in Lesser Ar enia , gypt, and latia ; the very worst o f all and the least value d being those

f nd e o Pharos a Cyprus . Another variety approaches mor 8 A N T I QUE GEMS . 7 nearly the hyacinthus (sapphire)in colour : the people of

’

l socon t socondzon. India cal this tint , and the stone i self

Another was in colour like that Of wine , and a last variety b u t d o f little value , bordering very closely upon that crystal , h i t e purple gradually passing off into wh te . A fine ame th st w e e e in su s ecta y should al ays hav , wh n vi wed sideways ( p ), n f l and held up to the light, a certai purple e fu gence , like t o f of ; hat carbunculus , slightly inclining to a tint rose To ‘ ’ ’ these stones the names o f paederos and Venus eyelid

’ ’ ’ ’ Venerzs ena A 08t 1- ~ Aecoa ov e ( g , q ns B / p )w re given , being con side re d as particularly appropriate to the colour and general

e o f app arance the gem . n The ame which these stones bear, originates , it is said ,

e l t in the p culiar tint Of their bril iancy, which , af er closely

o ff approaching the colour Of wine , passes into a violet, “ ” n l . without bei “g fu ly pronounced All these stones , of e e e Pliny adds , are transparent, and an agr abl violet f u to . o colo r, and are easy engrave Those India have in

perfection the very richest shades Of purple .

me At the present day the finest a thysts come from India , and lapidaries apply th e term Ori e ntal to the amethystine

u z h q art w en Of a very brilliant violet tint, and Of two shades Of colour (qualities distinguishing the Indian from the ) German . This stone must be , however, carefully distin

u ishe d a g from the true Orient l amethyst, which is a sapphire of “a violet colour . f n i o . n Intagli all dates , Mr Ki g says , and every

o m e 011 style , ccur upon amethysts , but so uch more g nerally the pale sort that an engraving upo n o ne of a rich dark

ma on colour, y, that very ground , be suspected as modern . Although the amethyst came into use amongst the earliest

the materials used by gem engraver, for we find in it an

for in abundance Of Egyptian charms (pendants necklaces), I E 88 A N T Q U GEMS .

o f a & c . S cara the form v ses , shells , bands , , and sometimes

a o f c b ei , the last Etrus an work also, and Roman intagli in it f m t are su ficiently nu erous , yet it is a singular fact tha we rarely meet with works in the highest style executed in this

l th e material . Probab y superior kind was too precious to be m o f so e ployed , whilst the paleness the other and cheaper ” 6 first- sorts was repugnant to the taste Of rate artists .

a in S ome fine Greek int gli occur this stone . Mr . King

n on mentions , amo g others , the Marlborough Omphale, an amethyst (o f the Indian kind)o f superior lustre and rich

o f n r on ness colour, and the Berlin Atalanta e g aved a large t n circular convex stone . Among other celebra ed e gravings

iana of A olloniu s . Pa as of E u t ch e s . e sa D pp ll y M du .

' i n a o f E ut ch e s methyst are the Pallas y , deeply engraved ou

e a pale amethyst, the Achilles Citharo dus Of Pamphilu s

. o f A olloniu s (Paris) The Diana, pp (Naples), the Medusa

Blaca s a o f ( ), the Mec enas Of Dioscorides (Paris), a head Pan e KYA A , deeply sunk in a pale am thyst inscribed E E, in

Bla cas the Collection . In the Devonshire Collection is a

of Sha u r magnificent amethyst intaglio, bearing the bust pp I.

6 “N H f m o e . 31 atural istory G s, p .

90 A T N I QUE GEMS .

E v odu s , and a large double uneven stone Of great lustre , covered with a Gnostic formula on both sides (British

a o f Museum). An int glio with the head Horace , in the

Blacas o f w Collection , is also yello crystal .

Cinque - cento and recent engravers have largely turne d m to account this aterial .

Citrine or yellow - gree n quartz was so metimes used by the ancients for intagli . This stone and yellow quartz are the only yellow stone s which have co me down to us from

e no t in antiquity . It would appear that y llow stones were

h m x o f t favour wit the Ro ans , with the e ception hose

o f partaking an orange tint . Yellow was , however, a colour much affected by the Greeks in their choice o f gems with

o f red . the Romans , as children Mars , was the favourite

IRIS .

Pliny mentions this stone as found in a certain island o f f t o . the Red Sea, forty miles distan from the city Berenice

m e x m It is partly co posed of crystal , and is h ahedral in for ,

e t I t m lik crys al . take s its name iris fro the properties

i t o f which possesses ; for, when struck by the rays the sun in a covered spot it projects upon the neares t

of the w walls the form and diversified colours rainbo . Opinion seems divided as to whether this is Hyaline quartz iridized inte rnally (calle d at the present day iris) or the

O th e prismatic crystals f limpid quartz, which decompose

un rays Of the s .

V SANDASTROS (female). A ANTURINE .

The female sandastros , which Pliny describes as possess

me o f ma ing a fla a more softened nature , and which y be pronounced to be lustrous rather than brilliant, is doubtless the stone termed avanturine . Pliny further writes that T E S A N I Q U GEM .

I me nias i n s asserts that sandastros , consequence Of its ”

m o n o t o f be . extre e s ftness , will admit ing polished This

m e can alone be applied to the ale sandastros (sunston ), which being a felspa r is softer in its nature than the fem ale

o t sandastros (avanturine quartz). One p in , Pliny adds , upon which all the authorities are agreed is , that the greater the numb e r o f stars upon this stone the more costly it i s in

T he o f u e price . best specimens s nstone and avanturin

o f n present a number starlike specks in it, the first bei g

o f o f n scales oxide iron , and in the second mi ute spangles o f mica .

Hammichr so s y , which Pliny describes as resembling sand e x in app arance , but sand mi ed with gold , was evidently another name for this stone .

— AND AR E so s V . S . GREEN A ANTURINE

Pliny tells us that a stone Of the nam e o f sandare sos is mentioned by N ican de r as a native Of India as well as t . or sandastros The colour Of it is tha Of an apple , Of

no u n green Oil , and one sets any value On it . This is

u m . doubtedly the green avant rine , which comes fro India

- SARDIUS . SARD .

o f or The sardius the ancients is the rich and bright red ,

or e e yellowish red chalcedony, Ori ntal carn lian . According to n n wa s Pli y it derived its ame from Sardis , where it first

z erd found , but modern writers derive it from , the Persian for ff yellow, the yellow sard being the stone most a ected f e he th e o . by the Gre ks . T red was favourite the Romans

m e The ost esteem d kind , Pliny says , was from the

of d e f vicinity Babylon . In In ia there are three vari ties o ’ one ionia this stone the red sarda, the known as p , from

n e its thick ess , and a third kind , beneath which th y place a 92 A N TI QUE GEMS .

ground Of silver tinsel . The Indian stones are translucent , n those Of Arabia bei g more opaque . There are some

a o f found lso in the vicinity Leucas in Epirus , and in

a of Egypt, which have ground placed beneath them leaf gold . India (Cambay)still furnishes the finest kinds of sard or

an red cornelian . Pliny divides these stones into male d m female , the ale being more brilliant than the female, which i s more opaque .

a . x The gr dations Of colour, Mr King writes , e hibited

a re by the antique sard almost innumerable . The bright

the a cherry deepens into fiery red Of the c rbuncle , and

h - w t ence into a semi opaque black , only red hen viewed by transmitted light . The bright pale yellow increases in

to intensity to the richest orange, and thence a reddish brown scarcely to be distinguished from the jacinth n (hyacinthine gar et). ” “ In this stone , we further quote Mr . King , nearly all the performances Of the most celebrated antique artists are to

for n n be found , as a ge eral rule fine work was ever thrown away u pon an inferior or too Obdurate a material ; and there

for e was good cause this preference ; such was its toughn ss ,

o f facility in working , beauty colour, and the high polish of which it is susceptible , which last, Pliny remarks , it ” 9 retains longer than any other gem . Greek artists usually adopted the pale sard for the finer and - more delicate works , but we find the blood red sard and the brown sard occasionally employed by the engraver . The finest Roman intagli are for the most part found in

- the bright red sard, being the variety held mos t in esteem by the Romans .

9 “ m ” N r Hi t of e S di . atu al s ory G s, ar us

9 4. A N T I QUE GEMS .

When the sard - like layers o f the ony x are o f infe ri or o r 1 the e - x Opaque quality , stone passes into jasp r ony . ” “ Those stones , Pliny says , which are like honey in i colour, are generally disapproved , and st ll more so when ” m x o f t e they have the co ple ion ear h nware . In this dull red , earthy kind (the common carnelian)are the most ancient

th e y ae intagli usually cut, Eg ptian and Etruscan scarab i , and the greater pa rt o f the other ring - stones engraved in

Etruria .

S ARD O NYx .

It h a s been defined by Pli ny as originally signifying a w candor in sa rda m hite layer over sard ( ), like the hu an nail

e o f e placed upon fl sh , both parts the ston s being equally

d I sme nia s D e mo stratu s transparent . Such , accor ing to , ,

h mi S ota cu s w as x o f Z e not e s . , and , the sardony India ” s the n x At the present day, Pliny ays , Arabia sardony

n o o f n o f presents traces whatever the India sard (i . e . a t t l e n e e ransparen red ay r), it bei g a ston that has b en found to be characte rized by several different colours o f late ;

or the e m black azure for base , and v r ilion , surrounded with

w e with ou t a a a line Of rich hite , for the upp r part, not cert in glimpse O f purple as the white passes into red . “ ” “ e i In the ston s Of India, he says , the ground is l ke

or m ] w t of e wax in colour, else like co e , i h a circle also whit

m o f o f n . arou d it In so e these stones , too , there is a play

O f w colours like those the rainbo , while the surface is redder ” f e a - tha n even the shell o the s locust . Pliny relates that in the time o f Ze nothemis thes e stones

o f m were not held by the people India in any high estee , although they were found there Of so large a size as to admit o f the hilts of swords being made o f them . It is well

1 In t to e of M em . Maskelyn e . troduc ion Catalogu arlborough G s A N TI G M QUE E S . 95

n th are x know , too , at in that country they e posed to view

in ou r of by the mountain streams , and that part the world they were forme rly valued from the fact that th ey are ne arly the only ones amon g engraved precious stones that do not w ax bring away the when an impression is made .

ou r x m l The consequence is , that e a ple thus at ast taught

o f the people India to set a value upon them , and the lower classes there now prize them even to wear as ornaments for

o f the neck ; the great proof, in fact, at the present day , a ” x f sardony being o Indian origin . Pliny also mentions

x n that the first Roman who wore a sardony , accordi g to

D e mo stratu s , was the elder Africanus , since whose time this

e stone has been held in v ry hig h esteem in Rome . Wi th most anci e nt writers three colours were considered essential to the idea o f a sardonyx ; hence termed by Lucian

’ ’ 117 60 7 611/ T t é wv e v e d errwrolx 179 9 p x p p p fis, as appears also from xx what Pliny says as to the manner Of forging it (x vii . Sardonyx gems are made up o u t of three ston e s cemented t t th e ogether so neatly tha fraud cannot be discovered , by

one selecting a black , another a white , the third a red , each ” n i n o e the best its respective kind . In the same sense

Martial makes his lady - killer boast Of a real sardonyx thrice girt with zones .

S ardon ch a e m lineis u e te r in y v ru q c ctu m .

