J. J.l.VV.!.." ..!.-~ \J.J., "-. ..-'J,.~_L!....:J.J.··: .:../ ~'- .:.-.-... ..• ,·_.J..;..•.... •..L.L.

8 IlREVIORA ~0.

CoPE, E. D. 1876. lwport on the reptiles brought by Professor James Orton from the Middle and Upper Amazon, and Western Peru. Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, (2) 8:159·188.

::\IYERS, G. S. and .A. L. DE CARVALHO. .,--;;•· 1945. A strange new leaf-nose· lizard of the genus Arw!is from Ama· zonia. Bol. Mus. Nae. Brasil, Zool., No. 43:1-14, 9 figs. Herpetologica·l type -·localities in ·

ByJamesA. ~ Department of Biology - Brown Universiti Rhode Island. Providence. :

One of the most useful items to accompany me on my recent (1_9?4) trip to Ecuador was a list .of the type loca~ities of those spe­ c~es . of . reptiles and amphibians known from the country. The list Y'as particularly valuable in planning my itinerary, of course, but· was ~ually useful in determining the amount of time to be spent in building ~? s~ries of a particular species. I cannot fail to add that one's zest ~~(collecting is unquestionable stimulated by the list; for I still recall with pleasure the soaking rain in Loja that produced my topotypical series of GaStrotheca marsupiatum lojana Parker. I feel that publi­ cation of the list will serve both as a guide to my friends who are ac­ nv~ly engaged in the collection of Ecuadorian reptiles and amphibians ~.D;d as. a useful tool to future. students of South American herpetology.

.. . . · The. l~alities are. listed alphabetically, first by prov:ince and then by,· city, . Following the listing by province is a list of the localities that cannot, for one reason or another, be assigned to one of the provin­ ces ~ It will be noted that I have made no new restrictions of type lo­

Anolis proboscis Holotype ~ (M. C. Z. 54300). ca~ity of any of the species listed, although the Copenhagen Decisions on Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, ed., 19~3, p. 26--27) pro­ ffer the right to do so. -I do not find myself in agreement or in sympa­ thy with this new regulation concerning the restriction and designa-

CIC.ev. Ecuat. Ent. Par. 2- (3-4)' 1954---;1,955) ..

The field work In Ecuador was made possible with the support of a grant from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophiw Society during my trip con- ducted In 1954. . , Atractus lebmanni Boettger tion of type localities for nominal species, which is to be inserted in Liocepbalos testae Peracca the forthcoming edition of the Regles . The Article provides legalistic Ofta 2,476 meters · , support for .. whOlesale restriction of type localities, and fails to provide . . halos rbodomelas Boulenger .. L•oceP means for the rejection of inadequate or inaccurate restrictions. On . Stenocercus simonsi Bolenger the contry, it establishes the law of priority as the base for final de­ m. W-Andes of Cuenca, 3,250 cisions as to which restriction is to be accepted. This action negates . ·. Zurucuch u . Atelopus laevis exigua Boettger the excellent work of authors such as Dunn and Stuart (1950), who · ·. · Boettger •· , Eleutberodactylus w-mgrum carefully investigated the restrictions placed on type localities for ma­ ny Mexican species by Smith and Taylor (1950). ·Dunn and Stuart BOLIVAR PROVINCE point out that many of the restrictions are completely untenable, and Balzapamba 70S meter.s (750 meters) suggest that the simplest plan is to consider them not legally binding. Liocepbalus baenscbi Werner The present rule change would, however, recognize as valid and legal L pa]mas 2193 meters all of Smith and Taylor's restrictions, and (although this is not stipu­ a:,Liopbis atabuaHpae Steindachner lated in the present wording) would presumably require that any ob­ Porvenir 5 800 feet . __ ..1 .. ctylus crucifer Boulenger jections such as those raised by Dunn and Stuart would have to be sub­ Eleutb eruuoo · jected to decision under the Plenary Powers prior to their acceptance. PhyHobates tricolor Boulenger I personally feel, with Dunn and Stuart, that restrictions should be based upon reexamination of type specimens~ reexamination of data PROVINCE accompanying the type, direct ·evidence from the collector's notes dr CAl'lAR ,, ,,, . Caiiar 3161 meters . (8400 feet) itineraries, or division of th~ ;pecies into two or more restricted~~ Phyllobates vertebraliS Boulenger cies: Since none of these are directly involved in the present paper; 1 have left all type localities as they were given in the original descri~ tions. Pun · Atelopus bufoniformis Peracca The amphibian species are listed first under each locality, fO: llowed by the reptiles . If the species is recognized and valid, it listed camoR:.AzO PROVINCE under the name in current usage . If a name is considered· to be a sy­ Alausi ~386 met~rs . (2350 meters) nonym, it is marked with an asterisk, and is given in the original com­ Atractus roule• Despax bination published in the type description . I perhaps need not point Chimbo 346 meters above Chimbo, 10-10, 800 out that current synonymic status does not detract from the value of Hyla cbimboe Fowler ("mounts the topotype in revisionary .studies. Complete citacions to original feet") • efasciata Fowler (as above) descriptions will be included in the check-lists of the Ecuadorian her­ Hyla qumqu petofauna now in preparation and are therefore omitted here. Leptodactylus pulcher Boulenger . infragUttatus Boulenger · Phyllobates {also Cachabe) AZUA Y PROVINCE Syrrhopus areolata Bou1 enger Anolls elegans Boulenger Bestion 10,105 feet • · catus Boulenger AnoliS 1emms · R.io Peripa) Telmatobius cinereus Noble An lis peraccae Boulenger (also Cuenca 2,536 meters Le;doblepharis ruthveui Parker Mkrobyla aeqoatorialis Peracca 339

