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Producing Publicness

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Producing Publicness Producing Publicness Investigating the Dialectics of Unintended Consequences in Urban Design - Practices in Stockholm and Malmö ELAHE KARIMNIA Doctoral Thesis in Planning and Decision Analysis Stockholm, Sweden, 2018 KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Architecture and the Built Environment Department of Urban Planning and Environment SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Title: Producing Publicness: Investigating the dialectics of unintended consequences in urban design - practices in Stockholm and Malmö Author: Elahe Karimnia KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Architecture and the Built Environment Department of Urban Planning and Environment Division of Urban and Regional Studies © ELAHE KARIMNIA 2018 Cover: the author Photographs that are not given a source in the captions are taken by the author. Printed: US-AB Universitetsservice, Stockholm TRITA-ABE-DLT-1815 ISBN 978-91-7729-788-8 Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av KTH i Stockholm framlägges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen fredagen den 8 juni kl. 09.00 i Kollegiesalen, KTH, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm. Abstract The creation of public space is highly intentional, since it is intended to contribute to the civic infrastructure of a city. The conventional dichotomy of intentions versus outcomes in urban design practice posits that, while intentions (as embodied by policies, plans, and visions) represent more abstract thinking about the various facets of publicness, outcomes (as embodied by a three-dimensional built environment) are the manifest realizations of those intentions in public spaces. This study grounds itself in an in-depth exploration of this intention- outcome gap. The overall aim of this study is to explore how urban design can facilitate the production of publicness, by means of which public spaces can enable appropriations, i.e., the practices of togetherness, encounters, and expressions of different publics. To achieve this aim, this study de-layers two major processes and engagements that merit consideration: first, the process of planning and design, by which publicness is produced through larger strategies of urban development and physical construction; second, the process of use, by which publicness is socially experienced and contested. This study treats the appropriation of public space as a consequence of the relationship between these two processes. Elaborating on the theories discussing the socio–spatial and temporal characteristics of appropriations in public spaces, the research identifies the challenges and opportunities in urban design thinking and practice. To understand the dynamics of appropriations in everyday practice, and the mechanisms by which public space can enable or resist appropriations, this research applies a comparative case study approach. The two cases are examples of brownfield developments in two cities in Sweden: the Liljeholmstorget Transit Hub in Stockholm and the Western Harbour Waterfront in Malmö. Both case studies are meant to embody the Swedish urban design and planning discourses of ‘sustainable development’ and producing ‘city-like’ (stadsmässighet) urban environments. Empirical evidence from primary and secondary sources focuses on three sets of key actors identified in these case studies: local authorities (i.e., municipal planners), designers (i.e., architects working with builders on public land and private property), and users (i.e., observed in space, with regard to the traces of absent users). The data come from interviews with key actors, the analysis of planning documents, official reports, and newspaper articles, as well as visits conducted for direct observation, and spatial analysis. The Stockholm study examines local authorities’ negotiations of land uses and trade-offs with market actors while being consistent in their intentions to create a liveable urban centre as a transit hub. The Malmö study reveals a designed and determined process to promote the city’s economic growth and image while taking account of individuals’ spatial experiences and well-being. However, characterizing the publicness of these spaces are the emergent actions and unplanned appropriations. The analysis of design and appropriation processes reveals that public spaces were designed without specific consideration of the consequences for the publics’ socio–spatial appropriations. Liljeholmstorget has i different types of public spaces and a strong spatial order, yet its publicness is transformed through informal togetherness and passive encounters in relation to collective routines of commuting and consumption. The Western Harbour Waterfront was planned for the well-being of a specific