Though three laye rs at least were require d to constitute a

x two m true sardony (with only it re ained an onyx), yet these might be repeated indefinitely without altering its

KOhle r x designation . lays down that it was a sardony as lon g as the different colours lay in regular laye rs one over x the other . It was sardony , whether the white stratum united with a male or female (dark or light)sard ; whether

or F r the stone possessed three, four, five, nine strata . o the A N TI UE M Q GE S .

name sardonyx implied the regular union Of the sard with a white layer ; no w the s ard exhibited innumerable gradations w n into red , yello , brow , and black .

of . d x In the Opinion Mr King, a perfect Oriental sar ony is still required to exhibit the same characters as when Pliny defined them . The base must be black (in reality a trans n luce t chocolate colour when held against the sun), the f middle zone opaque atty white , the surface a light brown 2 or red . i n x The Romans rarely engraved intagl o sardony . They

w ou t en employed it in their je ellery and rings , either ca bochon or u t O f or , in a tr nca ed cone an oval section , more

so to the less high, proportioned as display three zones to the greatest perfection . When intagli are found in a sar don x or y they are always sunk but slightly into , rather

so to sketched upon , the surface, as be invisible at a trifling distance . It was for came i that this material was specially reserved ;

ta de x the various shades , taken advan ge Of with singular terit o f y by the artist, enabled him to add the charm colour

has e to the relief. He frequ ntly availed himself with won de rfulskill o f the different colours o f the alternating zones

x ff of u r to e press the di erent parts the figure , s ch as the hai ,

2 m De e and t e Dr . i te Th e S e e of Ge al rs o h rs , B lling wri s ci nc s , 66 m e an te m n e of me t e wi t e e t p . ) ak in r i abl confusion no ncla ur h r sp c x and x bu t the t n i s e m e it h a s e e to ony sardony , solu io v ry si pl ; b n erte t t x m e t e o f tw o t t x e rrone ously ass d ha ony ans a s on s ra a, sardony T h e e m n o t the te t e e o h o f thre e or more . t r s have sligh s r fe re nc t t e O x m e n me e the e t a t e t numbe r o f strata . ny a s r ly sup rposi ion Of l as n t t m e t e on e e i te and th e t e e t o e s ra u ov r ano h r, b ing wh , o h r pal , rans t or re d or or w or a n t e bu t if t t lucen , black , bro n, y o h r colour ; ha

r be a i t t t te sa rd- x x : ca ndor in other colou s rd, cons i u s a ony (sardony m e . ma b or e a rda Plinl lib . xxx and t e e e t ee s ; y, vii ) h r y hr or lay rs ” Of e ither onyx or sardonyx.

98 A N TI Q UE GEMS .

' diflere ntl - o f y coloured layers the stone, each Of which has been taken advantage o f by the engraver for the rendering o f some particular portion Of his design . Some Of the most celebrated productions o f the glyptic art sa among the ancients have been executed in rdonyx . The largest slab Of this material known is that forming

in the 16 the Carpegna cameo ( Vatican), inches long by 12

h of a nd deep, the subject the Triump Bacchus Ceres , f executed in a stone o five layers . “ x 13 le r Ne t in size, inches , is Grand Ca née de ” n o f th e e e re re Fra ce , known as the Agate Saint Chap lle , p

of senting the Triumph Germanicus, and the Apotheosis o f

h o . Augustus . This stone as als five strata

G emma Au gu stea.

r o of a as a o o f Thi d in p int m gnitude, but superior w rk “ ” art a A o f o f , is the Gemm ugustea Vienna, the subject which is the reception Of Drusus (father o f Germanicus)

u and as by A gustus as Jupiter, Livia Roma after his victory 99 A N TI QUE GEMS .

i d li B . 1 li Rhaeti Ven e c C . 7 . e l ti over the and , Its shape is p a l 9 8 . c x . , inches It has only two layers n In the Marlborough Collectio is , perhaps , the most x for a e traordinary sardonyx in the world , it presents strat o f or r transparent sard , purple, rathe lilac , Opaque white, and a ground of opaque black — colours not united in any x m other e a ple known to the world . It bears in flat relief two t imperial busts , attributed withou much reason to

Didiu s u lianu s cantilla J and Manlia S .

r It is a ve y late and tame work , and may have belonged to of some series imperial portraits wrought at a late period, 100 N TI A QUE GEMS .

so s of e t late a period , perhap , as the age Constantin , but i presents no marked like ness to any Imperial pair Of heads .

8 6 de It is inches wide by ep .

' The Tazza Farnese in the museum at Naples is a beautiful

m the m o f x 8 . speci en sardony , inches in dia eter In inner

‘ o f a m e portion the t zza is a ca eo , the subj ct Of which is

T he r f T he supposed to be P osperity o Egypt. outer portion is ornamented with the head of Medusa in relief.

T he Gon a a or e sca ch C ameo z g Od l i .

According to Visconti the portraits are those Of Ptolemy nd Euergetes a Berenice . Mr . King finds a resemblance

e in the male head to that Of N ro, and the female to ‘ . x s Agrippina It is a sardony Of three strata , but i composed of several pieces . The collars and ornaments t h 6 given o each ead conceal the joinings . Size X 5

now o f u inches . It is in the Imperial Collection R ssia .

- r h i m f two or ca c e s u o . The handled cup St Denis, usually

o f o f two re re A cameo this stone layers , white and grey, p

and of senting Neptune Amymone , is in the possession the

author.

X ONY . Numerous and conflicting are the definitions of onyx s given by ancient writers . Theophrastu defines onyx as a

x o f mi ture white and dark brown placed alternately . Pliny gives different descriptions Of the Indian and Arabian

of a Ze n othemis a nd S otacu s varieties onyx ccording to , and tells l1s that S u dine s says that in this stone there i s a white portion which resembles the white Of the human

fin e r- a to o f chr solithu s g nail , in ddition the colours y , sarda,

ias is x a to and p , and lastly says that the real ony , ccording

at rus ha s n f S y , umerous veins o variegated colours , inter

- spersed with others Of a milk white hue . KOhle r makes the following distinctions between onyx an d x o n o f x sardony , basing his view the definitions ony n t given by a cien writers . The question , how is the onyx to x no w to be distinguished from the sardony , is easily be ' a ou t o f th e s ubstan ce nswered Pliny . As far as regards

and one . the colours , both are and the same stone It is

or called onyx when the red , brown, yellow ground is covered wi th white veins irregularly and capriciously dis

I f h re m me m posed . t e fore these veins for ed so ti es stripes ,

me e s sometimes spots , so tim eyes , then was the stone the

o f i n onyx . But if the various colours this stone lay regu ”

one t th e x . lar strata, over the o her, then it became sardony The onyx o f the a ncie nts would thus appear to be ou r

r - stratifie d agate , an ir egularly stone, the layers Of which

th e are wavy and often concentric, and sardonyx the regu larl e y stratifi d stone .

Of The description , however, Theophrastus and Of the Arabian onyx would seemto point to the onyx as consisting I 103 A N T Q UE GEMS .

o Of parallel horizontal white and black layers, like the nyx o f ou r day .

I n of the modern acceptation the word , onyx is defined

o f onl two la ers c . as consisting y y , a white over a bla k The onyx or agate seems to have been in much use

n x a o f amo g the ancients for vases . The earliest notice e t nt

ln n . onyx vases occurs Appia (Bell . Mith , where he e m r o fMithridate s u nu erates amongst the treasu es , capt red at

2 000 e o f Aldov d r Po sido Talaura, v ssels onyx ( q

o f n x nests nius describes a collection o y bowls , found in , and E piph aniu s s peaks o f the Oriental princesses as delighting

dr - e ou t o f in inking v ssels cut the onyx . Fragments Of cups o f onyx (agate)are frequently found

of t r among Roman ruins . In the possession the au ho are

o f i rre u some fragments these cups , which present all the g

~ larl - r fi o f x KOhle r y st ati ed features the ony as defined by ,

a and as described by Satyr s .

or so - e tri- The banded , call d coloured agate , so cut that

‘ e ff i n the strata are se n crossing the stone, was much a ected

m i n of the earlier, and also com on the late phase ripened in Greek taste , especially Magna Grecia . The finest onyxes or agates came from India in an cient f times . They are mentioned by the author o the Periplus ” o f O u e in the Red Sea, as being brought from Ozene ( g )

Bar uz a o f down to yg (Broach, in the Gulf Cambay)for exportation . At the present day a great abundance of the finest varie t O f o r x - ies agates ony stones come from the Nerbudda, and

Vindh as . from Malwa , above the y

- X JASP ONY .

’

- on chi u ncta u ae as v ocatu r . Pliny s y j q j p onyx , Mr King

o f n writes , is indicated by the very composition the ame, as 104 A N TI QUE GEMS .

me x that extre ly rare ony , in which a true opaque red jasper m m I n m e . is superi pos d upon a plas a , to use modern ter s such material was engraved the wonderful Corinthian

Pon iatow sk helmet, the glory Of the (old) y cabinet .

- E YE . e BELI OCULUS O .

i d o f Bel oculus , which Pliny escribes as a stone a whitish in hue , surrounding a black pupil the middle , which shines

of m amid a lustre like that gold , was only so e highly

of x shaded variety the eye ony . Pliny adds, This stone , in u consequence Of its singular bea ty, has been consecrated b to the Deity (Bel), and held in the highest veneration y

o f t the people Assyria . It is much prized at the presen day in India .

of x Le u co thalmos Another variety the eye ony is p ,

o f - which he describes as a reddish hue , and presenting all

h o f t e . appearance an eye , in white and black

— E YPT I LL A . G NICOLO .

m m e The stone com only known by that na e , Pliny writ s , ” is black at the lower part, and blue On the surface . This is an exact description of the variety o f onyx known as f e o . nicolo, consisting Of a lay r a bluish tint over black

When used for an intaglio , the design was cut down through

th e the blue layer into black .

R nn Intagli in this stone are invariably in the oman ma er, and in style all posterior to the reign o f Nero . They usu ally have bevil edges . The nicolo continued to be a rather favourite stone so

- x e m n the lon g as gem engraving e ist d as an art, and a o g gems o f the Sassanian empire w e find mingled with many

l . luminous and love y sards, and with transcendent garnets ,

Some modern writers frequently confound this stone f ff n o . (plasma)with prase, a stone a di erent ature It is a

' lu n r u im ure trans ce t . o dull green , p , vitreous qua tz N antiq e intagli occur in this stone ; it wa s evidently unknown to the ancients .

I E I rr — PR A sru s S ANGU N s PUNc s . HELIOTROPE ;

rasiu s u This variety Of p , mentioned by Pliny as disfig red

sa n uineis unctis ou r with spots like blood ( g p ), is heliotrope ,

l m o r a p as a, green chalcedony , interspersed with small

of patches Opaque bright red jasper .

— A P . J S IS CHALCEDONY.

’ The following is Pliny s description o f this stone

te . Jaspis is green , and of n transparent Many countries

n d in produce this s to e . That Of In ia is like smaragdus

o f - colour ; that Cyprus is hard , and Of a pale sea green ;

'

- a erizu sa . and that Of Persia is sky blue , whence its name, ’ the te re binth u sa ias is There is also y p .

or r n From greenness and , more less , t anslucency bei g

t o f t the essential characteris ics the ancient jaspis , it canno

fi of me be identi ed with the jasper modern ti s , as it is an

8 of to opaque stone . The ja pis Pliny would appear include

a of e — the several v rieties chalc dony the green, the blue ,

th e . yellow ; in a word, as Mr King says, every colour

e - re d n to exc pt the blood , which gave its ame the sard .

o f o f n The green jaspis India and that Cyprus, mentio ed

Pliii to o f e by y, appear be plasmas , while that P rsia (the

' a eriz u sa or o f ) is the sapphirine , blue chalcedony , modern

te re bi nth u sa w times , and the jaspis y , the yello chalcedony . The le u chachate s Of Pliny is according to some writers

or o ur white chalcedony, modern white carnelian . A N TI G MS 10 QUE E . 7

The Indian green jaspis o f Pliny appears to be a plasma

Of a rarer kind , and almost approaching in colour to the

r ra siu s o f eme ald, while the p was a plasma a commoner

sort, in which the greater number Of Roman intagli were

engraved . At the present day a fine green Indian plasma

e ndh comes from the V ya hills .

o f in or Some intagli a Roman period occur this jaspis ,

o f . plasma , a beautiful emerald colour “ o f in Pliny mentions a variety this stone , like emerald

colou r . bu t , traversed by an Opaque white band through the

mono ramm os . x of middle , called jaspis g An e ample this

e m the B lacas re re stone occ urs in a g in Collection . It p s on ents a young Faun standing and lifting his cup high .

Cylinders of the A ssyro - Babylonian or later Babylonia n period often occur in sapphirine . It was also a favourite stone for Assyrian conical stamps . The most beautiful x Persian cylinder known is in sapphirine . Some fine e amples l o f Gre ek workmanship appear in this stone . A beautifu Greek intaglio on a large stone Of this sort is in the British

Museum ; the subject is a Victory crowning a trophy .

Roman intagli in sapphirine are also frequently met with .

Me sa of olo on s ac of s . du S n. Di y i Bull Hyllu Babylonian cylinders are frequently made of grey chal ce don an d x i for yh it is the material almost e clus vely used 108 A N T I G MS QUE E .

c o f earabmi of the large coni al seals the Sassanians . S

e e m l fre Etruscan work , as w ll as Gre k and Ro an intag i ,

e quently occur in this mat rial . The Dionysiac Bull Of Hyllus (Paris)and the Medusa of Solon (Blacas )are in

e grey chalc dony .

in has - e o f Busts and heads in full and reli f, and con

d r ble e e x n si e a . size, wer ecuted by the Romans in chalcedo y l Und e r the E mpire these carvings constitute d the phalerm m so Often mentioned as military distinctions on ar our . Many modern intagli occur in white chalcedony or car

‘ n elian , but it was a stone never employed in ancient times .

