www.symbiosisonline.org Symbiosis www.symbiosisonlinepublishing.com ISSN Online : 2578-1898

Research Article International Journal of Poultry and Fisheries Sciences Open Access Comparative Study of Growth Performance of Heterobranchus Longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840), Reared With Two Organic Fertilizers in Earthen Ponds Wilfred–Ekprikpo Peace C*

Aquaculture Department, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Lagos, Nigeria

Received: June 26, 2018; Accepted: July 19, 2018; Published: July 28, 2018

*Corresponding author: Wilfred–Ekprikpo Peace C, Aquaculture Department, Nigerian Institute For Oceanography and Marine Research, 3, Wilmot Point Road, Victoria Island, PMB 12729, Lagos, Nigeria, Tel: +23457081068; E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract gained widespread recognition as promising specie in aquaculture The performance of Heterobranchus longifilis reared in earthen productionlongifilis (Plate (Lennient, 1) belongs et al. to [16]). the H. longifilis family is clariidae an economically that has ponds fertilized with two organic fertilizers (meadow grasses and chicken droppings) was investigated. The study was carried out in tropical countries (Babalola and Aputa, [6] and Akinwole and 6 earthen ponds measuring 24.9 square meters each at Nigerian Faturoti,important [3]). food This fish specie cultured exhibits primarily many inqualities fresh waterwhich pondsmakes init Ijoyi-Badore Lagos. Results obtained showed better food conversion suitable for commercial culture. These include such as hardiness, ratioInstitute value for in Oceanography treatment 1 and(1.28 Marine ± 0. 11)Research fertilized (NIOMR) with fishmeadow farm rapid growth, high disease resistance, high yield potential, grasses and chicken droppings in combination with commercial high fecundity, air breathing characteristics and good market extruded feed than in treatment 2 (1.72 ± 0.32) fertilized with only chicken droppings in combination with commercial extruded feed. cultures is dependent on the natural pond productivity, while the The total weight gain were 665.39 ± 22.05Kg and 623.93 ±40.64kg potentials (Ayinla, et al. [5]). The traditional and extensive fish respectively for treatment 1 and 2 while the daily growth rate was extensive by using of various inputs such as manures, fertilizers 4.01 ± 0.13g and 3.76 ± 0.24g for treatment 1 and 2 respectively. H. semi-intensive and intensive fish culture system developed than longifilis in treatment 1 performed better than treatment 2 probably and supplementary feed (Charabarty et al. [8]). Moreover,

due to the efficiency of the organic fertilizers in treatment 1 than ofCharabarty, nutrients, et nutrient al. [8] reportedrecycling thatand primarythe in freshwater nutrients infish the ponds, form treatment 2. Fertilizer used in treatment 1 could be used in fish total primary fish production, mainly depend upon the availability pondsKeywords: to reduce costHeterobranchus of pond fish production. longifilis; Growth performance; Organic manure; Fertilizer; Feed; has been paid to enhance the natural productivity of the pond throughof organic the and application inorganic of fertilization different types and andartificial dosages feed of .Attention manures Introduction (Britz, et al. [21]).Fish production can be increased by feeding and fertilizers,pond fertilization. fish Optimum to be stockedfertilization and theirrate is compatibility the amount activities and most of the culture is land based. Heterobranchus In Nigeria, fish culture is one of the predominant aquaculture of organic matter that should be cost effective and can be utilized in a pond ecosystem without having harmful effect on water

fromquality the as limited well as resources on fish growth of fresh (Abass, water et bodies, al. [1]). it To is necessaryimprove the to productive efficiency of fish ponds and to have a maximum yield

fertilizersfertilize the is fish the ponds latest with management balanced food protocol in sufficient to enhance quantities. the biologicalPond fertilization productivity using of treated both organic waters (Dhawan manure and Kaur, inorganic [10]; Bhakta, et al. [7]). The basic principle behind the fertilization

aquaticof a fish food pond chain with which suitable is responsible manure is for to increasing actually increase the amount the production of beneficial phytoplanktons, the key component of

Plate 1: Heterobranchus longifilis specie of an harvestable unfertilized fish. pond It is (Hayat, estimated et al. that [14]; pond Godara, fertilization et al. [13]). can enhance the fish harvest of the given water body up to 2.8 times

Symbiosis Group *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Comparative Study of Growth Performance of Heterobranchus Longifilis (Valenciennes, Copyright: 1840), Reared With Two Organic Fertilizers in Earthen Ponds © 2018 Wilfred EPC.

