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A First Amendment Justification for Regulating Racist Speech on Campus Case Western Reserve Law Review Volume 40 Issue 3 Article 5 1989 A First Amendment Justification for Regulating Racist Speech on Campus Deborah R. Schwartz Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Deborah R. Schwartz, A First Amendment Justification for Regulating Racist Speech on Campus, 40 Case W. Rsrv. L. Rev. 733 (1989) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev/vol40/iss3/5 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Law Review by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. NOTES A FIRST AMENDMENT JUSTIFICATION FOR REGULATING RACIST SPEECH ON CAMPUS* This Note outlines a first amendment justification for reg- ulating racist speech at state universities. The analysis shows that while discussions of racial issues further the underlying philosphies of the first amendment, racist epithets thwart the philosophical objectives that free expression was designed to protect. The discussion provides a guide for how such regula- tions could be validated within the first amendment tradition despite the presumptions against group libel statutes and con- tent-based restrictions. The special interests of the university community and the psychological well-being of minority stu- dents argue for more leniency in evaluating the regulation of racist speech on campus than would be permissible in the com- munity at large. This Note proposes a model university code for regulating racist epithets. While the model code prohibits racist epithets, it assures protection for discussion of racial is- sues that promotes first amendment values. everywhere the crosses are burning, sharp-shootinggoose-steppers around every corner, there are snipers in the schools ... (I know you don't believe this. You think this is nothing but faddish exaggeration. But they * I would like to thank Professors Jonathan Entin and William Marshall and Dean Melvyn Durchslag for their comments and encouragement. I would also like to thank Anne Morgan and Melissa Sternlicht for their editorial contributions. CASE WESTERN RESERVE LAW REVIEW [Vol. 40:733 are not shooting at you.) Lorna Dee Cervantes1 IN 1987 AT the University of Michigan, a group of black women were in a meeting when a fellow student shoved a leaflet under the door. The leaflet read, "blacks 'don't belong in classrooms, they belong hanging from trees.' "2In response to this and similar incidents,3 the University of Michigan enacted an anti-discrimina- tion policy in the fall of 1988." The Michigan policy punished 5 speech that victimizes students on the basis of race, sex, ethnicity, religion or sexual preference, interferes with academic efforts or "[c]reates an intimidating, hostile or demeaning environment for educational pursuits."' I. Cervantes, Poem for the Young White Man Who Asked Me How l, An Intelligent Well-Read Person Could Believe in the War between Races, in CONTEMPORARY CHICANA POETRY 90 (1986), quoted in Matsuda, Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story, 87 MICH. L. REV. 2320, 2335 (1989). 2. Wilkerson, Campus Blacks Feel Racism's Nuances, N.Y. Times, Apr. 17, 1988, § 1, at 1, col. 2; see Racism, Cynicism, Musical Chairs, THE ECONOMIST, June 25, 1988, at 30. 3. A leaflet distributed in a Michigan dormitory in 1987 declared "open season" on blacks. Sector, A New Bigotry Ripples Across U.S. Campuses, L.A. Times, May 8, 1988, § 1, at 1, col. 2. In the spring of 1989, another flier named the month of April "White Pride Time" featuring events like "'counciling [sic] sessions on how to deal with uppity niggers.'" Woolridge, Race Relations on Campus: University of Michigan, N.Y. Times, Apr. 5, 1989, § A, at 29, col. 2. Also at the University of Michigan, "the campus radio station broadcast a call from a student who joked: 'Why do blacks always have sex on their minds? Because their pubic hair is on their head. Who are the two most famous black women in history? Aunt Jemima and Mother Fucker.'" Weiner, Reagan's Children: Ra- cial Hatred on Campus, THE NATION, Feb. 27, 1989, at 260. During the 1988 academic year at the University of Michigan racial tensions were amplified through harassment of black maintenance workers. Ransby, The Politics of Exclusion: Black Students Fight Back, THE NATION, Mar. 26, 1988, at 412. 4. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN POLICY ON DISCRIMINATION AND DISCRIMINA- TORY HARASSMENT BY STUDENTS IN THE UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENT (1988) [hereinafter MICHIGAN POLICY]. 