— A C H A T E s . G SICILIAN A ATE . “ on Theophrastus , in his work stones , says , Achates is a beautiful ston e ; it has its name from the ri v er Achate s ” the ( Dri“llo), in Sicily, and is sold at a great price . Pliny W t rites , Acha es was a stone formerly held in high

m . estee , but now held in none It was first found in Sicily, n ear. a o f n e river that am , but has since been discovere d in numerous other localities . In size it e xce eds any oth e r o f the of m stones this class , and varieties it are nu erous ,

m l . for x the na e varying according y Thus, e ample , we

ias achate s ce ra cha te s smara da cha te s hmmachate s have p , , g , , le u chacha te s de ndra ca te s m l t , ( arked with smal shrubs), au a chate s corralloa cha te s all , and , spotted over with drops

m e Of gold , and com only found in Cret , where it is also ’ ” known as sacred achates . He m e ntions also a property o f the Sicilian stones as bei ng good for wounds inflicted by

“ ' T he st n spiders and scorpions . o e s that are found i n ” “ , India , he continues are possessed Of similar properties , t and Of other grea and marvellous properties as we ll ; for

o f they present the appearance in them rivers , woods ,

110 A N TI QUE GEMS .

u stones with landscapes , trees and water, beautif lly deline

in C ubbe r u n the t ated , are still found India at p j ( five ombs ) x 3 a place si ty miles distant from Rajpipla in Guzerat . The cora lloacha te s appears to have bee n a variety peculiar

to no w to . Crete, but is unknown us

’ — A S T R O B O L o s . CA T 8 E YE . ” udine s astrobolos s S says , Pliny writes , that re embles

o f fish t the eye a in appearance , and that it has a radian

n in Su n n t white refulgence whe viewed the . This is o ’ c o f improbably the cat s eye , a translu ent variety Chalee d onic quartz , which displays a peculiar floating white

en ca b ch n streak Of light when cut o o . o h ’ Amongst the Marlbor ug gems is a monster cat s eye , ’ to 1 inch high , carved into a lion s head . It belongs the

- Cinque cento period .

J ASPER .

n a d Red and yellow jasper, in which Roma int gli aboun , ’ to no appears have come into use after Pliny s date , as he where mentions any stones which can be identified with

i s Pall as o f A spas u .

on on to of them . Engravings these stones bel g the times the Middle Empire and the decline .

3 ’ 0 e t Memo v ol. 11. . 2 . Forbe s s Ori n al irs , p 111 AN TI QUE GEAIS .

. o f A fine homogeneous red jasper, Mr Maskelyne tells us , a i verm lion colour, that is found in a breccia in India , and

o in n u for als Egypt, was ofte sed Roman gems in the later f times o the Empire . The most celebrated work in red of Mi jasper is the elaborately helmeted , but noble head

n . erva, at Vienna, signed AC HAC 10Y I n in the Marlborough collection is a head Of Vespasian , re d jasper, probably a contemporary work , and a very early f t m l example o this material . Red jasper Of en carries i peria

of o f o f portraits the time Hadrian , and more particularly his o f Antonine successors , with the characteristics the work o f those times .

Re d bu t not jasper is still found in Sicily, it does take a

an u o f . good polish and is spotty in colour, df ll veins

The bright vermilion jasper, in which many Roman

r corallis intagli f equently occur, was perhaps the Of Pliny, w h of hic he describes as a native India and Syene , and n resembli g minium in appearance . ’ Some writers connect the h aematites of Pliny s alpha be tical of - list, which he describes as a stone a blood red

the r colour, and which comes Of ve y finest quality from

E o and thiopia and als from Arabia Africa , with red jasper .

n o f o f Roman and Gnostic engravi gs a late date, and

f r in erio work , frequently occur in yellow jasper . It appears ,

w as however, that this stone used at an early period in

Egypt . In the British Museum is a small seal tablet, Of b i w on o ne eaut ful yello jasper, carrying side a hollow on o n backed horse ; the bverse is a bull standi g at rest, 145 0 with the cartouche Of Amenophis II . (

r - Black jaspe , an extremely fine , close grained substance, n and perfectly Opaque , Mr . King tells us , has bee employed

for e in by the Greeks, as the material som Of thei r finest

a o f n t gli ; for example, the fragment Of the head the dyi g 112 A TI N Q UE GEMS .

Prau n x Medusa ( collection). A seated sphin , a Greek

' l n i a so o t ce d. work , in this stone is N o description o f a gem answering to this stone is to be ’ seen In Pliny s list .

or m Inferior, Lower E pire , work never occurs in this m aterial .

L HI T E — M O s . O C GREEN JASPER . “ Molochites l S , P iny ays, is not transparent, being of a deeper green and more opaq u e than smaragdus its name

i m ohé is der ved from the allow (n xn), which it resembles In

e me e colour . It is highly est e d for making s als . This stone ” e h ou r is a nativ Of Arabia . T is is undoubtedly green

s s hra is m jasper . The stone which Pliny term p g , fro the

for circumstance of its being the best of all making signets,

e is eviden tly the same ston .

The green jasper, which was much used in antiquity for the earliest Assyria n cylinders and for the latest Gnostic m x t t a ulets , is a mi ture Of the green mineral chlori e wi h chalcedony . Phoenician scarabae i are usually made o f a dark green

o f chlorite jasper . The scarabs found in the cemeteries

T harros of e , in the island Of Sardinia , are also a dark gr en

u e . jasper, and are ndoubtedly Pho nician N m o gem of Greek type is known in green jasper . So e t Roman intagli are, however, met with in this s one . Mr .

n one o f n Off of Ki g notices two, a racer beari g the palm

him o victory, his name Tiberis inscribed over , in his wn collection ; and another with the conjoined heads o f B iocle

Maximian i n of tian and the character Janus , in the late

Prau n collection .

o f m e Sassanian seals frequently occur the same at rial .

- A dark green, opaque, close grained jasper, occasionally

114 A N TI QUE GEMS . the sanguine spots exactly depicted the blood trickling

o f r from the wounds the Saviou .

da for Bloodstone is at the present y much used seals . In

a a s ro sa n u ineo Italian cat logues Of gems it is styled j p g .

— SMARAGDUS MEDICUS . MALACHITE .

The smaragdus medicus , which Pliny describes , as found

m o f Of greater di ensions than any other sort smaragdus, Of a

sa hiru s wavy pattern , and sometimes resembling pp (lapis

a is o f o u r l zuli), , in the Opinion most writers , malachite , a

o f green carbonate copper, and the substance resembling sa hiru s o f pp , azurite , a blue carbonate copper frequently associated with it .

I t for was sometimes , but very rarely, used by the ancients

n ff x of a camci . The Pulsky Collectio a ords an e ample

of cameo in malachite , representing the bust a Bacchante . t It belongs o the best period Of Roman art .

— HIE MAT I T E S HEMATITE . ” “ ae to o f the H matites, according Pliny, very finest m E quality, co es from thiopia, but it is found in Arabia ” o f - and Africa as well . It is a stone a blood red colour .

he o hrastus o f e x T p also describes it as a dense, solid t ture, dr or n m of y, , according to its a e , seeming as if formed ” aem d fi'om concrete blood . The name h atites is erived

(I IL a . f e or / , blood This stone is identi ied with hematit , red

- for a iron stone . It has been often used scarab ei and intagli by the Egyptians, and for cylinders by the Assyrians .

— N . MAG ES MAGNETITE .

tacu s to d ff S o , according Pliny , describes five i erent

n f f irOn f o o o . kinds o magnes , all , doubt, varieties oxide

for w i The Ethiopian, the best, and sold its eight in s lver ; A N TI G MS 11 QUE E . 5

o f on that Magnesia , bordering Macedonia ; a third from Hye ttus in Boeotia ; a fourth from Alexandria in Troas ; and

i n of bor a fifth; from Magnesia Asia . Those Magnesia, d on o f O f e ering Macedonia, are a reddish black ; those Bo otia are more red than black . The kind found in Troas is

on t N ica nde r black . Pliny, the authori y Of , states that the magnet took its name from the herdsman who first disco in vered it in Mount Ida, by its attracting the nails his

of ff the soles , and the ferule his sta as he walked over bed . The magnetite used by the ancients for engraving 011 is n generally Of a metallic, steely lustre . Its Greek ame was

M19 I t 0 . 9, the Heraclean stone is the favourite material for Babylonian cylinders o f the Archaic and later

8 1 periods . It was also much in use in Egypt, and in Per a,

C u hic . for p signets It was rarely used by the Romans, and

: t that at a very late period a tolerable intaglio in hema ite ,

o f with a bust Abundantia, is noticed in the Marlborough

w t t a s Collection . Rude intagli, i h Gnostic subjec s , used f amulets , have been largely manu actured in this stone . There is said to be a curious specimen o f a small m agnetite i n the Collegio Romano, Rome , encircled with hieroglyphics , and which is said to present an unexhausted and still energetic action at its opposite poles .

M — B ID I AN U . N O S OBSIDIA .

of Among the various kinds glass , Pliny writes, we

Obsian m r to may also reckon glass , a substance very si ila

bsias e the stone which O discovered in Ethiopia . This ston is of and a i t a very dark colour, sometimes transp rent, but is to ta r r dull the sight, and reflects , when at ched as a mi ro to o f walls , the shadow the Object rather than the image . ” n u f Many persons make s“ignet sto es o t o it . Pliny men tions further on that gems were tested wi th the dus t of 1 2 E GE MS A N TI Q U .

Obsian u stone (Obsidian), as it will not leave a mark pon ” the surface o f a genuine stone .

bsian a This O stone, which Pliny says , resembles gl ss ,

s e b o f is Obsidian , a volcanic glas , produc d y the fusion

or or e o f felspathic rocks , those containing compos d alkaline

of e silicates . In consequence its reflecting properti s , the ancient Romans and the Corinthians frequently made it into

o f e m mirrors , and sometimes the walls th ir apart ents were

e fo r - ornamented with sh ets Of it looking glasses . The

x m e - Me icans also used it for irrors , knif blades , and points

’ nd o f arrows a lances . In Pliny s time it was largely m i itated in glass , and employed as a material for plates and d ishes . t l Antique in agli , in Obsidian . are extreme y rare . Mr .

‘ n o ne Pra u n chimoe ra Ki g mentions in the Collection , a cock on r on a la ge Obsidian , with a Gnostic design the reverse . Herodotus describes the Ethiopian continge nt in the host X x Of er es , as equipped with reed arrows tipped with a

n to stone , sharpe ed a point, with which they engrave

e seals . This stone was evid ntly obsidian , with the sharp plinters of which the Egyptians doubtless carve d their

ae e ste aschist e e scarab i of lim stone , , and oth r soft mat rials .

of r At the present day , flakes obsidian are f equently found

e o f in t in s veral parts Greece , evidently used primi ive 4 r - times fo arrow heads .

— s. J GAGATE ET .

a ate s t G g , Pliny wri es , is a stone , so called from

the Gages, name Of a town and river in Lycia. It is

4 In th e posse ssion Of the author are se v e ral Of the se flake s of O b m M t T and A hidu a an d me e o f the sidian, fro ara hon, anagra, p , so cor s ala or e A t l Fin m e t e m S a e e te Mr . sa s on , fro g , n ar r a, kind y pr s n d by

O i is in the of Me . la y. bsid an found island los

11 T E 8 A IV I Q U GEMS . is produced from a marrow discharge d by trees belonging

u m to the pine genus, like a g from the cherry , and resin u h from the ordinary pine . It is a liq id at first, whic issues forth in considerable quantities , and is gradually hardened

or or o f th e by heat cold , else by the action sea , when the u se o f the tide carries Off the fragments from the shores of n these isla ds . At all events , it is thrown up upon the coasts in so light a form that in the shallows it has all the

h n in r a ppearance Of a ging suspended the wate . Our fore

o f the u ice o f fathers , too , were Opinion that it is , j a tree ,

o f m o ne and for this reason gave it the name succinu , and great proof that it is the prod u ce of a tree of the pine genus

it e - is the fact that emits a pin like smell when rubbed , and d that it burns , when ignite , with the Odour and appearance ” - e of torch pin wood .