The types of fertilizers used are organic and inorganic fertilizer Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR) Integrated Fish which boost the nutrient content of ponds and promote the yield Farm at Ijoyi - Badore along Ajah road, Lagos State, Nigeria. It lies of natural food required by the aquatic organisms, especially

and manure are among the earliest sources of fertilizers and are approximately between longitude 06º 30′ 25′′ E and 06º 32′ 28′′ commonlyfish. Conte, used [11] throughout stated that the organic world fertilizers to initiate like alga hay, blooms straw wereE, Latitude used. 03º In 36′ treatment 19′′ N and 1, 03ºa combination 39′ 17″ N (Figure of organic 1).Six earthenchicken droppingsponds of 24.9 were m3 applied each (Plate weekly 2) atwhich the ratecomprise of 0.7 two kg ha treatments,-1 (278 kg this work is to carry out a comparative analysis of two organic ha-1) per pound (Ita, [15]) while the hay /meadow were applied in fish pond and is important for pond productivity. The aim of at the rate of 1.2 kg-500 kg ha-1 weekly (Boyd, et al. [20]). The hay Eleusine indica, Materials and methods compositions and evaluate fish growth performance. Setaria longiseta, Panicum repens, Kyllinga bulbosa, Kyllinga This study was carried out in the Nigerian Institute For squamutata,(meadow) used Panicum (Plate laxum 3) in theand fertilization Eragrostisa weretrovirens.

Figure 1:

Project location in Lagos State

Plate 2: Layout of Earten ponds used in the Study Plate 3: Meadow grasses used for the hay infusion

Citation: Heterobranchus Longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840), Reared 2 of 4 2(1):1-4. Wilfred EPC (2018) Comparative Study of Growth Performance of Page With Two Organic Fertilizers in Earthen Ponds. J Poul Fish Sci . Comparative Study of Growth Performance of Heterobranchus Longifilis (Valenciennes, Copyright: 1840), Reared With Two Organic Fertilizers in Earthen Ponds © 2018 Wilfred EPC.

H. longifilis were stocked in the six earthen (Anyanwu, et al. [4]) for C. gariepinus. The difference between H. Treatments 1 and 2 could be due to the combined fertilizer longifilisPost fingerlings of applied in treatment 1 which produced more food items than 0.58ponds cm of and 24.9 an m3atinitial amean stocking weight density of 3.67±0.037g of 20 fish/m3. were stocked. The in Treatment 2, resulting in better living conditions. There were post fingerlings with an initial mean total length of 7.73 ± experimental units and reared for 166 days. Coppens feed was parameters however they were numerically not the same, which usedThe fish throughout species wasthe durationrandomly of stocked this experiment. in each of Composition the replicated of mayno significant be attributed differences to, different (p >fertilization 0.05) in the levels, physico-chemical as Treatment the feed was as stated by the manufacturer. Feeding was at the 1, had meadow grasses and chicken droppings while Treatment rate of 1.5% fresh body weight given three times (07.00, 13.00 2, had only chicken droppings. The values of water temperature and 19.00 hours) daily using 45% crude protein diet, for the obtained in this study were within the range of 28.6-31.80C and 26.9-31.60C for Treatments 1 and 2 respectively; pH values reduced to 1% fresh body weight using 42% crude protein till were 7.03 and 7.00 respectively; Dissolved Oxygen obtained in thefirst attainment 3 months. of Thereafter one kilogram from average the fourth body month, weight. feeding The body was Treatments 1 and 2 were 4.21 and 4.20 mg/l respectively; mean total ammonia obtained in this study for Treatments 1 and 2 were digital weighing scale (Model DT-302) and an analog weighing 0.75 and 0.65 mg/l, the toxic unionized ammonia obtained were balanceweight of(Model- the fish camry were weighing measured scale to the 0-100kg) nearest as 0.0lg the usingweight a 0.006 and0.005 mg/l which were within tolerance range of 0.2- 2.0 of unionized ammonia ; Nitrite concentration obtained were surface water temperature were measured with mercury in glass 0.06 and 0.05 mg/l respectively according to Body (1998) . thermometerincreased.The (100 Physico-chemical0 C max). Other parametersphysico-chemical such parameters as air and Table 1 f H. Longifilis such as Hydrogen ion concentration (pH), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Conductivity, salinity, alkalinity, nitrite, ammonia and turbidity Growth: Mean Paramete Valuesrs of SomeTreatment Growth ParametersMean o values ± S.D. were determined according to Forth, [12] with LaMotte fresh Food Conversion Ratio T1 1.28 ± 0.11b water aquaculture test kit. T2 1.72 ± 0.32ab Results and Discussion Weight Gain (kg) T1 665.39 ± 22.05a The highest total mean body weight gain of 665.39kg was T2 623.93 ± 40.64a Daily Growth Rate (g) T1 4.01 ± 0.13a

