ISSUE 138

DECEMBER 2010

The Future Submarine Project, More than just a Boat Who’s A Pirate? In Court, A Duel Over Definitions One Third of their Combat Power – Developing a Quantitative Model for Intelligence Analysis of Morale in Armed Forces The Indian Ocean is going to be massively more significant Exclusive Interview with Kim Beazley Journal of the Trusted Partner

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Collins Oct09 A4.indd 1 21/10/2009 10:14:55 AM Issue 138 3 Letter to the Editor Contents

o it seems the knives are out for the discussion. The Future Submarine Project, More 2009 White Paper with the familiar In Navy however we need to ensure than just a Boat 4 crowingS of those who were once we don’t declare victory and relax influential and continue to strive to just because there were a raft of new remain so. Having advocated masses projects slated in the 2009 document. Who’s A Pirate? In Court, A Duel Over of submarines in the past we now see We cannot afford to have mission Definitions 9 these same advocates questioning creep on the Offshore Combatant the basis of the size of the submarine Vessel, nor can we stop articulating the One Third of their Combat Power – force. Curiously I can’t recall the importance of acquiring the remaining Developing a Quantitative Model detailed basis of the force structure pieces of the Amphibious deployment for Intelligence Analysis of Morale in decisions ever being clearly articulated and sustainment system that seem to Armed Forces 12 in declaratory policy such as White have been pushed back into the next Papers – there is a good reason that decade. Similarly, we cannot be lulled The Indian Ocean is going to be detailed information such as this is into thinking that the most ill informed massively more significant - Exclusive both classified and closely held. debate of all – surface ship survivability Interview with Kim Beazley 16 While one can argue about whether – has passed. having more submarines than surface A lively debate on these issues combatants will unbalance the fleet is paramount and contributions by The All Black Kiwi and the Red structure and reduce Navy’s overall practioners is critical to informing Kangaroo: Australia and New Zealand day to day utility in contributing to the it. For far too long practioners have – A Shared Naval Heritage 21 joint effect, you cannot argue with the remained relatively silent in our central maritime premise of the White professional debate. We have ceded the The Royal Australian Navy and Paper itself. Anyone who attended intellectual discussion space to those Climate Change: Challenges and the ANI’s Vernon Parker Oration last with an intellect but little practical Opportunities 26 year to hear the White Paper’s chief substance to make their musings useful author Mike Pezzullo could not help – yet they seem to influence policy Let’s give the LHDs some names with but be impressed with the clarity of his more than we. This is a maritime meaning 33 articulation of the key issues. century, one where Navy will play a key Whether the Government decides role in the ADF’s contribution to the SIGNAL – VADM Sir Richard Peek, KBE, to revisit the White Paper before the ongoing security of Australia and her CB, DSC, RAN (Rtd) 49 planned five year strategic planning interests. Headmark and the ANI offers cycle requires is something we will us all the chance to keep this debate have to wait and see. If it does, I doubt alive, to shape its direction and take The Experiences of the Men of the a fundamentally different answer will back some of the ground we have given Royal Australian Navy Helicopter emerge unless of course it is handed up. We need to close the metaphorical Flight Vietnam 50 over to the academic community to door to our offices and think and write. Australia’s academic Defence write about something else other than Naval Officer turns 100 and gains and strategic studies community boarding ops and anti-piracy patrols – the OAM 54 is bedeviled with factionalism and we need to write about our future. acolytes following those who have had Book Reviews 56 their day and whose dated commentary “Melpomene” sadly passes for considered strategic Visions from the Vault 59 Issue Number 138 Front cover photograph: HMAS Labuan prepares for a beach landing on the coast of Lautaim, East Printed by Everbest Timor to disembark personnel and stores during Pacific Partnership 2010. ANI On-line Guide 60 Printing Company

ISSN 1833-6531 Style Notes for Headmark 61 - RAYTHEON AUSTRALIA - BOOZ & company - AUSTAL - Thales naval GROUP - Defence Maritime Services - QINETIQ Design & DTP: ANI Membership Application Form 63 Diane Bricknell - AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE CREDIT UNION - ATI - LOPAC - SAAB [email protected] Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 4 The Future Submarine Project, More than just a Boat By Flight Lieutenant Michael Kilham

Winner of the Rocker equipped with very Roberton Essay contest 2010 secure real-time communications and be able to carry he Defence White Paper 2009 different mission calls for a doubling of the present payloads such Tsubmarine force size to 12 under as uninhabited Project Sea 1000. It states that this underwater vehicles number is required to ‘sustain a force at (UUV’s). sea large enough in a conflict or crisis The Future to be able to defend our approaches’. Submarine will be The White Paper also outlines that capable of a range the force may need to do this at of tasks such as ‘considerable distance’ from Australia, anti-ship and anti- protect and support other ADF submarine warfare; assets and undertake certain strategic strategic strike; mine missions where the stealth and other detection and mine- operating characteristics of highly- laying operations; capable advanced submarines would be intelligence crucial.1 collection; supporting The White Paper states an intent to special forces expand, not only submarine numbers, (including infiltration but the role and reach of the present and exfiltration Collins Class based submarine force, missions); and while leaving open the design and size gathering battlespace requirements for the future submarine. data in support of It states the submarines will be operations2, making From over a assembled in South Australia; however, it, arguably, the most ADF with a platform broadly capable of century ago... Artist it does not clarify if the design is to be versatile and capable platform in the meeting its needs, both for training and rendering of future completely Australian, Military off the ADF’s inventory. operations; however, many difficulties submarine warfare, Shelf (MOTS), or an Australianised still exist. The Navy has struggled to where subs crawl version of MOTS. This leaves planners Current Submarine retain the skilled personnel to maintain out of the water and attack helpless with the significant dilemma of taking Capability the submarine force for some years. lighthouses. (Public the higher risk approach of designing Recent gains in personnel due to the domain). a bespoke platform in Australia or The introduction of the Collins Class to mining downturn in 2008/09 may be considering lessons learnt from the the Australian fleet promised to deliver short lived as the industry recovers. Collins Class and accepting the lower the world’s largest and most capable Additionally, the platform still risk MOTS approach. conventionally powered submarine; has inherent design issues that will Whatever option is taken the however, it was marred by controversy continue to be a challenge to both the Defence White Paper clearly defines its about its performance, noise and cost. Navy and the Australian Submarine expectations for the Future Submarine. The Collins Class has undergone a Corporation (ASC) until class It states that ‘The Future Submarine number of upgrades to date in order retirement. These issues aside, Navy will have greater range, longer to meet both original and modified has worked hard to recover submarine endurance on patrol, and expanded specifications. These upgrades, which personnel numbers from the lows of capabilities compared to the current include the boats Combat System, have 2008. In conjunction with ASC it has Collins class submarine. It will also be left the Australian Navy and wider also improved hull availability in recent Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 5

months, but given the Class is based on each (2006 dollars) and a total of $5.7 has assigned the Strategic Reform a late 1980’s design, it may struggle to billion as a project cost. Assuming the Program (SRP) one of the highest provide a capability edge out to 2025. new submarine can be built at the same priorities over the next decade in order cost/tonne as the Collins Class would to return 20 billion dollars in savings Designed to Suit result in a unit cost of $1.4 billion in back to operations.7 Expenditure today’s dollars, or $16.8 billion for a on this scale will require significant Australia has over 36000km of coastline build of 12.4 justification, as outlined in the 2008 and open northern approaches to The Institute argues that the real Mortimer Review.8 protect, presenting unique challenges cost of building would be substantially regarding range and endurance issues greater because of the increased Military Off The Shelf for its submarine fleet. In order to complexity of design and construction Options meet these challenges, the Submarine of a larger submarine, as physics Institute of Australia (SIA) estimate a precludes a simple scaling up of any There is no doubt that this is an submarine displacing approximately previous design. It also notes that ambitious project, what is uncertain 4000 tonnes may be necessary.3 historical trending of submarines above is whether an Australian designed A new construction submarine 2,000 tonnes since 1916 has shown and built submarine is the answer, or comes with significant cost, as well as a 3.8% increase per year. Factoring an Australianised MOTS submarine technological and project risk. ASC, this into the cost of Collins Class is a more suitable solution. Off the as the previous builder of the Collins construction from two decades ago shelf submarine solutions, such as the Class is a logical choice to construct gives a per hull cost of $3.04 billion German Type 214 or Spanish S-80 the submarine, drawing on lessons (2009) dollars or over $36 billion for the are generally smaller than the current learnt; however, a significant time fleet of 12.5 Collins Class boats; however, are has passed since the Collins Class The government has not officially modern by comparison and are more was constructed. The Australian placed any price expectation for SEA capable in most critical areas. Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) has 1000 against the Defence Capability Submarine technology has changed modelled cost estimates for the Future Plan (DCP); however, the Minister greatly over the last 20 years, with Submarine in an attempt to give some for Defence Personnel, Materiel and the advent of new materials and perspective on the scale of the project. Science has acknowledged that some active noise cancellation allowing It states that Collins Class submarine approximations are in excess of $30 more efficient use of space, without cost approximately $1 billion dollars billion6. This, at a time when Defence compromising habitability. Lithium

Seawolf-class fast- attack submarine USS Connecticut (Courtesy US Navy). Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 6

The Future Submarine Project, More than just a Boat

Oxide/Ion batteries are becoming to empty its magazine, while on viable replacements for the traditional autonomous operations. Significant Lead Acid varieties and promise a weapons expenditure would be the much greater charging capacity, higher domain of coalition operations where energy density and no battery memory the weapon load supplements other issues. They have no acid or hydrogen platforms and would need to be related dangers, improved life and can confirmed via force options testing in be charged at maximum rates to 100% future weapons development. capacity. Combined with a proven, The Future Submarine will also Capable neighbours marine diesel this would provide a require some form of Air Independent Industries and will be tailored to South - a Song Class significant tactical gain in a diesel Propulsion (AIP). AIP does not give Korean requirements. This option submarine of the electric submarine.9 Decoy technology an advantage at high speed, instead it would also be available to Australia. Chinese Navy. has rapidly advanced, as has electro- allows the commander to extend the ASC is capable of building the optical periscopes, communications submarines submerged endurance submarines, under licence from and hull design. while at patrol speeds. This allows Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft The smaller size of modern Diesel persistence in areas where special (HDW), or another builder, and in Electric submarines does not have to be operations insertions or Intelligence conjunction with General Dynamics a disadvantage, in fact small submarine Surveillance and Reconnaissance Electric Boat (GDEB). This complies capability compares favourably in (ISR) missions are being conducted, with the intent of the White Paper, almost all areas.10 They have a full suite without having to snort to recharge the which is Australian assembly, of acoustic arrays, are acoustically very batteries. A greater persistence in area, sustaining jobs and expertise in the quiet, carry multiple torpedo, missile combined with other technologies, shipbuilding industry; however, (including Land Attack variants) or such as UUV’s, provides a substantial negates vast amounts of design risk. mine combinations, with reloads leap in capability, with lowered risk. Given Australia’s close relationship and can deploy Special Operations There are numerous AIP with the United States and drawing on personnel. The RAN operated the technologies, one of which is Fuel Cells. the recent Collins Class Replacement Oberon Class submarines for decades The German Type 214 submarines Combat System experience, it is also and at 2000 tonnes they provided a utilise two Fuel Cells, which have no logical to have significant input from submarine capable of open ocean moving parts and provide a 240kW GDEB and the United States Navy. transit or littoral operations. Smaller storage capacity, which will enable Commonality with US combat and submarines are well suited to the the submarine to stay submerged weapons systems is vital and GDEB littoral environment and, given their for over one month, at a four knot have experience with construction of size, exhibit a lower target strength patrol speed.12 As this is a 1900 tonne the Barbel Class SSK, as well as vast than larger submarines. As ASW submarine, with a significantly smaller experience as SSN builders. appears to be heading toward a variable crew, the Hotel load requirement1 is The current average price of a depth sonar and multistatic future, less than the current Collins Class; Diesel Electric Submarine is USD461.5 this is an added advantage, given latest however, a larger design would need a million.13 A fleet of 12 submarines generation active sonar systems are substantially larger AIP capacity. would cost USD 5.538 billion, without low frequency and anechoic tiles have The Type 214 is a modern Diesel training and through life logistics a reduced effect.11 Recent events on Electric submarine, designed in and maintenance support included. the Korean Peninsula are a reminder Germany and operated by a number The ASPI has estimated this cost as that any nation operating submarines, of nations including South Korea, AUD8.8 billion in 2020.14 This cost no matter how small, should not be Pakistan, Turkey and Portugal. South represents massive savings when underestimated. Korea has recently ordered six Type compared against an Australian design. A disadvantage they have in this 214 submarines at a contract price of The savings could be used to ensure field is a comparative decrease in USD350 million each. The submarines funding for many other major DCP weapon numbers over a submarine will be built by Hyundai Heavy items and provide tax payers with twice their size; however, it is difficult optimum value for money. Recent to imagine that an Australian 1 Hotel Load is the total power examples of highly successful MOTS submarine would have a requirement required to run the submarine, except the purchases are the RAAF C-17 and Main Motor. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 7

Super Hornet. Both projects have assuming a Collins Class complement the Defence White Paper; however, been introduced rapidly and within and a single crew system. A smaller as well as collecting intelligence, a (or under) budget due to the mature crew equates to a lower workforce risk submarine also relies on it. Long nature of the capability. Although the and therefore a lower project risk. term strategic warning is required Future Submarine represents a larger, Training of this force will take to ensure correct defence posture19; more complex purchase, the benefits of time and activities that significantly this is especially true for a submarine mature, but modular design is worthy grow the capabilities and experience force. Enhanced alliances and of consideration. of the submarine workforce need international defence relationships to commence without delay. will be required well in advance of the More than just the The Submarine Surveillance and Future Submarine. This is particularly Submarine Equipment Program and other similar true of the Australian–US alliance programs will become integral to an that provides an associated capability, The Future Submarine Project will expanded submarine force. Enhanced intelligence and technological be a major design and construction training programs should be designed partnership that the Defence White program, but the program is more to deliver the required outcomes in the Paper describes as ‘indispensable to than just the submarine. Just as the years preceding the Future Submarines our security’.20 Enhancements to these construction of the submarine has a arrival, not started at that point. The partnerships will create immediate long lead time, so does the ability to art of ASW is a skill that takes years benefits for the present fleet and raise, train and sustain a force capable to master, depletes quickly and when exponential benefits to the Future of manning the submarine. As the considered across an entire fleet, Submarine. RAN is already having difficulties regeneration times may be measured The Future Submarine will require manning six submarines, its ability in decades. A modern, highly capable an expansion to the current basing to man 12, with the same, or greater submarine loses its capability edge in arrangements in order to achieve complement per submarine, will the hands of an inexperienced or under greater range and longer endurance require a substantial and prolonged trained crew; however, when similar on patrol.21 Flexibility in operations recruiting effort, as well as a flexible platforms are pitted against each other, can be enhanced through a base in approach to submarine basing. it is the training and skill of the crew Darwin capable of providing minor As a comparison the Type 214 that will determine the victor. maintenance support, in addition submarine complement is 2715, vice A submarine is an intelligence to AIP and stores replenishment. the Collins Class’ 45.16 The ASPI note collection platform and as such needs Departing to a patrol area from Darwin South Korea and that 12 boats would give a fleet of to undertake prolonged and covert saves approximately 1900nm against capable submarines 17 18 - ROKS Lee Sunsin (SS eight available at any one time , or patrols. The strategic importance of departing from FBW and a fleet of 068) arrives at Naval 360 personnel posted to a submarine, this role is highlighted many times in 12 submarines will require facilities Station Pearl Harbor.