ESMERALDAS PROVINCE . Huigra 1245 meters Cachabe circa 200 meters (Although Boulenger · conststently Hyloxalus huigrae Fowler used this spelling of the city's. name, Chapman (1926, P: 705) spelled "Paitanga" (Although spelled this way in .the type description it Cachavi, and gave as an alternative spelling .Cachabt. There can of the species listed below, there can be little doubt that the locality be little doubt that all refer to the same place, a small town about 10 referred to is Pallatanga. Other species described by Boulenger miles southeast of Concepcion, on the Rio Cachabi.) which had been collected by Buckley are properly listed as from Palla­ tanga, and this error is almost certainly a result of phonetic transcrip­ Eleutherodactylus achatinus Boulenger tion.) Eleutherodactylus anomalus Boulenger Eleutherodactylus Iatidiscus Boulenger CentroleneUa bukleyi Boulenger (also Intac) Eleutherodactylus longirostris Boulenger Hyla buckleyi Boulenger (also Sarayacu and Canelos) Gastrotheca angustifrons Boulenger *Hyla purpurea Nieden (also Intac). Gastrotheca comutum Boulenger . Pallatanga 1522meters (fhis locality, mentioned most-often by Hyla rosenbergi Boulenger Boulenger or O'Shaughnessy in their studies of the Buckley collections, *Hylodes gularis Boulenger . Syrrhopus areolata Boulenger (also Chimbo) is probably in error for those species described from "Canelos and Leptophis richardi bocourti Boulenger (also Paramba) PalJatanga". It is located on the western slope of the Andes, in an entirely different faunistic unit from that of. Canelos and Sarayacu, Rio Durango · • · and none of the species described from these combined localities· has Agalychnis calcarifer ·Boulenger (350 feet) , ever been retaken at Pallatanga. The difficulty seems to have arisen *Geoemyda punctualaria nasuta Boulenger (also Bulun) from inaccurate labelling of the original material from ·Buckley.) Esmeraldas sea level .,_ Bothrops xanthogramina Cope Dipas temporalis Werner Atractus major Boulenger (also Intac and Canelos) Drymobius rhombifer Giinther *Elaps mentalis Boulenger (also Cali, Colombia) Geoemyda annulata Gray Alopoglossus copei Boulenger (also Canelos) Salidero 110 meters Enyalioides praestabilis O'Shaughnessy (also Canelos) Eleutherodactylus subsigillatus Boulenger Enyalioides praestabilis O'Shaughnessy (also Canelos) Nothopsis affinis Boulenger · . Euspondylus oshaughnessyi Boulenger (also Canelos) *Anolis princeps Boulenger (also San Javier, Rio Lita, and *Goniodactylus buckleyi O'Shaughnessy (\llso Canelos) Paramba) · Riobamba 2782 meters · · Hyla riobambae Fowler San Javier · Dipsas gracilis Boulenger Totorillas 3910 meters *Eiaps Calamus Boulenger Eleutherodactylus whgraperi Boulenger (also Cotocachi). *Anolis princeps Boulenger (also Salidero, Rio Lita, and Paramba) Latacunga 2771 meters Sphaerodactylus scapularis Boulenger Atelopus ignescens Comalia ("In locis hur'nidus circa Lata­ Rio Sapayo 450 feet (This is ap~arently a phon:tic spelling of conga prope Quito") the Rio Zapallo, which is a tnbutary of the Rio Cayapas) · Leimadophis albiventris Jan (also Guayaquil and Western Tretanorbinus tae~tus Boulenger. Andes) *Ameiva leucostigma Boulenger GUA YAS PROVINCE Anolis binotatus Peters Balao Anolis fasciatus Boulenger Trachyboa gularis multimacolata Rosen *Ecpleopus fraseri O'Shaughne~sy Coluber fasclatus Rosen Euspondylus maculatUS Tschudl al Sarayaeu) Balzar 3 25 feet Liocephalus .guentberi Booleuger ( so Anolis festae Peracca Liocepbalus ornatus ornatus Gray Bucay 235 meters Ph Jlodactylus guayaqm·1 en sis Werner Bufo caemleocellatus Fowler Phy Uodactylos reissi Peters Rana brevipalmata rhoadsi Fowler ylychms femoralis Werne_r . Po ..... striS Peters Camp Chinguancay (in Rio Chanchan Valley) *Chelydra serpentina acuu.ao Bufo typhonius chanchanensis Fowler Pimocha ("orillas del Rio Daule") Cuenca del Guayas Leptodactylus labrosu_s Espada Bufo marinus fluminensis Espada (also many other type lo­ San Francisco de PosorJa . . Garman calities) Dicrodon lentiginoSPS lentigmosus Rio Daule Micmms ecuadorianus ecuadoriahus Schmidt Guayaquil 5 meters Cotacachi 2453 meters • Boulenger (at 13,000 feet; Engystomops pustula~ Shreve . Eleutherodactylus whympen Gastrotheca weinlandii Steindacbner ("probably from region also from Totorillas) about Guayaquil") Ibarra 2296 meters Tetraprion jordani Stejneger and Test Dipsas ellipsifera Boule~ger Atractus elaps Gunther (in error) Intac (see Pichincha Provtnce) *Barbourina equatoriana. Amaral Rio Li~a- . . · Boulenger (300 feet) Chrironius carinatus flavopicta Werver Caecilia mgncans '-also· San Javier, Salidero, and Coniophanes dromicifonnis Peters * Anolis princeps Boulenger " . *Coniophanes signatus Garman Paramba) *Dromicus · frenatus Peters Paramba 777 meters Drymobius reissi Peters Hyla ocellifera Boulenger *Hehninthophis petersi Boulenger Hyla picturata Boulenger *Herpetodryas brunneus GUnther *Hylella parambae Boulenger *Herpetodryas reticulata Peters ("umgebung von Guayaquil") Diapborolepis miops Boulenger Leimadophia albiventris Jan (also Latacunga and Western *Elaps roseubergi. Boul~~erBoulenger (also Cachabe) Andes) his . chardi boco\llu Leptop n. I . Boulenger (3500 feet) Leptophis richardi occidentalis Gunther (also western Ecua- Liopbis subocu Boulenger dor) Rbadinaea suboca:ari s *Rhabdosoma microrhynchum Cope Anolis gracilipes Boulenger *Streptophorus sebae schmidti Jan Anolis cbloris Boulenger *Tachymenis canilatus Cope Anolis granuliceps Boulenger (3500 feet) Tantilla supracincta Peters Anolis maculiveutris Boulenger Trachyboa gularis gularis Peters 342 343