5. Under the Michigan policy, the possible sanctions for the proscribed misconduct are: (1) formal reprimand; (2) community service; (3) attendance in a class "that helps the person understand the situation of the group against which the remarks or behavior were directed;" (4) restitution of damaged property; (5) removal from University Housing; (6) suspension from specific courses or activities; (7) suspension; and (8) expulsion. Id. at § D. 6. Id. at § B. The Michigan policy indicates that [t]he following types of behavior are discrimination or discriminatory harass- ment and are subject to discipline if they occur in educational or academic centers: 1. Any behavior, verbal or physical, that stigmatizes or victimizes an indi- vidual on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, sex, sexual orientation, creed, na- tional origin, ancestry, age, marital status, handicap or Vietnam-era veteran sta- tus, and that: 1989-90] RACIAL SPEECH ON CAMPUS 735 Racism on campus has become a nationwide problem.7 A sur- vey of three hundred students from twenty universities reveals a. Involves an express or implied threat to an individual's academic efforts, employment, participation in University sponsored extra-curricular activities or personal safety; or b. Has the purpose or reasonably foreseeable effect of interfering with an individual's academic efforts, employment, participation in University sponsored extracurricular activities or personal safety; or c. Creates an intimidating, hostile or demeaning environment for educa- tional pursuits, employment or participation in University sponsored extracurric- ular activities. Id. § B, at no. 1. While many different groups are victimized, the analysis in this Note will focus on stigmatization based on race because most campus incidents of such victimization are aimed at blacks. Berger, Deep Racial Divisions Persist in New Generation at College, N.Y. Times, May 22, 1989, § A, at 15, col. 1. 7. The following examples represent the types of racial incidents occurring on college campuses across the country: (1) "At Arizona State University, 500 white students seething over an assault on a white student by three black students shouted anti-black slurs." Berger, supra note 6, § A, at 1, col. 1. (2) In the fall of 1988, the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity at the University of Wisconsin's Madison campus "held a mock slave auction at which some pledges performed skits in blackface." Worthington, University of Wisconsin Regents Move to Rein in Racism, The Chicago Tribune, Apr. 12, 1989, § C, at 1. Zeta Beta Tau (ZBT), a primarily Jewish fraternity, was itself a target of racism when Fiji (another fraternity) members crashed a ZBT party, beat three people and taunted them with anti-semitic slurs. Weiner, supra note 3, at 260. In 1986 the Kappa Sigma fraternity had a party featuring a "'Harlem Room,' with white students in blackface, watermelon punch, graffiti on the walls and garbage on the floor." Id. (3) "[O]n the first day of class at the University of Maryland in College Park, a black female student complained to the administration that her white male professor told her she had two strikes against her if she wanted to be an engineer - her sex and her race." Innerst, Colleges Torn by Racial Violence, The Wash. Times, October 26, 1989, § A, at 1. Other incidents at the University of Maryland include, "the shunning of a Korean student by her classmates, a swastika painted on the wall outside a center for Jewish students, a Ku Klux Klan request for time on campus radio, and fliers distributed for an organiza- tional meeting of a White Student Union." Id. (4) At Louisiana State University, a fight broke out when black students entered a "black face" party thrown by a white fraternity. Id. (5) At San Francisco City College, "[t]wo posters outside the Black Student Union [were] defaced with swastikas and racial slurs." Id. (6) At New York University, "[a] laundry ticket was tacked to the bulletin board of an Asian student group. A poster of the Rev. Jesse Jackson was ripped from the door of a dormitory room occupied by a Hispanic woman. When she put it back up, someone set it on fire." Lee, Law Students at N.Y.U. Rally Against Race Bias, N.Y. Times, March 3, 1989, § B, at 2, col. 5. (7) At Loyola Marymount University, a black freshman "said she had been stopped at least three times since September by security guards and asked what she was doing on campus." Goodman, Students Charge Bias Abounds at Loyola and Say It's Tolerated at Top, L.A. Times, Oct. 15, 1989, § J, at 1, col. 5. CASE WESTERN RESERVE LAW REVIEW [Vol. 40:733 that race relations are "by far the most frequently mentioned con- cern" of university students.8 At Michigan State University, "two thirds of the 136 students who were asked whether they had seen an incident on campus 'that [they] thought was racist or showed an intolerance for minorities,' said yes." 9 While racial harassment increases, the percentage of blacks enrolled in universities is decreasing.10 To counteract these trends several universities have enacted anti-discrimination policies which provide stiff penalties for those who engage in racist expression.11 8.
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