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 8 The Future Submarine Project, More than just a Boat

at more than one port, some outside fleet size and a generational increase in Flight Lieutenant Michael of Australia. Options for facilities on capability. Kilham is a Sensor the east coast of Australia would also With significant recruitment and Employment Manager allow increased flexibility for training training lead times, work needs to at Number 11 Squadron, evolutions and may be desirable for commence immediately to increase RAAF Base Edinburgh. a number of fleet personnel. Flexible numbers, significantly up skill the basing and crewing arrangements will workforce and provide a diverse He is an Acoustic Warfare give increased leverage to the Future experience base to the standards specialist and has logged Submarine fleet as well as allowing required. It will be a huge project with nearly 4000 hours crew rotations and multi-crewing. This cost estimations for an Australian flying time on P-3 Orion approach has the added advantage of built and designed submarine Maritime Patrol Aircraft. lessening the impact of commercial running as high as 36 billion dollars. recruitment in a single area. Australia needs a capable submarine FLTLT Kilham has also served as an Operations Officer at No. force, but it needs to be affordable 92 Wing and as the SO3 Training and Information Support at Submarine Through Life and balanced with a variety of other Headquarters Integrated Area Defence System, Butterworth, Support and ASC ADF requirements. Expenditure of Malaysia. He has completed two tours in the Middle East tens of billions of dollars above that Area of Operations and is the former Operations Officer at the If Australia’s future strategic required for an Australianised MOTS circumstances necessitate a solution must have an overwhelmingly Australian Joint Acoustic Analysis Centre. substantially expanded submarine persuasive business case. Selecting fleet22, then the nation’s ability to a modular design MOTS solution, Notes build and sustain that capability must built in Australia under a collaborative also be strategic. For this reason, the partnership complies with the intent of (Endnotes) Government must retain majority the White Paper with significantly less 1 Defence White Paper 2009, Chapter 8, Para 8.40. 2 Ibid, Chapter 9. ownership of ASC, to protect and technical, financial and workforce risk. 3 Critical Issues for the initiation of Australia’s next generation further Australia’s interests. ASC Australians expect that their submarine project, Submarine Institute of Australia brief, 31 December 2008. could not only build and maintain money will be spent effectively and 4 Costello, S and Davies, A 2009, How to buy a submarine: the Future Submarine, if it adopted a that Defence learn from some of the Defining and Building Australia’s future fleet, Australian Strategic policy institute, p 8. more business oriented model, it could lessons of previous acquisitions and act 5 Ibid, p 9. position itself to provide a service hub on them. When Defence adopts these 6 G Combet, ‘From Collins to Force 2030: the challenge of the future submarine’, Speech to the Sydney Institute, Sydney, 4 for other nations operating similar lessons it will be well on the way to November 2009 Diesel Electric boats. In conjunction fundamental Strategic Reform. t 7 The Strategic Reform Program 2009, Delivering Force 2030, p 3. 8 Going to the Next level, the Report of the Defence Procurement with DSTO, ASC might also provide and Sustainment Review, Recommendation 2.3, p 20. specialist technology such as UUV’s 9 Buckinham, J 2008, Submarine Power and Propulsion – Application of Technology to Deliver Customer Benefit, BMT Defence and Wake-homing torpedos to Services, Bath p 8. supplement submarine capability. As a 10 Patrick, R, 2010, Size Matters, Australian Defence Magazine, p 40. middle power, Australia has the ability 11 Ibid, p 35. to lead and not follow on emerging 12 Buckinham, J et al, 2008, Submarine Power and Propulsion – Trends and Opportunities, BMT Defence Services, Bath p 2. specialist technologies, tailored to suit 13 The Market for Submarines, Forecast International, February our own requirements. This work need 2010. 14 Costello, S and Davies, A 2009, How to buy a submarine: not wait for the Future Submarine Defining and Building Australia’s future fleet, Australian Strategic and could be currently utilised for the policy institute, p 10. 15 Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft Class 214, viewed 22 Jun Collins Class. 2010, http://www.hdw.de/en/class-214.html In conclusion, the Future Submarine 16 The Boats – Submarine Force – Navy, viewed 22 June 2010, project must deliver Australia a highly http://intranet.defence.gov.au/navyweb/sites/SUBFOR/comweb. asp?page=12876&Title=The%20Boats capable fleet of 12 submarines to 17 Davies, A, 2008, Keeping Our Heads Below Water: Australia’s meet future strategic requirements. Future Submarine, Australian Strategic Policy institute, p 2. 18 Defence White Paper, Chapter 9. Additional to the submarines, are the 19 Ibid, Chapter 12. personnel, maintenance and logistics 20 Ibid, Chapter 6, Para 6.33. 21 Ibid, Chapter 9, Para 9.3. issues surrounding a doubling of the 22 Ibid, Chapter 8, Para 8.40. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 9 Who’s A Pirate? In Court, A Duel Over Definitions

ot since Lt. Robert Maynard who soon swept of the Royal Navy sailed back away piracy in the triumphantlyN to nearby Hampton Mediterranean. Roads in 1718 with the severed head of In more Blackbeard swinging from his bowsprit recent centuries, has this Navy town been so embroiled European countries in the fight against piracy. such as Britain For the first time since the Civil cracked down on War, accused pirates will be put on pirates—except trial this fall in a federal courtroom. when busy The defendants are six Somali men enlisting certain fished out of the Gulf of Aden, between ones, dubbed Somalia and Yemen, in April after “privateers,” to help The pirates who allegedly firing on a US Navy ship, them fight their wars by raiding enemy its six occupants overboard. attacked the which blew apart the tiny skiff they ships. The Ashland sent a search boat to Norwegian tanker were on. Pirates even spurred the creation of recover the Somalis and photograph MV Front Ardenne fling up their hands Prosecuting pirates, rather than the US Navy, after Thomas Jefferson the smoking hulk of the skiff, which in surrender when hanging them from the yardarm, erupted over the cost of paying tribute contained at least one weapon and their skiff is seized is the modern world’s approach to to the Barbary Corsairs for safe passage what looked like a grappling hook or by a boarding party the scourge of Somali piracy that of US merchant ships. At the time, anchor. Though that boat was blasted to from HMCS Winnipeg has turned huge swathes of the the US was paying about one-tenth pieces, even when pirate skiffs survive, in a rigid-hulled inflatable boat. Indian Ocean into a no-go zone for of the federal budget to the pirates. the ships they target are often loath to Photo credit-Cpl Rick commercial vessels. Supplied with warships, President bring the skiffs aboard. One captured Ayer. But there’s a problem: Some 2,000 Jefferson waged war on the Barbary by a Navy force in 2006, according to years after Cicero defined pirates as the pirates (whence the line “to the shores the judge advocate’s testimony in a “common enemy of all,” nobody seems of Tripoli” in the Marines’ Hymn). subsequent trial in Kenya, was crawling able to say, legally, exactly what a pirate By 1815, the North African pirate with “roaches the size of leopards.” is. US law long ago made piracy a crime kingdoms had been subdued. In Norfolk, the prosecution has but didn’t define it. International law When Congress dealt with piracy begun its effort to convince the US contains differing, even contradictory, in a statute four years later, the crime District Court for the Eastern District definitions. was so easy to recognize that legislators of Virginia that the quickly foiled The confusion threatens to didn’t bother to describe it, just the Somalis are guilty not just of lesser hamstring US efforts to crack down on punishment. The 1819 statute that charges they face but of the main modern-day Blackbeards. The central made piracy a capital offence (since charge of piracy. issue in Norfolk: If you try to waylay changed to mandatory life in prison) “Violent attacks on the high seas and rob a ship at sea—but you don’t simply deferred to “the law of nations.” without lawful authority have always A suspected pirate vessel is boarded. succeed—are you still a pirate? That legal punt has kept American It may seem strange there should be jurists scrambling ever since. doubt about an offence as old as this The stage was set for the Norfolk one. Piracy was the world’s first crime trial on April 10 of this year when the with universal jurisdiction, meaning USS Ashland, cruising in the Gulf of that any country had the right to Aden about 330 miles off Djibouti, apprehend pirates on the high seas. was fired upon at 5 a.m. by Somali The Romans took piracy so seriously men in a small skiff. The Navy vessel, they overrode a cautious Senate and an amphibious dock landing ship, gave near dictatorial powers to an up- returned fire with 25-mm cannon, and-coming general named Pompey, wrecking the 18-foot skiff and sending Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 10 Who’s A Pirate? In Court, A Duel Over Definitions

been piracy under the law of nations, Kong. In that case, the jury found the in 1819 and today,” said the lead defendants guilty, but said its verdict prosecutor, Benjamin Hatch, at a pre- was subject to the question of whether trial hearing last month. it’s really piracy if no actual robbery “So if one ship fires a bow-and- occurs. The court in Hong Kong said it arrow,” asked Judge Raymond Jackson, isn’t, and acquitted the attackers. rubbing his brow, The Privy Council members, “or a slingshot, or a rock, those are however, after hacking through thickets all acts of violence, and thus piracy?” of legal technicalities, ultimately The prosecutor nodded. reached a different conclusion. “Actual The public defender, Geremy robbery is not an essential element Above: Kamens, weighed in. “That a slingshot in the crime of piracy,” they said; “A Hire Muscle Anti-piracy Power from fired upon another ship would frustrated attempt to commit piratical Unemployed operation Youth expose the defendant to a mandatory robbery is equally piracy.” conducted life sentence shows the absurd They added, with more than a hint by the Seize frigate result of this reading,” he said. The of exasperation: “Their Lordships the Vessel, Hire Poor Look after Somali Fishermen to Navarino defence added that under this broad are almost tempted to say that a little Hostages Well Provide Boats & and Collect Navigational (Nato photo). Piracy Skills definition, Greenpeace activists could common sense is a valuable quality in Ransom be considered pirates for their anti- the interpretation of international law.” Left: Somali whaling antics on the seas. Beyond the legal wrangling and Pay Foreign piracy Businessmen to The defence lawyers trawled obscure historical references, the Provide Weapons, flowchart Satellite Phones, Luxury (Courtesy through history books, coming to implications of the case in Norfolk are Vehicles MarineBuzz) rest upon an obscure 1820 Supreme serious. Piracy’s golden age may have Court ruling. “We have, therefore, no passed two centuries ago, but it remains hesitation in declaring that piracy, by a scourge in places like the Strait of the law of nations, is robbery upon the Malacca in Indonesia and Malaysia, sea,” Justice Joseph Story wrote for the off the coast of Nigeria, and above all majority in the case of United States v. off the east coast of Africa, where the Smith. disintegration of Somalia has led to a That gave the defence lawyers their major resurgence. main argument: Piracy is robbery on The first half of 2010 saw about 200 the high seas; it isn’t merely attempted raids and unsuccessful attacks on ships robbery at sea, which is covered by at sea worldwide, the bulk of them off a separate statute that the Somalis Somalia. In early August, two cargo are charged with as well. Since the ships were hijacked. In all, an estimated Above: Anti piracy attack on the Ashland clearly failed, 18 ships and their crews are currently measures (Public it wasn’t piracy, the defence argues, being held for ransom. To fight the domain). and therefore, the most serious charge problem, the US and the United should be dropped. Nations are counting on prosecuting But the prosecutors, too, have pirates. Some UN officials dream of probed early sources—17th-century establishing an international piracy Left: Somali pirates with RPG. Dutch jurists, 18thcentury British tribunal, similar to the one for war writers, 19th-century maritime cases, crimes in The Hague. merchant sailors. The European Union is now trying to an 1800 speech by then-congressman In the meantime, the US and other jump-start Kenya’s pirate prosecutions—the first sentence John Marshall, and a slew of countries have helped Kenya, the will come later this month—but progress is slow. international treaties. closest stable country to the source, As a result, attackers captured by European warships in The prosecution has leaned heavily to put scores of pirates on trial. But the Indian Ocean often are let go for lack of any real legal on a 1934 ruling by Britain’s Privy Kenyan law is cumbersome, requiring recourse. A Spanish warship caught seven Somali pirates red- Council, which pondered the case of a witnesses to testify on three separate handed in early August, men who had been trying to waylay a similarly failed attack at sea, near Hong occasions, a tough order logistically for Norwegian chemical tanker. The Spanish frigate immediately Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 11

