Experiment of Exp17.HisLab105 Special Sense Organs ( and Ear)

(utricle & saccule)

(Eustachian tube)

(eardrum) http://academia.hixie.ch/bath/eye/home.html 殷鳳儀 生物解剖學科暨研究所 分機 18719, NDMC [email protected] Course outline (課程大綱)

Understand the histological structure of the special sense organs of the eye and the ear:

• Overview of the eye • General structure of the eye • Microscopic structure of the eye • Accessory structure of the eye • Overview of the ear • External ear • Middle ear • Internal ear

2 Course objectives (課程目標)

• Layers of the eye • Chambers of the eye • Compare the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear

• Microscope slides observation: (7 slides) 096 , Showing , Monkey, sag. sec. 097 Eye (with lids & ocular muscle), Monkey, vertical sec. 098 Eye ( & ), Monkey, horizontal sec. D98 Optic nerve 012 Auricle (pinna) – External ear 099 Crista ampullaris, Internal ear, Guinea pig 100 Internal ear, Near median section of cochlea helicotrema, Guinea pig 3 I. Eye – , eyeball Mouse eyelid anatomy A. Accessory structure of the eye http://dev.biologists.org/content/136/10/1 – 741.figures-only – S 96 Eyelid, S 97 Eye, Monkey Fig. 1. Wild-type mouse eyelid anatomy – Eyelids at E15.5. The components of the normal ocular epithelia are color coded: bulbar 1. Conjunctiva – fornix of lacrimal sac conjunctiva, purple; palpebral conjunctiva, pink; palpebral epidermis, dark red; – bulbar conjunctiva (stratified squamous + loose CT) periderm, orange; , blue. & palpebral conjunctiva (stratified columnar with goblet cells + loose CT)

2. Tarsal plate (tarsus) – dense fibrous and elastic CT – tarsal (Meibomian) glands (- sebaceous) - central duct * Accessory lacrimal glands (- serous) - glands of Wolfring and glands of Krause

3. Superior tarsal muscle (of Müller) (smooth) Orbicularis oculi muscle (skeletal) Tendon of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle

4. Skin – eyelashes - hair follicles - sebaceous glands of eyelashes (glands of Zeis) - apocrine glands of eyelashes (glands of Moll) (- sweat glands) 4 Structure of the eyelid 1. Conjunctiva – bulbar conjunctiva & palpebral conjunctiva 2. Tarsal plate (tarsus) – tarsal (Meibomian) glands - central duct 3. Orbicularis oculi muscle 4. Skin – eyelashes - glands of Zeis and glands of Moll orbital palpebral}

5 5. Lacrimal gland (on the upper lateral side of the eye) – serous acini - columnar, myoepithelial cells, large lumina – 12 secretory ducts  lacrimal punctum (at lacrimal caruncle)  s. & i. canaliculus  common canaliculus  lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct  nasolacrimal duct  inferior nasal meatus  nasal cavity  nostril * Tear – goblet cells, tarsal (oily layer of tear film), lacrimal, & accessory l. glands – moist, wash foreign material, albumins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lipids… Schematic diagram of the eye and lacrimal apparatue 6 pairs of extraocular (extrinsic) muscles (CN III) (CN III) (pars orbitalis & pars palpebralis) Left eye (CN IV, downward & outward) (CN VI) (CN III, upward) Right eye (CN IV) (CN III)

(CN VI) (CN(CN IV) III) (CN III) Right eye (CN III, inward)

淚點 (CN III)

(CN VI, outward) (CN III) (CN III) (CN III, downward)

(CN III, upward & outward) 6 Slide 96 Eyelid, Showing conjunctiva, Monkey, sag. sec. Orbicularis oculi muscle Palpebral conjunctiva Tarsal plate Str. PC OOM TG col. TP epi.

OOM PC Skin TP

Skin CD SG ASG Tarsal glands Str. Central duct squ. epi. Sebaceous glands (of Zeis) Apocrine sweat glands (of Moll) 7 Eyelash - HF Hair follicle Slide 96 Eyelid, Showing conjunctiva, Monkey, sag. sec.