*Anolis princeps Boulenger (also San Javier, Salidero and Cerathyla braconnieri Espada (also Macana-Hambato) Rio Lita) Cerathyla bubalus Espada _(also Macana-!Iambato) Proctoporus hypostictus Boulenger (3500 · feet) *Leptodactylus goliath Espada (also Chinitambo) Canelos 515 meters (see also Canelos-Sarayacu ) *Edalorhina buckleyi Boulenger Loja ·2150 meters Eleutherodactylus acurninatus Shreve Eleutherodactylus carrioni Parker Hyla granosa Boulenger (also Demera Falls, Santarem) Eleutberodactylus flavomaculatus Parker (15 km. E of Lo- Hyla tuberculosa Boulenger ja, 3000 m.) . Nyctimailtis rugiceps Boulenger Gastrotheca marsupiatum lojana Parker Atractus major Boulenger (also Pallatanga and Intac) Atractus carrioni Parker (2200 meters) *Eiaps buckleyi Boulenger (also Para, Brazil) Botbrops alticola Parker (5 km. E. of Loja, 9200 feet) Alopoglossus buckleyi O'Shaughnessy Bothrops Iojana Parker (2200 meters) Alopoglossus copei Boulenger (also Pallatanga) Macropholidus annectens Parker (2200 meters) Anolis boulengeri O'Shaughnessy Anolis buckleyi O'Shaughnessy LOS RlOS PROVINCE Arthrosaura reticulata reticulata O'Shaughnessy Babahoyo 5 meters Enyalioides praestabilis O'Shaughnessy (also Pallatanga) *Bufo marinus fluminensis (many other type localities) Euspondylus manicatus O'Shaughnessy (also Pallatanga) *Urotheca coronata Stein.dachner . Gonatodes coneinnatus O'Shaughnessy Lepidoblepharis buchwaldi Warner ("Hacienda Clementina") *Goniodactylus buckle)'i O'Shaughnessy (also Pallatanga) Vinces circa 15 meters . Morunasaurus annularis O'Shaughnessy Alopoglossus festae Peracca Canelos and Sarayacu (Boulenger described several species that he stated came from both of these localities . These MANARI PROVINCE species are listed here to save repetition.) Machalilla Dendrobates parvulus Bou1enger *Tropidurus continentalis MUller Gastrotheca longipes Boulenger Palmar circa 300 meters Hyla alboguttata Boulenger Hyla pellucens Werner *Hyla appendiculata Boulenger (also Bahia and Santarem) Hyla buckleyi Boulenger (also Pallatanga) NAPO-PASTAZA PROVINCE "Canelos to Maraiion River" Abitagua circa 1300 meters Caecilia bassleri Dunn _Caecilia abitaguae Cunn Rio Cos~nga ("Near Archidona, 6-800 meters") Eleutherodactylus nigrovittatus Andersson Phyllobates cosangae Andersson Eleutherodactylus ventrivittatus Andersson Pbyllobates taeniatus Andersson Alpayacu 3600 feet Syrrhopus calcaratus Andersson *Lachesis pleuroxanthus Boulenger Cotapino Tropidurus holotropis Boulenger *Bufo . inarinus napensis Espada (also Archidona and San Archidona 610 meters (see Rio Cosanga) Jose de Moti) *Bufo marinus napensis Espada ("Archidona de Quijos", Mazan also Cdtopino and San Jose de Moti) Hyla reticulata Espada Napo 512 meters Hyla capitocarinata Andersson (Watershed) Edalorhina perezi Espada Hyla depressa Andersson (Watershed) *Herpetodryas schliiteri Werner Hyla macrotis Andersson (Wtershed) "Napo o~ Upper Marafion" (This is the rather vague locality Hyla membranacea Andersson (Watershed) data giVen by Cope for many of the species he described Hyla porifera Andersson from the Orton collections . ) Hvla riopastazae Andersson (1800 meters) Hemiphractos divaricatus Cope L;ptodactylus hemidactyloides Andersson (also Rio Napo) Hylella camea Cope Leptodactylus pentadactylus rubioides Andersson Leptodactylus hylaedactylus Cope Leptodactylus tuberculosus Andersson (also Rio Napa) *Eiaps imperator Cope . · Phyllobates chalceus Peters Leimadophis pygmaeus Cope Phyllobates . intermedius Andersson *Rhadinae chrysostoma Cope Phyllomedusa edentula Andersson (Watershed) · *Spilotes piceus Cope Pseudoclelia guttata Rendahl and Vestergren ("between Rio *Thrasops cupreus Cope Puyo and Rfo Copotaza") * Ameiva petersi Cope "Rio Pastaza, from Canelos to Marafion" Anolis ortoni Cope Botbrops albocarinata Shreve *Centropyx pelviceps Cope Helicops pastazae Shreve . Ophiognomon trisanale Cope San Jose de Sumaco (There are two towns named San Jose on Rfo Napo the slopes of Sumaco, called Nuevo and Viejo. The collec­ Centrolene geckoideum Espada tion containing the type of the species listed below was ma­ Chlorophilus olivaceus Andersson (400 feet) de by Carlos Olalla and sons . I have spent some time in Leptodactylus h~midactyloides Andersson (also Rio Pastaza) · the field with one of the sons (Ramon), and he informs me Leptodactylus mgrescens Andersson (Rfo Napa Watershed that all the field work was done in the inmediate environs 400 meters) · ' of San Jose Viejo.) Leptodactylus tuberculos~s Andersson (also Rio Pastaza) Neosticurus ecpleopus cochrannae Burt and Burt · Phyllomedusa tarsius Cope ("Rio Napa or Upper Ama zons") Sarayacu 700 meters (see als<'t-"Canelos and Sarayacu", above) Phyllomedu.sa to~opternus Cope (as for p. tarsius) Dendrobates Ininututs ventrimaculatus Shreve Rana palm1pes nonapensis Andersson Eleutberodactylus pseudoacnminatus Shreve Rio Pastaza Hyla albopunctulata Boulenger (also "Ecuador") Atelopus palmatus Andersson (1000 meters) Hyla leucophyllata sarayacoensis Shreve Cerathyla cristata Andersson (Rio Pastaza Watershed) Hyla parviceps Boulenger Cerathyla fasciata Peters (Pastaza Valley) Phyllomedusa bucldeyi Boulenger Ceratophrys testudo Andersson (Rio Pastaza Watershed) Phyllomedusa feftoni Shreve Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata Andersson *Eiaps heterozonus Peters Eleutherodactylus brevicrus Andersson (Watershed) *Eiaps melanotus Peters Eletherodactylus bufonius Andersson (Watershed) Enyalioides microlepis O'Shaughnessy Eleutherodactylus leptodactyloides Andersson Euspondylus gnentberi O'Shaughnessy . Gastrotheca viviparom Andersson (Watershed, 500 meters, Liocephalus guentheri Boulenger (also Guayaquil) also from Banos) Neusticurus tuberculatus Shreve Hyla bifurca Andersson Ophiognomon abendrothi Peters 346 347

