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Internal security and crime prevention are required to account to the Cabinet and Parliament on primarily the responsibility of the South African all matters relating to policing. Important Police Service (SAPS), while the South African features of the Minister’s responsibility are the deter- National Defence Force (SANDF) is responsible for mination of national policing policy and the provision defending against external military of civilian oversight. The following three structures threats. fall under the Minister of Safety and Security: • Secretariat for Safety and Security Safety and security • Independent Complaints Directorate (ICD) • SAPS. In accordance with the South African Constitution, Based on its legislative mandate, the Department of 1996 (Act 108 of 1996), the Minister of Safety and Safety and Security has identified the following key Security is responsible for policing in general and is objectives for the medium term, namely to:

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• enhance the safety and security of South • combating organised crime by focusing on drug Africans and firearm trafficking, vehicle theft and hijack- • ensure proper investigation of criminal cases and ing, as well as commercial crime and corruption the provision of sound crime intelligence among public officials • protect prominent people • addressing serious and violent crime to counter • efficiently manage the SAPS, including its the proliferation of firearms; improve safety and resources, development and operations. security in high-crime areas; combat crimes These objectives have been aligned with the goals such as taxi and gang violence and faction fight- of the Integrated Justice System and the Justice, ing; and maintain security at major public events Crime Prevention and Security (JCPS) Cabinet • reducing the incidence of crimes committed Cluster, which co-ordinates joint crime-prevention against women and children, improving the initiatives. investigation and prosecution of these crimes, The SAPS Strategic Plan (2004 – 2007) and improving service delivery at police stations. includes, among others, the following key strategic The National Crime Combating Strategy (NCCS) priorities for the medium term: involves the establishment of crime-combating task

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groups targeting serious and violent crime in desig- Regulations, includes neglect of duties and failure to nated high-crime zones. comply with the SAPS Code of Conduct. It is gov- The NCCS is informed by a comprehensive set of erned by Chapter 10 of the SAPS Act, 1995. factors, such as strain and deprivation, low educa- The ICD has additional mandates in respect of tion levels, a legacy of poor human-rights culture, monitoring the implementation of the Domestic high rates of urbanisation, high levels of illegal gun Violence Act, 1998 (Act 116 of 1998), by the SAPS, ownership, radical socio-economic and political and in respect of civilian oversight over municipal transition, the risk of repeated victimisation, and the policing services. impact of HIV and AIDS on crime. The ICD investigates all deaths in police custody or as a result of police action. An investigation is Secretariat for Safety and conducted to determine whether there are any indi- Security cations of criminal conduct by the SAPS. Where In terms of the SAPS Act, 1995 (Act 68 of 1995), there are no indications of criminal conduct, the the functions of the Secretariat for Safety and matter is left to the police themselves to investigate, Security are, among others, to: while the ICD monitors/supervises the investigation. • advise the Minister If information is subsequently received indicating • promote democratic accountability and trans- criminal conduct on the part of the police, the ICD parency in the SAPS will conduct a full investigation. • provide the Minister with legal services and Upon completion of an investigation, the ICD may advice on constitutional matters make recommendations to the Director of Public • monitor the implementation of policy Prosecutions about the prosecution of any SAPS • conduct research on any policing matter in member(s) implicated. It may also make recommen- accordance with the instructions of the Minister, dations to the SAPS management regarding the and evaluate the performance of the SAPS. departmental prosecution of a police member. The Secretariat emphasises the importance of The ICD is compelled by law to investigate com- moral regeneration in efforts to combat crime, in the plaints or reports of deaths in police custody, or as belief that a major problem affecting criminality is a result of police action. moral degeneration. The Moral Regeneration Move- The ICD reports to Parliament through the ment calls on all cardinal role-players – the family, Minister of Safety and Security. However, it is oper- church, school system, government departments, ationally independent from the SAPS. various constitutional commissions such as the The number of complaints handled by the ICD in National Youth Commission (NYC) and the Com- 2003/04 amounted to 5 882, representing an mission on Gender Equality, and business – to come increase of 32,4% compared with 2002/03, when on board. 4 443 were received. There was a substantial 47% increase in reports Independent Complaints of serious criminal offences allegedly committed by Directorate SAPS members (a total of 1 473 cases). Reported The ICD investigates complaints of alleged criminal- incidents of alleged misconduct also increased by ity and misconduct against members of the SAPS. 27,6%, to a total of 3 716 cases. Criminality includes offences such as theft, cor- Of the 383 deaths in police custody, most ruption, robbery, assault and rape. occurred in KwaZulu-Natal (63), followed by The primary role of the ICD is to ensure that com- (59), the (41), the Eastern Cape (39), plaints about offences and misconduct committed Mpumalanga (30), North West (28), Limpopo (27), by the SAPS are investigated in an effective manner. the Free State (13) and Northern Cape (nine). Police conduct or behaviour which is prohibited in Most of the 384 deaths as a result of police terms of the SAPS Standing Orders or Police action also occurred in KwaZulu-Natal (121), fol-

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lowed by the Eastern Cape and Gauteng (49 each), • co-operate with the community, all levels of gov- Western Cape (32), Limpopo (26), the Free State ernment and other role-players. (21), North West (11), Mpumalanga (nine) and The budget of the SAPS has been increasing by an Northern Cape (six). annual average of 10,7% since the 2000/01 finan- Of all the deaths, 47% took place at the scene of cial year, when it stood at R15,6 billion. It is expect- a crime or during arrest, 29% at a hospital or clinic, ed to increase to R28,7 billion by 2006/07. and 20% in police cells. The majority of SAPS members allegedly involved Restructuring in shootings were constables (76%), followed by The SAPS continued to restructure specialised inspectors (17%) and sergeants (4%). investigation units, and by the end of 2002/03, all Persistent interventions by the ICD and SAPS 288 of the former specialised units had been management aim to reduce the number of deaths in closed, with the exception of those dealing with custody or as a result of police action, in line with a child protection and sexual offences. growing human-rights ethic within the SAPS. The following priority specialised units had been established by March 2004: 27 Serious and Violent South African Crime units with 677 detectives; 24 Organised Crime units with 723 detectives; 17 Commercial Police Service Crime units with 626 detectives; one Serious Economic Offences unit with 24 detectives; and 46 Strategic overview Family Violence, Child Protection and Sexual and key objectives Offence units with 755 detectives. The SAPS came into being in 1994 after the amal- The National Intervention Unit was established in gamation of the 11 independent policing agencies 2002/03 to intervene in extreme situations where nor- that existed before the nation’s transition to demo- mal policing is less effective. The Unit deals with medi- cracy. um- and high-risk operations to stabilise volatile situ- The key aims and programmes of the SAPS are ations. It also provides specialised operational support based on the objectives provided for in Section 205 to police stations and other sections and units. of the Constitution. The SAPS has a responsibility to: • prevent, combat and investigate crime Strategic direction • maintain public order The objectives of policing inform the SAPS’s key • protect and secure South Africans and their departmental programmes: property • uphold and enforce the law. Administration The vision of the SAPS is to create a safe and Administration provides for the formulation of policy secure environment for all South Africans. and the management of the SAPS, and includes The values held by the SAPS are to: administrative support. • protect everyone’s rights and be impartial, re- spectful, open and accountable to the community • use its powers in a responsible way • provide a responsible, effective and high-quality The winners of the 2004 service with honesty and integrity SImunye Excellence Awards for Best Police Stations were the police stations in Hendrina (1st prize), • evaluate its service continuously and make every Barberton (2nd prize) and Middelburg (3rd prize). effort to improve it The Awards are an annual event aimed at • use its resources in the best way possible improving service delivery at station level and consolidating partnerships between the police and • develop the skills of all its members through the community for a better-functioning criminal equal opportunities justice system that achieves a higher conviction rate.

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Visible Policing management. The Division is responsible for nation- Visible Policing aims to discourage all crime from al standards and policy relating to crime operations, occurring by providing a proactive and responsive property and assets, legislation, contracts and policing service aimed at preventing the priority agreements, policy standards and litigation. crime rate from increasing. Personnel Services Detective Service Personnel Services is responsible for managing per- The Detective Service contributes to the successful sonnel-related matters in support of the operational prosecution of crime by investigating and gathering priorities of the SAPS. all related evidence which prevents the detection By September 2004, the SAPS had a staff com- rate from decreasing. plement of 112 168 employees (including civilians).

Crime Intelligence Training Crime Intelligence contributes to neutralising crime A total of 9 050 SAPS Act personnel (trainees) and by collating and analysing intelligence information, 2 450 Public Service Act personnel (civilians) were which leads to actionable policing activity. allocated for appointment in the 2004/05 financial year. Protection and Security Services For the first time in the history of policing in South Protection and Security Services minimises security Africa, new recruits are not enlisted as members of violations by protecting foreign and local prominent the SAPS before training commences. They are people, and securing strategic areas to ensure a instead appointed on contract and enter into a safer South Africa. Memorandum of Agreement for a period of two years during which they undergo training. However, Divisions all applicants must still comply with the prescribed requirements as set out in Regulation 11 of the National Evaluation Services SAPS Act, 1995. This Division is responsible for supporting manage- Trainees are only enlisted after successful com- ment in the assessment of service-delivery stan- pletion of the first phase of training.This programme dards and performance. is an integrated outcomes-based learning interven- tion that seeks to deliver hard skills, but also to sub- Financial and Administration Services scribe to the patriotic imperatives of democracy and This Division is responsible for rendering a financial the soft skills needed to support victims of crime. and administrative support function to the manage- The formal training phases (covering two periods ment of the SAPS. of six months) are followed by one year in-service training after which the official is deployed as a fully Logistics fledged police officer. The expansion of the SAPS is This Division is responsible for fleet and facility man- supported by training in two intakes six months agement and all other logistical support. apart at five police training institutions situated countrywide. Career Management A sixth training centre situated at Phillipi in the This Division renders a people-centred human- Western Cape opened its doors for this purpose resource service to all personnel and ensures their during July 2004. The first shooting range built optimal utilisation. according to standards designed by the South African Bureau of Standards, which is situated at Legal Services Bisho in the Eastern Cape, was officially opened on Legal Services renders a legal support function to 11 June 2004. Others are under construction.