type of public, which was later contested by unexpected users and their unplanned expressions and togetherness. Comparative analysis of these urban development projects in Stockholm and Malmö arrives at the following insights. First, it demonstrates that while intentions are drivers for achieving socially and physically accessible public spaces, they are not enough to enable diverse types of appropriations. Second, the study reveals the potentials of accessible public spaces to stimulate users’ perception of publicness and to provide opportunities for them to practice their rights and desires. However, such potentials are only partially and uncritically applied in planning and design processes. As a third and final point, unplanned appropriations should be regarded as welcome phenomena in urban design, because they emphasize the dynamic and contingent characteristics of publicness, which requires constant becoming. This study – Producing publicness – is an effort to show that our cities’ public spaces require an ongoing conversation between urban actors, in order to support meaningful togetherness, encounters, and expressions for all members of the public. Keywords: Urban Design Process, Publicness, Public Space, Appropriation of Space, Intentions and Outcomes, Unintended Consequences, Stockholm, Malmö. ii Sammanfattning på svenska Skapandet av det offentliga rummet sker alltid med avsikter, eftersom offentliga rum är avsedda att vara en del av en stads offentliga, gemensamma infrastruktur. Vanligtvis uppfattas motsättningen mellan avsikter och utfall inom stadsbyggandet som den mellan abstrakt tänkta intentioner (beskrivna i policies, planer och visioner) beträffande olika aspekter av offentlighet och det fysiskt manifesterade utfallet av dessa intentioner (den tredimensionella byggda miljön). Föreliggande studie tar sin utgångspunkt i en mer djupgående undersökning av denna motsättning. Det övergripande syftet är att utforska hur stadsbyggande (urban design) kan stöda utvecklingen av ett rikare offentligt rum genom att underlätta människors ianspråktagande av rummet i form av olika gruppers gemenskap, möten och uttrycksformer. För att uppfylla detta syfte undersöks i studien två viktiga processer och intresseområden; för det första, planerings- och projekteringsprocessen som producerar det offentliga rummet genom övergripande strategier för urban utveckling och fysiskt byggande; för det andra, ianspråktagandeprocessen, genom vilken det offentliga rummet upplevs och prövas socialt. Denna studie behandlar ianspråktagandet av det offentliga rummet som ett resultat av förhållandet mellan dessa två processer. Med stöd av teorier som behandlar socio-spatiala och temporala aspekter av ianspråktagande av rummet söker studien identifiera problem och möjligheter inom stadsbyggandets teori och praktik. För att förstå de underliggande krafter som påverkar det vardagliga ianspråktagandet av miljön samt de mekanismer som gör att offentliga rum underlättar eller förhindrar olika gruppers ianspråktagande och användning, tillämpas här jämförande fallstudiemetodik. De två studerade fallen är exempel på omvandling av före detta industriområden i två svenska städer: Liljeholmstorget i Stockholm och Västra hamnen i Malmö. I båda fallen hade man uttalat målsättningen att förkroppsliga den svenska planeringsdiskursen om uthålligt stadsbyggande och stadsmässighet. Empiriska data från primära och sekundära källor samlades in med tre grupper av nyckelaktörer i fokus: lokala planeringsmyndigheter (t. ex. kommunala planerare), projektörer (t. ex. de arkitekter som projekterade de byggda miljöerna på uppdrag av entreprenörerna) och de människor som använder miljöerna (enligt observationer, också omfattande eventuella tecken på frånvarande användare). Data har samlats in genom intervjuer med nyckelaktörer och dokumentstudier av planeringsdokument, officiella rapporter och tidningsartiklar, samt genom besök på platsen för direkta observationer och spatial analys. Stockholmsfallet visar hur kommunens aktörer förhandlar fram olika typer av markanvändning genom marknadsmässigt kompromissande med för- och nackdelar, samtidigt som de strävar efter att hålla fast vid sina uttalade mål att skapa ett lokalt centrum och transportnod av hög kvalitet. Malmöfallet påvisar en medvetet planerad process för att påverka stadens ekonomiska utveckling och rykte, samtidigt som man var uppmärksam på tänkta boendes upplevelser och iii välbefinnande. Gemensamt för utvecklingen av de offentliga rummen i respektive fall var de oplanerade handlingar och ianspråktaganden som visade sig. Analysen av planering/ projektering och ianspråktagande visade att de offentliga rummen inte planerats med hänsyn till konsekvenserna för människors sociala och rumsliga användning av dem. Liljeholmstorget omfattar flera olika typer av offentliga rum inom en tydlig
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