Sumaco Rfo Peripa Cerathyla proboscldae Espada Anolis peracca Boulenger. (also Chimbo) Gastrotheca testudineum Espada Quito 2819 meters (In view of the depauperate herpetolo- Rfo Suno circa 300 meters gical fauna found in the Quito valley today, it is quite *Limnophys napaeus Espada unlikely that most .of the species listed below were ever Lithodytes cornutus Espada (also San Jose de Moti) to be found there . Frogs of the ge11era Atelopus, Eleu- Tena 518 meters therodactylus, and Gastrotbeca are known from there, as are Caecilia dumu Herschkovitz ("near. Tena, 1700 feet") lizards of the genera Liocephalus, Proctoporus, and Pholi­ dobolus. No snakes are known from the region, and Salvias 3500 feet all the species of snakes listed below that have been taken Phyllobates -anthonyi Noble by collectors since the original. description have come fr?m lowland localities in Ecuador. The length of the followmg list merely indicates that Quito was the base of activities No additional locality for many collectors, who purchased specimens from nati~ Atractus microrhynchus Cope ves with little regard for accurately defined locality data . ) "Guatea" (probably same as Gualea) Atelopus laevis Iaevis GUnther (also Panama and Chili) *Leptognathus hammoudi Boulenger Atelopus longirostris Cope (Valley of Quito) Intac 3900 feet *Bufo audianus Cope (Valley of Quito) *Caecilia buckleyi Boulenger Eusophus quixensis Espada ("La provincia de Quijos en el Rhinatrema bicolor Boulenger Ecuador") Amphignatbodou guentheri Boulenger Hyla quitoe Fowler ., ···"" Centrolenella tiuckleyi Boulenger (also Pallatanga) *Bothriopsis .quadriscutatus Peters Eleutherodactylus buckleyi Boulenger .Bothrops pulchra Peters Eleutherodactylus curtipes Boulenger Dipsa oreas Cope (Valley of Quito) Gastrotheca plumbeum Boulenger Dryadophis pulchriceps Cope ('Ialley of Quito) Eletherodactylus vertebralis Boulenger *Leptoguatbus andianus Boulenger *Hyla purpurea Nieden (also "Paitanga") Liophis boursieri Jan Atractus major Boulenger (also Pallatanga and Canelos) *Opheomorphus alticolus Cope (Valley ·of Quito) Euspondylus vertebralis O'Shaughnessy Rhadinaea brevirostris Peters Proctoporus oculatus O'Shaughnessy *Anolis viridiaeneus Peters Proctoporus simoterus O'Shaughnessy Pholidobolus montium Peters Milligalli 1800 meters Santo Domingo de los Colorados 500 meters *Coronella whymperi Boulenger * Atractus paucidens Des pax Anolis andianus Boulenger Tanti 600 meters Papallacta 3205 meters Atelopus elegans Boulenger Syrr~opus festae Peracca (In his published report on his Phyllobates whymperl Boulenger tnp .t~ Ecuador ( 1909), Festa does not show Papallacta as VIsited on the map of his itinerary, nor does he men­ SANTIAGO-ZAMORA PROVINCE tion going there in his text. It is quite likely that this ·· .. Gualaquiza 2400 feet ... type l~cality is in error.) Atelopus bouleugeri Peracca (also San Jose) L_ ------Pseudohyla nigrogrisea Anderson Atelopus festae Peracca (also Valle Santiago) Leptotyphlops anthracinus Bailey ("near Banos") Leptophis riveti Despax Mirador