released them because it would have leaving only such lesser charges as has dismissed the main count of piracy against six Somalis been difficult to prosecute them, the attempted plunder. following an incident earlier this year. EU naval force off Somalia said. The prosecution argues that US In Virginia, Judge Jackson ruled that an incident off the That leaves courtrooms like the one courts should defer to international coast of Somalia on April 10 did not meet the standards of in Norfolk as among the best hopes for law, especially an 1982 UN Law of the “piracy as defined by the law of nations”. While pointing out bringing pirates to justice and deterring Sea treaty the US never ratified. Aping that Congress enacted two separate standards to govern future ones. But even seemingly clear- the 1958 Geneva Convention, it offers piracy, the judge took into account mitigating factors such cut cases don’t necessarily pass muster an expansive definition of piracy as as the fact that the defendants never boarded, nor attempted in court. any illegal acts of violence, detention to board, the Ashland. The defendants’ skiff was destroyed After a celebrated incident in April or depredation committed for private by return fire after one of the occupants had fired at the 2009, when US Navy Seals snipers ends on the high seas. Ashland. killed three Somali men holding an Defence lawyers balk at that Several other charges, including the lesser charge of (an American captain hostage on a small suggestion. “We do not interpret US unsuccessful) “attack to plunder a vessel”, remain in place boat after a raid, rescuing him, the law based on UN resolutions, but against the six men. By way of illustration, an analogy may lone Somali survivor of that attack on rather what Congress meant at the be drawn between this legal situation and the legal position the Maersk Alabama pleaded guilty time,” says the public defender, Mr following an attempted murder compared with that following to lesser charges in New York, not to Kamens. Judge Jackson is expected to an actual murder. t piracy. rule soon. Indeed, the last US piracy conviction Reproduced with permission from RAN Maritime Trade was in 1861, of a Confederate blockade And following that: Operations Maritime Trade Newsletter. Issue 127, August runner. Now the court in Norfolk must Piracy Developments Off 2010. contend with the defence motion to Somalia dismiss the piracy charge, which would A federal judge in Virginia, USA,

HMAS Labuan onloads cargo from United States Naval Ship Mercy in Dili Harbour, East Timor in preparation for the conduct of a medical and dental clinic in the Oecussi region during Pacific Partnership 2010.

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 12 One Third of their Combat Power – Developing a Quantitative Model for Intelligence Analysis of Morale in Armed Forces by Lieutenant Commander Tom Lewis

orale, thought Napoleon, was to support from home and a perception of the physical as three is to one. hopelessness in their cause. InM other words, a numerically smaller Numerically speaking, the force, whose hearts are high, will carry Argentine Army should have held their the day in combat against a bigger conquered territory of the Falklands force, even despite large numerical in 1982. In prepared positions of their contrasts. The army of 10, 000 will own choosing, with time to make vanquish one of 20, 000, and even hold adequate defences and even better train its own against one of 30, 000. How their numerically-superior conscript true is his suggestion in reality? troops, they should have been able to A study of the retreating Wermacht hold their ground against the British in WWII proves some of this point. forces, who were advancing through The German armies were ‘on the back hostile waters 6000 miles from home, foot’, facing the Allied troops who had to make an amphibious lodgement superior numbers, better supply lines, on enemy territory and then defeat capable commanders and a clear aim. the enemy. The professional, proud, Yet the fiercely proud and professional and highly motivated troops of the army of the Germans proved time British expeditionary force were more and again to be more than capable of than keen to come to grips with their A World War I poster effectively resisting, utilising a variety enemy. In the troopships T-shirts with dubious nature of the ethics or legal appeals to logic but of means to slow their enemy. They aggressive slogans were prepared, and nature of an organisation behind also to patriotic often fell back in apparent retreat, only fiercely xenophobic songs sung. One such bombers in not important: the feeling, and overall to let happily advancing Allied troops of the best-trained and motivated terrorists motivated by al-Qaida may it boosts the reader’s walk into a prepared artillery trap. The armies in the world was coming south hold questionable status in the eyes of morale. Germans surprised the Allies with their to dislodge the invasion, and the some commentators but that is not a breakout in the Ardennes in late 1944. Argentines were uneasily aware of factor here. Rather, we are interested Although many of the wiser soldiers the calibre of their enemy. They were in the tenacity of the loyalty that drove amongst them could see that they were no match for their opponent, and the them to such actions. doomed to defeat, their abilities and world knows the result. Motivators such as personal gain a fierce pride in their own capabilities Some commentators see three and a desire for adventure are less and their nation made them much main motivators behind willingly common and less of a force. While high stronger – man for man – than the undertaking military service: loyalty to pay is seen by many as worth taking advancing Allied forces. a cause, personal gain, and desire for a risk, it is doubtful whether it would Similarly the North Vietnamese adventure. In some forces the first is result in a command being determined carried the day against their enemy in an extremely powerful factor. Loyalty to die rather than surrender. But their long war to conquer the South. to a country, in the form of patriotism, this was the common attribute of the Although they were not proficient can also reach extremely high levels: Japanese Army in WWII: they would at winning in the tactical sense, their the motivation behind the troops of rather die than give in. British soldier determination and belief in themselves Israel, for example, is doubtless a factor (and later author) George MacDonald enabled them to tenaciously engage, in their victories over the last 50 years. Fraser found this out when he was admittedly with a degree of coercion We can see similar enthusiasm behind attacked by a soldier “…who came from their leaders. They became the the willingness of some terrorists to howling out of a thicket near the victors when their opponents’ belief give their lives in suicide bombings. Sittang, full of spite and fury, in that in themselves was destroyed by lack of It is important to note here that the first week of August. He was half- Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 13

starved and near-naked, and his only that it acted as a major part of their perceptions of a present or potential weapon was a bamboo stake, but he capability. conflict. Recruits demonstrate with was in no mood to surrender.” Major Morale, it is clear, is an extremely their feet their willingness to become a General J. Lawton Collins noted: important factor in assessing combat member of the force seeking personnel. capability. So, how are we to tell In the Vietnam War, around 100, 000 The Japanese on both offensive whether an opposing force has high potential draftees avoided the draft by and defense die determinedly morale, or not? There are several fleeing the USA. Even given the USA’s rather than give up. Many indicators identified here that may be population at the time of over 200 cases are recorded of men so analysed to produce an answer. million, this represents a sample large weak with hunger and disease enough to draw the conclusion that that they could not stand who Indicators of Morale military service was unpopular. stayed by their weapons pulling High resignation rates Other methods of avoiding military the trigger as long as there was service include: life. Surrenders by able-bodied, The normalcy benchmark for • Conscientious objection, well Japanese were negligible… resignation in armed forces is around often coupled to religious 12 per cent. However, this can be faith or ethical resolve. This, A significant pair of photographs in altered by several factors to produce and the other methods listed Eric Bergerud’s comprehensive account varied figures which in themselves are below, may be feigned to avoid of the theatre – Touched With Fire: not abnormal. For example, a country military service. the Land Warfare in the South Pacific may perceive a “peace dividend” as • Health reasons: legitimate, German soldier in the – shows a Japanese soldier in the sea. was apparent at the end of the Cold feigned or overstated; Ardennes breakout . His The caption notes that he was one of War. The United States Navy at that • Claiming to be homosexual, situation was difficult, four who would not surrender to some time, around 1989, had a platform total if the military in question but his heart was high. Australian troops. The Japanese held of around 600 vessels. By 2005, that excludes homosexuals; (Public domain). a grenade to his head, and then, the number had dropped caption explains, he set it off. There to under 300, and was a lot of this sort of suicide. British the USN had shrunk Commando Peter Young was leading commensurately some men trying to take a prisoner; in personnel size. they came across a wounded Japanese One would see who simply blew himself up with a more resignations grenade rather than be taken. General than the norm in William Slim tells of a Japanese Army such a ‘downsizing’ unit trying to withdraw over a river, operation. while they were being pressed hard In such indicators by Allied troops. Eventually, with under discussion, it most of their force cut down, the is therefore necessary remaining Japanese formed up in to note that the ranks, and rather than come forward findings need analysis and surrender, instead “marched to determine if steadily into the river and drowned.” they are indeed an An account from a Japanese soldier abnormality. describes how those too badly wounded to fight were treated: “It Difficulties in became a routine that a soldier who Recruiting was emaciated and crippled, with no hope of recovery, was given a grenade The enthusiasm and persuaded, without words, to sort potential of a himself out.” The Japanese Army’s recruitment pool conviction and loyalty was so strong is affected by their Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 14 One Third of their Combat Power – Developing a Quantitative Model for Intelligence Analysis of Morale in Armed Forces

• Becoming a tertiary student, Success in meeting recruiting if such status allows military and retention targets deferment; Success in meeting recruiting targets • Enlisting in a branch of the needs to be tempered with analysis of military, for example the the reasons behind this situation. Is the United States National Guard country’s economy in such a situation during the Vietnam conflict, that people who would not normally whose members are unlikely to sign up doing so because of the security be deployed into combat; of a government job? In a conscript • Serving with the military in a force some analysis would need to be air-to-air and ground attack roles. The HMS Conqueror non-combatant role (such as given to the measures of avoidance country is uneasy about its neighbour, returns to base in the Falklands War a medic) in which one is less which people are undertaking in order who is similarly equipped but who - her tremendous likely (under traditional rules to avoid service. has ordered 48 Hornets. Banksia’s endurance due to of warfare) to be exposed to As regards keeping people in a air force commanders have asked for her nuclear power enemy fire. volunteer force, too much retention an identical orbat, but to save money enabled her to stay • Non-appearance upon does not in itself indicate high morale. they have been forced to order 48 on station almost request. Many countries with It might simply be an indicator that to Hawks. How would we expect morale indefinitely. Note the Jolly Roger flag - an conscription systems will take be an armed force member is a good to be within the force following this important but to a long time to physically arrest job…we can imagine a force which decision? Later Banksia hears that the some controversial a non-complier. sees little combat; has good pay levels, neighbour is equipping the Hornets morale booster (RN and where not much is asked from its with AMRAAM air to air missiles, a archival). Humint reports members. Personnel may well want to clearly superior weapon to Banksia’s stay on. Alternatively positions outside Sidewinders. Morale, we reasonably Conversations with target personnel the force may be seen as being not an analyse, is low, and will fall further. can lead to indications of morale across alternative. Such a logical analysis is of value a force. However, judgement has to to any assessment. We can reasonably be exercised as to the veracity of the Lalogic analysis of a force’s expect feelings of anger and resentment comments. What should be made of capability and morale effects within a force made to cope with expressed opinions from an air force clearly inferior equipment. However, officer who says ‘Everyone’s trying to The hypothetical air force of the such judgements should not be allowed get out’, or words to such effect? What hypothetical country of Banksia has an to dominate the analysis, for empirical does ‘everyone’ mean: is he discussing ageing fleet of Alpha jets, configured in evidence can show such analysis can be all ranks, or is he just referring to the Japanese officer corps, whose members may battleship intend to separate for different reasons Yamato than non-commissioned personnel, maneuvers for example, because an air force’s while under heavy air pilots are being offered extremely attack by US high salaries to join an airline. Has he Task Force 58 surveyed all of the force’s officers and planes. Despite is he now summarising his findings? hopeless odds, Obviously not. Has he a large circle her ship’s company’s of contacts and is he reflecting the high morale majority of recent conversations? was a major Perhaps so. Is he in fact trying to feed part of her his interlocutor misinformation? abaility to fight That is up to the person relating this even against information to judge when making a overwhelming odds (USN report. photo).

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 15

misleading. For example, a comparison Disciplinary Offences or 10 years”. Obtaining such survey results – often published of the weapons and abilities of the Following a general premise that a within service newspapers – will give useful information as to British force at Isandlwana against the disgruntled armed force commits morale levels. Zulus would have led one to reasonably more disciplinary offences than one In conclusion, there are a number of indicators that will conclude that the latter were a far whose hearts are high, it follows that a give insights into an armed force’s morale situation. The superior unit: the Martini-Henry rifle lengthy catalogue amongst personnel above may not be an exhaustive list, but it serves as a general and bayonet against the assegai and is a reasonable indicator of low morale. guide and also as an impetus to suggest that gathering shield. Yet seizing a momentary tactical This would be of particular interest if such material, subjecting it to analysis, and factoring in advantage and with extremely high it could be found that offences were the result will give us an insight into overall capability. The morale, the Zulu force won the day. common amongst non-commissioned understanding of morale is an area that should be recognised, Similarly the Vietcong and the North officers, as this backbone of any force is appreciated, and included in any assessment of a force. t Vietnamese Army lacked air and naval generally one where minor infractions forces, and they could not call upon are comparatively rare. the artillery support enjoyed by the US Army and its allied forces in Vietnam. Human Resource Management However, the North Vietnam forces Surveys Lieutenant Commander Tom Lewis, PhD OAM RAN, has served won by employing asymmetric tactics; as an Intelligence Officer for a number of years, including in good strategic planning, and exploiting Modern armed forces employ a lot of Baghdad for a combat tour. He is the author of eight books, the Allied forces’ lowered morale and people to manage their personnel. One and holds a Doctorate in Strategic Studies in addition to three collapse of home support. of the methods of measuring happiness other degrees. is by means of a survey, often equipped with interesting questions such as “Do you intend to separate within two, five,

ATIN 37543 Headmark 185x130_art_OUT.indd 1 Journal of the Australian11/16/09 Naval Institute11:43 AM 16 The Indian Ocean is going to be massively more significant Exclusive Interview with Kim Beazley With Sergei DeSilva-Ranasinghe

n one of his last interviews before his departure to the US, Kim Beazley Italks to Sergei DeSilva-Ranasinghe about the strategic importance of the Indian Ocean to Australia’s national interests. He illustrates how great power rivalry in the Indian Ocean has influenced Australia’s strategic thinking after World War II and how this has shaped Australia’s defence policy while he was Defence Minister in the 1980s. He also speaks about why the Indian Ocean is increasingly important to Australia and how it is likely to factor into his role as Australia’s Ambassador to the US.