(623.93kg). Details of the results are presented in Table 1. There a obtained in Treatment 1 followed by fish cultured in Treatment 2 T2 3.76 ± 0.24 Survival Rate (%) T1 96.73 ± 0.70a (SR)were and no significantMortality Rate differences (MR) between (p > 0.05) the treatments.in Weight Gain This (WG),could T2 93.47 ± 1.40a bedaily attributed Growth Rateto the (GR), fertilizer Specific used Growth (meadow Rate grasses(SGR), Survival and chicken Rate droppings) in combination with the commercial extruded feed. Mortality Rate (%) T1 3.27 ± 0.70a The value of FCR was lower in Treatment 1 (1.28± 0.11) than T2 6.53 ± 1.40a in Treatment 2 (1.72±0.32) which showed a better FCR of 1.28 T1 3.54 ± 0.07a than 1.72. The lower the FCR value, the better the FCR. The FCR a obtained in this study were better than those of Adewolu et al. Specific Growth Rate (%) T2 3.52 ± 0.04 [2] for H. longifilis (1.82) and its hybrid (1.75). However they Means of the growth parameters with different letters as were within the range of 1.33-1.79 recorded by Ofor and Onuoha (2011) for H. longifilis fed different commercial feeds. But higher the treatments (p < 0.05). Means values are followed by ± S.D than the range of 0.9 - 1.20 recorded for gariepinus by (Standardsuperscript deviation). are significantly different between and within Anyanwu et al. [4].

within the Treatments due to the wide gap in their values. obtained from the two treatments respectively in this study were The mortality rate (%), did not give significant difference withinThe the specific range growth of 2.74 rates - 3.57% (SGR) obtained of 3.54 by and (Bichi 3.52% and (Table Ahmad, 1) The value for the nutrient utilization parameters are presented [18]) for C. gariepinus but higher than value range 1.25 - 1.94% in Table 2 while protein intake (g) values obtained were 355.865 obtained by Ofor and Onuoha,[17]. The daily growth rates of 4.01 and 472.659 g for Treatments 1 and 2 respectively. These values and 3.76 g (Table 1) obtained in treatments 1 and 2 respectively are higher than the values obtained by Adewolu, et al. [2] for C. were within the range of 2.34 - 6.01 g obtained for C. gariepinus gariepinus, 81.07g, H. longifilis 59.33 g and their hybrid, 98.99 g. by Bichi and Ahmad, [18], Adewolu, et al. [2] in their experiment obtained 5.05, 4.47 and 5.40 g SGR for C. gariepinus, H. longifilis 1.321 g which was lower than the values obtained by Adewolu et The protein efficiency ratio (PER) (g) obtained in treatment 2 was and their hybrid respectively which was higher than the SGR al., (2008) for C. gariepinus (1.59) and Hybrid (1.63) but the value (3.42 – 3.54%) obtained in this study. obtained for treatment 1 was higher than those of Adewolu, et al. [2] for H. longifilis (1.87). The apparent net protein utilization The survival rate of 96.73 and 93.47% (Table 1) obtained for this study are within the range of 67.0-97.5% as obtained by and 2 respectively (Table 2). (ANPU) (%) obtained were 0.953 and 0.791% in treatments 1

Citation: Heterobranchus Longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840), Reared 3 of 4 2(1):1-4. Wilfred EPC (2018) Comparative Study of Growth Performance of Page With Two Organic Fertilizers in Earthen Ponds. J Poul Fish Sci . Comparative Study of Growth Performance of Heterobranchus Longifilis (Valenciennes, Copyright: 1840), Reared With Two Organic Fertilizers in Earthen Ponds © 2018 Wilfred EPC.