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With financial support to the value of R7 million • build capacity for local crime-prevention-strategy from the European Commission (EC), the SAPS was development, particularly within the framework expected to provide Adult Basic Education and of rural development and urban renewal Training to 4 000 employees in 2004. A further • build skills for resilience and resistance to crime 1 100 serving members were expected to receive among young people driver training financed by the EC at a cost of more • develop and implement strategies to deal with than R3 million. factors contributing to crime. With funding from the SAPS and the European Crime Prevention Union, a capacity-building programme has been Crime Prevention is regarded as a line-function divi- developed to assist with the implementation of an sion of the SAPS, specifically responsible for the interdepartmental anti-rape strategy. prevention of crime, by addressing its root causes, Victim-friendly facilities are of particular benefit to e.g. socio-economic factors, and by uplifting the victims of gender-based violence as they enable vic- community through rural-development and urban- tims’ statements to be taken in privacy. The SAPS renewal projects. has provided assistance for the establishment of Crime Prevention aims to reduce opportunities to such facilities at 143 police stations countrywide. In commit crime by optimising visible policing. The 2003/04, training in generic victim-friendly services Division is also responsible for developing, maintain- and domestic-violence service provision were pro- ing and monitoring policy standards and directives vided to 424 police members. regarding crime prevention and uniformed services in general. Police Emergency Services and Social Operational Response Services Crime Prevention resort under this Division. Operational Response Services is responsible for maintaining public order, conducting high-risk oper- Police Emergency Services ations, combating rural and urban terror, executing Police Emergency Services focuses on enhancing search-and-rescue flights, stabilising volatile situa- the skills and knowledge of all personnel performing tions and preventing cross-border crime. rapid-response services (10111 centres and Flying Squad), hostage negotiators, police divers and members of the Dog and Equestrian units. On 20 September 2004, the Minister of Safety and Security, Mr Charles Nqakula, Social Crime Prevention Unit released the crime statistics for the 2003/04 financial This Unit focuses on building community policing year. and community-based partnerships for crime pre- The statistics indicated, among other things, the following decreases: vention with stakeholders in government and civil • murder by 9,9% society. • attempted murder by 17,8% Policing tools such as sector policing play a role • assault with intent to inflict grievous bodily harm by 4,3% in this regard. The SAPS has also developed • common assault by 2,6% resource manuals to support crime-prevention part- • theft of vehicles by 7,3% • stock theft by 13,4% nerships with information such as the Designing • bank robbery by 58,3% Safer Places Manual for crime prevention through • cash-in-transit robberies by 49,7% environmental design. • hijacking of trucks by 10,5% • carjacking by 8% Programmes of the Social Crime Prevention Unit • housebreaking in residential areas by 8,3% aim to: • housebreaking in business premises by 14,3%. • improve victim support and assistance services, However, drug-related crimes showed an increase of 14,2%; drunken driving (10,1%) illegal possession of particularly for victims of domestic violence and firearms (4,2%); aggravating robbery (3,2%); and rape shoplifting (2,1%).

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Public-Order Policing units include the Special forensic science laboratories in Pretoria and Cape Task Force, Intervention units, Border Police and the Town the first such facilities in the world to use the Air Wing. RT-PCR technique which produces DNA results Border policing covers 53 land-border posts, 10 quicker. The Pretoria Laboratory does advanced air-border posts and nine sea-border posts. General work like voice comparison and the detection of border security work is performed by some 5 200 fraudulent documents, including cheques. permanent SAPS members. By mid-2004, the decentralisation of the DNA The SAPS will take over the borderline security analysis capacity to KwaZulu-Natal had been com- responsibility from the SANDF over the period 2004 missioned and a new multimillion Rand project for – 2009. The first SAPS deployments for this pur- expansion work at the Forensic Science Laboratory pose commenced in September 2004 on both the in the Western Cape was underway. Namibian and Botswana borders. Similar operations will also be launched in co-operation with the Crime Intelligence SANDF on all other borders. The Crime Intelligence Division of the SAPS is responsible for managing information-gathering, and Detective Service centralised intelligence management, co-ordination The Detective Service is responsible for maintaining and analysis. It also provides technical-intelligence an effective crime-investigation service. The support to the operational components of Crime Division’s main functions involve investigations into Intelligence and, where necessary, to other opera- serious, violent, commercial and organised crime. tional divisions of the SAPS. The Detective Service consists of the following components: Projects and operations • General Investigations. • Organised Crime. Information Systems Management • Commercial Crime. (ISM) • Criminal Record Centre (CRC). The ISM of the SAPS conducts various projects to • Serious and Violent Crime support and enhance the administration, analysis • Forensic Science Laboratory. The Laboratory and management of crime and criminal information received 155 728 exhibit materials for analysis in support of crime investigation and prevention. during 2002/03, of which 152 442 were Among others, the following critical projects relating finalised within 35 days. to the development and/or the implementation of An automated forensic DNA-typing system was application-software systems, have been undertak- expected to be installed in 2004/05, making the en: • the Geographic Information System at priority stations On 19 February 2004, the South • the Laboratory Information Management System African Police Service officially launched the first at the Forensic Science Laboratory Special Task Force Training Course for women. • the Automated Fingerprint Information System The first 35 female trainees were recruited from various existing police units throughout the country. (AFIS) at the CRC The recruits were expected to undergo a three- • the Analysts Notebook Application at the Crime week preparation and conditioning phase to develop their physical fitness and emotional and psychological Intelligence and Organised Crime units. well-being. They also had to undergo an 86-hour endurance test, which entailed doing strenuous physical and Automated Fingerprint Information mental exercise without food, water and sleep. Those System who completed the endurance test proceeded to the next four phases – weapon, basic rural, basic urban The AFIS is fully operational at national level as well and parachute training. as at 35 sites throughout the country. It is envisaged

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that AFIS Palm will be implemented by February turing more prominently and are playing a major 2005. This technology will enable the SAPS to read role in safeguarding the country. latent palmprints along with the current ability to read latent fingerprints. The AFIS is contributing Sector policing towards an increase in accuracy, productivity and Over and above efforts to concentrate on the gener- service delivery. Faster response times lead to an ators of contact crimes, such as firearms and drug increase in the production of previous conviction and substance abuse, the SAPS intensified its reports. efforts in 2004 to implement sector policing. The increase in police visibility not only serves as a crime Integrated Ballistics Information deterrent – it also contributes to an increased feel- System (IBIS) ing of safety and security among communities. The IBIS, which enables the SAPS to link bullets and The SAPS’s focus in 2004 was on the 63 con- cartridge cases to firearms and crime scenes, was tact-crime priority areas. These included: upgraded in 2003/04. A total of 24 566 exhibits • implementing sector-policing plans based on the were placed on the System since its upgrading. profiles of police stations • deploying sector-policing teams during each Community involvement police shift The implementation of the Crime-Prevention • establishing partnerships with all role-players to Development Programme continues.The Programme ensure a multidimensional approach to contact facilitates the development and implementation of crimes community-based crime-prevention strategies. • recruiting sector-policing reservists for each area The Programme has made a significant contribu- • implementing programmes such as the tion towards intersectoral co-operation, and serves Domestic Violence Programme, the Anti-Rape as a tool for local service-providers such as local Strategy and Victim Empowerment and Support government to integrate community-based crime- programmes in each of the areas prevention strategies in their core business. • utilising the Area Crime Combating units for re- Communities have been able to participate through gular operations applying indigenous knowledge during the concep- tual phase of projects. The Programme was successfully completed in the urban-renewal nodes of KwaMashu and Inanda in KwaZulu-Natal. The South African Police Service It has been extended to the following areas: (SAPS) Women’s Network was launched in October 2003. On 26 February 2004, the Head Office of the • Limpopo (Thohoyandou and Bolobedu) Women’s Network was launched in Pretoria. • KwaZulu-Natal (KwaDukuza, Mtubatuba and The Network aims to enhance service delivery by facilitating greater co-operation among all members of Umhlathuze) the SAPS. Some 53 women commissioners and • Eastern Cape (Motherwell and Mdantsane) directors from all over the country attended the launch. • Mpumalanga (Driefontein). The objectives of the Women’s Network are to: • facilitate mentors for women in the SAPS to advance The projects are aimed at enhancing the existing their careers and to assist them in becoming fully crime-prevention partnerships between the SAPS, participating and contributing partners alongside municipalities, private security firms, business and their male counterparts • provide adequate support to women who are victims local communities. of sexual harrassment The SAPS has developed a strong focus on part- • promote external services to women who have fallen nership policing. This involves mobilising the com- victim to serious and violent crimes • advocate career opportunities for all women in all munity to become involved in various projects to occupational categories and at all levels in the SAPS counteract crime. Community policing fora are fea- • ensure a fully representative workforce.