Strategic Imperatives

“There was a big debate in the late 1940s early 1950s whether the Aerial view of HMAS Australian commitment to the when the Foreign Minister of the day, a result, the region was being drawn Stirling wharves by Western alliance would be a Middle Gordon Freeth, who was then also into Cold War calculations. This CPO Mal Back. East commitment or a Southeast the Member for Forrest, Western increasingly excited the Australian Asian commitment and there Australia, looking at early reports of academic community who wrote a was constant tension between the Soviet shipping moving through the great deal on it; it excited me and I two. Fundamentally in the Middle Indian Ocean (establishing anchorages wrote something on it too. Aptly, there East and in Asia generally, we were in the Red Sea area and the like) stated were several types of responses. Firstly, supporting Western Imperial positions. that this is pretty minimal and not to was the Indian Ocean a strategic entity? Independent Australian initiatives were be worried about and that the Soviets Secondly, did we have to have an Indian not many; the Colombo Plan would be were not a threat. The Democratic Ocean policy per se? Thirdly, was the the nearest thing to it. So our policy Labour Party decided that such a Indian Ocean merely a transmission in the Indian Ocean Region and in the slippage in traditional liberal anti- belt or thoroughfare or was the Far East was a policy largely related to Communism had to be seriously situation in different parts of the what Britain or the US was doing. We punished and they uniquely extended littoral important to us? Last and most didn’t really start to think these things preferences to the Labor Party in the critically, what was really drawing the through for ourselves until the 1960s as 1969 election, which led to Freeth’s external powers to the Indian Ocean it became increasingly obvious that the defeat. That at least focussed the region? Was it the significance of the British were pulling out east of the Suez minds of both conservative and Labor Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf, where and the US position was problematic. politicians that perhaps there might be there were serious interests that arose Then we started to think about it. something here that required a bit of from its importance in world energy “Hence, the Indian Ocean re-rose careful attention and thought. supplies and its instability? Hence, if to prominence in Australian strategic “In the 1970’s there was a slow but you take all of those things together calculations starting in the late 1960’s. steady build up of Soviet and US naval there was a discernable Western or It’s first dramatic manifestation, was activity in the Indian Ocean and, as global interest which emerged. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 17

Indian Ocean Peace Zone that they tended to take Third World Pacific or the Atlantic Oceans and the neutralist positions, which basically United States perhaps saw some value “There was another layer of activity diminished Australian interest. When in continuing a conversation on the going on, and that was the view that the we were turning to Asia, that meant peace zone proposal. Thirdly, probably Indian Ocean was a strategic entity in South East Asia, it meant Japan, China running somewhat counter to that, itself and should not be automatically and Korea. The two other countries as we sat down and thought through drawn into the vortex of the super- that mattered to us a great deal were of the issues of defence self reliance, it power conflict. The thinking went course Malaysia and Singapore, hence became increasingly obvious to us that that we should do something about the Five Power Defence Arrangement if we are going to defend all Australian it by proposing an Indian Ocean and so on. approaches, we have to defend the Peace Zone. With the relatively low “We were at a point when the Labor approaches of the north and west as level of interest by the super-powers, Party was elected to office in 1983, well as the east. it had a chance of success. So for a where I suppose you could characterize “The growing superpower focus long time in the 1970s and 1980s, on the Labor Party’s position as: Firstly, on the region, which was a logical the table at the United Nations for having noted that the Indian Ocean result of the experience of the 1973 Oil regular discussion each year, was a was now an area of more intense Embargo, and then the increasingly proposal for an Indian Ocean Peace super-power competition. Secondly, we active contest between the Soviet Zone. Australia sometimes ran that were fascinated by nuclear-free zones, Union and the US for influence in the quite hard and ran it a bit harder when peace zones and that sort of thing as a littoral countries in the Persian Gulf the Labor Party was elected, but it dimension of our foreign policy, though and the Arabian Sea, basically meant was there for continual discussion. I we were always mindful of US interests that things like peace zones went off think in the Cold War era Australia’s while pursuing it. We knew that even the boil. From the Australian point Strategic Geography relationships with countries in South with a focus on the Arabian Sea it was of view, one controversial foray you of the Indian Ocean 2010. Asia were undermined by the fact a somewhat lesser concern than the might say after the Soviet invasion

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 18 The Indian Ocean is going to be massively more significant

USS Stark of Afghanistan was the request from acquired then that showed to all the after being hit the US for gestures around the globe Indian Ocean littoral states; here was by two Exocet of hostility. The Fraser government something pretty important. Diego missiles in the decided they would regularly deploy Garcia itself was not that important to 1987 “tanker war” (image Australian naval units in the Arabian Australia. It plays no role in Australia’s courtesy US Sea. Jimmy Carter had briefly invited capacity to deploy ships, although Navy). Australia to consider the possibility of obviously, Australian ships call in there being part of a ready reaction force, on the odd occasion, but of itself, it but Australia did not endorse the has never been of much significance Ocean and Australia. idea. Also, there was some discussion to Australia. Our Indian Ocean policy, “The commitment we had to the on whether or not Australia’s naval in so far as it has practical effect was Five Power Defence Arrangement, presence ought to be taken into the driven in the first instance by our and more particularly, the rights of Gulf as opposed to simply the Arabian Southeast Asian commitments and, in access to the Malaysian airfield at Sea, but that was also not to be the the second instance, by the appearance Butterworth, gave us an important role case. of a vested interest in the Arabian in countering the Soviet presence. So “In many ways these are all and Persian Gulf. This dramatically we ran Operation Gateway, which was contradictory positions, but they do manifested itself in government policy regular P3 flights basically monitoring have one underlying theme, that is, in two ways when I actually became Soviet shipping and providing a drawing us into the Indian Ocean Defence Minister. substantial amount of intelligence on more intensively, contemplating this their activities in the region. The Indian as a strategic zone, or thinking about Two Ocean Navy Ocean, at least in its constituent parts, aspects of its strategic significance featured considerably in our policy at and its various parts. What all this “The idea of a Two Ocean Navy, in the time and it was a comprehension did was to create in Australia a which the Indian Ocean was perceived about the Two Ocean Navy policy thorough understanding that we had as the logical point at which we ought which entailed an Indian Ocean two coasts and that we are a player to develop our naval capabilities; component. What dropped away in Pacific politics and also a player in particularly the deployment of while we were in office was the Indian Indian Ocean politics. We needed to submarines as it’s a much more sensible Ocean Peace Zone. As the Cold War comprehend that in the way we did place than it is on the east coast in wound down, people lost interest in our defence planning and the way defending our approaches, which tend it. However, with our Arabian Sea we conducted our foreign policy. It’s to be in a north-westerly direction, at deployments and interests we needed always been difficult to discern why least as much Indian Ocean as they to think of the Indian Ocean as a there has been such a vacuum over are Pacific. We sought to explain to strategic entity, be concerned about the years in Indian Ocean policy in the US how important the Australian the point of ingress and digress from it Australia, because it is clearly a vital contribution was to the Western and therefore we needed to be involved link with Britain and the rest of the alliance, even though we were pursuing ourselves in the Gulf. That was the world. a policy of defence self reliance. The logic. Basically we involved ourselves one thing we drew as an example to in the Persian Gulf because the United Diego Garcia the Americans of how an Australian States was engaged there. independent capability would serve “The US acquired Diego Garcia from Western interests and, therefore, they Tanker War the British in the 1960s and began ought not to be offended was the pretty well straight away a fairly Soviet naval presence at Camranh Bay, “The start really of our commitment serious build up. It was probably the Vietnam. The US now talks of a ‘string to the Gulf was not the Kuwait War Diego Garcia acquisition and build of pearls’, but the Soviets sort of had a but the Tanker War in 1987. During up that triggered the Indian Ocean ‘string of pearls’. At that point of time, the 1980s Iraq and Iran were fighting a littoral states to start arguing about the eastern extension of the string pretty nasty war, and by 1987 the war a zone of peace, because the Soviets was Camranh Bay; which was their was focussing on tankers in the Gulf. had not acquired anything like Diego biggest base in terms of Soviet facilities Iran was attacking shipping and tankers Garcia. But once Diego Garcia was immediately adjacent to the Indian going back and forth, and Australian Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 19

shipping there was benefitting from talked about the Persian Gulf, but I the Indian Ocean Region would be protection from the British and the also talked about the contribution we incomplete and maybe dated. So it was US. When the US indicated that made countering the Soviet presence quite an interesting development that they were willing to formally ask us in Camranh Bay, which was our I think reflects his quite substantial to get involved; we decided that we contribution to the Western alliance. enthusiasm for good relationships with would do something. We considered But within a couple of months of countries in South Asia and a serious a series of propositions and in the end the White Paper coming out, the US thinking-though of our strategic we committed RAN clearance divers was suddenly engaged in the Tanker interests in Afghanistan and Iraq. In to engage in countermining as that War. That was really a critical point as addition, Islam is basically an Indian was the major weakness in the US really from that point on the US has Ocean phenomenon and so the sorting posture. The Iranians were shooting been more or less on the verge of or out of what Islam needs is something rockets at ships going through the permanently engaged in war fighting of the Indian Ocean political activity. Gulf and they were floating mines in the Persian Gulf region and its Presently, these are two big generators as well. Hence, there was a counter- hinterland. of global focus; the economy and mining requirement as well as a sort of Islam. If you take a very broad view, defensive requirement against rockets, From Hawke to Rudd excessively broad some would say, which is what we decided to do at that about the hinterland, pretty well all point. Even after the Tanker War what “When I was Defence Minister, there of Islam is in the Indian Ocean or its remained constant was the immense was a immense Caucus focus on hinterland such as the Middle East, importance of energy supplies from the what I was doing but not much of a East Africa, the Gulf, Pakistan, India, Persian Gulf. Iraq’s attack on Kuwait government focus. Hawke’s style of Bangladesh and, of course, Indonesia, drew us in again basically because government was to give immense which is the biggest Islamic nation in we discerned an Australian interest authority to ministers. So basically the world. in ensuring that Iraq (or Iran for that the first time the cabinet saw my “In the long-term the Indian matter), did not destabilize that focal White Paper was when I presented Ocean is going to be massively more point of essential energy supplies to it, whereas the 2009 Defence White significant in global politics than it our trading partners, and to the West Paper went through repeated iterations has ever been before and that is the generally. at the National Security Committee function largely of the fact that the “The Defence White Paper was of Cabinet and it’s been much more Asia-Pacific region is massively more also brought down in 1987. What we a product of management by Kevin significant. The Asia-Pacific region did was take the Cockburn Sound Rudd, than the White Paper of 1987 covers both the Pacific and the Indian base, or HMAS Stirling, which was was a product of management by Bob Ocean littoral’s northern extension. originally developed by Whitlam and Hawke. Energy security and resources are Fraser and announced in the time “Actually Kevin Rudd’s management absolutely critical. The Indian Ocean of the McMahon government, and is what brought the Indian Ocean to region is immensely rich in that and converted it into a full-blown naval the White Paper. There’s an interesting therefore all developing societies need base. We anticipated that the bulk story. The White Paper strategic access to the new material produced of Australian submarine operations component was largely completed in around the Indian Ocean littoral. would be operating from it. Given 2008, but just before it was ready for So these are now becoming vitally that our submarines are normally production, Kevin Rudd had it re- strategic trade routes. For big powers expected to be deployed in Southeast committed (the strategic end of it) and like the US and China, its actually Asian waters, I think the submarines’ incorporated within it a very strong an easy game to play. Certainly the capacity to spend time on the station paragraph of the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf and Iran is hard, but was improved by about 25% by being our commitment to it. I think that the Indian Ocean generally is not as deployed from HMAS Stirling, rather reflected his geo-political perspective. challenging as we get full value from than Sydney. Given that we were He sat down and seriously thought our maritime capability, which can is operating conventional submarines, about where his Asia-Pacific initiative very easily extended, withdrawn and that sort of time was significant. So was going and where the direction of enhanced. when I was explaining the White geo-politics was moving. The White Paper to the US in 1987, I not only Paper, without a serious analysis of Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 20 The Indian Ocean is going to be massively more significant