8. Chakrabarty D, Das MK, Da SK. Growth performance of Cyprinus Table 2: carpio L. in intensively different organic manures. Int J Environ ProteinParamet utilizationers of H. Longifilis Trt 1 Trt 2 Res. 2008;2(4):419-424. 355.865 472.659 9. Protein(Protein Intake(g) 1.87 1.321 Chakrabarty D, Das MK, Das SK. Relative efficiency of vermicompost Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) (g) 0.953 0.791 as2009;7:27–32. direct application manure in pisciculture. Paddy Water Environ. Apparent Net Protein Utilization 10. Dhawan A, Kaur S. Effect of pig dung on water quality and Conclusion(ANPU) (%) polyculture of carp species during winter and summer. Aquaculture The physico-chemical parameters obtained in this study were International. 2002;10(4):297-307. within tolerance range the performance of H. longifilis reared in 11. the two treatments were, very good since the result showed rapid ConteRegional FS. Aquaculture Pond fertilization: Centre. 2000:1–9. Initiating an Algal Bloom. Western study indicated that meadow grasses can be effective in pond 12. Forth HD. Fundamentals of soil science 5th edition. John Wiley and growth rate and efficient feed utilization. Data obtained from the culture of H. longifilis leading to lower production cost. sons Inc; New York. 1978. References 13. Godara S, Sihag RC, Gupta RK. Effect of pond fertilization with 1. Abbas S, Ahmed I, Salem M, Rehman vermicompost and some other manures on the hydrobiological parameters of treated pond waters. Journal of Fisheries and KU. Comparative Effects of Aquatic Science. 2015;10(10):212-231. FertilizationThree Fish Species. and Supplementary International JournalFeed on of Growth Agriculture Performance & Biology. of 2010;12:276-280. 14. Hayat S, Javed M, Hanif K. Impact of poultry droppings fertilization 2. Adewolu, Morenike A, Ogunsanmi, Adetola O, Yunusa, Abubaka. of fish ponds on the physico-chemistry of water. Pak. J Livestock 15. Ita EO. A review of recent advances in warm water aquaculture Studies On Growth Performance And Feed Utilization Of Two Poult. 1996;2:199-208. Clariid Catfish And Their Hybrid Reared Under Different Culture Systems.260. European Journal of Scientific Research. 2008;23(2):252- research and proposed experimental design for maximum fish 3. Akinwole A.O, Faturoti production in Nigerian fishponds. Kanji lake research Institute 16. Lenient MOI, Atteh JO, Omotosho JS, Madu CT. Response of ClariasgariepinusE.O.) Cultured Biological In Recirculating Performance ofSystem African In New Bussa. Technical Paper Series. 1980. Heterobranchus longifilis Vitamin E. Journal of Fisheries and CatfishIbadan. Aquaculture ( Engineering. 2007;36:18-23. 4. Anyanwu BI, Ayaobu-Cookey Aquatic Science. 2008;3(1):22-30. 17. IK, IhimekpenPE, Okoro F, et BC, al. Anyanwu Length-Weight AO, Ebonwu Relationship, Condition Clarias gariepinus) Ofor CO, Onuoha PC. GrowthHeterobranchus performance longifilis proximate grow-out composition using different commercial feeds. Nigeria Journal of Fisheries. 2011;8(1). FactorReared andin Indoor Sex Ratio Water of AfricanRecirculation Mud catfish System ( Tanks, Research and profitability of Journal of Biological Sciences. 2007;2 (7):780-783. 18. 5. Ayinla OA, Kayoed O, Idoniboyi- Obu TIC, Oresegun A, Adindu Bichi AH, Ahmed MK. Growth Performance and Nutrient utilization of African Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) fed varying dietary levels Sciences. Bajopas. 2010;3(1):118-122. VE.of Heterobranchus Use of Tadpole bidorsalis meal as a substitute(Geoffrey st. for Hillaire, fish meal 1809).J in the Aqua diet of processed cassava leaves. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Trop. 1994:9(1):25-33. 19. 6. Boyd CE, Tucker CS. Pond Aquaculture Water Quality Management. 20. Boyd CE, Wood CW, Thunjai T. Aquaculture pond bottom soil Babalola TOO, Apata DF. Effects of Dietary Protein and Lipid levels Massachusettes : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998. 700. onHeterobranchus Growth Performance longifilis and Body Composition of African Catfish of and Veterinary (Valenciennes, Advances. 2006;5(12):1073-1079. 1840) fingerlings. Journal quality Management. Auburn University, Alabama. 2002. 7. Bhakta JN, Sarkar D, Jana BB. Optimizing fertilizer dose for 21. Britzfeed consumption PJ, Hecht T, Mangoldand nutritional S. Effect indices of temperature of Haliotis on idae growth,fed a rearing stage production of carps under polyculture. Aquaculture. formulated diet. Aquaculture. 1997;152:191-203. 2004;239:125-139.

Citation: Heterobranchus Longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840), Reared 4 of 4 2(1):1-4. Wilfred EPC (2018) Comparative Study of Growth Performance of Page With Two Organic Fertilizers in Earthen Ponds. J Poul Fish Sci .