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• implementing technology such as closed-circuit By mid-2004, community safety centres were television cameras and other surveillance equip- under construction in Galeshewe in the Northern ment where it could play a role in crime reduc- Cape and Thabong in the Free State. tion. The SAPS completed the Practical Implementation Victim-Empowerment Programme Model for Sector Policing, consisting of examples (VEP) taken from various police stations, to serve as an Government recognises the importance of address- initiator and to enhance the successful implementa- ing the needs of victims of crime and violence in tion of sector policing. This Model will serve as the South Africa. To meet these needs, the national VEP primary guideline for the initiative in the 63 areas. was launched. It aims to make the country’s crimi- nal justice system more understandable and acces- Community safety centres sible to victims. The SAPS is dedicated to the upliftment of histori- The VEP further aims to address the negative cally disadvantaged communities. This includes the aspects of crime and violence through the provision building of community safety centres. of counselling and other support services. The These centres focus on delivering basic and eas- SAPS, as the first and often the only criminal justice ily accessible services to communities, especially in agency to come into contact with victims, has a vital deep rural and informal settlement areas. role to play in the empowerment of victims. The innovative concept of community safety centres The SAPS is a member of the interdepartmental brings all relevant departments under one roof and management team of the VEP, led by the Depart- involves the SAPS, the departments of Justice and ment of Social Development. Key contributions of Constitutional Development, Correctional Services, the team during 2003/04 included the finalisation of Health, and Social Development. Community safety the Victim Charter of Services and the development centres are fully operational in Thembalethu in the of a policy on victim empowerment. Western Cape, Ntsimbini in KwaZulu-Natal, Leboeng in The White Paper on Safety and Security: 1999 – Limpopo, and Khutsong in Gauteng. 2004 also emphasises the need for improved ser- vices to victims. The Department of Safety and Se- curity views victimisation as a violation of human rights. Government formed a partnership with Business Against Crime (BAC) in 1996. It subscribes to the United Nations (UN) The partnership covers a broad spectrum and Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims includes the Integrated Justice System; the Criminal Justice Strengthening Programme; the Service- of Crime and Abuse of Power, which clearly states Delivery Improvement Programme of the South African that victims have the right to be treated with respect Police Service (SAPS); the installation of surveillance systems; dealing with organised crime; co-operation in and dignity; the right to offer and receive informa- respect of white-collar crime and corruption; and the tion; the right to legal advice; and the right to pro- Tisa Thuto Project which teaches school learners non- violent methods of conflict resolution and positive tection, compensation or restitution. morality, including life skills and personal values. Victim empowerment has also been included as The BAC has supported government as consultant and facilitator by influencing strategy, policing and a national priority in the annual priorities and ob- priorities; supporting a mutually agreed-upon vision; jectives of the SAPS and forms an integral part of transferring business skills; developing working community policing. solutions that deliver results; and developing public- private partnerships. By February 2004, a new domestic violence Successes of the partnership include the installation training curriculum was being finalised for imple- of surveillance systems in urban areas, which has resulted in an 80% decrease in street crime in those mentation in 2004/05. areas, while also improving the SAPS’s response time to one minute. Video footage obtained from these surveillance systems is admissible as evidence in a Youth programmes court of law. To acquaint children with the SAPS, it launched,

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among others, the Captain Crime Stop Project. Employee Assistance Programme Captain Crime Stop pays regular visits to schools The Programme provides a counselling service and countrywide. a referral base to employee assistance services, The aim of the Project is to educate children such as psychologists, social workers and spiritual about crime and to provide them with tips for per- workers. sonal safety. The national Crime Stop number (08600 10111) Police File and the national emergency number (10111) are SABC 2 supported the return of the SAPS pro- available to receive information on criminals and gramme Police File. This programme is fast gaining their activities. popularity and several high-profile cases have been Children and the youth are affected by crime, both solved through public participation. Numerous as perpetrators and as victims. Reported criminal wanted and missing persons have been found. victimisation of children by other children is also of concern. Recognising the importance of early inter- Operation Sethunya vention in changing criminal behaviour, the SAPS Since October 2003, Operation Sethunya has been supports the Department of Education’s Safe integrated into day-to-day police activities. Schools Programme. Between 1 April 2003 and 31 March 2004, The objectives of the partnership include: 25 975 illegal firearms and 1 679 940 rounds of • reducing firearm violence in schools ammunition were confiscated under Operation • assisting young people to become resilient to Sethunya, and 5 990 people were arrested for ille- crime and violence. gal possession of firearms and ammunition. The Youth Violence Prevention Programme has joined hands with various national departments and bodies National Drug Master Plan such as the NYC and the National Consultative Forum The National Drug Master Plan is under review and to develop and implement a holistic and integrated in 2004 each department was instructed to draft Youth Crime-Prevention Programme. and implement mini drug master plans. The SAPS is also participating in the Young Sport Development Programme, which is designed to pro- vide an alternative to crime. A pilot project was initi- ated for streetchildren in Pretoria and in conjunction with other State departments and On 25 May 2004, several units non-governmental organisations. of the South African Police Service (SAPS) received awards for their humanitarian efforts to relieve poverty and promote peace. Commemoration Day The Impumelelo Innovation Golden Awards were On 9 May 2004, the SAPS commemorated deeds of presented to the SAPS Task Force, Airwing, Bomb valour and the men and women in blue who per- Disposal Squad, Crime Intelligence, Illegal Firearms and Selected Operations for their role in destroying formed them. Homage was paid to those who laid millions of rounds of ammunition and arms stored in down their lives to protect South Africans against caches throughout Mozambique during Operation crime. Rachel. Operation Rachel is a bilateral co-operation An amount of R19 million was set aside to buy agreement on arms destruction between the SAPS and new bullet-proof vests. The safety of police officials Mozambican police, which began in 1995. is being addressed through the newly developed The two police forces have since destroyed several tons of illegal weapons. Street Survival Programme. The Programme focus- By May 2004, more than 5 000 submachine guns, es on the total well-being of police members and 28 000 rifles, 20 million rounds of small arms ammunition, more than 20 000 mortar bombs, 747 kg covers health, fitness and street survival. of explosives and 13 500 hand grenades had been destroyed.

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The SAPS has to a large degree been focusing on compelled to undergo a competency test before supply reduction via law-enforcement efforts inside being granted a licence. South Africa and across the borders of the country, By mid-2004, South Africa had 2 079 759 regis- with the assistance of international agencies. During tered firearm owners who possessed 3 696 089 2004, the SAPS increased its focus on demand licensed firearms. The country had 554 firearm deal- reduction, by among other things, implementing the ers, 160 gunsmiths and 19 firearm manufacturers. Demand Reduction Strategy. Between January and May 2004, some 7 993 Police officers were also instructed to focus firearms were reported stolen or lost. intensely on 65 syndicates involved in the illegal trafficking and distribution of drugs. The SAPS’s International obligations and main focus is on syndicate leaders – both inside involvement in Africa South Africa and abroad. This is done in co-opera- The Department of Safety and Security has an obli- tion with the relevant foreign agencies. gation to ensure peace and stability in South Africa, In 2003/04, 61 706 persons were arrested on on the African continent and internationally. These drug-related offences. Between July and August obligations are achieved through international con- 2004, four clandestine laboratories were dismantled ventions and forging partnerships with security and drugs with a street value of more than R20 mil- establishments. lion confiscated. The Department also continues to forge and strengthen partnerships with police institutions on Physical resource management the continent to advance the objectives of the New The SAPS has made great strides in upgrading and Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and providing facilities. This will go a long way towards the African Union (AU). improving service delivery. Some 110 police sta- To this end, the Department is actively involved in tions and cells were expected to receive attention in peace initiatives in the Democratic Republic of 2004/05. Special attention is being paid to facilities Congo and Burundi, and has received requests for in historically disadvantaged communities. training support from various African countries, including Mozambique, Kenya and Nigeria. Firearm control The Firearms Control Act, 2000 (Act 60 of 2000), and International relations the Firearms Control Amendment Act, 2003 (Act 43 The SAPS has co-operation agreements with of 2003), intend to help the SAPS prevent the prolif- France, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, the Russian eration of illegal firearms and remove them from soci- Federation, Hungary, Egypt, China, Nigeria, Mozam- ety, as well as to control legally owned firearms. bique, Portugal, Swaziland and the People's The Firearms Control Act, 2000 came into effect Republic of China. Negotiations are ongoing to on 1 July 2004. People seeking firearm licences are include more countries on its list of international partners against organised crime. South Africa is among 182 countries whose police structures are affiliated with Interpol. It has In April 2004, a pilot counter- 12 liaison officers based at South African Missions terrorism training programme was held in Pretoria. It was attended by 22 police members from 12 abroad, to interact on a continuous basis with its southern African countries. counterparts in the detection of international The training focused on various issues related to crime. counter-terrorism – including legal aspects, intelligence co-ordination, border control, investigation, International Liaison serves as a 24-hour nodal and the role of the media. point with respect to all crimes committed against The programme was held under the auspices of the and by the diplomatic corps, requests for protection Southern African Regional Police Chiefs’ Co-ordinating Committee. duties throughout the country, visits by foreign dele-

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gates, and general enquiries by foreign Missions and South Africa, as regulated by the Constitution, diplomatic-accredited international organisations. national legislation, and parliamentary and execu- The SAPS regularly participates in UN activities tive direction. such as: The mission success factors of the Department • The UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice involve the following: Programme. The National Commissioner of the • national consensus on defence SAPS, Mr Jackie Selebi, is the Government rap- • excellent strategic direction porteur to the UN Commission on Crime • excellent resource management Prevention and Criminal Justice. • effective combat and support forces • Negotiations of the UN Single Convention Against • professionalism in the conduct of operations Terrorism. • successful implementation of the transfor- • The implementation of UN Security Council mation process. Resolution 1373, in particular the work of the Ongoing transformation has drastically changed the Counter Terrorist Committee in New York. functions of the Department from offensive to South Africa has signed and ratified the Southern defensive. It is gradually withdrawing from its in- African Development Community (SADC) Protocol volvement in support of the police and other protec- on Drug Trafficking. It also signed the SADC Protocol tion agencies. on the Control of Firearms, Light Weapons and As a key player in regional peace efforts, and as Other Related Material. a committed member of the SADC and the AU, the The SAPS has agreements with various interna- Department is participating in a variety of initiatives tional donor countries. The aims of the projects aimed at securing peace and stability on the conti- range from operational initiatives to human resource nent. capacity-building (training, skills development, etc.), The SANDF’s budget was increased by more than technical assistance and physical resources. R1 billion to R20,05 billion in the 2003/04 financial On 16 March 2004, the former United States of year. The Medium Term Expenditure Framework America (US) Ambassador to South Africa, Mr estimate puts the allocation for 2005/06 at Cameron Hume, handed over specialised anti- R22,5 million. terrorism equipment to the SAPS. The equipment – In 2003/04, the South African Army was allocat- aimed at dealing with biological, chemical and ed R3,1 billlion; the (SAAF) nuclear attacks – forms part of a five-year US State R2,1 billion; the South African Military Health Department anti-terrorism assistance training pro- Service (SAMHS) R1,2 billion; and the South African gramme worth about US$13 million. Navy R1,05 billion. Defence Intelligence received The equipment, valued at US$180 000, included R153 million. biohazard suits, chemical detectors and special material-analysing apparatus. Legislation

Defence Defence Act, 2002 The Defence Act, 2002 regulates the defence func- The Constitution, the Defence Act, 2002 (Act 42 of tion. 2002), the White Paper on Defence and the Defence Review mandate the Department of Defence. These laws and policies direct and guide the functions of On 8 October 2004, the National the Department of Defence and the SANDF. Police Commissioner, Mr Jackie Selebi, was elected as The mission of the Department of Defence is to Interpol’s new president, becoming the first African to provide, manage, prepare and employ defence be elected to this office. Mr Selebi has served as vice president, Africa, since capabilities commensurate with the needs of 2002. Interpol comprises 182 member countries.

