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The Ackerson Post-Fire Archeological Project, Yosemite National Park, California

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The Ackerson Post-Fire Archeological Project, Yosemite National Park, California THE ACKERSON POST-FIRE ARCHEOLOGICAL PROJECT, YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA VOLUME I By Timothy M. Keefe, Bruce M. Kahl, and Suzanna T. Montague Yosemite Research Center Yosemite National Park National Park Service U.S. Department of Interior Yosemite Research Center Technical Report No. 5 THE ACKERSON POST-FIRE ARCHEOLOGICAL PROJECT, YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA VOLUME I By Timothy M. Keefe, Bruce M. Kahl, and Suzanna T. Montague With contributions by Tad E. Allred February 1999 Yosemite Research Center Yosemite National Park National Park Service U.S. Department of Interior Yosemite Research Center Technical Report No. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I Management Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………... vi Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. vii Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. viii Chapter 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter 2. Project Background …………………………………………………………………………………. 5 Environmental Setting …………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 Cultural Setting ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 Previous Yosemite Archeological Work ……………………………………………………………………. 6 Previous Ackerson Area Archeological Work ……………………………………………………………… 8 Ethnographic Setting ………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Central and Southern Sierra Miwok ……………………………………………………………………... 9 Northern Paiute …………………………………………………………………………………………... 10 Historical Overview of Yosemite ………………………………………………………………………….. 11 Ackerson Area Historical Contexts ………………………………………………………………………….. 12 Great Sierra Wagon Road ………………………………………………………………………………... 12 Hetch Hetchy and the City and County of San Francisco ……………………………………………….. 13 Miguel Meadow …………………………………………………………………………………………. 19 Smith Meadow …………………………………………………………………………………………. 19 Golden Rock Ditch ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 19 Chapter 3. Project Objectives …………………………………………………………………………………… 21 BAER Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21 General Research Questions …………………………………………………………………………………… 21 Chapter 4. Methods ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 Pre-field Research ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 Field Methods ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23 Survey ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 Site Recording ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 Fire Effects Documentation ………………………………………………………………………………... 24 Laboratory Methods ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 25 Analytical Methods ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 25 X-ray Fluorescence Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………... 25 Obsidian Hydration Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………... 25 Chapter 5. Site Descriptions …………………………………………………………………………………….. 27 North Rim of the Tuolumne River ……………………………………………………………………….. 30 CA-TUO-23/80/148/H ……………………………………………………………………………………… 30 CA-TUO-86/87/H …………………………………………………………………………………………... 31 CA-TUO-88 ……..……………………………………………………………………………………... 32 CA-TUO-89 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 33 CA-TUO-102 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 33 CA-TUO-3963H ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 34 CA-TUO-3972H ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 34 CA-TUO-3973H ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 35 CA-TUO-3974/H ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 36 CA-TUO-3975H ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 36 CA-TUO-3976 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 37 i CA-TUO-3977 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 37 CA-TUO-3978 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 37 CA-TUO-3979H ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 38 CA-TUO-3980 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 38 CA-TUO-3981H ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 38 CA-TUO-3985 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 39 CA-TUO-3990 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 39 CA-TUO-3991 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 39 CA-TUO-3992 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 40 CA-TUO-3993 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 40 P-55-4604 …………………………………………………………………………………………….…... 40 P-55-4605 …………………………………………………………………………………………….…... 41 P-55-4606 …………………………………………………………………………………………….…... 41 Tuolumne River …………………………………………………………………………………………... 41 CA-TUO-61/62 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 41 CA-TUO-516 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 41 CA-TUO-3986 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 42 CA-TUO-3987 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 42 CA-TUO-3988 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 42 CA-TUO-3994 ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 43 P-55-4602 …………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 44 South Rim of the Tuolumne River ……………………………………………………………………….. 