Western Australia and the we’re going to have an effective non- Indian Ocean proliferation regime that will largely be obvious or not, as a product of the “I do think that West Australians conferences that are going to be held in have a different perspective to those Washington in March, and the outcome in the east. For instance, Southeast of discussions of the potential Iranian Asia is viewed from the Indian Ocean weapon. My other big challenge will perspective and the Indian Ocean, and be is getting up the G-20 – as a feature Kim Beazley was elected to the Federal what happens with India has always of the international architecture. We Parliament in 1980 and represented been seen as slightly more important succeeded in that, but keeping that the electorates of Swan (1980-96) in Western Australia (WA) than in the going is vital, if you want to isolate four and Brand (1996-2007). He was east. There’s a sort of sense in WA, things that are going to be important the Minister for Defence from 1984- having a different focus, and one of the to me, these are it.” Furthermore, obsessions in Australia is that we’ve with the focus of the Australia-US 1990 and a strong advocate of the never been defended and when the alliance centred on the Indian Ocean, Two Ocean Navy policy and for the eastern states say we have been and particularly in support of US coalition establishment of the Royal Australian we say, ‘Where’s the evidence of it?’ operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, Navy’s submarine program. He was This is what really gave some political Kim Beazley is well placed to influence Deputy Prime Minister (1995-96) impetus to the idea of a ‘Two Ocean the development of Australia’s Navy’ which was arrived at for strategic expanding strategic interests in the and Leader of the Australian Labor reasons. But West Australians like Indian Ocean. t Party and Leader of the Opposition to see a substantial defence presence (1996-01 and 2005-06). He served on and very proud they are of the SAS parliamentary committees, including and of serious air bases in the north. the Joint Intelligence Committee and Also, they want indications that we This interview is an expanded version are capable of protecting the offshore of the original first published in Asia the Joint Foreign Affairs, Defence and developments in Western Australia. Pacific Defence Reporter, (April 2010, Trade Committee. After his retirement People don’t think about that in Sydney Vol. 36, No.3). from politics in 2007, he was appointed and Melbourne, but people in Western Winthrop Professor in the Department Australia obsess about it, so coming of Politics and International Relations from WA, I think I do have a different perspective. at the University of Western Australia; and in July 2008 he was appointed Vision as Ambassador to Chancellor of the Australian National the US University, which he held until December 2009. “I hope to see that the Australian initiatives, which require American support, get up. The biggest from Kevin Rudd’s point of view is the idea of an Asia-Pacific entity. That is being actively pursued by the Australian government and that will be one of my priorities. Furthermore, Kevin Rudd has successfully engaged the US on Climate Change issues and advancing that agenda is going to be particularly important to me. Also, this is the year in which we give Weapons of Mass Destruction removal our best shot. If Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 21 The All Black Kiwi and the Red Kangaroo: Australia and New Zealand – A Shared Naval Heritage By Lieutenant Commander Desmond Woods

he RAN and the RNZN have a fate would have been unknown further. rich and still evolving history of It might have taken a generation Tworking together in war and exercising before New Zealand’s true geography together in peace. The history of the was known to the world. With Joseph white ensign in Australasian waters Banks drowned with Cook it is RNZN White Ensign. dates back to the decades in the doubtful that the proposal for a convict passage of sovereignty to pass to nineteenth century when Sydney and settlement at Botany Bay would have Queen Victoria without changing life Auckland were both part of the Royal received the political impetus necessary as the Maori lived it on their lands. His Navy’s Australian Station. But the naval to get it approved in 1787 and started intentions were honourable. His aim story of both nations goes back to 1769 the following year. Cook’s saving of was to protect both Maori and British when Lieutenant James Cook, RN, his ship and his charts had a profound residents from growing violence. In HMNZS Royalist placed both countries on his charts and impact on what happened next to 1840 at Waitangi Hobson exercised a sporting 8 x 5.25- therefore brought them indelibly to the Australia and New Zealand. level of governmental responsibility on inch guns, inboard of the ill-fated Daring- world’s attention and consciousness. The next naval officer who behalf of the Colonial Office which no class destroyer Fragmentary coastlines and vague intervened in New Zealand’s history “ four ring” Captain will ever be given HMAS Voyager, unreliable reports took on a concrete was the wise and humane Captain in modern times in this age of instant and the Royal Navy reality which made them real to William Hobson. He encouraged the communications. Type 61 Salisbury- Europeans and therefore places where Maori chiefs to sign a treaty that in Hobson’s years in the tropics class frigate HMS claims of sovereignty could be followed theory made it possible for a peaceful and the strain of his duties as New Chichester courtesy Vic Jeffery. by settlement. Cook’s 1769-71 voyage is the historic fault line between the Pacific as it was and the world we still know. Had Cook lost his ship and his life when Endeavour struck the Great Barrier reef in 1770 his detailed and accurate charts of both islands of New Zealand would have gone to the bottom with him. Cook’s voyage would be a footnote in a quite different version of the history of our countries. He would have been remembered among the Maori tribes of New Zealand but his Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 22 The All Black Kiwi and the Red Kangaroo: Australia and New Zealand – A Shared Naval Heritage

Zealand’s first governor caused him to have two strokes the second of which proved fatal. By the time of his death in 1841 settlements had been started in Auckland and Wellington. Importantly for the future Hobson had made clear to a ship load of French settlers who had bought land in the South Island that they would be living there under British sovereignty. Hobson sent a fast frigate to set up British courts where the French owned land at Akaroa near modern day Christchurch before the settlers arrived. That was the end of French settlement plans for Novelle Zelande and the possibility that the two islands might belong to London and Paris respectively. Both islands of HMNZS CANTERBURY New Zealand became a single crown tragedy caused by the failure of the together to buy the ship’s bell. Like pictured in Sydney colony, no longer administered from senior officer, Commodore Burnett, HMAS Australia she was a source of (Courtesy RAN). New South Wales but with its own RN to heed semaphore signals warning great patriotic pride. She visited New Governor and administration. New him that Orpheus was standing into Zealand just once, in 1913, the same Zealand owed its new-found colonial danger. year that HMAS Australia steamed existence and its territorial integrity In the 1870’s, when Britain into Sydney harbour to provide the to the Royal Navy and this dedicated and Russia came close to war over Australian Commonwealth with some officer. Afghanistan, Australians and New much needed 12-inch teeth of its own. When Hobson’s plan for a peaceful Zealander living in coastal cities felt In 1914 while the RAN’s bluejackets future between Maori and Pakeha threatened by the Russian fleet and were dealing with Germans in New broke down irretrievably in the 1860’s installed heavy shore artillery to defend Guinea New Zealanders were taking the British government moved its their cities from bombardment. HMAS over German Samoa – the first enemy nearest military and naval assets to Watson on the South Head of Sydney territory taken anywhere in World War New Zealand from Australia. This harbour still has its disappearing One. move included HMS Orpheus coming rampart guns. The North Head of HMS New Zealand and HMAS from Sydney to Auckland. The heavily Auckland harbour and Mount Victoria Australia were both Indefatigable- laden frigate struck the sand bar as have them also. They are mementos class battlecruisers. These sister at the entrance to the west coast port of an era when a blue water approach ships, collided on 22 April 1916 in a of Manukau Harbour on February 7, to defence was impractical due to the fog off Rosyth. While under repair 1863. She was beaten to piece by the lack of capital ships on station capable Australia missed the Battle of Jutland incoming tide. The tragedy cost the of defending the cities of Australasia. fought on May 30th. Her place as lives of 188 British sailors and Royal None of these expensive shore guns flagship of the 2nd Battlecruiser Marines out of a complement of 256. ever fired a shot in anger. Squadron was taken by New Zealand This remains the worst maritime In the first decade of the twentieth in the line of battle under Admiral tragedy in the nation’s history. Some century both nations bought a capital David Beatty. The battlecruisers took of those who drowned last were very ship. The New Zealand people bought on Admiral Hipper’s deadly accurate young and agile midshipmen who the Royal Navy a battlecruiser, named ships and lost three battlecruisers were last seen clinging to topmasts as for their country, in the hope that this to internal magazine explosions the ship rolled over in the breakers. act of commitment and loyalty would provoking the Admiral to remark “there They drowned as their ship was be remembered if New Zealand was appears to be something wrong with our broken up under them within sight threatened. The school children of bloody ships today.” Had it not been of land. This was a very preventable New Zealand put their pocket money for the collision in April the equally Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 23

vulnerable HMAS Australia would live forever in the minds of those have been at Jutland. Battlecruisers who admire raw courage at sea. Not were best described by Churchill as “ surprisingly in 1941 the New Zealand eggshells armed with hammers.” What Division of the Royal Navy was reborn would have been the consequence as the Royal New Zealand Navy. for the young RAN if the flagship The RAN and Australia’s tragedy Australia being under a hail of German when Sydney was lost is echoed in the shells? Would it have been death or tragedy of HMS Neptune, the Leander- glory for her Australian ship’s company class cruiser, sunk in a minefield in the of 1000 men and boys? Mediterranean – a preventable disaster HMS New Zealand was in action – like Sydney’s sinking by Kormoran. NZ Navy/HMS New at the Battles of Heligoland Bight, On the night of 19 December 1941 were many acts of gallantry by small Zealand (Public Dogger Bank and Jutland, the three HMS Neptune ran into an Italian New Zealand ships. In 1943, New Domain). fleet actions in the North Sea. She minefield off Tripoli, and sank with the Zealand naval trawlers, was hit by shells several times but was loss of Captain Rory O’Connor and 764 Kiwi and Moa, rammed allegedly protected by the Maori kiwi of his officers and men. One hundred and wrecked a Japanese feather cloak given to her commanding and fifty of them were New Zealanders. I-class submarine after officer, Captain Lionel Halsey, RN, Just one man was rescued by an Italian a surface battle off when the ship was in New Zealand. torpedo boat, after five days in the Guadalcanal. The prophesy by the cloak’s Maori water. This was a devastating blow to By the end of the war donor was that that the battlecruiser the young RNZN and to the whole there were over 60 Kiwi would be in action within a year; that nation. ships in commission. Halsey would still be in command HMNZS Gambia and and that she would be hit, but would The RNZN memorial recalls the Achilles fought in the Sir William Hobson suffer no casualties provided that tragedy. It reads: British Pacific Fleet with HMAS (Public Domain). Halsey wore the cloak into action. This memorial commemorates Shrophire and Australia. Gambia was Halsey expected to be relived when 352 officers and men of the Royal New credited with firing the last salvo of the New Zealand returned to the UK but Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand war at sea. was left in command because war Naval Reserve and the Royal New The ANZAC cooperation at sea clouds were gathering. Every part of Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve who continued after 1945. The RNZN the prophesy then came true. Without died in all parts of the world during the was with the RAN on the gun line such prophetic protection Australia Second World War and who have no off Korea. New Zealand’s six Loch- might not have been so lucky.1 known grave; the greater part lost their class frigates wore out their 4-inch In 1939 the New Zealand-manned lives at sea, but some died in captivity gun barrels firing at North Korean HMS Achilles’ running fight with the at the hands of the Japanese. Nearly targets, just like HMAS Murchison. The Graf Spee at the Battle of the River half of those commemorated went down RNZN’s role in the Malayan HMNZS Te Kaha Plate gave rise to the same swelling with H.M.S. Neptune in 1941. Emergency was in support of the - photo by John of national pride in New Zealand as In the last years of the war there RN and RAN’s blockade preventing Mortimer. Sydney’s sinking of the Bartollomeo Colleoni did a year later. The enduring image we have of Ajax and Achilles racing in under the Graf Spee’s 11- inch guns to fire 6-inch broadsides and draw fire away from the crippled and burning Exeter is one of those moments in naval history which will

1 Nowadays when Australia and New Zealand collide it is called the Bledisloe Cup and the result is usually much the same as when the ships did! Australia comes off second best. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 24 The All Black Kiwi and the Red Kangaroo: Australia and New Zealand – A Shared Naval Heritage weapons getting to the communist made a significant terrorists. It was a thankless task but a contribution to successful one. the Gulf at regular New Zealand continued to operate intervals since Gulf cruisers on loan from the RN post war. War One in 1991 In succession the Dido-class cruisers, and continues to Black Prince, Bellona and Royalist do so. The black regularly exercised with the RAN’s kiwi funnel ensign aircraft carriers and destroyers “up has been a welcome top” in the Commonwealth Strategic sight whenever it has reserve. These fine looking World appeared. War II gun platforms were never Operation Big HMNZS Royalist in Milford Sound (Public domain). designed for the steamy heat of the Talk was the joint peace support tropics and lacked the means to make operation at Bougainville in 1990. them comfortable for their large ship’s Conflict had broken out on the island companies. Their aging engineering in the late ‘80s. In an effort to seek a meant that as time went by they spent settlement, New Zealand offered the more time alongside than at sea. Leander-class frigates Wellington and Post-war the RAN first loaned, then Waikato and the tanker Endeavour gave to the RNZN two Bathurst-class as the neutral sites for a conference minesweepers, Inverell and Kiama, and between the warring parties. The ships the River-class Lachlan. These three provided assured security and neither Lachlan arrived in Devonport in November 1949, after small ships sustained the RNZN’s of the two parties had to go into the commissioning in Australia as HMNZS Lachlan (above). As inshore training and hydrographic other’s territory. This naval diplomacy she was only on loan, the Australian river name was retained. surveying roles for a generation. paved the way for New Zealand’s An extensive conversion work was carried out in Auckland, mainly fitting additional chart-rooms and accommodation, Lachlan surveyed the waters that Cook efforts in later brokering a lasting the as well as removal of all her armament. She spent nearly a had first sounded in Fiordland and the peace arrangement in Bougainville. quarter of a century engaged in survey duties around the New Marlborough Sounds and found that This successful initiative was much Zealand coast and South Pacific. In 1963, after 14 years of an his charts were still as accurate as ever. appreciated by Australia’s politicians initial three-year loan, Lachlan was purchased from the Royal In 1973 the New Zealand, but who were able to step back and let a Australian Navy. Another extensive modification was made, receiving a ‘frigate’ fully enclosed bridge and a helicopter not the Australian, government, Pacific nation create a solution for a landing deck aft. Lachlan carried on in her survey role until decided to protest publically about Pacific problem. The RNZN off East decommissioning at Devonport, Auckland in December 1974. the continuation of French nuclear Timor made a significant and useful weapon testing in the atmosphere over contribution in 1999 as did the whole Muroroa atoll. The decision was made of the NZDEF. New Zealand deployed to send the RNZN as witnesses to the both there and in the Solomon tests and to collect evidence of the Islands a larger proportion of its total radiation released. The RNZN did not uniformed manpower than did the have the “legs” for the vast distances of ADF. the Pacific unaided and depended on In the new decade, about to an RAN tanker, HMAS Supply, to get commence, the two Navies will Otago and Canterbury off Muroroa to continue to share responsibility for a make their protest. It was Supply’s fuel vast maritime domain. New Zealand that kept the frigates on station. This probably has more sea miles of gave a whole new meaning to ‘passing Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) per In 1913 the Admiralty agreed to loan HMS Philomel (above) to the ANZAC spirit!’ The French gave up head of population than any other New Zealand as a seagoing training cruiser to form the nucleus atmospheric testing shortly afterwards. nation with a navy. The protection of of the newly formed NZ Naval Forces, which was a new division During the Falklands war it was the remaining Southern Ocean fish stocks of the Royal Navy. She was the country’s first warship. Described RNZN which relieved the RN on patrol is becoming a strategic imperative as the “Cradle of the Navy” Philomel was the foundation stone in the Persian Gulf. The RNZN has of great international significance. on which the Royal New Zealand Navy was laid. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 25