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National Conventional Arms Control development, production and stockpiling of anti- Committee (NCACC) Act, 2002 personnel landmines. The NCACC Act, 2002 (Act 41 of 2002), was assent- South Africa plays a leading role in de- ed to by the President on 20 February 2003. The Act mining, training de-miners and improving the cost- establishes, among other things, the NCACC (a com- efficiency of operations. mittee of Ministers of which the Minister of Defence is a member) as a statutory body to ensure compli- Functions ance with government policies in respect of arms The SANDF is responsible for: control, and provide guidelines and criteria to be • the defence of the Republic, for the protection of used when assessing applications for permits. its sovereignty and territorial integrity National Conventional Arms Control regulations • compliance with the international obligations of dealing with applications for permits and the list of the Republic with regard to international bodies dual-use goods, technologies and munitions that are and other states subject to control were published in May 2004. The • the preservation of life, health and property NCACC’s Policy for the Control of Trade in Conven- • the provision and maintenance of essential ser- tional Arms was promulgated in January 2004. vices • upholding law and order in the Republic in co- Armaments Corporation of South operation with the SAPS, under circumstances Africa (Armscor) Bill set out in legislation, where the SAPS is unable This Bill will replace the Armaments Development to maintain law and order on its own and Production Act, 1968 (Act 57 of 1968). It will be • the support of any State department for the pur- aligned with current national and defence policy, pose of socio-economic upliftment. which pronounces the role, function, accountability, management and operations of Armscor. Objectives The SANDF’s military strategic objectives are to: Military Discipline Bill • defend against aggression The Bill consolidates various separate legislative • promote security instruments such as the Military Discipline • support the people of South Africa. Supplementary Measures Act, 1999 (Act 16 of The tasks of the SANDF are as follows: 1999), Chapter XI and the First Schedule of the • defence against aggression: Defence Act, 1957 (Act 44 of 1957).The Bill intends - providing military defence capabilities for the to obviate future constitutional challenges by elimi- defence of South Africa against external military nating those provisions of current legislation not in threats, and the execution of military operations line with the Constitution. in defence of South Africa, its interests and its citizens when so ordered by the President in Prohibition on Anti-Personnel Mines his/her capacity as Commander-in-Chief of the Bill SANDF The Bill aims to give effect to the International Mines • promoting security: Ban Treaty to which South Africa is a party. It intends - promoting regional security through defence co- to provide for appropriate legal and administrative operation within the SADC/AU/UN measures to suppress any activity that may be in - promoting international security through military contravention of provisions of the Treaty. The Bill also co-operation in support of South Africa's foreign prescribes penal sanctions against those who con- policy travene the Treaty or engage in prohibited activities. - providing a military capability for participation in In 1996, South Africa prohibited the export of all regional and international peace-support opera- types of landmines and, in 1997, ceased the use, tions

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• supporting the people of South Africa: Defence Strategy - providing defence capabilities against internal The Department of Defence’s Defence Strategy is threats to the constitutional order, and the exe- based on the Constitution, the White Paper on cution of such operations in a state of emer- Defence, the Defence Review and the National gency when so ordered by the President Security Strategy. - providing and applying forces for land, air and The Defence Strategy consists of the Business maritime border protection against non-military Strategy and the Military Strategy. The Business threats Strategy informs the way in which the Department - providing capacity to maintain law and order in conducts its business as a State department, while co-operation with the SAPS on an ongoing the Military Strategy indicates the way in which the basis, which will remain necessary until the SANDF prepares for and executes its military mis- SAPS is able to fulfil the task without assistance sions. The Military Strategy has a number of strate- from the military other than in exceptional cir- gies emanating from it, namely the Force Employ- cumstances ment Strategy, Provide Force Strategy and its sup- - providing surveillance and enforcement support porting strategies. to the relevant authorities for the protection of marine resources, control of marine pollution, Business Strategy and maritime law and enforcement The Business Strategy enables the Military Strategy - providing air-traffic control services in support of by: civil-aviation authorities • providing strategic direction to the business of - providing military support for the preservation of the Department life, health and property in emergencies where • integrating and aligning the resource and core the scale of the emergency temporarily exceeds capability strategies and ultimately the plans and the capacity of the relevant civil authority actions which evolve from them - providing emergency capabilities for the mainte- • providing enhanced service delivery through nance of essential services which have been sound governance and ethics which rest on the disrupted temporarily and where the capacity of four pillars of transparency, honesty, integrity and the relevant civil authority is exceeded accountability, and by following the principles of - providing medical and health services in support Batho Pele (People First). of relevant authorities • fully supporting, equipping, maintaining and - providing search-and-rescue support for rele- administering military forces while in barracks vant authorities in accordance with domestic and when deployed on missions of any nature agreements and South Africa’s international • ensuring that the Department is aligned with the obligations policies and priorities of government in respect of - providing an air transport service for Very governance and administration Important Persons (VIPs) and other officials in • continuously improving the Department’s busi- accordance with approved policy ness system and accountability - providing support for other State departments for • continuously improving the quality of personnel, missions to the Antarctic and southern oceans material, infomation and facilities. - providing hydrographic services to South African mariners in compliance with the international Business strategic objectives obligations of the country The five business strategic objectives are to: - providing an infrastructure for the management • comply with civil oversight of the Service Corps • account for defence resources - providing a communications-security service for • provide policy direction and guidance other State departments. • strive for continuous improvement

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• create an appropriately skilled, educated and • international, regional or subregional peace- sustainable workforce. building and peacemaking • international or regional peace enforcement Military Strategy • international or regional search-and-rescue The Military Strategy of South Africa is derived from • maintenance of the health status of members of the Constitution, the Defence Review, the White the SANDF Paper on Defence and the National Security Strategy. • maritime support The National Security Strategy is derived from • pre-emptive operations implied national interests, the Department of Foreign • Presidential healthcare Affairs, international relations and JCPS Cluster • Presidential tasks objectives. • protection of foreign assets • repelling of conventional and non-conventional Missions onslaught The SANDF uses a mission-based approach to • show-of-force achieve the military strategic objectives of the • special operations Department of Defence. This approach uses • subregional disaster-relief and humanitarian wartime and peacetime missions to direct the assistance peacetime strategy for force preparation, and to • support to military diplomacy guide joint and combined force preparation and • support to government departments force employment during times of conflict. The mis- • VIP transport. sions envisaged for the next 10 years include: • borderline control Military strategic concepts • co-operation with the SAPS The military strategic concepts describe the proce- • defence against a biological and/or chemical dures to be followed to meet the military strategic onslaught objectives: • defence against an information onslaught • Provision of mission-essential training: The • disaster relief and humanitarian assistance SANDF is to educate, train and develop its sol- • international or regional humanitarian interven- diers in the essential skills required to execute tion the tasks necessary to accomplish its missions. • international or regional observers It focuses on force training/preparation and is aligned with the allocated budget. • Establishing a mission-trained force: The SANDF is to have the capability to establish a mission- The People’s Republic of China (PRC) trained force that can engage in specific mis- and South Africa have signed a defence agreement to sions. The force must be relatively small, but exchange military hardware and personnel. The agreement was signed in Pretoria on 19 July must ultimately be prepared according to the 2004 by the Minister of Defence, Mr , missions and capabilities required. and General Guo Boxiong, second vice-chairperson of • Selective engagement where possible: The the PRC Central Military Committee. The deal strengthens South Africa and the PRC’s SANDF will execute all the missions as ordered, military ties both in the defence industry and through a but will be selective in the courses of action it will military co-operation pact, including peacekeeping follow, the force levels it will field, as well as the missions. Soon after the agreement was signed, the PRC Defence Force donated more than 100 computers capabilities and resources it will provide and to the South African Department of Defence for training maintain. It focuses on the conscious taking of purposes. calculated strategic and operational risks. The equipment and computer programmes will be used in the training of personnel for peacekeeping • Strategic positioning: This entails the establish- missions in Africa. ment of early-warning mechanisms, such as the