Orbicularis oculi muscle Palpebral conjunctiva Tarsal plate OOM PC TG ASG SG Skin Skin PC OOM TP Eyelash - HF

Sebaceous glands (of Zeis) Apocrine sweat glands (of Moll) Hair follicle 8 B. Eyeball (from outer to inner) Three layers: 1. Corneoscleral coat 2. Vascular coat () 3. Three chambers: 1. Anterior and 2. Posterior chambers – aqueous humor 3. – - vitreous humor

9 Sagittal sec. Horizontal sec. Eyeball (from outer to inner) – Slides 97 and 98 Monkey 1. Corneoscleral coat (outer fibrous layer) a. Cornea (anterior 1/6) – transparent, avascular, no pigment, sensory innervation 1) – nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi. 1 2) Bowman’s membrane 2 – fibrillar lamina, acellular, ends at limbus 3) corneal stroma (substantia propria) 3 – corneal fibroblast (or keratocyte),  lamella collagen fibrils

4) Descemet’s membrane keratocytes – basal lamina of corneal endothelial cells 5) – simple squamous 3

Cornea

4 5

10 b. Corneoscleral limbus – endothelium-lined (spaces of Fontana)  canal of Schlemm (scleral venous sinus)

c. Sclera (posterior 5/6) – white opaque, dense fibrous CT 1) episclera – loose CT; Tenon’s (or episcleral) space 2) substantia propria (sclera proper or Tenon’s capsule) – dense network of thick collagen fibers 3) suprachoroid lamina (lamina fusca 棕黑板) – thinner collagen & elastic fibers, fibroblasts, melanocytes, macrophages 11 2. Uvea 葡萄膜 (middle vascular layer) a. 虹膜 – a contractile diaphragm anterior to the surface, 1) a discontinuous layer with fibroblasts and melanocytes 2) anterior stromal sheet or lamella – a thin avascular layer 3) iris stroma – highly vascularied loose CT & main mass of the iris 4) posterior membrane – circular sphincter pupillae muscle (smooth), pigmented myoepithelial cell processes  dilator pupillae muscle 5) posterior surface – a double layer of anterior pigment myoepithelium and posterior pigment epithelium

12 b. 睫狀體 – from the root of the iris to ; , zonular fibers 1) stroma – outer ciliary (intraocular) muscle (- longitudinal, radial, circular); inner CT (vascular) layer ( choroid) 2) ciliary epithelium – lamina vitrea 玻璃膜 ( choroid) - basement mem. of the pigmented ciliary epithelial cells – anterior pigmented epithelial cells ( retina) and posterior nonpigmented epi. cells  aqueous humor

APE LV

PnPE c. Choroid 脈絡膜 1) highly vascular layer and melanocytes (- melanin) 2) choriocapillary layer 3) Bruch’s membrane (lamina vitrea) - between the endothelium and pigmented cell of retina 13 * Crystalline lens 晶體 – transparent, avascular, biconvex; zonular fibers or suspensory ligament (of Zinn) 1) lens capsule – basal lamina 2) subcapsular epi – squamous (at anterior surface), cuboidal (at lateral surface) 3) lens fibers

14 Slide 97 Eye (with lids & ocular muscle), Monkey, vertical sec. Lower eyelid Upper eyelid Lower Upper eyelid Palpebral conjunctiva Skin Fornix of eyelid lacrimal OOM sac TG TP LG Bulbar conjunctiva PC Cornea Anterior chamber Corneoscleral limbus Iris Ciliary body Posterior chamber Lens - ciliary processes Ora serrata Choroid Vitreous chamber Goblet cells PC Sclera

Superior BC

Retina Posterior Anterior 15 Inferior Slide 97 Eye (with lids & ocular muscle), Monkey, vertical sec. 1. Corneoscleral coat Cornea Corneoscleral limbus Canal of Schlemm Cornea Palpebral conjunctiva 1 CEp 2 BM Bulbar conjunctiva AC T CB Sclera 3 CStr Iris - CM CB Corneal fibroblast

4 DM CP PC 5 CEn Cornea Iris 1) Lens capsule Iris Iris zonular fibers 2) Subcapsular epi

3) lens fibers Lens Lens Lens Lens 16 Slide 97 Eye 2. Vascular coat (uvea) Iris A discontinuous layer AC C Iris Pupillae muscle Lens L S PC CB Ciliary epi. Melanocytes CP Ciliary body – ciliary processes Lamina vitrea Fibroblasts Sclera Iris Anterior pigmented epithelial cells Posterior nonpigmented epi. cells Iris stroma Ciliary body Zonular LV - fibers - vascular layer Dilator pupillae muscle - ciliary epi.