Amber is imported by the Germans into Pannonia ,

e mor particularly, from whence the Veneti , by the Greeks

E ne ti e in called , first brought it into g neral notice , a people

o f o n o f the vicinity Pannonia , and dwelling the shores the

i how th ' s tor Adriat c Sea . From this it is evident e y which connects it with the Padus firs t originated, that after

Phaeton had been struck by lightning , his sisters became

r e changed into poplars , which every year shed thei t ars

o f u pon the banks the Eridanus , a river known to us as ’ ‘ u T o m o f the Pad s . these tears was given the na e elec ’ trum . One great proof that amber must have been originally in a liquid state , is the fact that, owing to its transparency ,

n — x e certai objects are be seen within ants , for e ampl , gnats

e to and lizards . Thes , no doubt, must have adhered it when liquid , and then , upon its hardening , have remained enclosed within .

of . There are several kinds amber, Pliny writes further A N T G MS 119 I Q UE E .

The white is the one that has the finest Odour ; but nei ther this nor the w a x- coloured amber is held in very high

b e l esteem . The red am er is more highly valu d ; and stil so more , when it is transparent, without presenting too

an For o f brilliant and igneous appearance . amber, to be

l o f high quality , shou d present a brightness like that fire ,

not of but flakes resembling those flame . The most highly n esteemed amber is that know as the Falernian , from its resemblance to the colou r of Falernian wine it is perfectly transparent, and has a softened , transparent brightness . t O her kinds , again , are valued for the mellowed tints , like

o fb v the colour oiled honey in appearance . When a vi ifying heat has been impar ted to it by rubbing it between the ff fingers, amber will attract cha , dried leaves , and thin bark ,

r j ust in the same way that the magnet att acts iron . Amber even at the present day is still found on the coasts o f the Northern Sea, the Baltic ; and Pliny is evidently right in his conjecture that amber is produced from trees

n to belo ging to the pine genus , as, according Professor

’ GO e rt v 18 cou s o f pp , it is the resin a fir named by him

initis su ccin er p if . Amber claims the highest antiquity in the list o f sub

f r stances used o personal ornament . It was much prized 5 u by the ancient Etruscans , and was frequently introd ced

I n of into their jewellery . the possession the author is an

carabee i Etruscan ring with a piece o f amber set in it. S t also frequently occur in this subs ance .

It was known to the early Greeks . A gold necklace

5 The re is suppose d to have be en a ve ry acti v e commerce of th e E w t t h O e t of t e e t w a s m e t e E r e . T e ruscans i h nor h rn u op bj c h ir qu s a b r, as i s e stablishe d by the much more fr e que nt occurre n ce of Obj e cts o f E truscan manufacture in the e xtre me north of Prussia than in any t interme diate dis rict . A N TI QUE GEMS .

’ ' - — n s rdd AéKr ow tv ée ' o d r O ss . x v hu g with bits Of amber (a fi p p , y .

460 m - ) m . e AeKr o is entioned in Ho er Its Gre k name was fi p v , ‘ but Pliny tells us that D e mostratu s called amber lynen ’ e rion , who attribut d its origin to the urine o f the wild x beast known as the lyn .

n It maintained a high value among the Romans , partie larl y at the time Of Nero, and was largely used for orna mental and decorative purposes . Pliny tells us that the nets which were used for protecting the podium of the amphitheatre against wild beasts were studded with amber

o f x n by Julianus , the manager the gladiatorial e hibitio s , ” 6 A ll for the Emperor Nero . the weapons and articles used during the games Of the amphi theatre were also m ade o f o f u lian u s amber. The largest piece amber that J brought to Rome was thirte en pounds in weight . x x Mr . King mentions as the most precious e ample e tant o f r h t Roman ca ving in t is subs ance, a ring in the Waterton n th Collection , formed into an elegant desig wi Cupids in

ou t o f l e full relief upon the shoulders , cut a sing e piec . A most interesting specimen of carved amber is in the British Museum ; it was formerly i n the Pou rtale s Collee

e tion . The subject represents a bearded figur , whose legs

r appear to te minate in a serpent, embracing a draped female 3 in e 6 . . figure . This group m asures 3in by 5 , and is ,

o x o f pr bably, the largest e tant specimen amber sculptured

m e in - a by the ancients . S all figures carv d in this material very Archaic style have been found In Etruria .

In Amber has be en occasionally found In tumuli England . Perhaps the finest e xample o f amber discove red i n this v country is the cup which some years ago was found at Ho e,

now near Brighton, and is exhibited with associated stone

5 i on e of t e e m e t . In th e posse ssion of the author s h s a b r s uds

12 2 A N TI MS QUE GE .

on hard like stone , nor yet, the other hand , should it be ” f of or ull holes hollow . T he Romans seem to have employed coral merely as a n a o f mulet and in medicine , for Pliny tells us , bunches

the corals , hung at necks Of infants , are thought to act as a preservative against danger ; calcined and pulverized , and n in i ff take water, it g ves relief to patients su ering from

ffe o f griping pains and a ctions the bladder. At the present day pointed pieces of coral are worn h ung round the neck at Naples , as amulets against the

n ma lo chio malignant influe ce Of the evil eye ( c ). It has been said that coral was never used by the ancients

e or . for glyptic purposes , either in r lief intaglio An antique carved h e ad o f Jupiter in coral was lately in the possession

f i its t O . n Mr Phillips , Cockspur Street . From charac er and pattern it is said to be undoubtedly Gre e k o f the bes t

h . t e . period . It was found in Greece by Duke Of St Albans ’

i e . An intaglio in this material is n Mr . Maskelyne s Coll ction t The gorgonia (gorgon s one), mentioned by Pliny, was

n m for another a e coral .

— E MARGARITA . P ARL .

Theophrastus gi v es but a brief notice of the pearl . He writes : T O the number of ge ms held in esteem belongs that

e . called the margarita, not transpar nt in its nature Neck f i n laces O f great value are made o u t o it . It is produced a

of m n in . kind oyster, and in like an er, the pinna It is

on o f in found in India, and the shores certain islands the

Red Sea .

iv a Athenaeus and Chares Of Mytilene, g e dmirable accounts of the naturalhistory o f the pearl oyster as known to the

ancients , but the fullest details , as to both fish and fishery; are to be found in the description o f Parthia by Isidorus 12 3 A N TI QUE GE MS .

h o f C arace . Pliny seems to have followed these authoritie s in o f his account the pearl .

According to these writers the pearl - bearing oyster was f on o f ound in ancient times in the Indian Sea, the coasts

T a robane f Armenia, Persia, Susiana , Babylonia, and p

l o f (Ceylon), which was then, as unti lately, the seat the most productive fishery . The Red Sea pearls were the most transparent ; the

d n r to all In ia , though superio in magnitude the others , had

o f t of o f something the opaque lus re talc . Those the b exa lumina ta) est quality were distinguished by the title ,

o f i . e . clear as a globule alum . When larger than ordi

u nio n nary, the name (unique)was given them ; whe pear s e elen hi haped th y were termed c . T h e pearl was in great esteem among the ancients . It seems to have been know n from the earlies t times to the ’ of Asiatic Greeks . In Pliny s time the pearls India and x in Arabia were held ne t esteem to the adamas , taking the

o f u precedence the emerald and the r by .

o f It was the Asiatic conquests Pompey, Pliny tells us , that first turned the taste o f the Romans towards pearls

e and precious ston s . In his triumphal procession were

- m ou t o f carried thirty three crowns ade Of pearls , a temple

- t o f t he the Muses supporting a sun dial , a portrai (bust)

ou t c . victor himself, formed Of the same pre ious units

m o u t o f Caligula wore slippers ade pearls , and Nero had sceptres for the actors in his theatre wrought o u t Of them .

llia o f Pliny mentions having seen L o Paulina, the widow

h of Caligula, completely covered over wit strings alternate

000 o f ou r 400 l. . pearls and emeralds to the value Of , money ’ Pliny s story is well known about the ext ravagance o f

t one o f Cleopa ra, who, to outdo Antony, threw the two

fi the o f n nest pearls in world into a cup vinegar, and whe 12 4. A N TI QUE GEMS . “ r Off d dissolved d ank it . It is unfortunate for this goo ” '

. a story, Mr King rem rks , that no acid the human stomach

' e can endure is capable Of dissolving a pearl , ven after long ” e e mac ration in it . The largest pearl known to Pliny weigh d half a Roman ounce and one scruple over (2 34 5‘ grains troy). The word ma rga rita is said to be the Greek form * of the

ma ra ca ta o r e merwerid Sanscrit , the P rsian .

M HI — URR N A . P FLUOR S AR .

’ o f mu rrhina In Pliny s notice , he first gives an account Of

o o f o f m i t the introducti n this material , and vases ade Of m “ ” “ . m e into Ro e Po p y , he writes , was the first who

mu rrhina h e a introduced at Rome ; being the first to dedic te ,

on o f on the conclusion Of his triumph , his conquest Mithri d e la ides of th e at s , blocks ( p )and cups this material, in

m o f C a itolinu s te ple Jupiter p , a circumstance which soon

u se m l and brought them into private ; s al dishes even ,

f u r in in d o m rh a . eating utensils ma e , being great request

o f x on the ' in cre a se This species lu ury , too , is daily ; a m i m xt si ple cup, wh ch would hold no ore than three se arii ,

a f h s been purchased at the price o seste rces .

. e o f e J Petronius, a personag consular rank , int nding , from

d of e th e his hatre N ro , to disinherit table Of that prince ,

mu rrhine e broke a basin , which had cost him no l ss than

sesterces . But Nero himself, as it was only proper for a prince to do, surpassed them all by paying

e of m sesterces for a single cup, a fact w ll worthy re em ” “ e e o f brance , Pliny adds, that an emp ror, the fath r his

u of country, should have dr nk from a vessel such costly ” price .

e of He then describes the mat rial i“tself, which these costly vases and cups were made : The East sends us

12 6 A N TI Q UE GEMS .

of Rome , prove that it was largely imported at the time

Hadrian .

fe w o n n I shall now make a remarks the above otice, and then ente r more fully into the subject o f its ide ntifica

flu or n of tion with spar. Pliny begins his descriptio

mu rrhina mu rrhina . , by . saying , The East sends us Here he evidently means the material itself, the pieces in the r t o ough, and not vases and vessels , as generally unders o d . Hence we see that mu rrhina was brought to Rome in the

u u . ro gh , and then wrought p into dishes and bowls ’ of a Pliny s supposition , that it is found a moist subst nce , t solidified by sub erraneous heat, is only the same as is put forward by ignorant lapidaries at Catania , at the present day , who say that the alabaster found under Mount Etna is snow solidified by intense heat .

e o a flu r We com now t its identific tion with o spar .

m e Among the arbl s lately discovered at Rome , at the

t of Marmorata (the si e the ancient Emporium ), by Signor

o f fluor Visconti , are eight blocks spar . Through the kind d of . S hake s e re VVOO t s ness Mr p , the author ob ained a pe

m e ci en Of it, which was given to him by Cardinal Anton lli .

a o of Another piece was, some years g , in the possession

who ou t a dealer in antiquities , Rolli , gave that he found

n o f n o w it in diggi g the foundations a house, but it is

r a known he stole it from the Marmo at . This was sold to the Jesuits , who had it cut up into thin slices , and had the front o f their altar in the Chiesa del Jesu o rna me nte d with it .

of are o f Specimens both in the possession the author. The smaller specimens are from the block discovered by

a of a di Rolli , and Obt ined by him from Sibilio the Pi zza

t o f the Spagna, o whom was entrusted the cutting up block

ltar l n s dis ov el for the a . A arger specime i from the late c y MS 12 A N TI QUE GE . 7

and a i n by Signor Visconti , Obt ined, as already ment o ed ,

the from Cardinal Antonelli , by whose orders blocks have

l o f to u been p aced in the vaults the Vatican , be sed at some

of future time for the decoration chuches .

' o f not This discovery is great importance, as it only

fluor to o proves that spar was known the Romans , but als

to t mu rrhina n as it leads the identification wi h the Of Pli y .