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placement of military attachés and involvement the Department of Defence and the Minister of in subregional institutions to enhance peace and Defence over the Department of Defence security in the region.This supports development • providing the SANDF with comprehensive initiatives such as NEPAD. instructions regarding the exercise of powers • monitoring compliance with policies and direc- Military strategic capabilities tions issued by the Minister of Defence to the The capabilities of the SANDF constitute the means SANDF, and reporting thereon to the Minister of the Military Strategy and consist of: • ensuring discipline of, administrative control • command and control, communication, com- over, and the management of employees, in- puters, information, intelligence, infrastructure, cluding effective utilisation and training reconnaissance and surveillance • instituting departmental investigations as may be • light mobile provided for by the law. • conventional warfare • support. Chief of the South African National Defence Force Organisational structure The functions of the Chief of the SANDF include, but are not limited to: Defence administration • executing defence policy The Department of Defence adheres to the princi- • directing the work of Defence headquarters ples of civil control and oversight through the • responsibility for the overall functioning of the Minister of Defence, the Joint Standing Committee SANDF on Defence (JSCD) and the Defence Secretariat. • serving as the principal adviser to the Minister While the Minister is responsible for pro- and President on military, operational and viding political direction to the Department, the administrative matters within his/her compe- JSCD ensures that the Executive Authority (Minister tence. of Defence) remains accountable to Parliament. The Inspector-General provides management infor- However, for day-to-day administration and the co- mation to the Secretary for Defence. This is derived ordination of strategic processes, the Minister of from performance and regulatory internal audits Defence relies on the Defence Secretariat, which is that are based on the risks derived from the the civilian leg of the Department. Department of Defence Risk Register and results depicted from survey analyses. Defence Secretariat The Defence Secretariat is headed by the Secretary Policy and planning for Defence. One of the subprogrammes of the Defence In terms of the Defence Act, 2002, the Defence Administration Programme is the Division: Policy Secretariat is responsible for the following: and Planning. It comprises three subprogrammes, • supporting the Secretary for Defence in his/her namely Defence Policy, Human Resource Policy and capacity as the head of the Department, the Strategic Management. The functions of this sub- accounting officer for the Department and the programme include, but are not limited to, the fol- principal departmental adviser to the Minister of lowing: Defence • providing expert input relating to general defence • performing any functions entrusted by the policy to the Minister of Defence, Deputy Minister Minister to the Secretary for Defence, in particu- of Defence, Secretary for Defence and the Chief lar those necessary or expedient to enhance civil of the SANDF control by Parliament over the Department of • the strategic management, planning and strate- Defence, Parliamentary committees overseeing gic control processes of the Department

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• managing the policy-formulation process of the air by high-technology surveillance supported by Department rapid-reaction forces • drawing up, promulgating and presenting the • general area protection will be provided by a departmental plan to Parliament combination of high-density and rapid-reaction • the integration and performance analysis of operations. management systems in the Department • interpreting input and influences that could affect Operational commitments the overall national defence strategy These include: • regulating conventional arms transfers in accor- • The achievement of international and regional dance with government policy defence co-operation aims. • co-ordinating the drawing-up of national contin- • The execution of limited peace operations. gency plans for a state of national defence (war). • Effective land, sea and air-border control. • The maintenance of law and order in support of Operations the SAPS, with special attention to the com- bating of taxi violence, robberies and heists. Conventional • Control of the South African maritime areas of In the event of a conventional military threat against responsibility, including the Exclusive Economic South Africa, the broad joint concept of operations Zone (EEZ). will be as follows: • When requested, providing support to civil • land operations: the SANDF will conduct offen- authorities within the scope of regulations sive, proactive and reactive land operations regarding: directed at stopping and destroying the enemy - the preservation of life, health and property before it can penetrate South African territory - the maintenance of essential services • air operations: enemy air power will be neu- - the provision of medical and health services tralised mainly through defensive counter-air - search-and-rescue operations operations assisted by air-mobile land operations - missions to the Antarctic and the southern aimed at destroying the enemy air force on the oceans ground - diplomatic initiatives. • maritime operations: enemy maritime forces will • Air-transport missions, including VIP flights and be attacked at range, while the defence of own departmental scheduled flights. and friendly shipping will be enhanced by defen- • Area-defence operation missions. sive patrols and escort • Multinational and joint-force preparation mis- • SAMHS operations: during conventional opera- sions. tions, the SAMHS deploys its mobile formation in • Special forces missions. direct support of land, air and maritime opera- • Borderline control – the SANDF deploys forces in tions. support of the SAPS along South Africa’s inter- national borders. The SANDF will gradually phase Non-conventional out its role in this regard, to be completed by March The broad non-conventional concepts of operations 2009. SANDF deployment consists of an average are as follows: of nine infantry companies patrolling selected • support to the SAPS in the maintenance of law stretches of the borderline as the situation and order will be provided by general support demands, supported by elements of the SAMHS tasks and focused rapid-reaction operations and the SAAF. The SAAF contributes aircraft to directed at priority crime and the conduct of spe- deploy land forces along the land borders where cial operations necessary and carries out reconnaissance flights • border control will be exercised on land, sea and along the land and sea borders where they assist

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the South African Navy patrolling the EEZ.The Navy • institutionalise appropriate leadership, command patrols the coastline, assisting the Department of and management practices, philosophy and Environmental Affairs and Tourism with the prose- principles cution of illegal fishermen, while also maintaining a • align defence policies, plans and management presence at sea and thereby deterring other crimi- with the overall government transformation and nal activities such as drug smuggling. administrative-reform initiatives The SAAF further assists the Civil Aviation Authority • ensure compliance with the Public Finance and the SAPS border component in reducing the Management Act (PFMA), 1999 (Act 1 of 1999), incidence of illegal aircraft flights into the country as amended by Act 29 of 1999 and National which, in most cases, are involved with smuggling of Treasury regulations. some kind. After comprehensive research, a set of seven shared values for the Department was approved: Other defence commitments • military professionalism Other defence commitments of the Department of • human dignity Defence are to: • integrity • achieve a reasonable level of military diplomacy • leadership through: • accountability - the placement and control of defence attachés • loyalty - the preparation and servicing of Memoranda of • patriotism. Understanding - participation in international and regional de- fence structures, such as the UN, AU, SADC and the Interstate Defence and Security On 20 January 2004, the former Deputy Committee Minister of Defence, Ms Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge, • meet the international obligations of the opened the first site to house Project Phidisa, a clinical research project, at 1 Military Hospital in Pretoria. Department of Defence according to internation- Project Phidisa focuses on the management and al agreements such as: treatment of HIV-infections among uniformed members - search-and-rescue of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) and their dependants. - hydrography The Minister of Defence, Mr Mosiuoa Lekota, • provide communication-security services to launched Project Phidisa on 1 December 2003 other State departments (World AIDS Day) in Pretoria. The research will: • administer the National Key Points Act, 1980 • evaluate the effect of HIV on the SANDF with an (Act 102 of 1980), initial focus on treatment, including treatment with antiretrovirals • provide healthcare for the President and Deputy • provide treatment to qualified HIV-positive SANDF President. members and their dependants at six selected research locations • answer research questions relevant to South Africa Management of transformation on the use of antiretroviral therapy and other Since 1996, the Department of Defence has been interventions to address diseases that impact on undergoing a formal transformation process members of the military • build capacity within the South African Military through which the Transformation Project was re- Health Service so that it can conduct research on gistered. The Project’s goals are to: other diseases of critical importance to military force • maximise defence capabilities through an afford- preparedness. The Project was expected to be extended to 2 Military able and sustainable force design and structure Hospital in in the Western Cape, 3 Military • minimise defence costs by business process, i.e. Hospital in Bloemfontein in the Free State, and to engineering and restructuring of especially the military bases in Mtubatuba in KwaZulu-Natal, Phalaborwa in Limpopo, and Umtata in the Eastern support structures Cape.

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Force employment Reserve Force in the South African In accordance with the Force Employment Strategy Army approved in 2002, the force-employment structures The majority of Reserve Force units reside in the provide for operational level structures to enhance South African Army. Currently, the Army comprises command and control, cost-efficiency and function- the ACR and the ATR, or the commandos, as they al differentiation at military-strategic, operational are commonly known. and tactical levels of the Joint Operations Division. As an integral and essential part of the Army, the This will ensure that the core strategic objectives of Reserve Force element will, during times of war, the Department are effectively addressed. provide the expansion capability of the Army. The Nine tactical level headquarters were estab- South African Army Reserve is being aligned with lished, one in each province. If required, temporary force-employment capability requirements. Joint Task Force headquarters may be created for The Chief Directorate: Army Reserve is the advi- specific operations. Combat-ready units are pre- sory body to the Chief of the Army on all issues per- pared, provided and supported, as required. taining to the Reserve Force. Furthermore, it pro- vides policy and strategy input to the planning fora Bases of the Army. Senior Reserve officers from both the Bases are lower-level structures provided by all the ex-statutory and non-statutory forces have been Services. Units are generally clustered in or around staffed on a high level to provide a balanced input bases and share common facilities and services. and to be part of the planning processes in the Bases exercise administrative control, but not Army. command over attached units. The ACR is the conventional reserve capability of the Army. By mid-2004, it comprised 51 units One Force spread among the following formations – Infantry, The ‘One Force’ concept comprises the Regular and Artillery, Air Defence Artillery, Armour and the engi- Reserve Force components of the SANDF. neers. The majority of units are in the infantry for- The Regular Force consists of highly trained sol- mation and provide the mechanised, motorised, diers to operate and maintain a core capability, light and paratroop capabilities. sophisticated equipment and defence systems. These units were undergoing transformation and The Reserve Force is the former part-time com- rejuvenation with the intention of building a deploy- ponent of the SANDF. Members are trained to bol- able force. The ATR is part of the ‘One Force’ for the ster the core defence commitment. Other compo- defence of South Africa. Due to their strategic loca- nents are the Army Conventional Reserve (ACR), the tion around the country, the role of the 183 units is Army Territorial Reserve (ATR), which includes the defined as rear area protection in time of war. commandos, the SAAF, the Naval Reserve and the However, this geographic positioning also SAMHS Reserve. The ATR operates mainly in co- enables them to be easily deployed/employed in the operation with other government departments, secondary functions of the SANDF, e.g assistance to especially the SAPS. Approval has been granted for the SAPS, disaster relief, etc. Over the last decade, the expansion of the Defence Reserve Force divi- employment in the secondary role has been the sole sions to include offices in 10 regions. These offices function of the ATR. will carry out the mandate of the Chief of Defence With the implementation of the Military Strategy Reserve at regional level. and the Force Employment Strategy, the SANDF This is aimed at involving Reserve Force mem- (Regular and Reserve) will gradually withdraw from bers in the command, management and decision- providing support to the SAPS, which will rightfully making processes, and providing them with assume full responsibility. The ATR as a system is enhanced career-development opportunities. expected to be phased out by 2009.