Simultaneously there is a significant achieve their governments’ strategic challenge to be faced by both countries intentions is unpredictable. Given in the Pacific where good governance the political and climatic volatility cannot be assumed and where China’s of the region that they will be so commercial and strategic interest in used is not much in doubt. Both the region grows more apparent every governments understand that in the year. water hemisphere a modern, flexible The ever-present threat from maritime projection capability is not sea level change and devastating optional but central to national security hurricanes in the Pacific makes it and prosperity. imperative that the ADF and NZDEF The nations’ navies are bound remain interoperable and ready and together by far more than shared naval able to bring relief, and if necessary history, important though that is. evacuation, to the scattered low lying They work and plan together because islands of the water hemisphere which they are more capable of shaping is shared with vulnerable friends. this part of the world together than Lieutenant Commander Desmond Shared maritime doctrine, training and either could be unaided by the other. Woods has served in the Royal New exchange of personnel and political will As a diplomatic tool in the Pacific the Zealand Navy, the Royal Navy and in are the keys to keeping the relationship NZDEF in general, and the RNZN in the British Army of the Rhine. He is at sea simple and predictable. Regular particular, have demonstrated that presently working in Canberra. exercising together is essential if short New Zealand troops have considerable notice operations are to be successful. skill in making themselves culturally The RAN is only three years acceptable ashore in micro-states. 2 away from operating the first of As it takes delivery of the last of its Australia’s two Canberra-class Landing new ships the RNZN is completing a Helicopter Dock “ fat ships”. Those period of rebuilding and restoration large amphibious ships, along with after a period of lean years. It is has the RAN’s three new Air Warfare been appropriately equipped for both Destroyers will transform the capability blue water Pacific operations and its of both navies to engage in significant EEZ resource protection role. As the operations for combat or humanitarian RNZN prepares to celebrate it 60th purposes, or any combination, in birthday in 2011 it is again living up to the neighbourhood, or out of area, its vision statement as: The Best Small Large helicopter carriers are national Navy in the World. t assets with an international reach well suited to the vastness of the Pacific. The RNZN will undoubtedly exercise and operate with these ships in pursuit of common aims in the decades ahead. Just where, 2 One senior British officer after working when and under with New Zealand troops in the Pacific is what circumstances reported as commenting: the New Zealand Maori army is every bit as good as the The new HMNZS the RNZN and Gurkhas, and they bring their own officers Canterbury and RAN will operate and we don’t have to pay them! HMAS Anzac by together again to Michael Nitz. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 26 The Royal Australian Navy and Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities. by Sub-Lieutenant David Midson

limate change is perhaps the climate change. Finally the options system which makes modelling 5 greatest challenge of the 21st and opportunities the navy has in difficult. It is expected to have an effect century.C It is a series of profound addressing and adapting to climate on global temperatures, causing rises changes that impacts not only on the change will be discussed. It will in some locations and falls in others natural world, but on every aspect of conclude that those options provide and it is further expected to cause a rise our existence; our food, our water and a valuable chance for the navy to be a in global sea level through impacts on 6 our security. leader in adapting to climate change. polar ice. These changes are expected I aim here not to solve climate to have impacts on ecosystems, change or even to analyse its impact on The Science of Climate pushing many species to extinction as Australian national security, but rather Change the climate changes too fast for them 7 to explore some of the connections to adapt. These changes will perhaps 8 between climate change and the The earth’s atmosphere is a complex be more keenly felt in Australia. It Royal Australian Navy. I argue that and important part of world we live is expected that Australia will face climate change will have an impact in, providing a myriad of services increasing extreme weather such as 1 on Australian national security in a to the earth. The atmosphere’s droughts and storms. Grave fears are way that specifically impacts on the mix of greenhouse gases; nitrogen held that even natural icons such as 9 Navy, and that the RAN contributes dioxide, carbon dioxide, methane the Great Barrier Reef may disappear. to climate change and that in the and water vapour provide the earth Although themselves devastating, future will face increasing pressure to with a thermal blanket keeping our changes to the natural world will have 2 minimise that impact. I conclude that temperature within a habitable range. a greater impact as they interact with 10 this pressure to change, rather than This system of gases is sensitive to social, security and economic factors. being a problem, offers an opportunity change. Any alteration in amount or for the Royal Australian Navy to combination alters the heat retained or Climate Change, National 3 innovate and benefit from adapting to reflected. Security, and Opportunity The bulbous bow climate change. Climatologists around the world featured on Royal I begin by outlining the science have largely reached a consensus Although rich nations will have an Australian Navy of climate change and the predicted on climate change: that it is real and ability to adapt to fast changes in vessel HMAS Sirius 4 is a cost saver. impacts. I then address the impact that man has caused it. The effects the natural environment, many of Photographed by that the navy has on the climate and of climate change are relatively our closest neighbours will find the Chris Sattler at the pressure that it will face to act on unpredictable; the climate is a complex transition difficult. The effect on our LIMA07.

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 27

region is expected to be severe as the nations around South-East Asia are low-lying (prone to inundation) and poor (unable to finance 11 protective measures). These effects will combine to have a devastating influence on the economic and social structures in the region as the Garnaut Report states:

Weather Dominic Cusanelli extremes and Military intervention may not be If migration increases as dramatically inspects the stern large fluctuations in rainfall and the only requirement our neighbours as predicated the role that the Navy flap on Staten Island temperatures have the capacity have. Though not as well defined there already plays in Australian border (WPB 1345) in

to refashion Asia’s productive is a possibility that climate change will patrols will increase exponentially. drydock at the Coast landscape and exacerbate food, lead to increases in both severe weather Also, if inter and intra state conflict Guard Yard in Curtis 17 Bay, America. Photo water and energy scarcities in events and in disease outbreaks. in this region increases as predicted, by Daniel Lyons. Asia and the south-west Pacific. States within the region are both it will be the Navy that is required to Australia’s immediate neighbours prone to these problems and ill deliver combat forces in the area. 18 are vulnerable developing countries equipped to deal with them. Though Although the impacts are long with limited capacity to adapt to not necessarily requiring a military term, it is important to prepare for 12 climate change. response the increase in these events them soon given the dramatic nature would lead to a greater need for of them. In the short term increasing As the quotation suggests, lower humanitarian support operations. The severe weather, disease outbreak and agricultural production is one of the predictions of climate change impact rising sea levels will mean a greater important mechanisms through which in the South-East Asian region have need for humanitarian assistance 22 social and economic problems may implications for the Australian Defence from the Navy. Clearly, given the 13 19 arise. Low lying nations will face Force. predications for the regional climate, salinity problems in fertile areas as a Climate change will not only affect the Navy will face an increased need for result of rising sea levels, and will face the region, but the globe. It will become civil assistance and disaster relief both 23 dryer conditions as temperatures rise. the most important driver of strategic regionally and within Australia itself. 20 These changes in food availability and threats this century. The 2009 These devastating impacts will the associated economic security are Defence White Paper recognises this require an enhanced capability expected to increase the movement of reality pointing out that climate change, within the Navy to respond to the 14 24 people in this region. through food and water scarcity, will increased threat and need. Recent In addition to food shortages, be the driving force behind regional announcements by the Department drinking water will also be in short conflict in the Middle East and Africa, of Defence have recognised the future supply. This raises concerns: analysts and will therefore drive Australian needs of the Navy in response to 21 predict that in the future water involvement in those regions. climate change. These announcements shortages will be a driver of inter The changes that climate change include the purchase of the Canberra 15 and intra state conflict. As states will cause in strategic security will be Class Helicopter Landing Docks, in our region suffer instability, it will of importance to the Royal Australian an important strategic response to 25 impact on Australian security and Navy. As South-East Asia becomes the threat. These ships represent lead to an increased need for military more mobile it is the Navy that will a huge investment in capability that 16 26 intervention. play the greatest role in border security. the RAN has not previously had. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 28 The Royal Australian Navy and Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities.

Importantly they are directly relevant releasing carbon. The Navy cannot placed under pressure to take action in for responding in both military escape the carbon pollution it is relation to climate change. intervention and humanitarian responsible for; it is part and parcel of Whatever the source, Defence assistance within our region, and fulfilling its mission. will come under greater pressure to are therefore tailored to the strategic demonstrate it is able to manage our environment created by climate Incentives to Act on environmental risks effectively. ‘That 27 change. Climate Change means sustainable environmental management will need to become The Impact of the Royal The moral and economic importance “second nature” for everyone in Australian Navy on Climate of a global response to climate change Defence – in Australian jurisdictions 36 Change has been a controversial topic in or in overseas theatres of operation.’ political debate. Despite this there are In either event, managing Defence, The relationship between the Royal some relatively conservative reasons and therefore the Navy, for climate Australian Navy and climate change for the Royal Australian Navy to risks is already imbedded in Australian is not one way. The Navy is not only embrace climate change responses. Defence Force Policy. The Australian affected by climate change, it also These reasons are two-fold, firstly the Defence Forces 2009 Environmental contributes to it. It does this in two economic risks and secondly the public Strategic Plan shows that Defence is ways; directly through the impact on relations benefits of being seen to be committed to minimising its impact on regional climates that maritime warfare playing its part. climate change and acting to reducing 37 may possibly cause and indirectly There is little doubt that the defence its carbon footprint. through its contribution to greenhouse of Australia will remain a priority for pollutants. the Government and as such the Navy Minimising the Royal There is some historical evidence will be provided for in future budgets. Australian Navy’s Carbon that naval warfare can have a Unfortunately the fiscal conditions Footprint significant role to play in the variation over the next century, exacerbated by 28 of the climate. Maritime scholar, the potential costs of climate change The Royal Australian Navy has a Arnd Bermaerts conducted a study impacts and mitigation will lead plethora of options available to it in of weather patterns in Europe during to greater strain on the Australian reducing its carbon footprint and 29 33 World War II. He found that the budget overall. This in turn will implementing the Environmental start of naval warfare coincided place pressure on Defence to achieve Strategic Plan. It can embrace cutting 30 with dramatic cooling in Europe. more with less. The sort of pressure edge ship design to reduce the fossil He argued that the series of severe the Navy will face can already be seen fuel use of its vessels, it can increase winters experienced through the in the Strategic Reform Program. the energy efficiency of both its ship 1940s were a direct result of naval Although this program is driven by and shore based systems and it could warfare through modification to the different factors it is a program being potentially leverage its estate to engage 31 natural state of the sea. Whilst the implemented in response to increased in soil carbon capture and other 34 study has not attracted mainstream budget strain. These pressures will carbon offsets. I now concentrate on scientific approval, climate scientists do force Defence to use its resources improving the carbon footprint of the recognise the oceans as one of the most more efficiently to reduce costs. The fleet, but will also touch on managing important drivers of global climate economic pressure, however, is not the defence estate for carbon capture. change and that any impact on the the only incentive to address climate The Royal Australian Navy has oceans can have a dramatic effect on change. the opportunity to lead the maritime 32 the regional or global climate. Climate change is an issue close industry in Australia by becoming a The indirect impact of the Navy to many peoples’ hearts and has also leader in efficient ship technology. is less controversial. As a large been characterised as the greatest There is a range of options that exist organisation the Navy utilises large economic issue this world has to for the Navy to improve the efficiency amounts electricity that produces face, a moral issue and an issue of of both its current and future fleet. 35 climate pollutants. Furthermore the justice. This public interest means Importantly, this change will not be navy operates a fleet of vessels that that organisations responsible to driven by international legal pressure can utilise vast quantities of fuel, also government, including Defence, will be (both commercial and military Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 29

