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MING CHINA by Timothy R. Sedo A LINZHANG COUNTY AND THE CULTURALLY CENTRAL PERIPHERY IN MID- MING CHINA by Timothy R. Sedo A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) December 2010 © Timothy R. Sedo, 2010 ABSTRACT This dissertation offers a local history of a small, peripheral county located in the most northern part of Henan Province during the Ming dynasty known as Linzhang County. Henan suffered a great deal from the wars that recurred frequently from the end of the Six Dynasties Period through the late fourteenth century and Linzhang County was among its many places that seemed to “fall behind” as the economic and cultural centres of the empire shifted to the south. Linzhang could however, claim a direct link with some of the empire’s most culturally central heartlands of the past. Given that the foundation of the Ming state followed a period of prolonged alien rule under the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, promotion of such “cultural centrality” was at the discursive core of the Ming state’s restorationist legitimacy. In this context, even a small peripheral county that went largely untouched by the dramatic commercial transformations characterizing southern China throughout the 15th to 17th centuries could rightfully claim a degree of “centrality” within the Ming realm. One particular mid-Ming magistrate named Jing Fang, realized this opportunity and in his tenure actively promoted projects that publicly linked the county to its distant antiquity. In just a few years Jing Fang successfully rectified Linzhang’s historic record; compiled and edited the county’s gazetteer; promoted the cult of the region’s most famous ancient culture hero, Ximen Bao; and renovated the county’s most important historic sites, temples and public buildings. Jing Fang’s dizzying pace of activity reveals the use and power of a stylized antiquity as a vital resource for local governance in north China during the mid-Ming period. While the dominant southern, or Jiangnan model of Ming studies emphasizes relatively autonomous commercial development and literati academic achievement as the key to late imperial wealth and culture, this “northern,” or perhaps more precisely “central” study gives more credit to state supervision and popular culture in the sustenance of the Ming. It also offers a new local vantage point to begin to rethink the deeply regional characteristics of the composite Ming realm. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................ii Table of Contents................................................................................................................iii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................vii Dedication............................................................................................................................ ix 1 Beyond Jiangnan: Micro-History in the “Culturally Central” Periphery............... 1 1.1 Introduction: First Impressions ........................................................................................1 1.2 The Jiangnan Model of Ming Studies ..............................................................................6 1.3 Beyond the Jiangnan Model...........................................................................................14 1.4 A Regional Approach.....................................................................................................17 1.5 A Mid-Ming A Resource History ..................................................................................20 1.6 Gazetteer Sources: From the Macro to the Micro..........................................................25 1.7 Linzhang Gazetteer Particulars ......................................................................................32 1.8 Gazetteer Strategies........................................................................................................36 2 Linzhang Orientations: Reading and Seeing the Locality ........................................ 41 2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................41 2.2 Reading the Locality: a Marginal Preface......................................................................46 2.3 Seeing the Locality: the 1506 Gazetteer’s Prefatory Map .............................................64 2.3.1 Symbolic Scale, Selection and Sign Language..............................................72 2.3.2 Zhong: Power and Authority..........................................................................75 2.3.3 State and Water ..............................................................................................80 2.4 Conclusion....................................................................................................................100 3 Creating the Confucian Saint: the Canonization of Ximen Bao ............................ 102 3. 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................102 3.2 Ximen Bao in the Early Textual Record ......................................................................109 3.2.1 Inept and Disloyal: the Lushi chunqiu .........................................................109 3.2.2 Impatient and Quick Tempered: the Han Feizi............................................112 3.2.3 Local Resistance to Ximen Bao’s Rule: The Huainanzi..............................113 3.3. The Confucian Shift: Ximen Bao in the Zhan guo ce/Shuo yuan and in the Shi ji.....116 3.3.1 A Confucian Pupil: The Zhan guo ce and the Shuo yuan ...........................116 3.3.2 The Canonical Account: the Shi ji ...............................................................118 3.4 Contextualizing Ximen Bao and the Shi ji: Shamans, He Bo and Magical Efficacy .........................................................................................................122 3.4.1 Female Shamans in the Pre-Han Period.......................................................123 3.4.2 He Bo and Water Sacrifices .........................................................................126 3.4.3 The Decline in State Shamanism .................................................................133 3.5 Constructing the Confucian Saint ................................................................................135 iii 3.5.1 Opening the 12 Irrigation ditches: Managerial Efficiency...........................137 3.5.2 What about Shi Qi........................................................................................141 3.6 Conclusion...................................................................................................................144 4 The Religious Rise, Fall and Rehabilitation of Ximen Bao in Linzhang County: 220 -1644 AD............................................................................. 146 4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................146 4.2 From the Secular to the Religious: Ximen Bao Worship Following the Han Period....................................................................................................................149 4.3 Ye and the North China Plain during the Six Dynasties Period ..................................153 4.4 The Religious and Social Life of the Ximen Bao Shrine during the Six Dynasties Period ...................................................................................................156 4.5 The End of the Six Dynasties and the Fall of the Ximen Bao Shrine..........................160 4.6 The Late Imperial Rehabilitation of Ximen Bao in Linzhang County.........................162 4.6.1 Cultural Centrality and the Mid-Ming Textual Revival of Ximen Bao.......164 4.6.2 Ximen Bao as City God: Building/Renovating Linzhang’s City God Temple.........................................................................................169 4.6.3 Public Performance and the Restoration of the City God Temple in Linzhang ....................................................................................174 4.6.4 A Mid-Point Renovation? ............................................................................177 4.7 Claiming Ximen Bao....................................................................................................179 4.8 Conclusion....................................................................................................................187 5 “From the Minute that he Stepped out of the Cart:” Jing Fang’s Magistrate Activism in a 1506 Northern Gazetteer.............................................. 190 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................190 5. 2 Finding the Banal Magistrate ......................................................................................191 5.3 Career Local Administrators: the Rank-and-File Magistrate.......................................197 5.4 A Transplanted History: The Jing Family in Shandong’s Dingtao County .................200 5.5 Waiting for Work .........................................................................................................209
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