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Urbanization and Forest Foods in Benin

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Urbanization and Forest Foods in Benin 30 Urbanization and The contribution of forests to the gross the middle of the century (United Nations domestic products of “non-forest” West Population Division, 2008). An urbanization forest foods in Benin African countries such as Benin is usually process is under way in Benin. This article considered to be very low, but this notion reviews the implications of that process for does not hold up to scrutiny. Many plant Benin’s forest sector and especially for the A. Bertrand, G.A. Agbahungba and animal forest products are used as role of forests in the provision of food. and S. Fandohan foodstuffs in Benin – but they often do not appear in national accounts because they RAPid URBan DEVELOPMENT in Urbanization is driving demand are harvested and traded informally, either WEST AFrica for forest foods, but a stronger illegal or semi-illegally. Figure 1 shows that, worldwide, the regulatory environment is Worldwide, the urban population is urbanization process is most dramatic in needed if this growing sector is expected to grow by over 3 billion people to less-developed countries. Sub-Saharan to be sustainable. 2050, primarily in less-developed countries, Africa has a large rural population and an with the result that over 70 percent of the emerging trend of urbanization. Figure 2 world’s population will be living in cities by shows the proportions of the total populations A man displays the skin of an African rock python (Python sebae) on a rural road in Benin. Snake – caught wild or bred in captivity – is becoming a popular food in urbanizing Benin © Alain Bertrand is a forestry consultant in G.A. AGBAHUNGBA Tanger, Morocco, Georges A. Agbahunbga is an independent consultant in environment and development and professor at CIPMA, Cotonou, Benin, and Sylvestre Fandohan is the director of ProCGRN/GIZ, Cotonou, Benin. Unasylva 241, Vol. 64, 2013/2 Unasylva 213, Vol. 55, 2003 31 1 Urban and rural population 6 growth in developed and less-developed countries, 5 1950–2050 ) 4 in Francophone African countries that are 3 urban. Almost half (45 percent) of Benin’s population is urbanized, although Cotonou 2 (the country’s largest city) ranks only sixteenth Population (billions in size among West Africa’s urban areas. 1 The trend of rapid urbanization is also strong 0 in many of Benin’s neighbours, including Nigeria, where about 50 percent of the 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 country’s 175 million people (Government of Urban population in less developed regions United States of America, 2013) is urbanized. Urban population in more developed regions Rural population in less developed regions EFFECTS OF URBaniZATION Rural population in more developed regions ON FORESTS Source: United Nations Population Division, 2008 Urbanization implies a shift in lifestyles and diet patterns, and food acquisition becomes a matter of monetary economics. In the rural % areas of Benin, however, on-farm consump- 100 tion and subsistence farming still prevail. By creating market demand, urbanization can 90 revitalize the production and distribution of forest food products. It can also lead to social 80 diversification as new citydwellers act as distributors and consumers of these products. 70 An influx of urban consumers creates new markets that can be exploited by dynamic 60 rural producers, enabling them to diversify their production and meet the demand for 50 multiple and increasingly processed forest products. Rural entrepreneurs have oppor- 40 tunities to market new products and activities that may previously have been restricted to 30 their family circles (Codjia, Assogbadjo and Mensah Ekué, 2003). Table 1 shows that, in 20 2008 (the latest year for which such data are available), a range of forest products were economically significant in Benin. 10 Some forest products that were once second- i l 0 r e a ary, such as cashew and shea, have become d ogo Mali major agricultural products for export (Gnimadi, T Niger Cha Benin Congo Gabon Guine Burund Rwanda 2008). Supply chains with no legal status, Senega Mauritania Cameroon such as those supplying small bushmeat, are Madagasca Côte d’Ivoir of the Congo Burkina Faso now common and can no longer be ignored. African Republic Democratic Republic 2 Central Percentage urban of total population, Source: Government of United States of America, 2013 countries of Francophone Africa UnasylvaUnasylva 213,212, Vol. 54,55, 2003 Unasylva 241, Vol. 64, 2013/2 32 TABLE 1. Contribution of forests and trees to GDP in Benin, 2008 This is a major issue in forest policy. Also Product Notes Estimated total significant is woodfuel, a forest product that annual value added (million FCFA) is used daily in most Benin households. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Export 53 000 Table 2 shows that, combined, plant and Bushmeat (various species) 28 000 animal forest and tree products used as Woodfuel Charcoal 27 886 food account for almost 35 percent of the Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) 12 430 forest sector’s value added, second only to Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) Butter consumed in Benin 6 466 exported forest products and considerably Timber (natural forests) 2 923 more than woodfuel. The income derived Timber (teak, Tectona grandis) Export 2 753 from plant and animal forest products used Shea Almonds for export 2 237 for food represents over 54 percent of Woodcraft 1 898 income generated in rural areas by Benin’s Woodfuel Firewood 1 517 forest sector. Toothbrushes 1 404 This finding confirms the major part played Honey 1 281 by forests in people’s food security (Kadevi, Cashew National consumption 980 2001). Forests should no longer be considered Néré (Parkia biglobosa) 361 primarily for their wood-producing functions Palmyra palm (Borassus spp.) 293 (woodfuel, timber and service wood), but also Live reptiles 127 for their essential contributions to feeding Medicinal plants 109 communities, particularly disadvantaged Non-conventional farming 86 groups (Lebel, 2003). Such recognition will Irvingia spp. Fruit 54 require a profound shift in forest policy. Forest Mushrooms 43 food products and supply chains can add to Timber (teak) National consumption 31 forest productivity without diminishing existing Snails (Achatina achatina) 23 subsectors of the forest industry dealing with Baobab (Adansonia digitata) 21 wood and wood products (Assogba, 2007). Irvingia spp. Almonds 21 Service wood 15 REVENUES STAY wiTHin THE RUraL Shea Butter for export 8 CONTEXT Total forestry/trees on farms 143 967 Plant food products account for about half of GDP Benin, 2003–2005 2 169 000 rural forest incomes, followed by woodfuel Share of forestry in GDP (approx.) 6.6% and animal food products. Rural people con- Source: Bertrand, Agbahungba and Tonou, 2009 stantly seek alternative sources of revenue to complement their income from farming and livestock, and these alternatives often vary TABLE 2. Relative share of forest subsectors in GDP, Benin, 2008 according to the comparative advantages of Forest product group Forest product Annual Percentage value added of total particular areas (and thus certain activities (million FCFA) forest sector may become locally widespread). A little over Woodfuel Firewood, charcoal 29 403 20 one-third of revenues derived from forest Plant forest products Breadfruit, shea, honey, cashew, 21 950 15 products are retained in rural areas. used as food in Benin néré, palmyra palm, Irvingia spp. (fruit and almonds), mushrooms, baobab fruit Development of forest product chains Animal forest products Bushmeat, snails, non-conventional 28 109 19 Urban sprawl induces major social and used as food farming (agoutis, reptiles, etc.) economic changes in and around cities Export products Cashew, teakwood, shea (almonds 58 124 40 throughout the hinterland. In Benin, Cotonou’s and butter) hinterland extends across the entire national Wood products for use Timber (natural forests, teak), 4 867 3 in Benin service wood, craftwood territory and beyond the national borders into the Niger, Nigeria and Togo. Forest health products Medicinal plants, toothbrushes 1 513 1 Forest-food supply chains are developed in Total, forest sector 143 966 100* both formal and informal – including illegal – Source: Bertrand, Agbahungba and Tonou, 2009 * Does not tally to 100 due to rounding. ways (Igué, 1983). Those based on on-farm Unasylva 241, Vol. 64, 2013/2 Unasylva 213, Vol. 55, 2003 33 G.A. AGBAHUNGBA © A man sets out baobab fruit for sale on a roadside in Benin. With increasing consumption (e.g. fruit such as Irvingia expand the spatial and sociological coverage urbanization, new enterprises are spp. and Saba senegalensis), conventional of traditional-food consumption. For example, helping to promote the remarkable rural trade (e.g. “miritchi” or palmyra palm sprouts of the palmyra palm essentially nutritional benefits of this food sprouts – Gschladt, 1972), traditional medici- cultivated in backyards in the north of Benin nal plants and snail-breeding are informal. (e.g. Collines, Atacora and Alibori depart- increasing number of neighbourhood con- Given their informality, obtaining economic ments) and the south of the Niger are now venience stores in Cotonou. Baobab juice is data on them, such as the volume and value transported all the way to Cotonou, where also served at coffee breaks and in cocktails. of outputs and the size of the workforce, is they are cooked (by boiling) for consumption. Other conventional sectors, such as difficult, and it is especially challenging in Therefore, consumption extends to urban beekeeping, are being upgraded with the the case of illegal value chains. areas and reaches new consumer groups. adoption of more efficient techniques to The baobab fruit is used as a supplemen- expand production and markets. THE DEVELOPMENT, UPgrading and tary food for infants in rural areas. With EXPanSION OF TradiTIOnaL CHainS urbanization, new enterprises are helping SMALL BUSHMEAT, A MAJOR ILLEgaL Many neo-citydwellers feel nostalgic for to promote the remarkable nutritional benefits SEGMENT rural life after their urban migration, and this of this food.
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