Cutucu Cordillera Eleutherodactylus riveti Despax Atelo~us bicolor Noble ("East of Macas, 1800-2000 meters") El Topo 4200 feet San Jose. 1000 meters (This locality of Festa's is the same as Eleutherodactylus margaritifer Boulenger San Jose de Cuchipamba) . Eleutherodactylus trachyblepbaris Boulenger San Jose de Cuchipamba (Peracca used both "San Jose" nd Elentberodactylus ventrimarmoratus Boulenger (also · Chan- · "San Jo ' d h"b a . . se e c uc I amba" in reference to this locality mayo, Peru) w~1ch IS located about five miles above Glialaquiza, on th~ Pbyllobates kingsburyi Boulenger Rw Blanco at 1000 meters.) PbyUomedusa loris Boulenger Atelopus boulengeri Peracca (also Gualaquiza) *Leptognatbus palmeri Boulenger E!eutherodactylus festae Peracca Ptycboglossus brevifrontalis Boulenger . . Lepidoblepharis festae Peracca "Mount Tungura" (This is probably a phonetic representatiOn Rio Santiago (The map which Festa (1909) included in his of Tungurahua, or perhaps a misspelling.) repo~t of his trip to Ecuador shows that he considered the Eleutherodactylus pastazensis Andersson (also "Yaugilla") Santtag~ to begin at the junction of the Zamora and the "Yaugilla" (It is likely that this is a misspelling for Yungilla) ~a~garit.za ~ ~odern maps show this to be the Zamora until Eleutherodactylns pastazensis Andersson (also "Mount Tun- Its JUnctiOn wtth the Namangoza, about 40 kilometers from gura") the ~cuador-Peru border, from whence it is known as the Santiago·. ~he map and text both indicate that Festa spent PROVINCE UNKNOWN most of h1s time on the portion now known as the lower Za­ Bulu (Chapman (1926), p. 705) says this place is in the mora. Gualaquiza is located in this valley a few miles· Tropical Zone of northwestern Ecuador, and that it is . the west _of the river, which flows northward to circunvent the same as Pulu and Bulum. He does not say what provmce Cordillera del Condor . ) it is in and does not plot it on his map.) Atelopus festae Peracca (also Gualaquiza) Leptod~ctylus ventrim;culata "lloulenger ( 160 feet) Eleutherodactylus. macrocephalus Peracca Geoemyda_ punctularia nasuta Botilenger (also Rio Durango) Hyla festae Peracca Chinitambo Phyllobates festae Peracca *Leptodactylus goliath Espada (also Archidona) Liophis festae Peracca Macana-Hambato Enyalioides laticeps festae Peracca Cerathyla braconnieri Espada (also Archidona) Euspondylus festae Peracca (also valley of Rio Zamora) Ceratbyla bubalus Espada (also Archidona) Zamora Cerathyla palmarum Espada (also San Jose de Moti) Stenocercus carrioni Parker (3250 feet) "Oriente Province" (Probably Napo-Pastaza) Rio Zamora · Engystomops petersi Espada Corallus annulata blombergi Rendahl and Vestergren Palmira Desert. Euspondylus festae Peracca (also valley of Rio Santiago) (Located at : Editor). Telmatobius niger Barbour and Noble (10,500 feet) Banos 1843 meters (Editor's note: Bulu-B~u. Riyer Located in Guayas and Cafiar Provinces pro­ Gastrotheea viviparum Andersson (also Rio Pastaza Water­ bably Chapman refers to this location) . ·. shed) 351