Lens Anterior pigment myoepithelium

Zonular Posterior pigment epithelium17 Ciliary processes fibers 17 3. Retina 視網膜 – nonphotosensitive region (nonvisual part), ora serrata, photosensivive region (optic part) – (papilla) - optic nerve, lamina cribrosa, devoid of photoreceptor cells - blind spot – 中央凹 (in macula lutea 黃斑) - greatest visual acuity * Nonphotosensitive region – epithelium of the ciliary body and iris * Ora serrata 鋸齒緣– anterior most boundary of photosensitive portion of retina Optic disc

Lamina cribrosa

Optic nerve

Optic disc (optic papilla)

Left eye 18 3. Retina (cont.) A. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (outer) 1) pigment epithelium – simple columnar melanin-containing cells B. Neural retina (retina proper) (photosensitive region) (inner) – photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), conducting neurons (bipolar and ganglion cells), associating neurons (horizontal and amacrine cells), supporting cells (Muller’s cells) 2) – the outer and inner segments of photoreceptor cells 3) outer limiting membrane – the apical boundary of Muller’s cells 4) – the cell bodies (nuclei) of rods & cones 5) – the processes of R, C, H, A, & B cells 6) – the cell bodies of H, A, B, & M cells 7) – the processes of H, A, B, & G cells 8) – the cell bodies of ganglion cells 9) layer of optic nerve fibers – the axons of ganglion cells 10) 19 – the basal lamina of Muller’s cell Fig. 24.9 Fig. 24.9 Schematic drawing of the layers of the retina Slide 97 Eye (with lids & ocular muscle), Monkey, vertical sec. VC Retina 8 Retina 7

Choroid 6 Sclera 5

10 Retina 9 4 8 7 3 6 2 5 4 1 3 2 Bruch’s membrane (lamina vitrea) 1 Choriocapillary layer Choroid Choroid 20 Slide 97 Eye (with lids & ocular muscle), Monkey, vertical sec. Photomicrograph of a human retina 10 opticoptic 10 9 9 8 layerlayer 8 7 7 6

5 6 4 3 5 2 1 4 3 2 1 Bruch’s membrane Choriocapillary layer 21 Slide 98 Eye (choroid & sclera), Monkey, horizontal sec. Extraocular muscles PC Pupil Iris

Corneal epi. Ciliary process

1 2

Cornea 3 10 Retina 9 8 7 Sclera 4 6 5 5 Choroid 1 4 2 3 2 1 Ora Lens 3 Choroid serrata Sclera Retina 22 Demo 98 Optic nerve Retinal nerve fibers Optic nerve fibers Optic disc R Optic disc C Lamina S cribrosa 篩狀板 Optic nerve

Optic Central retinal nerve artery & vein Neuroglial cells Retina 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 2 3 1 Choroid Cross-sectional view of the optic nerve head. For simplification, only the central retinal artery (C) is shown. axons arising in the nerve fiber layer (N) course in bundles (A) within the optic nerve, separated by glia (G). The lamina cribrosa (L) is contiguous to the sclera (S).

http://www.oculist.net/downaton502/prof/ 23 Sclera ebook/duanes/pages/v8/v8c021.html II. Ear (or Vestibulocochlear apparatus or organ) – Slides 12, 99, 100 A. External ear – auricle, external acoustic meatus (- ceruminous & sebaceous glands) - S12 B. Middle ear 耵聹腺 – tympanic membrane - epidermis + CT + cuboidal epi. – tympanic cavity - 3 auditory ossicles [malleus 鎚骨, incus 砧骨, stapes 鐙骨( oval window)] – auditory (Eustachian) tube

The coiled The secretion of ceruminous tubular (ultrcle & saccule) ceruminous stapes glands mixes malleus oval window with that of glands closely incus resemble the sebaceous apocrine glands and sweat glands desquamated found in the round window cells to form axillary region. cerumen or (pinna) earwax.耵聹 (耳垢or屎)

(external auditory 24 canal) Slide 12 Auricle (pinna) – External ear - Elastic cartilage – Perichondrium - fibroblast, chondrogenetic cell – Chondroblast, Chondrocyte - lacuna - isogenic cells (in cell nest) – Capsule, territorial matrix, and interterritorial matrix – Have elastic fibers in matrix