shipping is outside of current climate Department of Defence Report: money over the lifetime of a vessel.1 change proposals) but will instead A more innovative technology come from economic incentives.38 Each percentage point of already in use by maritime shipping, Part of this improvement will no improved efficiency in a single which could be considered for the doubt occur organically as the civilian 100-horsepower always-on motor Navy fleet, is wind assistance. This is vessels are pushed to higher and is worth $1,000 a year. Each being trialled on MS Beluga and has higher efficiency standards. Increasing chiller could be improved to save reduced fuel consumption by 10%. political and economic pressure may its own capital cost’s worth of These sails can be retrofitted and also result in the Navy taking a lead in electricity (about $120,000) every can be hauled in when not viable for investing and testing new technology. eight months. About $400,000 a operational reasons.47 Though some Due to the lengthy ship design year could be saved if — under of these technologies seem novel, process, it will be important for the noncritical, low-threat conditions they should not be discounted. The Navy to take a lead on efficiency — certain backup systems were Navy is a significant contributor to as it begins to order new vessels in set to come on automatically when greenhouse gases and navies around response to the White Paper. A failure needed rather than running all the the world including the US are looking to consider these issues will result in time. Half that saving could come to technology to reduce the fuel bill.48 being left behind compared to the just from two 125-horsepower Further fuel efficiency not only reduces advancements in the civilian shipping fire pumps that currently pump cost, greenhouse gas emissions it world. seawater continuously aboard, also increases range, which in turn There are several key areas that around the ship, and back improves operational flexibility.49 have been earmarked already as overboard. Princeton’s total fertile ground for improving design. electricity-saving potential could Reducing the Carbon In particular energy generation, hull probably cut her energy costs Footprint Ashore design, propeller design and integration by nearly $1 million a year, or of equipment have all been identified as about $10 million in present The Royal Australian Navy is blessed areas where improvement can be made value [over the ship’s life cycle], with a large estate used as land for that make fiscal sense.39 These areas while improving her war fighting bases and for training areas. The bases 44 are the least controversial of possible capability. provide a clear opportunity to reduce options with improvements in each electricity consumption and this will area already being made in response to This saving analysis could be applied lead to lower costs for the Navy and rising fuel prices.40 just as well to the Australian fleet, lower greenhouse gas emissions for the Energy use for systems such as where relatively small savings in energy planet. More importantly, this estate heating, lighting and water account for can lead to large financial savings over affords Navy with the opportunity to up to 30% of the fuel used aboard war the lifetime of the vessel. use the large areas of land to actively vessels, and these systems are often There is also an opportunity to combat climate change. The estate outdated and inefficient.41 Studies invest in designing more fuel efficient could even provide economic benefits have shown that using commercially hulls. There is the option to invest to the Navy, as the large area could available retrofitting technology in solutions including bulbous hull be used for locking carbon in soils or could reduce this bill by up to 50%, designs, which are estimated to be underground and the sale of carbon 50 with greater savings possible if these able to save seven times installation credits. Carbon sequestration means technologies are incorporated at a cost over the life time of a vessel.45 A transferring carbon from the air to the design stage.42 These reductions of further option is the installation of land, which can be done in a variety anywhere between 10% and 25% of stern flaps, which extend the lower of ways. It can be done simply by the total fuel use equate to significant surface of the ship’s hull; these are use of cropping and soil management savings considering the million estimated to improve ships fuel techniques to increase the carbon in dollar fuel bills of warships.43 The efficiency by approximately 7%.46 These 1 Other opportunities include changing extreme value of improving the are just a small number of options the way vessels operate to encourage energy efficiency of common objects already available and tested that standard operating procedures that are more fuel efficient; Intergroup on aboard a ship can be seen from the could dramatically improve a ship’s Sustainable Development, (2008), Shipping following extract from a United States, fuel efficiency and save large sums of and Climate Change, Meeting Report, 16 July 2008, Brussels. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 30 The Royal Australian Navy and Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities. 28 Bermaerts, A., (2005), Climate Change & Naval War – A the soil. These techniques involve little Scientific Assessment, Trafford Publishing, United Kingdom, pp. disturbance and, in certain soil types, 1-18. 29 Ibid, Bermaerts, A. can lock up relatively large amounts of 30 Ibid, Bermaerts, A. 51 carbon. The carbon that is locked up 31 Ibid, Bermaerts, A. 32 UNCTAD Secretariat, (2009) Maritime transport and the is not only beneficial for the vegetation climate change challenge; Multi-Year Expert Meeting on Transport in the area but, in the future, may and Trade Facilitation: Maritime Transport and the Climate Change Challenge, 16–18 February 2009, Geneva. provide the basis for the sale of carbon 33 Ibid, Garnaut, R, ch.6. credits. The money received from Originally from Tasmania, Sub- 34 Department of Defence, (2009), Strategic Reform Program 2009: Delivering Force 2030, Commonwealth Publishing, Canberra. this could be used to offset the cost of Lieutenant David Midson RAN joined 35 Stern, N., (2006), Stern Review on The Economics of Climate maintaining such a large estate. Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. the RAN as a Legal Officer. He is 36 Department of Defence, Defence Environmental Strategic In conclusion, this paper has currently on a workplace rotation based Plan 2006-2009, Commonwealth Publishing, Canberra; Kerr, G. examined both the science and impact and Snushall, B., ed. (2005), Future Environmental Policy Trends at ADFA. to 2020:Impact on Ship Design and Operation, Sea Power Centre of climate change showing that it is Australia, Canberra, Australia. predicted to have an impact both broad 37 Ibid, Department of Defence, Defence Environmental Strategic Plan 2006-2009 includes the following: and geographically far reaching. The Goal 1 – To limit Defence’s greenhouse gas emissions by shifting climate will touch every facet (Endnotes) • Increased efficiency in energy consumption, particularly fossil fuels of life on this planet; food production, 1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (2007) Climate Change 2007 – • Increased effectiveness in energy consumption water, health, and national security. Synthesis Report, United Nations Publishing, • Increased understanding and willingness of personnel to improve The national security impact will be felt New York, ch. Climate Change 2007 - The energy performance Physical Science Basis. • Increased access to up to date energy management information strongly in Australia, especially by the 2 Garnaut, R., (2008), The Garnaut • Increased use of green energy Navy. The predicted changes will mean Climate Change Review: Final Report, • Increased inclusion of green building principles into Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, infrastructure refurbishment and development a higher demand for the services Navy Australia, Ch.2. 38 Breslin, D., (2006) Climate Change and the Future of Shipping provide, such as border protection 3 Ibid, Garnaut, R., Ch.2. and Ship Design, Naval Engineers Journal, 3, 153-163 ; Michaelowa, 4 Ibid, Intergovernmental Panel on A. and Krause, K., (2000) International Maritime Transport and and humanitarian aid in the region. Climate Change, ch. Climate Change 2007 - Climate Policy, Intereconomics, May-June, p.135; Ibid, UNCTAD The paper acknowledges that Navy The Physical Science Basis. Secretariat. 5 Ibid, Garnaut, R., Ch.2,4; Kurmer, K., 39 Faber, J. Et al. (2007), Aviation and maritime transport is having an impact on the climate et al.(2006) High-resolution climate change in a post 2012 climate policy regime, Report 500102 008, The st through its carbon footprint. The fact scenarios for India for the 21 century, Netherlands Program on Scientific Assessment and Policy Analysis Current Science, 90, 3, 334-345. Climate Change, p.101-103. that the Navy does have an impact 6 Ibid, Intergovernmental Panel on 40 Ibid, 100-102 on the climate means that it will face Climate Change; Ibid, Garnaut, R., Ch.2,4 41 O’Rourke, (2006), Navy Ship Propulsion Technologies: 7 Ibid, Garnaut, R., Ch.4 Options for Reducing Oil Use — Background for Congress, Congress pressure to respond to climate change. 8 Ibid, Garnaut, R., p.125-141. Research Service Report for Congress, p.1-10. Whilst this change may be interpreted 9 Ibid, Garnaut, R., p.125-141. 42 Ibid, O’Rourke, p.1-10 10 Ibid, Garnaut, R., Ch.4, stern. 43 Ibid, O’Rourke, p.1-10 as a cost on the Navy, this paper has 11 Ibid, Kurmer, K., et al. 44 Lovins, A. All Energy Experts on Deck!, ‘http://www.rmi. org/ argued that it is an opportunity to 12 Ibid, Garnaut, R., para 6.4.2. sitepages/pid955.php’ in Ibid, O’Rourke, p.9 13 Rosenzweig, C. And Parry, M., (1994) 45 Cusanelli, D. (1994), Development of a Bow for a Naval innovate and benefit from climate Potential Impact of Climate Change on Surface Combatant which Combines a Hydrodynamic Bulb and a change. World Food Supply, Nature, 13, 376 Sonar Dome, paper presented at the American Society of Naval 14 Ibid, Rosenzweig, C. And Parry, M. Engineers Technical Innovation Symposium, September 1994. The paper outlined a variety of 15 Ibid, Schwartz, P. and Randall, D., 46 Ibid, O’Rourke, p.6. ways that the Navy could adapt to p.14-18 47 Ibid, O’Rourke, p.21-31 48 Ibid, O’Rourke, p.6. climate change at sea and ashore. The 16 Ibid, Garnaut, R, ch.4-5 17 Ibid, Garnaut, R, ch.4-5 49 Ibid, O’Rourke, p.7. ways outlined including ship design 18 Ibid, Garnaut, R, ch.4-5 50 Sundermeier, A., Reeder, R., and Lal, R. (2005) Soil Carbon and energy efficiency are largely tried 19 Department of Defence, (2009) Sequestration-Fundamentals, Ohio State University Extension, 1-3; Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Walcott , J., Bruce, S. and Sims, J., (2009), Soil carbon for carbon and tested. They offer not just a way Century: Force 2030, Defence White sequestration and trading: a review of issues for agriculture and to reduce a carbon footprint but also Paper 2009, Commonwealth Publishing, forestry, Bureau of Rural Sciences, Barton, Australia. Canberra, p.12,16,30. 51 Ibid, Sundermeier, A., Reeder, R., and Lal, R; Post, W. and to improve operational efficiency. It 20 Ibid, Department of Defence, p.12,16 Kwon, K., (2000), Soil Carbon Sequestration and Land-Use Change: is going to be vital to the future of 21 Ibid, Department of Defence, para. Processes and Potential, Global Change Biology, 6, 317-328; Ibid, 4.7, 5.17. Walcott , J., Bruce, S. and Sims, J. the Royal Australian Navy to look 22 Ibid, Department of Defence, para. at climate change not just a cost of 4.6. 23 Ibid, Department of Defence, para. business, but as a unique opportunity 4.6. to innovate and improve operational 24 Ibid, Department of Defence, para. 9. 25 Ibid, Department of Defence. and financial efficiency within the 26 Ibid, Department of Defence, para. 9. service. t 27 Ibid, Department of Defence. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

Issue 138 33 Let’s give the LHDs some names with meaning By Lieutenant Commander Paul Garai, RAN

he names given to warships are highly significant for an Timportant variety of reasons, not all of them Naval. The two new LHDs have been named HMA Ships Adelaide and Canberra. Proud and significant names both, however, not really in the tradition of what these ships are. The LHDs should be given names that recognise their role as expeditionary ships and their importance to the nation. These are ships which will be the centrepieces of Australian military operations for a generation, carrying the honour, prestige and hopes of the Defence Force and the nation. They deserve Midshipmen names which recognise their anniversary, one of the largest warships since. The LHDs will be the largest on board HMAS importance to the Defence Force present at Anzac Cove on 25 April combat ships ever operated by the Kanimbla look at a and the nation. Names that echo a 2015 will be an Australian LHD named RAN, exceeding even the aircraft model of the new Landing Helicopter proud past and carry the hopes of in honour of the men and women who carriers of the 1950s-80s. They will be Dock ship. a strong future. Names which carry established the Anzac spirit. Standing the poster ships of the fleet, and the meaning and inspiration. And finally, in witness to the historic contribution nation, for decades to come (along names which are in synch with the they made to Australia, and the with the new DDGs). They deserve role and purpose of the ships – joint world. For Gallipoli was not only a iconic names which symbolise their expeditionary operations. milestone operation for the Anzacs, strategic role and also carry national There is no greater name in but was also the major influence on meaning and pride. While Adelaide Australian history than Gallipoli – global amphibious operations for a and Canberra are names of capital coincidentally, a major expeditionary generation. cities and of ships with long histories, operation. And with the approaching The RAN has named one other neither carries the significance; the ring 100th anniversary of the landing ship Gallipoli, a destroyer of the inter- of Gallipoli. What’s more, the name fits in 2015, there would be no more war years. And despite the iconic the role perfectly. significant recognition of the seminal importance of Gallipoli to Australia Gallipoli is an iconic event operation than to name an LHD and amphibious warfare, it has been in Australian history, however, ALHD Stern (left) in honour. Imagine, at the 100th overlooked as an obvious choice ever its significance in the history of ALHD1 Bow (right).

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 34 Let’s give the LHDs some names with meaning

amphibious warfare is not well Island while defending the USMC understood in Australia. Gallipoli ashore. In recognition, the US Navy is a very important campaign in the named a post-war cruiser Canberra amphibious pantheon. It was the first in honour of the sacrifice, the only US attempt in modern warfare to land warship to have ever been named after on unprepared beaches, innovative in a foreign capital city. Guadalcanal was its thinking and bold in its execution. the jump-off point for the amphibious The lessons of Gallipoli led to world- operations in northern New Guinea wide strategic reviews of the conduct and on to Borneo and the Philippines. of amphibious operations. These The lessons learnt were invaluable Landing Helicopter Dock LHD graphic. reviews led some to conclude that such for the victorious amphibious operations were impossible in modern campaigns of the Pacific and also warfare, and others concluded that European landings in Italy and such operations are game-changers Normandy. And as the Australian with the right specialised personnel Defence Force has expanded its and equipment. One of the critical amphibious capability in recent times, innovators after Gallipoli was the US it has relied heavily on the USMC and Marine Corps (USMC) who realised USN to transfer skills lost since the the need for specialised craft and Second World War. This exchange Navantia LHD-carrier (Courtesy Navantia). personnel as the key to amphibious has renewed and strengthened the Lhd cutaway. success. The journey of innovation bonds between the ADF and the USN/ that the USMC travelled after Gallipoli USMC. Considering that the USN has positioned it to take advantage of already honoured Australia’s sacrifice technology breakthroughs in the inter- at Guadalcanal, it would be fitting war years and to be able to progress for Australia to recognise America’s rapidly to the peak of amphibious sacrifice in its defence by naming a operations in the Pacific War, starting major amphibious ship in its honour. at Guadalcanal. And this should be the The Guadalcanal campaign carries 2015. Naming the other Guadalcanal will complement second name – in honour of the first enormous significance for the USMC the class names and recognise the deep bonds of sacrifice major amphibious operation of the and a ship named in its honour would established in the Solomons. t Second World War, which protected cement the already close bonds across Australia’s exposed position as we the Pacific. reconstituted from the Middle East. Naming the LHDs Gallipoli and So why call a major Australian Guadalcanal is entirely fitting for Lieutenant Commander ship after an American campaign in the their role and the enormous Paul Garai, RAN, is the the Solomons? There are a myriad significance both ships will have for the Commanding Officer of of reasons. The Solomons campaign, nation. They will be the capital ships Patrol Boat Crew Attack along with the Kokoda campaign, of the RAN for decades to come, will Four. He has previously stopped the Japanese land advances be present in all significant defence towards Australia, and with the Battle operations and become the national commanded HMAS of the Coral Sea, were the three critical and international face of the RAN, Betano (LCH133) and engagements which prevented the and of the nation. The names also has served extensively in Japanese from achieving their aim represent Australia’s unique claim expeditionary operations of isolating Australia from the USA. on the Gallipoli identity and honour afloat and ashore. Paul is also a graduate of the USN/USMC Guadalcanal was the first major land America’s sacrifice in our defence, counter-offensive of the Pacific War, an while recognising the growing strength Expeditionary Warfare Training Group – Pacific, San Diego, entirely amphibious operation applying of Australia’s amphibious relationship and is a member of the Australian and United States Naval the lessons learnt in such difficulty at with the USN/USMC. Naming an LHD Institutes. Gallipoli. The heavy cruiser, HMAS Gallipoli will be highly significant as Canberra, was lost in the Battle of Savo the 100th anniversary approaches in Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 35

