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092 Genus Gretna Evans AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES. MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 3 June 2019 Genus Gretna Evans, 1937 A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 7, 149 (212 pp.). Type species: Hesperia cylinda Hewitson, by original designation. The genus Gretna belongs to the Family Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809; Subfamily Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809, incertae sedis. Other genera in the Subfamily Hesperiinae, incertae sedis are Tsitana, Lepella, Astictopterus, Arnetta, Prosopalpus, Kedestes, Fulda, Gorgyra, Gyrogra, Teniorhinus, Herila, Ceratrichia, Ceraticula, Flandria, Pardaleodes, Hollandus, Ankola, Xanthodisca, Acada, Rhabdomantis, Osmodes, Parosmodes, Osphantes, Acleros, Paracleros, Semalea, Hypoleucis, Meza, Paronymus, Andronymus, Malaza, Perrotia, Ploetzia, Moltena, Chondrolepis, Zophopetes, Gamia, Artitropa, Mopala, Pteroteinon, Leona, Caenides, Monza, Melphina, Melphinyet, Noctulana, Fresna, Platylesches, and Erionota. Gretna (Crepuscular Skippers) is an Afrotropical genus of nine species of very large forest- dwelling hesperiids. *Gretna balenge (Holland, 1891) Giant Crepuscular Skipper Proteides balenge Holland, 1891. Entomological News 2: 5 (3-6). Gretna balenge balenge. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 62mm. Chikonke Stream, NW Zambia. 5.VI.2000. TCE Congdon. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: Gabon: “Benita”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Not a true forest species, occurring wherever suitable palms grow, for example along river banks in open situations (Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003). Habits: An uncommon skipper (Larsen, 2005a) that flies at dusk. The flight is very rapid. Specimens may rest on the ground for a few seconds before dashing off again (Kielland, vide Congdon & Collins, 1998). They are attracted to various kinds of foul substance (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: 1 Congdon & Bampton, unpublished, 2003 The egg is very large and the whole of the shell is consumed after the larva emerges. Once it has consumed the egg shell the larva spins a shelter, in which it moults to the second instar. It then begins to feed on the host-plant. Second and subsequent larval instars have loose hairs and are covered in a white powdery substance. The pupa is unusual in that it has elaborate processes anteriorly, resembling the head of an ant lion. When disturbed the pupa vibrates violently, a behaviour presumably intended to deter predators. Cock et al., 2014: 40 [ovum, larva and pupa]. Larval food: Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf. (a Madagascan palm) [Motshagen, vide Cock et al., 2014; Nigeria]. Eremospatha species (Arecaceae) (Rattan palm) [Cock et al., 2014: 40]. Raphia farinifera (Gaertn.) Hyl. (Arecaceae) [Cock et al., 2014: 40]. Gretna balenge balenge (Holland, 1891) Proteides balenge Holland, 1891. Entomological News 2: 5 (3-6). Gretna balenge balenge. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 62mm. Chikonke Stream, NW Zambia. 5.VI.2000. TCE Congdon. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: Gabon: “Benita”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (west), Tanzania (north-west), Zambia (north). Specific localities: Gabon – Benita (TL). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Tanzania – Kere Hill, in Minziro Forest (sight records) (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Luegele River (Congdon & Bampton, unpub., 2003). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Chikonke Stream (Congdon; female illustrated above). Gretna balenge zowa Lindsey & Miller, 1965 Gretna balenge zowa Lindsey & Miller, 1965 in Fox, et al., 1965. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society No. 19: 119 (438 pp.). Type locality: Liberia: “Ganta”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south). Specific localities: 2 Liberia – Ganta (TL). Ghana – Anfoega (Maessen, vide Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Benin – see Coache et al., 2017. *Gretna bugoma Evans, 1947 Gretna waga bugoma Evans, 1947. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11) 13: 647 (641-648). Type locality: Uganda: “Bugoma”. Distribution: Cameroon (Vande weghe, 2010); Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (Vande weghe, 2010), Uganda (west). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Santa Isabel, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda – Bugoma Forest (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. *Gretna carmen Evans, 1937 Violet Crepuscular Skipper Gretna carmen Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 150 (212 pp.). Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons (Bitje)”. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana (Larsen et al., 2007), Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Dense forest (Kielland, 1990d). In western Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 800 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a fairly scarce, large, secretive, crepuscular skipper (Larsen, 1991c). Specimens are often found resting on tree trunks, the underside blending well with the tree-bark (Larsen, 1991c). They are also noted when visiting flowers (Larsen, 1991c). Sometimes it comes to lights at night (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Cock et al., 2014: 35 [ovum, larva and pupa; ssp. capra]. Larval food: Borassus species (Arecaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1975; requires confirmation according to Cock et al., 2014]. Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) [Cock, vide Larsen, 1991c: 427; Kenya; Cock et al., 2014; Kenya coast; ssp. capra]. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae) [Cock et al., 2014; Tanzania; ssp. capra]. Phoenix species (Arecaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1975; requires confirmation according to Cock et al., 2014]. Raphia species (Arecaceae) [Sevastopoulo, 1975]. Raphia farinifera (Gaertn.) Hyl. (Arecaceae) [Cock et al., 2014; Tanzania & Zambia; ssp. capra]. ?Roystonea sp. (Arecaceae) (exotic) [Cock et al., 2014; Diani Beach, Kenya; ssp. capra]. Gretna carmen carmen Evans, 1937 Gretna carmen Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 150 (212 pp.). 3 Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons (Bitje)”. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana (Larsen et al., 2007), Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Banco (C. Belcasto, vide Larsen, 2005a); Azagny (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon – Bitje (TL). Gabon – Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018). Tanzania – Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d). Note: The populations in Ivory Coast may represent a distinct, undescribed species (Larsen, 2005a). Gretna carmen capra Evans, 1937 Gretna carmen capra Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 150 (212 pp.). Gretna carmen capra. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 41mm. Saiwa, Ngandu, Zambia. 21/8/78. I. Bampton. Bred. (Henning collection – H56). Gretna carmen capra. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 40mm. Shiwa Ngandu, N.C. Zambia, 1400m. Em. August 2001. IB/TCEC. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: [Kenya]: “Rabai-Mombasa”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast to eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika), Zambia. Specific localities: Kenya – Rabai-Mombasa (TL). 4 Zambia – Shiwa Ngandu (Heath et al., 2002; male and female illustrated above). Note: Larsen (1991: 427) avers that subspecies capra may deserve specific status. *Gretna cylinda (Hewitson, 1876) Lesser Crepuscular Skipper Hesperia cylinda Hewitson, 1876. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 18: 449 (449-457). Type locality: Angola. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Bivar-de-Sousa et al., 2016), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Fula Wusu (Larsen, 2005a). Liberia – Ganta (Larsen, 2005a); Tchien (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Tiassale (Larsen, 2005a); Bossematie (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen, 2005a); Likpe (Maessen, vide Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Benin – see Coache et al., 2017. Angola – Kwanza Norte Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Munene Forest (uncommon); Kere Hill, in Minziro Forest (rare) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: An uncommon species (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (2005a) took a male in broad daylight on the flowers of Clerodendron splendens in Boabeng-Fiema, Ghana. Early stages: Cock et al., 2016: 232 Larval food: Marantochloa cuspidata (Roscoe) Milne-Redh. (Marantaceae) [Vuattoux, 1999; Lamto, Ivory Coast; as Gretna cylindrica]. Thalia welwitschii Ridl.
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