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Force preparation Humanitarian relief The chiefs of the Services (Army, SAAF, Navy and As in the past, the SANDF participated in various SAMHS) are responsible for the ‘provide forces’ disaster- and human-relief operations throughout processes of their respective Services. Formations South Africa and the region in 2003/04. are basic building-blocks in this process. Each formation has its own commander.A forma- Staff complement tion includes, where practical, all units and support The Department strives towards representivity at all elements related to a specific user-system type. It is levels in terms of gender and race. The Depart- capable of providing a fully supported user system ment’s baseline target for race is 65% Black, 10% to a commander responsible for the exercising and Coloured, 0,75% Indian and 24% White. By March combat-readiness of land, air, maritime and mili- 2003, the Force had 62% Black, 12% Coloured, 1% tary-health capabilities, such as a brigade or Asian and 25% White personnel, while 85% of the division commander. Force was male and 15% female. A formation can provide the same service to a The baseline target for the employment of people task-force commander appointed by the Chief of with disabilities is 2%, but owing to rightsizing this Joint Operations. is not viable. By September 2003, the Department This is a considerable improvement in cost- of Defence was employing 446 persons with dis- effectiveness, while it also provides the best way of abilities. To achieve its target, the Department would retaining core defence capabilities, especially expert- have to employ 1 400 persons with disabilities. ise in critical mass function. Some examples of for- mations established by the different Services are: Resettlement • Army – infantry, artillery or armour formations The Directorate: Personnel Separation has executed • SAAF – direct combat system programmes at various levels in terms of the • Navy – the fleet Department’s Human Resource Strategy 2010. The • SAMHS – military-health formations. Directorate is serving as a nodal point for redeploy- A formation’s specific geographical location ment and resettlement. depends on where its combat and support units are The Department of Defence established a concentrated. Personnel Rationalisation Advisory and Co-ordinat- ing Committee for the management of this process Force support to ensure efficient and cost-effective support pro- Support formations are intermediate structures with grammes for both the resettlement and redeploy- their own formation commanders. Their task is to ment of the Department’s members and employees provide combat support to type formations and affected by separation. other system structures.

Military veterans From 23 March to 5 April 2004, a task The Military Veterans Affairs Act, 1999 (Act 17 of team of 63 members of the South African National 1999), came into effect on 1 February 2001. The Defence Force was deployed in Madagascar after the island state was hit by a vicious cyclone. regulations in terms of the Act, 1999 were approved The task team, which included medical, logistics by the Minister of Defence for promulgation. and traffic personnel, left on board four IL 76 transport The Minister appointed the chairperson and aircraft which each carried an Oryx helicopter. The helicopters were used to help the United members of the Advisory Board on Military Veterans’ Nations Children’s Fund, the International Red Cross Affairs from nominations received from the recog- and other non-governmental organisations involved nised military veterans’ organisations. The President with the World Food Programme, in the distribution of food and medical supplies in affected areas. is designated as the Patron-in-Chief of all military Cyclone Gafilo left at least 130 dead and 193 000 veterans in terms of the Act. homeless.

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The Directorate has established and implement- Seventeen members of the SANDF were ed the Social Plan, which addresses the reskilling deployed to the Comoros from March to May 2004 and psychosocial needs of the Department’s mem- to serve as military observers for the AU Observer bers and employees. Mission during elections held on the islands. Professional multidisciplinary teams execute this South Africa was also requested to deploy 10 support programme. military observers to the Sudan as part of the AU The Department of Defence has set in place the Observer Mission in that country. Members started Human Resource Planning Instruction that guides deploying from early 2004, for an initial period of 12 the process of interdepartmental transfers of rede- months. ployable members and employees. Requirement of main Peace support equipment Based on the White Paper on South African The Department of Defence has completely revised Participation in International Peace Missions, the and consolidated its policies for the acquisition of SANDF continues to prepare for support in peace weapon systems. Whereas the old approach placed missions. Various members of the Department of emphasis squarely on the local satisfaction of sys- Defence have been trained for participation in peace tems and technological needs, the new direction missions. takes into account the fact that South Africa is part The Cabinet authorised the SANDF to deploy up of the global environment within which opportunities to 1 600 South African soldiers as part of the 3 200- should be exploited to the benefit of the Department strong AU Mission in Burundi, consisting of soldiers of Defence. from South Africa, Mozambique and Ethiopia. The Ground-Based Defence System (Phase One) On 21 May 2004, the UN Security Council adopt- was contracted for delivery from 2004 to 2006. ed Resolution 1545 of 2004, authorising and man- The rapid-deployment logistical vehicles for dating the UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB), which paraforces and special forces were delivered at the came into effect on 1 June 2004. end of 2002. The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations The SAS Amatola was launched and named by requested South Africa to contribute to the ONUB. Ms Zanele Mbeki, the First Lady, on 2 June 2002. Three South African staff officers were deployed After successful work and sea trials, the vessel was in the UN Mission in Liberia. The first two members handed over to the South African Navy and arrived were deployed in November 2003 and the third in in Simon’s Town on 23 September 2003. January 2004. The SAS Isandlwana was launched and named by Ms Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge, the then Deputy Minister of Defence, on 5 December 2002. The vessel left Kiel, Germany, on 31 January 2004 and arrived in Table Bay, Cape Town, on 25 February 2004. On 21 September 2004, Captain Catherine ‘Siren’ Labuschagne (25) made world The SAS Spioenkop was launched and named by military history as the first woman fighter pilot to fly a Ms Thandi Modise, the then Chairperson of the Gripen fighter jet. Captain Labuschagne, who is stationed at 85 Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence, on 4 Combat Flying School in Hoedspruit, Mpumalanga, June 2003. The vessel was handed over to the South took to the skies during the Africa Aerospace and African Navy and arrived in Simon’s Town on 31 May Defence (AAD) Expo 2004 held at the Waterkloof Air Force Base from 21 to 25 September 2004. 2004. The fourth corvette, SAS Mendi, was launched The AAD is jointly owned by South Africa’s defence and named in Kiel on 15 June 2004. The SAS Mendi acquisition and procurement agency Armscor; the arrived in South Africa early in November 2004. Commercial Aviation of Southern Africa; the South African Aerospace, Maritime and Defence Industries These ships, each with a range of 6 200 nautical Association; and the Department of Defence. miles, are the first new warships for South Africa in

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16 years and are specifically designed for South assisting role-players in closing down and re-using African conditions. military bases in a sustainable manner. The Military South Africa is also in the process of acquiring Integrated Training Range Guidebook provides mili- three types of 209 submarines from Germany. tary environmental managers with a process that Unlike the patrol corvettes that still have to be fitted will ensure the long-term continuation of environ- out in South Africa, the submarines will arrive fully mentally sound management practices, while also operational. The first boat was launched by Ms Ruth enhancing the ability of the defence sector to sus- Mompati, a veteran of the Apartheid struggle, in Kiel tain long-term and cost-effective range operations. on 15 June 2004. After completing sea trials, the The Department continues to demonstrate its submarine is expected to arrive in South Africa responsibility as custodian of land entrusted to it towards the end of 2005. through active co-operation in the land redistribution The submarines will be delivered at approximate- and restitution policies of government. It co- ly 12-month intervals, with final delivery expected operated in a pilot study regarding the closing down by December 2008. and re-use of redundant military bases for the pur- Inkwazi, which means ‘fish eagle’, is the name poses of alternative economic land-use initiatives. given to the Boeing Business Jet which the SAAF These are aimed at achieving co-operative environ- accepted into service in January 2003. Inkwazi pro- mental governance as advocated in national vides the South African Government with a VIP inter- environmental policies. continental air-transport capability. Over the past decade, the Department has been The first four of nine C130 Hercules mid-life air- rationalising its land portfolio and has made one- craft were delivered to the SAAF after a life-exten- third (close to a quarter million hectares) of its ori- sion programme. The final delivery was expected by ginal estate available for non-military use. the end of 2004. Ministerial approval has been received for the Armaments procurement of four maritime helicopters for the SAAF for operational deployment on the South Armaments Corporation African Navy corvettes. The following major projects will commence in of South Africa the next five years: The primary function of Armscor is to acquire • new tactical radios defence products and services for the SANDF, and • new power-supply equipment to co-manage, with the Department of Defence, the • new telecommunications infrastructure. development of technologies for future weapon sys- Provision was made by the Government in 2003/04 tems and products. It also manages the disposal of for the procurement of four Super Lynx 300 mar- excess, forfeited, redundant or surplus defence itime helicopters from Agusta Westland for deploy- material for the SANDF and subsidiary companies, ment aboard patrol corvettes. These are expected to which directly support defence technology and start arriving in 2007. acquisition strategies. The Armscor Act, 2003 (Act 51 of 2003), was Facilities, land and signed by the President in April 2004. environment Armscor provides the Department with tender- Facilities, Land and Environmental Management in board functions; a procurement secretariat; legal, the Department of Defence strives for the efficient management of these entities. The Department has adopted the process of base In September 2004, paratrooper teams conversion. The focus is on the role and responsibil- from 14 countries took part in the third Exercise ities of the military process of conversion aimed at Airborne Africa, held at Lohatla in the Northern Cape.