These blocks evidently came from the East, as they were

of found with blocks Oriental marble in the Emporium . The specimens in the possession Of the author have been

flu o Mr. r pronounced by Maskelyne to be true spar, with a

white stratum Of hornstone winding through it . It fully f ' the de scri tion o f x a nswers p Pliny . It e hibits zones Of purple with veins o f opaque white (hornstone) running

. hu e . through it In some parts it assumes a reddish , fiery A slight iridescence frequently occ urs i n different parts Of

flu or it. Further, spar never takes a high polish , and is

for o f — remarkable the beauty and variety its colours purple,

violet, red , blue, green, yellow, and the winding Of these

o f u r u r v arious zones colours . The p p a Of Pliny was

tint . s uch as evidently a violet , as is found a prevailing

o fluor S a c lour in par, as he pplies the same term to the

sa les amethyst . If the word in Pliny can be translated

cr sta ls r o f mu r y , it would further confi m the identity , t rhina flu or a s fluor a and spar, is characterized by its cryst l n liz i g in regular cubes . The Odour is evidently from the

re sin , which was put round it when working it, as at the

e of present day , to prev nt it from breaking , as it is a soft ’ n Pro e rtiu s s x Murrh . ea u e and brittle ature p e pression , q ” Parthis ocu la cocta of in p focis , strengthens the proof its

a s fluor a to identity, at the present day spar is b ked enhance ’ h t e . the beauty Of the colours , particularly red The blocks o f fluor s par found at the Marmorata were e vidently brought to Rome for the purpose o f being wrought for th e x m up into dishes and bowls lu urious Ro ans . An Objection has been made to this identification of the mu rrhina with the flu or spar found at Rome 011 account o f m tu o f b e a the agni de “the locks discover d at the Marmorat , for x ( e Pliny says , In superficial e tent the piec s) never

r for e xcee d that requi ed small dishes . In thickne ss they

e - are rarely larg enough for a drinking cup . This obj e c

e on e the mnrr tion is not , howev r , a strong , as blocks of hina

me m e Plih introduced into Ro by Po pey, and notic d by y, e m o f must have be n at that ti e very rare , and small size ;

m o f but at the ti e Hadrian , the date of the blocks , according 111 c s to the co nsulate (SERVIANO . o )marked on o ne o f the

' blocks o f marble found with the flu or spa r at the Mar

D 134 th e e ln A . . fea te r morata , , demand must have b en g , and consequently th e impor tation more e xtensive and the blocks introduced o f greater size . A further objection has been made that no remains o f

f o e me vases o fl or spar hav been found at Ro . Corsi

‘ s nt n - ? o ne mention two a ique vases fou d in Rome, in the

Kirch eriano he m e Museo , which says so co pletely answ red the description o f the nzu rrhina that it s e e ms as if it had be en

the e te in hands of Pliny , when he his description of that material ; another in th e possession Of Signor Gillet Lamont: The discovery of these blocks of flu or spar shows that h m t is substance ust have been known to the Romans , and consequently we ought to have some description o f it in

d e em e Pliny , as he has escribed ev ry g and ston known to the Romans of that period . Now there is no description in his work that answers better that o f flu or Spar than his

f i nu rrhina description o . n Mr . Maskelyne has noticed the great resembla ce little

x t flu o glass Roman vessels e hibit in heir pattern to r spar .

130 A N TI QUE GEM S.

But the strongest Objection to the view o f its being agate

of is the passage Pliny, where he mentions that a consul

of of mu rrhina n gnawed the edges a vase , and the i jury done

i s to it by his teeth only tended to enhance its value . Th shows that the murrhina was of the soft and brittle nature of flu or not a spar, and a hard siliceous subst nce like agate , which no teeth could abrade . ’ “ We may also add Dr . Billing s words As it is recorded

mu rrhina that the vases were introduced first by Pompey, from his Parthian expedition, they could not be agate , which was common before his time hence murrhina must n ot be f interpreted agate . It is a remarkable corroboration o thi s

i flu or al opin on that , although Spar is such a rare miner , it has been seen by a modern traveller in the neighbourhood

ea ca of Of the Caspian S , just the lo lity the Parthian ex ” pe dition . This view is further confirmed by the Observation of the author Of the article on Precious Stones in the E din 6 “ bu r h R ev iew mu rrhina uasa g , that the were like onyx ,

n t so r but were o onyx . In this he is far co rect that the zones and winding strata Of flu or spar bear a ki“nd of to f or resemblance those o agate onyx . He adds they m ca e with onyx from the Nerbudda, as related by the

o f author the Periplus . This author says they came from Ou e in 100 Ozene ( g ), which is nearly miles from the Ner

Ve ndh a . budda, and divided from it by the y Mountains

to Ozene was doubtless , as we said before, an emporium which the mu rrhina of Parthia (murrhina i n Pa rthis pocu la

cocta ocis to f )were brought, to be forwarded thence Bary

Bre a h x gaza ( c )for e portation to Rome . Everything points ou t a distinct difference between onyx

6 1866 . 2 5 3. July, , p I MS 131 A N T QUE GE .

mu rrhina not ffe in and . They were only di rent their

n for u ature , the onyx is a hard, siliceo s stone, and the

mu rrhina soft and easily scratched , as we must infer from ’ Pliny s account of the consu l gnawing the edges of a cup of

a of on this material , and leaving the m rks his teeth it but

also in the localities from whence they came . The onyx

mu rrhina came from India and Arabia, the from Parthia and

rm Ca ania . Mu rrhina was evidently considered by the Romans as a n n rare sto e, distinct in its ature from every stone known to them hitherto . It is classed apart by Pliny . Before e ntering on his description of gems and precious stones he

of mu rrhina an d gives an account , crystal amber, as distinct

a to of subst nces from those he was going treat , evidently placi ng them in a class apart from those generally known as

precious stones , among which agate (onyx)is placed . Lastly p urpu ra (purple or v iolet) never appears in

t . u r u ra aga es It has , however, been asserted that the p p

of Of hu e n to the ancients was a crimson inclini g maroon .

n f u r u ra f There is o authority or this assertion . The p p o

of or Pliny was evidently a violet amethystine hue . Among the stones of the colour of pu rpu ra he includes the

a f on methysts o India . Further he mentions the amethysts

of o f India as having in perfection the richest shade purple .

6 he er who d . . 8 C In Book ix cap , Pliny mentions that p , die

i n n o f th e u the reig Emperor A gustus, has left the following remarks In the days of my youth the violet purple was

of to one in favour, a pound which used sell at hundred ” u r u ra of denarii . All tends to show that the p p Pliny was

of one of a rich violet amethystine hue , such as is the 7 of flu r predominant colours o spar.

l ’ A to S ir G e k R He d ccording ardn r Wil inson awlinson s ro otus,

- t n . 4 th e m t r 3 7) e b st purple was a e hyst o viole colour. x 2 2 A TI 13 N QUE GEMS .

X — E ONY . ORI NTAL ALABASTER .

’ l e The name onyx was origina ly, and som times in Pliny s m t l time , as he tells us , given to the arble (Orien al a abaster,

f m e x carbonate o li e). At a later p riod the term ony was restricted to the gem so called at the present day ; and the name alabastrites was applied to the marble from its being

or e chiefly employed for alabastra, ungu nt jars , it having ,

to o f according Pliny , the reputation preserving unguents t from corruption . These alabas ra were shaped like minute

m ae . a phor , but without handles The Greeks , however, made

in of tw o a more careful distinction the appellation the stones ,

of Omi tov to (ii/fi i n to giving the name x the gem , and Of x g the marble . O n According to Pliny , onyx ( rie tal alabaster)is found in

of o f m the vicinity Thebes in Egypt, and Da ascus in Syria,

o f m that Damascus being whiter th an the other . The ost

e o f x e esteemed kind, how ver, is that Carmania, the ne t b ing

o f o f the produce India, and then those Syria and Asia . t The worst in quality is that of Cappadocia, it being ut erly f destitute o lustre . That which is of a honey colour is the

n most esteemed , covered with spots curli g in whirls

corti ces not . ( ), and transparent It is considered defective ,

n or when it is of a white or hor colour, approaching to glass

i n . e of appearance Drinking vessels were mad it at first,

e of i and then the f et beds and cha rs . Cornelius Nepos relates that great was the astonishment when P . Lentulus Spinthe r exhibited amphorae made Of this materialas large ” as Chian wine vessels , and yet, five years after, he says ,

I saw columns of this material no less than thirty - two feet ” of r in height . Four small pillars it were erected by C o h Balbu s re n elius in his theat , as somethi g quite marvellous,

TI S A N Q UE GEM .

o f had been reopened , and furnished the material which his m x t sumptuous mausoleu at Cairo is e clusively cons ructed, a piece o f extravagance beyond the ambition Of even 8 Nero .

A A I T E — B S N s . BASALT . ” “ diScov ere d The Egyptians, Pliny writes , have in E ‘ ’ thiopia the stone known as basanites , which in colour and n hardness resembles iron , whence the name has bee

t of given o it . A larger block it has never been known than the one forming the group which has been dedicate d by

e s asianu s o f the Emperor V p Augustus in the Temple Peace . x n It represents the river Nilus , with si teen children sporti g a of x x m round it, symbolical the si teen cubits , the e tre e

to t height which, in the mos favourable seasons , that river ” should rise . The basanites described here by Pliny is the stone

o f known at the present day under the name basalt, an i o f o of n gneous rock a deep black, but sh wing a tinge gree

' o f a n extremel when viewed at a certain angle, and y fine grain . Intagli and scarabaei of a very late period amon g the

t f e Egyptians are o be met with o this material . Th re are

o f also some Gnostic amulets this stone . It was frequently

for a R m employed statues by the Egypti ns , and by the o ans

of o f the age Hadrian .

Ma rmor Theb i um Basalt was also known as a c .

— R L E PT O S E PHOS . PORPHY ITES . PORPHYRY

le tose h o s The porphyrites p p , which Pliny describes as

n o f the productio Of Egypt, and a red colour mottled

8 “ m . H o 2 4. . . N r f e C W King, atu al istory G s, p A N TI S QUE GEM . 135

with white blotches, is undoubtedly porphyry, a stone of a dark crimson ground, thickly disseminated with white

a o f cryst ls felspar . Pliny further states that the quarries

to u b of how in Egypt are able f rnish locks any dimensions, ever large . Talismanic intagli of a late Roman date occasionally occur in this stone . Under the Lower Empire it was largely employed in the

o f most sumptuous edifices then erected, in the forms

of la bra columns , for baths , and of sarcophagi . The Sarcophagus of the Empress Helena in the Vatican is made ou t of a single block 19 h palms high by 12 long 13 8 of of x ( x feet) this stone, the finest te ture and deepest

. of o f C on colour The sarcophagus Constantia, daughter stantine out of , is also cut a single block Of the same stone 1 7 5 (7 1; x 3, feet). of e The lower parts later Imp rial busts , having the head a i n or n lone white marble bronze, were occasio ally carved o f this material . n It was also employed by Italia artists at the Revival . The porphyrites of Pliny is the red marble known among

rosso ti o the fragments found at Rome as an c .

OPHITE S . SERPENTINE .

The Ophites marble, which Pliny describes as marked with white streaks , which resemble serpents In appearance , t a nd which derives its name from this , is identifiedwi h the wi serpentine so frequently met th among Roman ruins , and

ti o of a which has been termed serpentine a n c . It is dark

- dull green colour, with long, whitish spots .

s ae a y Egyptian carab i, be ring hieroglyphics, frequentl E G MS A N TI Q U E .

of ri occur of this material . Gems a late Roman pe od are 9 in n sometimes met with serpe tine .

— YE NI T E s N . S . GRA ITE “ of In the neighbourhood Syene , Pliny says , in The bais , there is a stone found that is now known as syenites , ” - aecilon n o but was formerly called pyrrho p . This can be

- other than the well known Egyptian stone , granite , a primi tive rock whose constituent parts are felspar, quartz, and

or o f e mica . This red Egyptian variety granit (the red felspar predominating)was principally used by the E gyp “ ” for tians “their statues and obelisks . Monarchs , Pliny of l one an writes, have entered into a sort riva ry with o in ther forming elongated blocks Of this stone, known as f ”1 o . obelisks , and consecrated to the divinity the sun The variety of granite called at the present day syenite

of . is composed felspar, quartz , and hornblende Though

9 A t o f an c e t di at O t of t ri te se r por ion an i n sh, found s ia, an igo (

e t e i s i n th e e of th e t . p n in ), poss ssion au hor 1 Th e hieroglyphi cs in th e Ob e lisks are rathe r e ngrave d than sculp tu re d and m the mi te m n e in hi t e are e xe , , judging fro nu an r w ch h y te d we ma e t e te the m e e a s e e cu , y suppos h y adop d sa proc ss ngrav rs, an d e e in me t e e m e th e e e and l. T t v n, so ins anc s, ploy d wh l dril ha the y were acquainte d with th e u se of e me ry powde r i s n ot at all m e e e i n the o f the A i e it i probabl , sinc , b ing found islands rch p lago, w a s w t t e e an d if t be m tte w e ca n n t for i hin h ir r ach his ad i d, accou th e admi rable finish and sharpne ss of the hie roglyphi cs on grani te and t m me t an d e x i th e e of t e e e r basal ic onu n s, pla n r ason h ir pr f ring t of e t o t e of e an d m e tem e re te e for it i s ools bronz hos hard r or p d s l, e e t th e e e te m e e di t the m e and its vid n powd r n rs or r a ly in o for r, action upon th e stone i s incre ase d i n proportion to th e quan tity re t ain e d th e t of th e hi e e e we e e t o f t by poin c s l, wh nc pr f r ools sof iron ” to te r h e me e — Sir r n e ki A e t e fo t . hard s l sa purpos Ga d r Wil nson, nci n E ” t v ol. ii . . 15 7 . gyp ians, p

CATALOGUE

GEMS AND PRE CI OUS S TONE S

IN T HE

HEND O E TION S OUTH ENS IN TON MUSEUM T OWN S C LL C , K G

11 2 . I n n t 7 . DIAMOND the a ive state an octahedral

crystal , with the curved faces and the edges replaced ,

n in i n passing into a dodecahedro diam . s . claw n in setting o a sw g mount . m 1 3 . 1 7 . Black Dia ond Nearly circular brilliant cut

in e diam . . ; surrounded with fourteen small ros m i n dia onds coronet mounting .