Pagma Forest Liophis albiceps Amaral ("probably from Ecuador") Elentherodactylus pagmae Fowler Liopbis mimus Cope ("High regions of Ecuador or New San Jose de Moti Grenada") Atelopus planispina Espada *Liopbis regiDae qac1riliD.e8ta Jan (also Colombia and Cen- *Bufo marinus napensis Espada (also Archidona and Co- tral America) tapino) Micrurus ancoralis ancoralis Jan Cerathyla palmarum Espada (also Macana-Hambato) *Rhabdosoma maculatum Bocourt Eletitherodactylus galdi Espada *Sibynomorphus macrostomus Amaral Hyloxalus bocagei Espada *Streptophorus spilogaster Peters Hyloxalus fuliginosus Espada Tropidopbis battersbyi Laurent Leptodactylus stenodema Espada Ameiva bridgesi Cope (note with type says "Ecuador?") Litbodytes cornutus Espada (also Rio Suno) Anolis aequatorialis Werner Anolis irregularis Werner VAGUE OR GENERAL LOCALITIES Echinosaura horrida Boulenger Ecuador *Enyalioides mocquardi Despax *Spelerpes palmatos Werner Envalius zonatus Wettstein *Spelerpes simos Vaillant Enyalioides oshaughnessyi Boulenger Gymnopis albiceps Boulenger Euspondylus ocellifer Werner *Atelopus longirostris marmoratus Werner Euspondylus strangulatus Cope Bufo ·ceratophrys Boulenger Gonatodes oxycephalus Werner Eleotherodactylus appendiculatus Werner *Liocephalus angulifer W t!mer Eleutherodactylus ornatissimus Despax '~Proctoporus lividus Thominot Eleutherodactylus surdus Boulenger *Ptychoglossus bilineatus Boulenger Coniophanes brevifrons Bailey "Andes of Ecuador" *Phryniscus boussingaulti Thominot Hyla rhodopepla GUnther .lf'byllobates equatorialis Barbour *Byla fasciata GUnther llvla depressiceps Boulenger *Hylodes conspicillatus GUnther tiyla pulicaria Werner Eleutberodactylus devillii Boulenger •iyla verrucigera Wernet Eleutherodactylus glandulosus Boulenger . Atractos bocourti Boulenger Atractus duboisi Boulenger *Atractus torquatus resplendens Werner . Diaphorolepis wagneri Jan *Eiaps aequicinctos Werner (Venezuela oder Ecuador") * Anolis devillei Boulenger *Elaps alienus Werner ("Venezuela oder Ecuador") Liocephalus formosus Bou\enger *Eiaps fasslii Werner "Andes of ·Western Ecuador" *Eiaps steindachneri Werner Caecilia pachynema GUnther *Erythrolamprus Iabialis Werner Bufo caeruleostictus Gunther *Eteirodipsas wieneri Sauvage *Bufo intermedius Gunther Leimadophis epinephalus ecuadorensis Laurent Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus Gunther Leptodeira nycthemera Werner *Ameiva sexscutata GUnther Leptomicrurus narducci Jan Anadia rhombifera GUnther L ~"\- \- (\ 1.. ' Anolis fraseri GUnther USE AND MISUSE OF THE BIOTIC PROVINCE CONCEPT Liocephalus Mdescens iridescans GUnther JAMES A. PETERS *Monoplocus dorsalis GUnther