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financial, quality and asset-management services; ment of vehicle-testing technologies and project security; and arms-control compliance methods, VHF/UHF and microwave antenna- assurance. testing and evaluation, environmental testing, Armscor also manages subsidiary companies, and verification of military products against which directly support defence technology and specification. acquisition strategies, as well as the disposal of • Alkantpan offers an all-purpose weapon and excess, forfeited or redundant defence material for ammunition test range, compiles specifications the SANDF. and analyses test data. Armscor is the sole shareholder in Armscor • Sidibane/Gerotrain offers restaurant and confer- Business (Pty) Ltd, which has the following divisions: ence facilities, and independent driver-assess- ment and development facilities. Defence, Science and Technology Institute Group Armscor Facilities Group • The Institute for Maritime Technology aims to • Defence Export Support Services provides satisfy strategic needs for techno-military mar- export support to the South African defence- itime support, products and services; and to related industry and manages the process of establish applicable technology and systems to commercialising technologies. further the interests of the SANDF. • AB Logistics provides a strategic and logistical • Protechnik Laboratories conducts research, and support service to Armscor, the SANDF and the develops and implements projects in the fields of defence-related industry, and specialises in the chemical and biological defence, and non-prolif- handling of dangerous goods. eration of chemical weapons. • The Defence Institute assists the defence com- Defence Support Group munity in developing informed solutions to deci- • Armscor Defence Asset Management Centre sion-making problems over the full life cycle of provides decision-making support in the acquisi- defence capabilities. tion, operational and phasing-out phases of sys- • Hazmat Protective Systems manufactures and tems, by providing data and asset-management distributes protective equipment such as filter services. canisters, cartridges and masks, and also • Defence Material Disposal is the appointed agent impregnates activated carbon. of the Department of Defence to dispose of • Ergonomics Technologies provides services on excessive military defence equipment. ergonomics to enhance and optimise human- The activities of Armscor are financed mainly by an machine interaction within the working environ- annual transfer payment from the Department of ment. Defence, interest received on investments, the hir- • Flamengro provides computer-based simulation ing of some of their buildings, commission from and failure-analysis support, and consultative stock sales, and income from subsidiaries. services to the Department and the defence Acquisition of arms is totally transparent.Armscor industry during product and system development. publishes the monthly Contracts Bulletin, which • Armour Development provides a research and contains all requests for proposals and tenders development capability for armour protection awarded. An electronic bulletin, updated daily, is and anti-armour attacks. available to industry via a computer network. During March 2003, the Defence Council of the Test and Evaluation Group SANDF approved the running and management of • Gerotek Test Facilities provides specialised ser- the transformation process of the Simon’s Town vices such as testing and evaluation of vehicles Naval Dockyard by Armscor. The decision was and vehicle components, research and develop- necessitated by the need to provide effective and

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professional logistical support to the Navy, and to It includes comprehensive machine shops, a fab- utilise and manage the Dockyard’s capacity on a rication plant, an assembly line and a composites sound economic and commercial basis. department. It is well positioned for the manufacture The transformation process will be jointly man- of aircraft detail components, aerostructure sub- aged by Armscor, the Secretary of Defence and the assemblies, as well as the assembly and integration South African Navy. of airframes, mainly for: •Saab Group of South Africa • BAE Systems Specialising in aerospace and defence, Denel is • detail machine parts for commercial airplanes, recognised globally for leading defence capabilities, including B747, B737 and B777. notably integrated artillery systems. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), precision-guided weapons Denel Aerospace Systems and the Rooivalk , now operational Located in Irene, Centurion, this unit is responsible in the SAAF, are testimony to Denel’s sophisticated for systems development, comprising ground-based aerospace capabilities. air defence systems (GBADS) for the SANDF. From Denel’s proven capabilities in defence-tech- Denel is prime contractor on the first phase of the nology development and manufacturing, it has also South African Army’s requirement for GBADS. This emerged as a leader in commercial fields such as phase, for the local warning segment, will provide property development, innovative food technology, the Army with an integrated short-range defence industrial manufacturing and information technology. system capability consisting of a man-portable air Denel is a State-owned profit-driven corporation defence system, radar sensor and relevant air- registered under the South African Companies Act, defence command and control. 1973 (Act 61 of 1973). Its defence capability dates back more than 50 years, when its oldest manufac- Rooivalk attack helicopter turing plants were established. The Rooivalk attack helicopter was designed from The company has international technology the outset to operate in all-weather conditions, suit- alliances and joint ventures with some of the world’s able for high-mobility warfare, with low detectability major aerospace and defence companies. Denel pro- and high manoeuverability, low pilot workload, vides invaluable humanitarian services around the extreme agility and cost-efficiency. It can be rapidly world through cost-effective mine-action contracts. deployed and has very low maintenance. Reflecting South Africa’s priorities of empower- ing, uplifting and educating people, Denel has Missiles and guided weapon systems established learning and development centres, As a leader in systems technology, Denel’s range of focusing on education, training and job creation, missiles and guided weapons include the following: towards a truly progressive democracy. • anti-armour missiles, like Ingwe and Mokopa Denel’s defence manufacturing is grouped as fol- • surface-to-air missiles lows: • air-to-air missiles • Aerospace Group • the Raptor family of long-range precision-guided • Land Systems Group. weapons.

Airspace Group Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Denel is a pioneer of UAV systems in the world and Airframe Manufacturing the leading technology house on the African conti- As part of Denel Aviation in Kempton Park, adjacent to nent regarding design, production and operation of Johannesburg International Airport (JIA), this facility UAV systems. Not only does it produce short-to- specialises in a range of manufacturing disciplines. medium range tactical UAV systems like the Seeker

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II, it is also a leading force in the world today with • design and manufacture of optical and laser regard to the design, production and operation of products multi-purpose high-speed aerial targeting systems • electro-optical stabilised observation and surveil- such as Skua. lance systems • helmet-mounted sighting and tracking systems. Aerospace Engineering Aerospace Engineering is undertaken at Denel’s Land Systems Group Kempton Park facilities adjacent to JIA and at Irene in Centurion. Its activities include the following: • airframe structural and system design, structural The Systems Unit within Denel Land Systems is testing, subsystem design and integration located in Lyttelton, Centurion. Its activities include • aerodynamic design and analysis the design, development, manufacture, integration • weapons and stores integration and clearance and product support of: • avionics system engineering and software devel- • 155-mm and 105-mm artillery ballistic systems, opment renowned for accurate extended range fire • electrical system design and analysis • advanced combat turrets in various calibres • mission planning and debriefing systems • infantry weapons • test and integration, including ground-testing • rapid fire cannons and full-flight testing capability. • naval air-defence gun systems.

Aircraft logistics Large Calibre Ammunition Aircraft Logistics, based at Denel’s Kempton Park The Large Calibre Ammunition plant in Potchef- facilities near JIA, undertakes the following: stroom in North West, in conjunction with the forg- • Integrated system support and product support ing facility in Boksburg, is able to design, develop for transport aircraft (including C-130) and tac- and manufacture: tical aircraft, like the Rooivalk combat helicop- • heavy calibre ordnance consumables ter, the Oryx medium transport helicopter, and • a comprehensive range of 60-mm and 81-mm the SAAF Cheetah fighter fleet. It is geared to mortar bombs undertake similar work on the future SAAF • naval ammunition fleet of Hawk LIFT and Gripen swing-role jet • turnkey ammunition filling plants. aircraft. • Component repair, and laboratory/calibration Explosives and Pyrotechnic services. Ammunition • Aircraft refurbishment/modernisation, including Located in the Western Cape, Denel’s Explosives and full-service painting. Pyrotechnic Ammunition plants offer research, design and development, and manufacture of the following: OTB multi-purpose test range • propellants in small and medium calibre Located near Bredasdorp in the Western Cape, OTB • gun propulsion is renowned for specialised in-flight systems- • rocket propulsion for all tactical rockets and mis- performance measurements on sophisticated sile applications, UAVs and propellant grains for weapons and aviation systems for local and interna- rocket motors and ejection seats tional aerospace industries. • warhead systems, high explosives and energetic raw material for defence and civilian applications Denel Optronics • minefield breaching systems Comprising a wide range of capabilities, Denel • pyrotechnics and explosive devices for riot con- Optronics undertakes the following: trol

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• high explosive and phosphorus devices, as well scrutiny and supervision, and conducted in accor- as pyrotechnics for signalling, screening, illumi- dance with the policies and guidelines of the nation, training simulation and battlefield appli- NCACC. The inspectorate submits periodic reports cation to the Standing Parliamentary Committee on • low velocity and high velocity 40-mm grenades Defence. • commercial products, including distress flares, industrial cartridges and rock-breaking devices. Intelligence services

Small and Medium Calibre Ammunition There are two civilian intelligence structures, name- In its Small and Medium Calibre Ammunition plant, ly the National Intelligence Agency (NIA) and the Denel produces: South African Secret Service (SASS). • small arms ammunition for military and commer- The NIA’s mission is to proactively, professionally cial applications and impartially manage and provide the Govern- • medium-calibre ammunition ment with domestic intelligence and counter-intelli- • brass products gence to enhance national security and defend the • detonics Constitution, the interests of the State, and the well- • industrial products for mining, aircraft escape being of the people of South Africa. systems and cutting charges. The NIA concentrates on the following areas and intelligence themes: Mine action (Mechem) • international terrorism, which involves: Mechem delivers humanitarian mine clearance and - monitoring South Africa’s compliance with inter- other forms of mine-action services. Its product line national terrorism treaties comprises: - monitoring local support of international terrorist • landmine-clearing equipment and landmine- groups protected vehicle platforms - monitoring international terrorism and related • cost-effective and professional execution of trends with a view to ascertaining their impact mine-clearing contracts. on South Africa. • domestic terrorism, which involves: National Conventional Arms - urban terrorism Control Committee - extremism The NCACC consists of Ministers and Deputy - cyber terrorism. Ministers, and oversees policy and sets control The SASS is South Africa’s foreign-intelligence mechanisms for the South African arms trade. It capacity. It aims to provide government with accu- ensures that arms-trade policies conform to inter- nationally accepted practices. Companies interested in exporting arms have to apply for export permits, after which the Ministry of In May 2004, the Armaments Defence processes the application. Corporation of South Africa launched the third of its Each application is also sent for scrutiny to the technical support vehicles, used for the maintenance and repair of military vehicles in times of war. relevant government departments, such as Foreign The Samil 20 maintenance and repair vehicle will Affairs or Trade and Industry. The application is then be deployed locally, as well as in the Democratic referred to the various Directors-General to make Republic of Congo and Burundi. The vehicle is modular in design, and includes a their recommendations, whereafter the NCACC diesel generator set for quick, light repair work in the makes the final decision. field. The modular can be set up as a workshop in a base An independent inspectorate ensures that all and contains shelves, tool boxes, spares and full levels of the process are subject to independent service kits.