11 4 . . . 7 . Brilliant Nearly circular, diam {g in Silver setting

on chased gold shank . in 1 . . . 1 75 . Green Brilliant Round ; diam ; surrounded with

l cu t on twelve bri liants , double set In silver a

gold mounting .

1 T i tal e i s te e mi m t t e e h s Ca ogu adap d, by p r ssion, fro ha pr par d by m f r he e e and Art De tme t w t the Mr. e T e t o t S Ja s nnan ci nc par n , i h mistake s corre cte d . 139 A TA OG E T C . C L UE,

- 7 in 1 . 176. Sea green Diamond . Brilliant cut T g in by 1 with a rose diamond on each of the six points ofthe o c ronet setting . 5 11 . in 77 . . . Yellow Diamond Circular diam T ? , with eight one on of rose diamonds, each point the coronet

setting . 3 1 1178 . . . in Pale Puce Diamond Brilliant cut 7 5 in by 3,

surrounded with twelve small brilliants , set in silver

on - the open work mounting . 9 l . 11 9 . 7 . Blue Diamond Bril iant cut 1 6 in . by i s in 12 6 surrounded with 18 brilliants . 118 in 0. Rock Crystal . Circular brilliant cut diam . i . ;

on s a coronet mount with silver claw .

- 1181 . . Smoky Quartz Octagonal cushion cut face ; back 9 b — ~ 1n facetted 1 3in . y l . ; coronet mount .

11 2 . 8 . Pale Yellow Quartz Face with table and step

- facets culet pointed , and culet side facetted 5 9 in . . on gin by 1 5 , and (, thick coronet mounting .

1183. Oval Yellow Quartz . Table cut back facetted 1 in in . by 72 in a claw mount .

1184 . . Oval Yellow Quartz Face with table , and facetted

e in I . bez l ; back with facets, and a pointed culet ; % 1 —‘ ‘ 7 1 in - by 2 . , and I in . thick , in coronet mount .

1185 w u i - . Yello Q artz, w th a feather . Oblong , cushion cut

on 1 in with steps large facets the back ; by 5 . ,

and 1 - % in . thick coronet mounted handle .

1186 of . Twin Stone Pale Yellow and Purple Quartz .

- d Each half long oval , facette , and 5 3; in . by g in

set in a plain mount . 118 7 . Oval Biconvex Amethyst . Containing four large cavities with movable fluid and floating bubbles . i 1 . in . a a in by { , and f; in . thick ; in pl in swing n mou t . 140 CA TA L OGUE

l 1188 - . Oval Amethyst . Cushion cut %2 in . by ai; in

a coronet mounting .

- 1189 . on and . Heart shaped Amethyst Facetted face in i back , T 2 . by i in . in coronet mount .

119 - - 0. Deep coloured Oval Amethyst . Face cushion cut ; l in ' in back facetted in . by g . , and in . thick

coronet mounting . 119 1 . Amethyst . Rich in colour, and striped ; cushion 3 ‘ m l 1n b in . . cut face , facetted back ; rs . y § , and 2 thi ck ; in a coronet mount .

1192 f - . o a . Amethyst Indian a delic te tint table cut , in in and facetted back ou t in steps é . by if

- surrounded with thirty seven rose diamonds . ’

1193. r a Pale Yellow Quartz . Ca ved as a monkey s he d , 1 7 in b . with a rosy tint in the nose 3, . y T in in

a plain mount . 1194 . Chrysoberyl. Light yellowish green brilliant cut

gin . by g in . coronet mount .

1195 - . Quartz . Of a deep wine colour, oval ; table cut 5 in . . back facetted in . by g , and 5 7 in thick

coronet mount . 1196 . Plasma . Oval engraved with a Cupid holding a 5 butterfly over a torch T ? in . by in . in a plain

mount .

119 . on 7 Plasma . Oval engraved with a Cupid resting a

f a sta f ; in . by t in . coronet mount . 1198 n two . Plasma . Long oval ; e graved with female

'

figures, in . by in . Plain mounting .

9 - - 119 . . Chrysoprase Oval face ; table cut ; back rounded ; 3 T 5 in . by 5 in . solid plain mount . 12 00. Chrysoprase . Oval ; engraved in high relief with 9 - - b . n a laurel wreathed head i t in . y T ? in ; plai o m unt .

142 CA TA L OGUE

1 . in Mocha Stone . in by T9; . ; claw mounting . l b in Mocha Stone . Oval ; grey ; in . y g . ; in plain

light mounting . 9 fia t - i 12 16. o . . n . Heliotr pe Oval ; ; in by 2 4 , plain t moun ing . ’

12 1 . 7 . Cat s Eye Honey yellow ; cut en cabochon ; 2 5 “ 9 ‘ d b in . an . . y 9 4 , T in thick ; coronet mounting ’ 3 8 . on . 12 1 . Cat s Eye Brownish ; cut cabochon ; 1 2 in by

s in . , plain mount . ’ B 1ow nlsh e n 19 . . 12 Cat s Eye , cut cabochon and hollow 8 - in i T } in . by T 2 . ; surrounded by twenty brill ants , and with several roses on the pierced shoulders ; all

set in silver On a gold shank . 1 - sha e d 12 2 0. Precious Opal . Harlequin ; heart p ; T in . by

- - in fort six T g . ; surrounded with y diamonds ; in

- n open work mounti g . i b in . Precious Opal . Oval ; in . y g ; surrounded

- with thirty four diamonds . 7 " - in Precious Opal . Long pear shaped ; T 2 in . by T T ;

- in open , blue enamelled coronet setting ; surrounded

with twelve brilliants . 9 7 2 3 . . in . 12 . Precious Opal Oval ; T ; in by T 3 ; surrounded

- l with twenty four brilliants ; p ain mounting . l 5 - - 2 4 . . i n . 12 . Precious Opal Oval ; T; in by 9 4: ; surrounded

- with si xteen rose diamonds ; in open work mounting . 6 1n . n ; . . 12 2 5 . Precious Opal Lo g oval ; g in by T 6 ; in claw

setting , with blue enamel . 5 i b - im 2 2 6 . . 1 . Fire Opal Long oval ; {f in y 1 T ; with blue

enamel border on the gold setting . 5 in Fire Opal . Circular ; diam . T . , coronet mount,

On carved shank .

“ ” in n 12 2 8 . Precious Opal . Oval ; T 5 in . by PE . ; plai mount

in a . g , with cl ws F MS A N D PR I O S S T ON S 143 O GE E C U E .

1 in Precious Opal . Oval ; 7; in . by g . ; plain mount .

- in Precious Opal . Oval ; pale pinkish grey ; . by 7 1n T . ; in a light open coronet mounting .

12 31 r . 7 . P ecious Opal Ovate ; light purple ; in . by } in

in simple mounting . 12 32 . o . . Precious Opal Oval ; part white , part br wn ; in 3 - in . o by T ; ; in pen work setting .

12 33 . n of n . Opal Oblong oval ; dark brow ; with play gree in colour ; Tg in . by g . ; coronet mounting .

- . in Opal Heart shaped ; blue and grey ; diam . . ;

plain mounting .

2 - 1 35 . . Semi opal Nearly hemispherical ; yellow, dendritic

b - in - g in . y g . ; open work mount . 7 - 12 36 . . Semi Opal Circular ; yellow ; facetted ; diam . 2 ;7

plain Open mounting . 1 Lumachelle (Fire Marble). Oval ; flat ; in . by g in . n in a coronet mounti g .

12 38 . . n o Sapphire Lo g oval ; en caboch n , prismatic by a fi flaw t ; Ti in . by T g in in coronet setting . 12 9 5 5 3 . . . . Sapphire Deep blue ; T g in by T € in set with and three brilliants four small diamonds . i 7 2 40 . in 1 . Sapph re Circular ; blue ; diam . 7 3 . ; set with

two - pear shaped brilliants, and ten small brilliants . 1 9 7 12 41 . ov a . Sapphire Deep blue ; globose ; T 5 in . by T 6 in

in plum mounting , with claws .

12 42 e on . Sapphire . Deep blue ; g shaped ; table cut g 9 f n in " o b . face ; acetted back ; I in . y 2 , and 1 5 in .

thick ; in coronet mount . 9 ” “ 12 43 . o . . Star Sapphire En cabochon ; val ; 5 in by 1 6 in

in a plain mount .

44 . en 12 . Star Sapphire With silky lustre ; octagonal ; in cabochon ; i s in . by {g . ; surrounded with forty

seven small diamonds . 144 CA TA L OG UE

m 12 45 . . Star Sapphire He ispherical ; pale blue ; diam .

in n of . ; surrou ded with two circles diamonds . 9 9 o 12 46 . c l r 111 . Star Sapphire Nearly hemispheri a ; d am . T 5

in coronet mounting .

12 4 . 7 . Violet Sapphire (Oriental Amethyst) Octagonal 7 . in . s r oblong, facetted ; 1 5 in by g ; ur ounded with

forty diamonds . 5 - “ 12 48 . . . . Sapphire Amethystine Cushion cut ; 12 in by 6 ' in n T 6 . ; in coronet mounti g . 3 e , b in 12 49 . Ruby . Nearly squar ; T in . y 1 6 . ; surrounded

- with brilliants ; Open work mounting . 7 ” ” in . 12 5 0 . a . . Star Ruby Pale ; hemispheric l ; diam 16 ;

n n . plai mou ting , with claws

1 . 2 5 1 . . Star Ruby Oval , en cabochon ; TS} in by T In

surrounded with thirty - three diamonds open - work

mounting . 3 - Ruby . Sub ovate ; g in . by g in . surrounded with

twelve diamonds coronet mount . i n . Ruby . Oblong ; cushion cut ; 5 by T2, in . sur

rounded with twenty - four diamonds ; open - work

mounting . 5 - " 7 “ in 12 5 4 . . . . Ruby Oblong ; cushion cut 16 in by T T ; sur

rounded with twenty - four diamonds ; Open - work

mount . in r 12 5 5 . Ruby . Circular ; facetted ; diam . . ; sur ounded

- with twenty diamonds ; open work mounting .

12 5 6 - . Yellow Sapphire (Oriental Topaz) Oval oblong ; 1 fi - — e u t . in . cushion ; 2 in by T g ” and T a in thick ; coronet

mount .

a . White Sapphire (Lux Sapphire). Oct gonal diam

T% in . light coronet mount .

12 5 8 C . n . hatoyant Sapphire Translucent, brow chatoyant, f at one with a patch o grey light end, and iri

146 CA TA L O GUE

12 2 . 7 . Almandine . En cabochon , and hollow ; T3in by

in . a n n ; engr ved with a Fau , in plain mou t

ing .

n a f Almandine . Octago al ; face with t ble and acetted 1 in i n stone ; diam . 1 2 . ; a claw mount . 5 in “ in 12 4 . . . 7 . Precious Garnet Brown ; Oblong ; Ti by 2 2 ;

- surrounded with forty seven diamonds .

Precious Ga rnet . Rich brown ; facetted ; $7 in . by 7 in o 1 2 . ; in a c ronet mount . f n o r a Cluster o Seve St nes of Precious Ga net . In

plain mounting . 1 - a in . Almandine . Oblong ; t ble cut ; TT in . by 17 ;

surrounded with forty - four diamonds ; open - work

mounting . ‘ 3 - u n . in . Almandine . Sc tcheo shaped ; flat ; TT in by T T ; a in claw mount .