P

Elastic cartilage

P

25 C. Internal ear – Slides 99 and 100 1) bony (osseous) labyrinth 橢圓囊和球囊 – semicircular canals (- ampulla), vestibule [utricle and saccule], cochlea 2) membranous labyrinth – epithelial-lined, sensory hair cells & supporting cells – vestibular labyrinth - semicircular ducts (- crista ampullaris) ( utricle), utricle (- macula utriculi), utriculosaccular duct, saccule (- macula sacculi) – cochlear labyrinth - cochlear duct (- spiral organ of Corti) ( saccule) * internal acoustic meatus  vestibulocochlear nerve

26 * Crista ampullaris 壺腹嵴 (- angular acceleration of the head) – Slide 99 Guinea pig – in ampulla of superior, posterior, and horizontal semicircular ducts – cupula 頂 - gelatinous, no otoconia (otoliths) 耳石 – type I and II sensory hair cells - stereocilia and kinocilium 動纖毛 – supporting cells

27 (- sense the position of the head and its linear movement) Slide 99 Crista ampullaris, Guinea pig Supporting cells Hair cells Cochlea HC SC Remnant Cu of cupula

CT CT

Vestibule

Crista ampullaris 28

28 * Cochlea (- sound receptor) – Slide 100 median sec. of cochlea helicotrema 蝸孔, Guinea pig – modiolus 蝸軸 (central axis of spongy bone) - osseous spiral lamina, cochlear nerve  spiral ganglion 1 3 – cochlear canal - cochlear duct (3 /2 turns, guinea pig) (# humans - 2 /4 turns) - scala vestibuli (perilymph), vestibular (or Reissner’s) membrane, scala media (cochlear duct) (endolymph), basilar membrane, scala tympani (perilymph)

29 * Cochlear duct (scala media) (outer to inner - near modiolus) – vestibular (Reissner’s) membrane - two layers of cuboidal (mesothelial cell) and squamous (epithelial cell) epi – spiral ligament - thickening of the periosteum – stria vascularis - pseudostratified, with intraepithelial capillary network,  endolymph – osseous (or bony) spiral lamina - cochlear nerve  spiral ganglion – spiral limbus - columnar epi. + thickened mass of periosteal CT - tectorial membrane - overlies internal spiral tunnel and hair cells – basilar membrane - thick fibril, formed by cells of the organ of Corti, and squamous mesothelial cells

Internal spiral tunnel

30 * Spiral organ of Corti – sensor of sound vibrations – tectorial membrane - overlies internal spiral tunnel and hair cells – sensory hair cells (- stereocilia) - 1 row of inner hair cells - 3 rows of outer hair cells (with outer border cells  outer tunnel) – supporting cells - 1 inner/3 outer phalangeal (or Deiters’) cells - reticular membrane - 1 inner/outer pillar cells  inner tunnel (or tunnel of Corti) – completed - inner side  inner border cells - outer side  Hensen’s (outer border), Böttcher’s & Claudius’ cells

outerouter tunneltunnel Internal spiral Internal tunnel spiral tunnel Inner tunnel

Limbus spiralia Reticular membrane Inner tunnel Spiral ligament Spiral organ of Corti 31 Slide 100 Internal ear, Near median section of cochlea helicotrema, Guinea pig

Cochlear canal Scala vestibuli SV SV Vestibular membrane SM Scala media ST TM SLig

LimbusLS spiralia SG SG CN Basilar membrane Modiolus Scala tympani

Scala vestibuli

SV Vestibular membrane Scala media TM LS OSL SLig Limbus spiralia CN SG

Scala tympani 32 Basilar membrane Slide 100 Internal ear, Near median section of cochlea helicotrema, Guinea pig

Cochlear duct

Outer tunnel

33 Inner tunnel Slide 100 Internal ear, Near median section of cochlea helicotrema, Guinea pig

Limbus spiralia Reticular membrane

Spiral ligament

Cochlear duct

Outer tunnel Internal spiral tunnel

Inner 34 tunnel Slide 100 Internal ear, Near median section of cochlea helicotrema, Guinea pig SV

VM SM

BM SG ST SV TM

Organ of Corti LS

BSL SL CN 35 References

Ross, M.H. and W. Pawlina. Histology: A Text and Atlas. 6th ed., 2011, p896-949. Cui, Dongmei. Atlas of Histology with Functional & Clinical Correlations. 1st ed., 2011, p388-423. Chao, et al. Color Atlas of Medical Histology. 1998, p151-160.

The End 36