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rate, topical, policy-relevant and timeous foreign The National Strategic Intelligence Amendment Act, intelligence. The objective of the SASS is to fore- 1998 (Act 37 of 1998), allows South Africa to con- warn, inform, and advise government on real and duct a counter-intelligence service overseas, under potential threats to South Africa’s security, and on the SASS. opportunities for South Africa. The Act gives the Minister of Intelligence a seat The purpose of intelligence provided by the SASS on the National Intelligence Co-ordinating Commit- is to promote, enhance and protect the national tee and clearly defines his/her powers and func- security and interests of South Africa and its people. tions. The SASS is subject to comprehensive account- The Minister is also accountable to the Cabinet ing and oversight regulations that have made the for co-ordinating intelligence through the national organisation more accountable to the public. intelligence structures. Executive control is exercised by a civilian The South African Academy of Intelligence Ministry and a Cabinet committee. (SANAI), situated at the Mzwandile Piliso Campus in The civilian intelligence services are accountable Mafikeng, North West, opened its doors on to the Minister of Intelligence, who reports to the 28 February 2003. Cabinet through the Cabinet Committee on Security The SANAI is responsible for providing training to and Intelligence Affairs. members of the intelligence community and other Parliament has appointed the Joint Standing related departments. Committee on Intelligence, legislated in the Intelli- The Academy is involved with the management gence Services Control Act, 1994 (Act 40 of 1994), and running of a cadet programme which seeks to which is able to order investigations into the intelli- attract the best of the youth. The programme is driv- gence community’s activities. en by a systemic process of talent-spotting, head- In addition, the Constitution provides for protec- hunting, and focused and dedicated training tion against State abuse through the Public of the youth, to bring much-needed skills into the Protector and the Human Rights Commission. (See intelligence community. Sixty-nine new recruits chapter 15: Justice and correctional services.) graduated from cadet programmes in 2002 and The objective of the intelligence community is to 2003. provide evaluated information with the following During 2002/03, the Electronic Communi- responsibilities in mind: cations Security Company was established to devel- • safeguarding the Constitution op cutting-edge electronic communications tech- • promoting the interrelated elements of security, nology and secure South Africa’s communications stability, co-operation and development, both sector. The Office for Interceptions and COMSEC within South Africa and in relation to southern (Pty) Ltd are two new structures formed to create Africa specialisation, exercise better control and reduce • upholding the individual rights enunciated in the duplication within government. Chapter on Fundamental Rights (the Bill of COMSEC's responsibility is to protect critical Rights) contained in the Constitution electronic communications infrastructure against • intensifying collection efforts on crime in support cyber attack and information warfare waged by hos- of the SAPS’s crime intelligence task tile foreign and local entities by providing systems • promoting South Africa’s ability to face foreign and products to government. COMSEC is also threats and to enhance its competitiveness in a tasked with advancing South Africa’s technological dynamic world capacity. • achieving national prosperity while making an One of the company’s first tasks is to conduct active contribution to global peace and other security audits of prioritised government depart- globally defined priorities for the well-being of ments at provincial and local level. This is a strate- humankind. gic intervention aimed at ensuring that e-commerce

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in South Africa can thrive without difficulty in reac- the Regulation of Interception of Communications tion to threats posed by intrusion, cyber crime or and Provision of Communication-Related Infor- cyber sabotage. mation Act, 2002 (Act 70 of 2002). In an effort to unmask cyber criminals’ plans, the The Interception Act, 2002 prohibits the manu- Office of Interception Centres will be established. facturing, possession, selling and use of interception These Centres will target those who seek to devices. The only structures that may manufacture, undermine South Africa’s national security, commit possess or sell these devices are law-enforcement crimes, and steal and sell strategic information agencies and those private security companies re- belonging to the country. gistered in terms of the Private Security Industry The Centres will interface with telecommunica- Regulation Act, 2001 (Act 56 of 2001). These tions operators to provide law-enforcement agen- authorised groups can intercept communications for cies with judiciary-approved intercepting products the sole purpose of combating crime and providing and services, as approved by Parliament through emergency services.

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Acknowledgements Armscor BuaNews Denel Estimates of National Expenditure 2004, published by National Treasury Independent Complaints Directorate Pretoria News Secretariat for Safety and Security South African National Defence Force South African Police Service The Citizen The Star www.gov.za www.sapa.org.za

Suggested reading

A Navy for Three Oceans: Celebrating 75 Years of the South African Navy. Roggebaai: BP Southern Africa, 1997. Batchelor, P. and Willet, S. Disarmament and Defence: Industrial Adjustment in South Africa. Oxford: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Oxford University Press, 1998. Bornman, E. et al. Violence in South Africa: A Variety of Perspectives. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), 1998. Bremer, J. D. Black and Blue: Policing in South Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. Brogden, M. and Shearing, C. Policing for a New South Africa. London: Routledge, 1993. Cawthra, G. Policing South Africa: The South African Police and the Transition from Apartheid. Cape Town: David Philip, 1993. Cock, J. and Mackenzie, P. eds. From Defence to Development: Redirecting Military Resources in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip for the Group for Environmental Monitoring, 1998. Cohen, D. People Who Have Stolen From Me. Johannesburg: Picador, 2004. Crime Prevention Partnerships: Lessons from Practice, edited by E. Pelser. Pretoria: Institute of Strategic Studies, 2003. Crime Wave: The South African Underworld and its Foes, edited by J. Steinberg. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2001. Davis, D. and Slabbert, M. eds. Crime and Violence in South Africa: Critical Studies in Criminology. Cape Town: David Philip, 1985. Dixon, B. and van der Spuy, E. Justice Gained? Crime and Crime Control in South Africa’s Transition. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2004. Du Plessis, L. and Hough, M. eds. Managing African Conflicts: The Challenge of Military Intervention. Pretoria: HSRC, 2000. Du Plessis, L. and Hough, M. eds. Protecting Sub-Saharan Africa: The Military Challenge. Pretoria: HSRC, 1999. Emmett, T. and Buthcart, A. eds. Behind the Mask: Getting to Grips with Crime and Violence in South Africa. Pretoria: HSRC, 2000. Gamba, V., Meek, S. and Potgieter, J. eds. Society Under Siege: Crime, Violence and Illegal Weapons. Halfway House: Institute for Security Studies, 1997. Gutteridge, W. and Spence, J. E. Violence in Southern Africa. London: Frank Cass, 1997. Hansson, D. and Van Zyl-Smit, D. eds. Towards Justice? Crime and State Control in South Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1990. Kok, P. and Pietersen, J. Safety and Security of Citizen and Society. Pretoria: HSRC, 2000. Louw, M. N. and Bouwer, J. S. The South African Air Force at War: A Pictorial Appraisal. 2nd ed. Johannesburg: Chris van Rensburg Publications, 1995. Machel, G. Impact of War on Children. London: Hurst, 2001. Manganyi, N. and Du Toit, A. eds. Political Violence and the Struggle in South Africa. Halfway House: Southern Book Publishers, 1990.

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Marks, M. Young Warriors: Youth Politics, Identity and Violence in South Africa. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2004. Marsh, R. With Criminal Intent: The Changing Face of Crime in South Africa. Kenilworth: Ampersand Press, 1999. Matthews, M. L. et al. eds. Policing the Conflict in South Africa. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995. McKendrick, B. and Hoffman, W. eds. People and Violence in South Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1990. Melville, N. The Taming of the Blue: Regulating Police Misconduct in South Africa. Pretoria: HSRC, 1999. Minaar, A. and Hough, M. eds. Conflict, Violence and Conflict Resolution: Where is South Africa Heading? Pretoria: HSRC 1997. Myerson, L. Hijackings, Burglaries and Serious Crime: How to Protect Your Family, Your Home and Your Valuables. Sandton: LAD, 1995. Pistorius, M. Catch Me a Killer: Serial Murders. Johannesburg: Penguin Books, 2000. Reyneke, E. compiler. Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2000. Safe, Secure and Streetwise: The Essential Guide to Protecting Yourself, Your Family and Your Home from Crime.Cape Town: Reader’s Digest Association, 1997. Schonteich, M. Unshackling the Crime Fighters: Increasing Private-Sector Involvement in South Africa’s Criminal Justice System. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1999. Seegers, A. The Military in the Making of Modern South Africa. London: Taurus Academic Studies, 1996. Shaw, M. Crime and Policing in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip, 2002. Smith, L. A Guide to a Safer Lifestyle: A Practical Guide to Surviving the Urban Jungle. Johannesburg: Chris van Rensburg Publications, 2000. Strangers on the Street: Serial Homicide in South Africa. Johannesburg: Penguin Books, 2002. The Pride of the Nation: A Short History of the South African Air Force, 1920 – 1995. Compilers: C. J. Nöthling and D. Becker. Pretoria: The Air Force, 1995. Van der Merwe, H. W. Peace-Making in South Africa: A Life in Conflict Resolution. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2000.

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