Stenocercus humeralis. (}unther Brown University, Providence, R~ I. "Eastern Ecuador" .. . . ,. ·

Ate!opus carinatus Andersson It has been fQ~ty years since Vestal (1914, p. 432) proposed the term Syrrhopus coeruleus Andersson · province" in the pages of this journal, and the principles underly· Imantodes lentiferus Cope (also Pebas, Peru ) that term have undergone considerable refinement .since then. Dice *Leptognathus robusta Miiller crystallized the concept and applied it to North America, which he "Western Andes of Ecuador" ·;filii!Vilied into twenty-nine provinces, Each province, according to Dice (1943, A tractus occipitoalbum Jan ( 4000 feet) . · 3), ucovers a considerable and continuous geographic area and is char- Leimadophis albiventris Jan (also Latacunga and Guayaquil) .,_.,, ...."'u by the occurrence of one or more important ecologic associations *Lachesis nitidus GUnther · differ, at least in proportional area covered, from the associations of Leptodactylus wagneri Peters provinces, In general, biotic. provinces are also characterized by "Western Ecuador" of vegetation type, ecological climax, flora, fauna, climate, Caecilia guentheri Peters n<>'""'"·h"• and soil." This implies, and partly states, that there is a .. *Caecilia rostrata Gunther within and a discontinuity between biotic provinces. Difficulty Hyla quadrangulum Boulenger ofte1;1 experienced in locating the boundary between adjacent provinces, Atractus modestus Boulenger no•, ..v ..·,r. and frequently they merge gradually into each other (Dice, loc, *Elaps fraseri Boulenger P· 4). Leimadophis fraseri Boulenger Vestal had two criteria for using the term "biotic province." One of Leptophis richardi occidentalis Gunther (also Guayaquil) was the similarity of geographic range among ecologically similar Anolis bitectus Cope the second was closeness of correspondence of distribution of Gonatodes caudiscutatus caudiscutatus Giinther animals with that of vegetation provinces. His unit was to be Proctoporus meleagris Boulenger upon the biological tout ensemble, His awareness of one of the Proctoporus unicolor Gray stumbling blocks in the use of the concept is embodied in his state· (1914, p. 444) that "the more restricted in area, or uniform in biologi- conditions, this region is, the greater uniformity of _the collection of LITERATURE CITED at·~l''"''"'""•" Dice (1943, p. 6) felt that "the limits of geographic range of and rac"es of plants and animals are not fully satisfactory criteria Dunn, E ·. and L . C . Stuart 19 51 Comments on some recent ~. determining the boundaries of biotic provinces •••• " Dice leaned heavily restncttons of type localities of certain south and central American ecological principles for his delimitation for he stated (1943, p. 5) "the amphibians and reptiles. Copeia, 1951, no. 1, pp. 55-61. of biotic provinces should properly be based upon the dis- Chapman, F. M. 1926 The distribution of bird-life in Ecuador. s and distribution of the various ecologic associations," and fur­ Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 55, pp. 1-784. · ther (1943, p. 4) "each biotic province is characterized usually by a single Festa, _E. 1909. De !'Darien e nell'Ecuador. Turin, pp. 1-397. association.••• " The difficulty in meeting these requirements in Hemmmg, F. (edttor) 1953 Copenhagen Decisions on Zoological ir entirety is fairly obvious, however, and many zoogeographers have Nomenclature. London, pp. 1-135. · it convenient to work with smaller divisions of the biota in their Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor . 1950 Type localities of Mexican of provincial divisions. Thus, Burt (1938, p. 11) discussed "Faunal reptiles and amphibians. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., vol. 33, and biotic provinces in Sonora, based on recent mammals." Part 2, no. 8, pp. 313-380. · (1950) correlated the distribution of terrestrial vertebrates with vege· types in his work on the biotic provinces of Texas. Mello•Leitao 132) mapped the provinces of South America, as defined by the !"•"u.•L•w.JLuu of the scorpion fauna. That this practice has proven fruitful, 21