- - Garnet . Deep wine coloured cushion cut ; g in . by

grgin . in a coronet mount .

in . . Essonite . Square; diam . i ; in coronet mount

n — - ih i ta . . n Esso ite . Oc gonal ; diam l,l ; coronet set T ‘

ting .

n im . Essonite . Oblo g ; Tgin . by T ; plain mounting 49 in Emerald . Flat ; 5 } in . by . ; engraved with

Oriental characters ; set in a coronet mount . ’ - 4 . i . 12 8 . n . Emerald Square ; set lozenge wise ; diam TT ;

- surrounded with thirty six diamonds .

- 12 85 . S . tar Emerald Showing six rays ; sub globular, in with face and back centrally flattened ; diam . T ;

in plain swing . 12 8 6 . . Beryl Circular ; with large table, surrounded with 5 f - 1 1 in . acets ; culet side facetted squares ; diam T2 in 1 . ; } in . thick ; coronet mounted .

Beryl . Oval ; with large table and numerous facets ; OF G MS A N D PR I O S S T ON S E E C U E .

7 1 face tte d 1 . 1 ih . in back ; T T in by T , and T T . thick ;

coronet mounted . 12 88 and f . Aquamarine . Oval ; with large table, acets

- I round it ; culet side cut with square facets TTin .

1 1 . by Tin in . thick ; coronet mounted

12 89 n o a and . Aquamarine . Lo g blong ; face with t ble brilliant facets ; back ridged and facetted with steps 5 7 in 1 . Tin . by T T ; T T in . thick ; in coronet mount . in n 12 0 . . i 9 . Aquamarine Nearly square T in by TT . ;

open coronet setting . 4 3 12 9 1 b . . Euclase . T T in . y T 2 in coronet mounting . 7 12 2 t . in 9 . Labradori e . Circular ; slightly convex ; diam T T . ;

in a claw mount . 5 - i b 1n 12 93 . a n . . Sunstone Oval , en c bochon T T y T

solid mounting . 5 — in 4 o . b . 12 9 . . Moonstone Oval ; cut en cab chon ; Tin y 1T ;

in a plain mount .

- 2 5 . c 1 9 . Black Tourmaline Nearly square ; ushion cut ;

— 5 b . Tin . y 1T in . coronet mounting

2 of . id . 1 96. Crystal Apophyllite Truncated pyram ; diam 5 in a . T T . ; in claw mount

- 2 9 . 1 . 1 7 . Chrysoberyl Nearly circular ; cushion cut ; in 5 in i n a . by T 6 . ; coronet mount 7 in 12 98 . . . a . Green Jargoon Long oval ; T2 in by T T ; in

light plai n claw .

in . a n . 2 9 . . 1 9 . Peridot Oval ; Tin by T ; pl i mounting 8 in i herma hro 1300. Peridot . Diam . T T . ; engraved w th an p n of a dite and tree , and the ame the rtist, Calan

dre lli . , in Greek characters plain mount

a - 1301. Peridot . Octagon l oblong ; table cut, with side 1 1 facets ; back face tted with steps ; Tin . by TIn

coronet mounting .

o f u on- a 1302 . Peridot . Rounded blong ; ace c shi cut b ck L 2 148 CA TA L OGUE

9 5 — in facetted ; T T in . by T T . , and T T in . thick ; in a

solid mount .

f - 3 3. . 1 0 Peridot Oblong ; ace slightly convex ; table cut,

with one facet all round ; culet and culet - side

- rounded, the back being barrel shaped , with T I — in facetted ends ; T in . by T . , and T in . thick ;

coronet mount .

- 1304 . Chrysoberyl . Light yellowish green ; brilliant cut cOI 1 6 in . by n open onet mount . 9 l " - 1 5 . b 30 Jargoon Pale milky 2 2 in . y 3 in . brilliant cut

in a plain mount .

13 6 e i 0 . Hyacinthine Garnet . Oval ; carv d in high rel ef in with bust ; }Tin . by T . ; in plain mounting . 6 e i . n . in Hyacinthine Garn t Oblong ; T 3 in . by T ;

light coronet setting .

- 13 8 . 0 White Topaz . Nearly square ; brilliant cut ; diam . 7 in T T . ; in coronet mounting .

- 3 9 . a 1 0 . Topaz Deep purplish pink ; oblong , t ble cut ; T?in .

in - by T . ; surrounded with thirty four diamonds in

- Open work mounting .

- 1310. Yellow Topaz . Cushion cut ; TT in . by T in . sur

rounded with thirty - six diamonds ; Open - work

mounting .

1311. Yellow Topaz . Narrow Oblong ; cut with oblong

- - - table and step facets ; culet ridged, and culet side 5 I in in steps ; Tin . by T . , and T T in . thick ; coronet

mount . b 1312 . O . in . Yellow Sapphire val ; T in y T . Open

coronet mount .

31 . 1 3. Yellow Topaz Oblong , with slightly rounded sides ;

- cushion cut, with long angular facets ; facette d 7 on . in nd a . with steps back ; TT in by TT . , T T in

thick in coronet mount.

0 TA L G E E T C 15 0 . U ,

2 . 13 8 . Cymophane Circular ; en cabochon ; diam . in .

surrounded with sixteen diamonds ; in open - work

mounting . 9 in Cymophane . in . by 7 6 . ; coronet mount . 1 “1 ” “ in Cymophane . Oval 13in . by 5 . ; surrounded with

- twenty eight brilliants in plain mount with claws . o 1331. Cymophane . Greenish br wn ; biconvex ; diam .

coronet mount . 7 - in 1332 . . . . Cymophane Oval ; en cabochon ; in by 1 2 ;

plain mount . 5 3 . in . 133 . Cymophane Dark green ; if in . by T ? ; coronet

mount .

i n 1334 . Malachite . Hemispherical diam . coronet m ount . 3 - in 35 . : . 13 . Marcasite . Heart shaped ; facetted ; in by 5 ;

light coronet mounting . h 1336 . . Crocidolite Dark bluish green ; oblong ; en caboc on 9 7 in 7 ? in . by T ? . ; coronet mount . 5 Pearl . Diam . T ? in set with brilliants .

in . n n Black Pearl . Round ; diam . ; plai mounti g

with claws . 1 in n Pink Pearl . Diam . 3 . in claw setti g .

- White Pearl . Short ovate ; diam . in . held by

four claws . ANTIQUE GEMS

I N THE

BLA A E C S . COLLECTION, BRITISH MUS UM

CAME L

T H E of ae on bleast A bust Augustus, with the gis the .

f m 5 - i n o 3 . cameo an oval for , measuring ; in . by 3 A x of ol sardony three layers . Formerly in the Strozzi C lection .

of o f Augustus , with the Capricorn , the sign the nativity this Emperor . Onyx cameo .

of o . Julia , the daughter Augustus , cr wned with poppies

o f Onyx three layers .

n o of two The young Germanicus . O yx came layers , E I inscribed H TYPX .

- o n Claudius Drusus , full face . Cameo onyx .

- f of n . o two Bust the you g Tiberius, full face Onyx layers .

f o f n of o . Head Drusilla, sister Caligula O yx three layers . f n f on Bust o the Empress Messali a . Fragment o a large yx

of cameo three layers . 15 2 A N TI QUE GEMS

o f of Head Claudius . Onyx three layers .

f l lu s f o E a abu . o Bust g Onyx three layers .

of o f Bust Carus . Onyx three layers .

f - in x o f. Bust the elder Licinius , full face, high relie Ony , two layers . Busts of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Arsinoe or probably

of of portraits a king and queen the Macedonian period .

Onyx o f two layers .

. of h Victory in a quadriga Circular onyx t ree layers , in and nearly two inches diameter .

’ l bz a on Pal as Athene in a g , her shield the Gorgon . Oval onyx of three layers .

Satyr dancing, brandishing a thyrsus . Oval onyx , three layers .

o f ou t of 2 Head Medusa, cut an amethyst, measuring % 2 in . by in .

O o f a Victory driving a quadriga . val onyx five l yers .

Jupiter, disguised as a Satyr, surprising Antiope . Onyx , two layers . Dramatic rehearsal ; three youths are chanting from a n on ook , another playing the double flute, the third beating

t . r ime Onyx , th ee layers .

a x . Cent uress suckling her young . Ony , broken

n two Lion seizi g a horse . Onyx , layers .

x two . Horse . Ony , layers

of . Fragment a winged Pegasus Onyx, three layers .

to x two . Satyr giving drink a panther . Ony , layers

Comic mask . Onyx .

of . Head Silenus . Sard

I NT A GLL

‘ of I NAIO C . . Head Hercules, inscribed Beryl

1 5 4. A N TI QUE GEMS

HISTORICAL PORTRAITS IN INTAGLIO .

f - o . Perseus , King Macedon Lapis lazuli . f o . Juba IL , King Mauretania Sard .

ha u u rt . . Head , attributed to J g Yellow sard

R hoeme talke s of Head , wrongly ascribed to , King Pontus,

AM

a AI KOPIAO . Julius C esar, full face , inscribed O E E Hya cinthine garnet .

ae Julius C sar . Sardoine .

u - Livia A gusta , her head veiled , and wheat crowned as a

of Ceres surrounded by seven groups in relief objects, the f l recognized attributes o a l the other goddesses . Agate x o ny .

o f i n Livia, with the attributes Ceres , a car drawn by

w . elephants . Yello sard

of Portraits Germanicus and Agrippina, held up by a

Victory . Onyx .

Galba . Sard .

Vespasian . Sard .

Hadrian . Sard . I X . ANTIO C . Sabina, inscribed Sard

of a Heads Commodus and Hercules . S rd .

on e Caracalla the r verse Plautilla . Nicolo .

h to Called Caracalla , but supposed wit more probability

l riu Maximian 2 l x Ga e s . . two . be in by % in Ony , layers

e of H ad Gordian . Sard .

of arinu s Heads C and Magnia Urbica . Red jasper.

B e d Silanus and Messalina . jasper .

- to Plato with Psyche wings attached his temples, and represented as a terminal bust . Sardoine .

Horace . In the field the letter H . Yellow quartz .

Herodes Atticus . Sard .

Posidonius . Sard . [ N THE B LA CA S COLLE C TI ON 15 5

ETRUSCAN AND ARCHAIC SCARABE I .

K knos HEPKAE KYK Herakles slaying y , inscribed NE in

Etruscan characters . Burnt sard .

of Herakles approaching the warm Springs Himera, indi ’ cate d by a stream issuing from a lion s mouth . Burnt amethyst .

on Herakles seated the funeral pile . Banded agate .

Ka ane u s on one p struck by a thunderbolt, kneeling knee

‘ on the of a low back the Scarab eus , in relief, a male figure , from whose left arm hangs a vase . Banded agate .

bow A warrior kneeling, armed with a and club a ser pent approaches to bite his foot . This figure has been called

Orion . Sard .

Pa troklos a of on t a t king leave Achilles going o b ttle .

Sard .

r Herakles and Hermes . Sa d .

of im Wounded warrior at the feet another warrior,

l rin . p o g his life . Banded agate n Ulysses , e nteri g his house, is recognized by his dog .

Sard .

i u t . Apollo hold ng o a faun Sard . kin hi Apollo Hya t os . Sard .

Hermes kneeling on a tortoise . Sard .

Tantalus trying to drink . Sard .

- Danaides carrying water pitchers . Sard .

Sisyphus . Sard . f Head o the Indian Bacchus . Green jasper . D N I M ‘ EVO SH RE GE S .

AMONG the most remarkable antique gems in the Devon shire Parure are the following

T H E COMB .

of Head Leander. Onyx cameo . x Bacchante and Centaur . Ony cameo . f o . Bust King Shahpur Intaglio . Amethyst .

a o un . Faun dancing y g faun . Onyx cameo

T HE S TOMACHER .

f Head o Silenus . Garnet cameo .

of . Head Medusa Hyacinthine garnet . Cameo .

a . Hercules strangling the giant Ant eus Intaglio .

in hine c t garnet .

u on of Tiberi s , sitting a throne by the side a female , presenting a sword to a warrior (Drusus)who before him . Onyx cameo .

1 e t S e Fron ispie ce .

D E V NS HIR /WS O E GE .

HE T DIADEM .