44 CA-TUO-214 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 44 CA-TUO-515 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 45 CA-TUO-929 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 45 CA-TUO-1594 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 45 CA-TUO-3995 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 46 CA-TUO-3996H ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 46 CA-TUO-3997 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 47 CA-TUO-3998 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 48 CA-TUO-4002 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 48 CA-TUO-4003 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 49 CA-TUO-4004 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 49 CA-TUO-4005 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 50 CA-TUO-4006/H ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 50 CA-TUO-4009 ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 51 CA-TUO-4010H ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 51 CA-TUO-4011H ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 52 P-55-4603 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52 Cottonwood Creek Drainage 52 CA-TUO-226/H …………………………………………………………………………………………... 52 CA-TUO-227 …………………………………………………………………………………………... 53 CA-TUO-228 …………………………………………………………………………………………... 54 CA-TUO-229 …………………………………………………………………………………………... 54 CA-TUO-230/231 …………………………………………………………………………………………... 55 CA-TUO-232 …………………………………………………………………………………………... 56 CA-TUO-233 …………………………………………………………………………………………... 56 CA-TUO-234/H …………………………………………………………………………………………... 57 CA-TUO-1751H …………………………………………………………………………………………... 58 CA-TUO-3982 …………………………………………………………………………………………... 59 CA-TUO-3983 …………………………………………………………………………………………... 59 CA-TUO-3984 …………………………………………………………………………………………... 59 CA-TUO-3999H …………………………………………………………………………………………... 60 CA-TUO-4000/H …………………………………………………………………………………………... 60 Ackerson Meadow …………………………………………………………………………………………. 61 CA-TUO-3509H …………………………………………………………………………………………... 62 CA-TUO-4001 …………………………………………………………………………………………... 62 ii CA-TUO-4008 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 62 CA-TUO-4012 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 63 CA-TUO-4013 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 63 CA-TUO-4014 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 64 Aspen Valley ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 64 CA-TUO-517 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 64 CA-TUO-518 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 65 CA-TUO-519 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 65 CA-TUO-520/H ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 65 CA-TUO-521 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 66 CA-TUO-3989H ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 67 CA-TUO-4028H ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 67 Harden Lake ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 68 CA-TUO-28/H ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 68 CA-TUO-207 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 69 CA-TUO-208 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 70 CA-TUO-209 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 70 CA-TUO-210 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 70 Kibbie Ridge ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 71 CA-TUO-3971 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 71 CA-TUO-4007 ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 72 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 72 Prehistoric Sites ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 72 Historical Sites ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 74 Chapter 6. Artifact Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………….. 75 Historical Material ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 75 Prehistoric Material ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 75 Classifiable Projectile Points ………………………………………………………………………………... 75 Desert Series ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 77 Rosegate Series …………………………………………………………………………………………... 80 Elko Series ………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 83 Concave Base ………………………………………………………………………………………….… 83 Sierra Triangular …………………………………………………………………………………………. 85 Contracting Stem …………………………………………………………………………………. 85 Pinto Sloping Shoulder …………………………………………………………………………………... 85 Large Side-notched …………………………………………………………………………………… 85 Large Corner-notched …………………………………………………………………………………… 86 Unidentifiable ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 88 Unclassifiable Bifaces and Fragments ………………………………………………………………………. 88 Drills ………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… 91 Edge-modified Piece ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 91 Debitage ………………………………………………………………………………………….………….. 91 Hammerstone ………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 91 Shaft Smoother ………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 92 Obsidian Studies Summary …………………………………………………………………………………….. 92 Obsidian Sourcing …………………………………………………………………………………………. 92 Obsidian Hydration …………………………………………………………………………………………. 93 Chapter 7. Fire, Fire Suppression, and Post-fire Effects ……………………………………………………... 97 Types of Fire Effects …………………………………………………………………………………………... 97 Direct Fire Effects …………………………………………………………………………………………... 97 Fire Suppression Effects …………………………………………………………………………………….. 98 Post-fire Effects ………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 99 Fire Damage and Threat Assessment Methods ………………………………………………………………… 100 Results ………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….. 101 Direct Fire Effects …………………………………………………………………………………………... 101 iii Historical Sites …………………………………………………………………………………………. 101 Prehistoric
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