Head of Socrates . Intaglio . Sard . I Apollo with the lyre . ntaglio . Garnet .

m . Lion . Ca eo . Onyx

e . . . Emp ror Commodus Cameo , Onyx 2 A figure in a chariot with two horses . Cameo .

A figure in a chariot with two horses . Cameo onyx .

of . . Dancing figure a Bacchante . Intaglio Sard

T HE CORONET .

o f . . Bust Clytia Cameo Onyx .

A Dancing Bacchante . Intaglio . Sard .

The Emperor Severus . Cameo . Amethyst .

- l Head of Hercules . Intaglio . Lapis lazu i .

Head o f Apollo . Intaglio . Amethyst .

of n a . Achilles at the tomb Patroclus . I t glio

Among those exhibited at the South Kensington Museum , x 18 2 l t at the Loan E hibition , 7 , the fo lowing are the mos remarkable ’ o a . Theseus standing regarding his father s sw rd . Int glio

Sard .

Scylla slaying a mariner . Sard .

e HAMcbIAOY. . Achilles Citharo dus , inscribed Sard

2 k n f th e e of t e th e t e The ground dar o e o hors s a bluish ing , o h r and i te t the m e e th e fi re i s e w t horse brown wh , wi h an blu ; gu blu i h D E VON S ZJIR E GE /llS . 15 9

m f ‘ I o I NA OE . Diomede , aster the Palladium , inscribed t Banded aga e . l r Muse seated in a chair, tuning her yre . Sa d .

n Tiberius , when you g . Sard .

A NIAOY. cow IIOAAO . A lying down, inscribed Onyx

T HE in T he Times of 2 5 ma follow g extract from , Sept . , “y mor e not uninteresting to readers of this Manual - A valuable addition has just been made to the collection o f m gems in the British Museu , through the acquirement by

of of or purchase a Splendid specimen the Zircon Jacinth .

of 00l. It cost upwards 7 , and is no larger than a common

one of . garden pea . It is the finest known It flashes and glows with a red lustre which seems to denote the actual f ” o . presence fire and flame A notice has , however, since appeared in The Times to say that the price was not more n tha 701.

on We are in a position to state, the best authority, that .

acinth 3 12 l. this J weighs about carats , and cost

I di 62 . E t e 5 1. Carbunculus n cus, gyp ian jasp r,

u l araman ticu s 62 E e i e 12 3. Carb ncu us g , , l nch (p arls), 7 d v lt 'rb ‘ 1. . p s, 83

ad 9 . E n 17 Carbon o, cabochon, E e m C arch e donia 72 . n s 5 . , ngrav d dia o d , ‘ H a xAGT M 00. a 603 1 . C arche siu m of S t . De 1 1 5 nis, p , E ni te 2 1 e 44 91. 74 . Carn lian, , sso , ,

e me 98 . E e 2 5 . Carp gna, ca o, uclas , ’ u mithr 0. t e e 5 0 110. E es 8 Ca s y , , , x lu mi a E a n tae 1 . e 66. e 2 3 C raunia, (p arls),

3 1 E e te 49 . e 4 06. Chalc dony, , y aga , 0 h e x 45 101. E e x 1 4 . C alc dony , , y ony , l hi i l 4 Ch a c tu t , 3 , 81.

- F e t 41 ma 68 . . Chalco s ragdus, als opaz ,

t t h e 17 Fe 31 35 . Cha oyan sapp ir , lspar, ,

Fem e i e 13. e te 5 3. Ch ssyli , al sapph r ,

e e t m 74 . 62 . Chrys l c ru , carbunculus,

e t 72 . C hr sele ctri 89 . y , garn s , a t 9 6. hr e r 19 65 . C y sob yl , , s ndas ros , ’ F tifi i n . t e e 19 . or cat o te 49 ca s y , aga ,

te 2 7 74 . Chrysoli , , te 116 Ga a s . e 2 0. C ylon, g , 0 1 G ne t 2 7 . O e t 19 . ri n al, ar , , mm A Ge te 98 . Chr solithu s 65 89 . y , , a ugus a,

Ge mme Ve 32 . h e 5 0 80. C rysopras , , di suvio,

G 39 . Chr so ras iu s 6 9 . y p , 7 , 7 irasol, e 17 Chr so teron 75 . pph , y p , sa ir

G e O 38 . m t e 2 1 41. Cinna on s on , , old n pal , m G z c e 100. t e 42 65 90. Ci rin , , , on aga a o,

5 2 1 G 12 2 . 6 1 . Coral , , orgonia,

lli G te 136. ora s 111. C , rani ,

m 12 Gr ee t n e 42 91. 1. Coralliu , n avan uri , ,

n e 44 G e e e 69 112 . Cornali , . r n jasp r, ,

u m 10 e 46 5 0106. Cor ndu , . chalc dony, , ,

i e 31. C rate r te s 89 . f l p , , s ar

76. te 31. Crocidoli , jargoon,

t rm e 30. n of th e m 6. Crow oon, ou alin ,

0 8 t e 36 81. t 4 5 . Crys al , , urquois , ,

l Gu arn accin o 2 1. C r sta lu s 85 . y , ,

e 10 114 116. Cyl d , 7 , , in rs 1 Hammi chr so s 9 . y , m e 19 66. Cy ophan , , H e 38 . arl quin opal,

He t e 47 106. D le e e 13. , , arn y j w l, lio rop

- H m 113. - i e t D o 6. , arya n or, lio ropiu 9 m h te s 11 . D e a h te 108 Hae ac a , ndr c a s , / Hae m t te 5 2 114 . D m n 1 62 . , ia o d, , a i ,

Hae matiti s 114 . D s e 32 . , iop id ,

H e di m 8 . D t e 5 2 68 . p d, iop as , , o a on

H a t 2 9 74 77 . y cin h , , ,

H acinthu s 63. E t e me 67 . , gyp ian rald, y I N D X E . 163

t 4 M t 2 H t e e 2 1 7 77 . e 3 . yacin hin garn , , arcasi ,

93. M t 12 2 . sard , argari a, m i e 9 . M H t 3 e 99 . yal , arlborough ca o,

n 39 85 . M t x f 3 H dr e o 9 84 . y opha , , a ri opal, , m n 32 M m 6. H e rste e . tt yp , a a dia ond, M t r m 2 8 . a u a dia ond,

I a e 33. d c , Me lichr so s 76. o r s y ,

I i n i m 2 . d d d, M 2 n a a on 7 . inas novas, m In di e e 2 4 . ld , M h x an ra s it ra 84 . ,

91. d , M t e 49 1 09 . sar ocha s on , , x 2 10 . y , M m on 5 . ogul dia ond , In t 30 e . d c l , i o i Molochi te s 112 . ,

I te 30 64 . l , , M 1 8 o i t e 3 . oons on , , 7 I 42 90. ris , , M 74 . orio,

M te 49 109 . oss aga , , t 2 9 74 77 15 9. Jacin h , , , , Murrhina 12 4 , . o t 2 9 64 . Ja u , ,

e 33 80 81. N sac k m , a s 8 . Jad , , dia ond, ade ite 34 81. N e r te 33 80 J , , ph i , , .

2 8 2 9 76 77 . 4 1 , N 6 04 . Jargoon, , , icolo, ,

e 5 0 110. p , , Nilion 80. Jas r ,

s 106. 33 N e e e t e . Ja pis , obl s rp n in ,

of I 106. ndia, 1 0 O 35 , 1 5 . a é ri zu s a 1 6. b d , , si ian

0 Ob sidianu m 115 . in th u sa 1 6. , te re b y ,

O e s me 100. m on o ramm os 107 . d c lch c , g , a i a o

O t te 37 83. e n x 46 94 . d l , , Jasp r o y , , on o i

O i e 18 . e te 46. liv n , Jasp r aga , ” O a 105 . as - x 103. mp f, J p ony , 02 1 O x 44 1 32 . n i e 5 1. y , , , Jaspro sa gu n o, n

O 38 83. J e t 5 6 116. p l , , , , a

O e e t d m 3. pal sc n ia ond, mm e e m e Ki ridg coal on y, hi e 17 sapp r , h - i n o or 8 . Ko , O e 43. palin , te 31. Kyani , O alu s 83. p ,

O te 135 . te 35 . ph , Labradori , i s

O e t t 16 65 . L 32 77 . l p z , , apis lazuli , , ri n a o a

3. m e t t 16, 6 e m n 4 . a hys , Lasqu dia o ds,

6 68. e me 1 , Leu cach ate s 106. rald, ,

m e 17 . L u o th alm os 104. qu , e c p , a a arin 19 r te , . Lu x s e 16. ch y soli apphir ,

ne t 2 1. g , 66. ar Lychnis ,

e 91. c l , L n cu rium 76. arn ian y ,

n x 96. sardo y ,

M n e 114 . te 133. ag s, alabas r, ' M e t te 5 2 114. , Orlofi m 6. agn i , dia ond,

M te 5 3 114 . alachi , ,

13 Pe 5 4 12 2 . e e . Mal sapphir , arl , ,

2 Pe t 2 7 75 . 6 . carbunculus, rido , , ’ e t 72 P e t d E i tto 81. g arn s, , i ra g ,

P t am 8 . st 79 . t sanda ros, iggo di ond , P nk t 2 7 S e 13 63. i opaz, apphir , ,

P tt m te 15 . 7 . i dia ond, whi ,

m 4 0 l w 16 . P 6 1 5 . e 65 las a, , y lo , ,

di m e 47 105 . e t 16. s raldo, , viol ,

Poe n a mu 34 . e e 16. , gr n,

P e e 5 2 . t 17 65 . orc lain jasp r, s ar,

P e te 5 2 . 17 orc llani , girasol ,

P te 135 . t n t 17 orphyri s, cha oya ,

le to se h o s 134 . e e t 17 p p , opal sc n , ’

0. P 135 . e 3 orphyry, d au , 1 1 F e 4 . P e 43 06. de ras , , ranc ,

Pra siu s 105 113. S hi e 43 106. , , app rin , ,

an ui ne i s u n tis 10 S o 133 135 . s c 6. g p , arc phagus, ,

t 2 0 44 1. P e e . S 48 9 r cious garn , ard , , ,

38 . S ardach ate s 109 . opal, ,

ne] 18 . S 91. Spi , ardius, m la i P t di s 60. S n e 44 93. unc u p , ardoi , ,

P ur 131 S x 45 94 . urp a, . ardony , , 2 08 12 114 115 P r e 1. S ae 1 1 y op , carab i, , , , ,

116 134 135 137 . t 0 , , , t e 4 . Quar z vi r ous, S 30. chorl , e 43. chalc donic, S e e te 36 79 . l ni , , e 5 0. jasp ry, l niti s . S e e , 79

e t 40. viol , S e e t e 135 . rp n in , e w 41 89 . y llo , , 0 S te 48 1 8 . icilian aga , , e 41. ros , e 5 1. j p , m as r 42 . s oky , S e te 2 9 . id ri , e e t 84 . irid sc n , Siri am a et 2 1. g rn ,

Sm 67 . Re d a e 44 . gdu , ch lc dony, ara s S t 18 67 e 11 cy h , , 1 . ian jasp r,

t 6 . B c , 7 e 10. a rian sapphir ,

E t 6 . yp , 7 Re e t i m 7 . g ian g n d a ond,

me 114 . d cu , R te 49 . i s ibbon aga ,

S m ara dacha te s 109 . e 5 1. g , jasp r, m t 42 S , . R t 40. oky quar z ock crys al, i e mm S , 78 . R e m 4 . ol s g a os dia ond,

S hra i s 112 . t 41. p g , quar z ,

S e 18 62 . p l uby, , Rosso a nti co 135 . in r , 1 n e 8 . 42 Sp l , R s e . i s uba s ,

S t of th e S t 8 . u h, R e te 2 9 . ar o ub lli ,

of S t A 8 . u h f c , R e e 18 . o ri a ubic ll ,

hi e 1 65 . 0 2 pp , 7 R 1 6 . sa r uby, , 1 1 uby, 7 . of th e S o f Pe 1. r hah rsia,

et 2 1 73. garn , , 3 n d o 1 S te t te 6. S a are s s 9 . , a i ,

S n u m 11 . S t m e 79 . 7 andas ros ( al ), ucci , 39 e m e 96. S u n . (f al ), opal,

31 1. S an e n on 84 . S t e 79 9 g , uns on , , , S e te 136 S a he iro s 15 . . pp , y ni s,

S a hiru s . S rtite s 2 . pp , 77 y , 7

LOND ON I LBE RT A ND R V GTO PR TE R G I IN N, IN S . ’

ST . J OH UARE N S SQ .