Shipyards: Australia and USA Email: [email protected] Fax +61 8 9410 2564 Tel: +61 8 9410 1111 Journal of the Australian Naval Institute WWW.AUSTAL.COM 36

Qualities of Leadership

his series examines selected traits the leader’s actions in front of their with much help from Nelson’s use of T of leadership to compare Royal subordinates. Nelson inspired his initiative. Australian Navy leaders against a followers in being resolute, courageous criteria. The first of the articles took and honourable. It is one measure of Impressive Physical Admiral Lord Nelson, the hero of the man that so many did: Hardy, who Qualities Trafalgar in 1805, as a model, as well as was with him when he died; his fellow This might be rephrased as “looking examining the characteristics of other admiral Collingwood whose battle the part of a leader”. Would anyone well-known leaders, both civilian and line he raced to be first to engage at have said that Horatio Nelson achieved military. Trafalgar; ship commander Berry, who this? Yes – and no. A short, thin man Seven qualities of leadership followed him from ship to ship, and not blessed with good looks, he first measures the subject matter, suggesting Captain Hallowell, who after the Battle entered the British navy in 1771 as a capable naval leader is an achiever; of the Nile made him a present of a a midshipman at 12 years and three 1 expert in his or her field; inspires coffin fashioned from the French ship months. Despite being prone to others, and takes initiative; impresses L’Orient’s mainmast – Nelson kept it in sickness: “I have had all the diseases by their physical qualities; empathises his cabin and was indeed buried in it. that are”, he once said; he adapted well with others, and is an effective to the vigorous and often dangerous life communicator. Initiative that was the Navy. Sometimes described as “going Nelson was a man of raw physical Achievement in where angels fear to tread”, this courage who led by example. He lost Did the person under discussion measure means to use judgement and an eye when an enemy shell, exploding improve their organisation? Did advance where necessary. The leader is during the siege of Calvi in Corsica, they leave it a better place by being a brave in psychological terms and takes drove splinters and dust and rock member? Promotion is recognised as the lead where necessary. It does not fragments into his face. He suffered a measure of achievement. By many mean going forward rashly. most terribly and often from wounds, measures which traditionally mark out Nelson was a man who had the quite willing to lead from the front. achievement – education; decorations; courage of his own convictions, who His right arm was amputated after the amassing of physical wealth perhaps – could often have left off and blamed battle of Santa Cruz in Teneriffe due to we gain some beginnings of whether a superiors for failure. Instead, he was his being hit by grapeshot. person is a success. a man who chose to use initiative and This is what is meant by “looking advance when he knew the defeat of the part of a leader”: behaving in such Expert in one’s Field the enemy was attainable and essential. a way that people can be inspired. It Anyone who aspires to be a leader and At the Battle of Copenhagen, walking means to look resolute and act with an example to others must obviously the deck while the guns roared their resolution – as did Nelson. To lead have expertise in their craft. In naval broadsides, and deadly splinters by example. To not show physical terms, that translates as being an expert whistled about his ears, he confided cowardice. It might include “panache”; “ship-driver”; an aviator par excellence; to Colonel Stewart, commander of “the almost untranslatable expression an engineer possessing a wealth of infantry, who was with him on the of dash, of valour, the ability to do theoretical and practical knowledge quarterdeck, that he would not be things with an air of reckless courage - and so on. Nelson, for example, was “elsewhere for thousands”. Whether he and inspiring leadership”.2 Finally, we a master at strategy – which becomes was fearful or not – and who would not might add that the bearing, carriage a commander of fleets – but also of have been – Nelson led by example. and speech of a leader should be of the tactics, which behoves a ship captain. And when his uncertain superior, highest standards. He was also an inspired man-manager. Admiral Parker, made the signal to leave off the action, Nelson refused to Empathy th Qualities of Inspirational see it, putting his telescope to his blind The great soldier of the 18 century, Leadership This leader inspires others to perform eye and exclaiming: “I really do not see Frederick the Great, had good advice similar deeds. Often this is shown by the signal”. The British won the battle on how to attain the next quality of the Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 37

leader – Empathy: ideas for a campaign, or a battle, or a Churchill was a persuader. Indeed, ...talk with the soldiers, both when change of some sort; to educate his his skill in the use of words and logic you pass their tents or when they are men and get them – and him – to was so great that on several occasions on the march. Sample often to see if know each others’ minds. Nelson when he and I disagreed on some the cookpots have something good; embarked upon the Battle of the Nile important matter – even when I was find out their small needs and do in 1798 by letting his captains engage convinced of my own view and when what you can to satisfy them; spare in individual fashion. The French the responsibility was clearly mine – I them unnecessary exertion. But let fall fleet, anchored by the bows in a line in had a very hard time withstanding his the full vigor of law on the mutinous shallow coastal water, engaged in ship arguments.9 soldier, the backbiter, the pillager...3 to ship fashion by five British vessels Empathy means to be able to sailing inside the line and anchoring,  imagine yourself – as leader – in the and the rest engaging from outside. role of your people, and to show that. Thus the French were caught between It is “the power of understanding two forces. At the end of hours of A capable naval leader is an achiever; and imaginatively entering into fighting, the French had lost 1, 700 men expert in his or her field; inspires another person’s feelings”.4 General to the British 200; their fleet was largely others, and takes initiative; impresses Montgomery said to his troops at pounded to pieces, and Napoleon by their physical qualities; empathises the Battle of Alamein: “We will stand and his army were stranded in Eygpt. with others, and is an effective and fight here. If we can’t stay here Nelson had hoisted just two signals 7 alive, then let us stay here dead”.5 through the entire battle. communicator. We have seen many Montgomery was entering into the For the autocratic manager this great leaders who exhibited those feelings of all of his people, who feared would have been disastrous: an traits. This series examines how many that they would die. Churchill’s speech authoritarian leader would not trust of Australia’s naval leaders performed of WWII did the same: “We shall his subordinates to make momentous in these fields. defend our island, whatever the cost decisions and fight on their own. may be, we shall fight on the landing Nelson trusted his individual captains. grounds, we shall fight in the fields and So too, in the long pursuit of the

in the streets, we shall fight in the hills: French, years later in 1805, he had Description of Admiral Lord Nelson and his career we shall never surrender.” Alexander regular meetings with his “Band of are drawn from Kenneth Fenwick’s HMS Victory; Christopher Lloyd’s Nelson and Sea Power; Peter the Great “shared in the men’s dangers, Brothers” – the name applied to those Padfield’s Broke and the Shannon and Robert as the scars of his wounds testified…he who fought under him at the Nile.8 Southey’s The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson. ate the same food as they did. He was During the long chase the officers highly visible….he fought hard himself would pool their ideas for forthcoming but he was ever on the watch for any battles; the best use of tactics; what acts of conspicuous courage in the face a following ship would do when its of danger amongst his men.6 fellow was sighted engaged and so on. (Endnotes) Such statements say to you that Consequently even the necessity for 1 2 Welch, Ronald. Tank Commander. your leader will be with you, no matter signals within the ensuing battle was London: Oxford University Press, 1972. what the cost. dispensed with; the captains knew each (135) 3 Connelly. (16) others’ minds. 4 Collins English Dictionary. Sydney: Communication Communication means to be able Harper Collins, 1991. (510) 5 Adler (116) One needs to be understood at to use words effectively to persuade 6 Adler (232) all times. Nelson employed in his others. Winston Churchill was a great 7 Ireland, Bernard. Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail. London: Harper Collins, 2000. leadership style something unusual exponent of this. Eisenhower, then a (148-151) Qualities of for its day: the art of effective US General and later President of the 8 Thursfield, James R. Nelson and other Naval Studies. London: John Murray, 1920. Leadership communication. One characteristic United States, experienced the British (125) was to invite others to contribute their Prime Minister in action: 9 Adler (76) Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 38 Studies in Trait Leadership - A Charismatic Warrior

Captain Harry Howden, Cbe, ran by Lieutenant Commander Tom Lewis

One of the Royal Australian Navy’s 10th Cruiser Squadron, patrolling from Nelson’s standing “fighting captains”, Harry Howden the North Sea between Iceland and instructions: ‘The order of almost belongs in another world the Norwegian coast. In 1916 he cruising will be the order of compared to his Navy brothers. transferred to the Royal Australian battle’‘. Originally an RN officer, in manner Howden was fierce, single-minded, but Navy. Attached to HMS Benbow, with Burrell recalled the First Battle Squadron of the Grand Howden’s boldness, with very much a man of genuine kindness, 4 firmness and enormous ability as Fleet, he saw action at the Battle of a particularly hair-raising a ship-handler and as a leader. In a Jutland: Benbow engaged several enemy incident where Tasmania 5 peacetime world naval officers such ships and sank three destroyers. In was brought extremely as Howden are a rarity with limited 1918 he was appointed to HMAS close to the cliffs of Jervis survival prospects. In war, Howden Sydney, and travelled to Australia in Bay heads, at night. Burrell compares well to the famous General 1919; on May 5 promoted lieutenant. observed: ‘…I was not Captain Howden Patton… The day following his 23rd birthday he amused. The sailors knew that Harry was given command of the old South was slightly eccentric, although he was eing shipwrecked at an early age Australian gunboat Protector. Howden sound in dealing with matters of might deter any would-be naval conned her into Flinders Naval Depot, importance. There was just room 9 Bofficer, but not Harry Howden. As a south-east of Melbourne, the first ship for Harry in a small navy’. Around 6 boy in the years before World War of war to be brought into the berth. this time, thousands of miles I, he had spent much time in boats Howden remained at Flinders, away, George S. Patton’s divisional belonging to a friend whose family standing by while the Depot was being commander was writing: ‘This owned a fleet of large sailing-ships. built. For a time the Commander was officer would be invaluable in time Both boys went to Wellington College, ill; and as the only officer he ate in of war but is a disturbing element 10 and Howden’s last holiday from school solitary state in an otherwise empty in time of peace’. Howden shared was spent in one of the ships. Its voyage Mess, attended by two cooks and four that same mercurial temperament Howden as Commander was adventurous: the ship met heavy stewards. He was the Executive Officer that, like the great American General, weather, was dismasted, and finally when Flinders commissioned and the would make him invaluable in combat. 7 wrecked. Howden thought that ‘useful’: first President of the Wardroom Mess. Howden commanded Tasmania 1 presumably he learnt a lot from it. He was given command of the for two and a half years and in 1927 8 Born in 1896 in New Zealand, to destroyer HMAS Huon,, and in 1924, went to Japan for language studies. He 11 a family long given to seafaring - an after a course in England, HMAS had passed his preliminary exam in 2 uncle at one time was the youngest Tasmania, an S-Class destroyer. His the language, but now lived among the captain in the Royal Navy - Harry first reports in his new ship showed country’s people for speech practice 3 Howden was determined to join the nervousness: the Captain of the and to study the customs. Although Royal Navy. When war came in 1914, 9th Flotilla noted: ‘His leadership lodging officially at the British 12 he prevailed on his father to let him is inclined to suffer from a lack of Embassy in Tokyo, he took Japanese 13 go to England by sailing-ship about confidence in himself when in the clothes and a Japanese name. (The Cape Horn. He had not the normal presence of other officers but this 1970s Vice Admiral Sir Richard Peek, RN qualifications as to age and sea- will improve as he gains experience’. who served under Howden as a young time but once before an interview Any lack of confidence near senior officer, is of the opinion that this year 14 board impressed his interviewers with members was not exhibited to those was taken without pay.) He spent his determination and was accepted of his ship’s company. Henry Burrell time in China and saw something of as a midshipman in the Royal Naval (later Vice Admiral Sir Henry), serving the civil wars in 1927. Qualities of Reserve. with him as a lieutenant, recalled This interlude is unusual for a Leadership Howden’s first sea appointment that Howden: ‘Kept on his desk a serving naval officer proceeding up was to a minesweeper, then to the wooden plaque with an inscription the ladder of experience. Japan had Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 137 39

been an Ally of the British Empire in marred in Hankow at the British the Great War, and its naval training Consulate, attended by with the Mantis and practises were so-derived. But officers and others from the flagship militarism following the disastrous HMS Bee. international politics of the 1920s Howden was soon involved in the 16 was slowly emerging, and so perhaps rescue of some Irish missionaries, Howden exhibited a far-sighted captured by bandits who were attitude. demanding a ransom, which Howden Promoted Lieutenant Commander, duly transported up river, without a he joined the newly-built battlecruiser pilot, at night. A similar incident took Australia. Gunnery Officer Lieutenant place the next year, with a Chinese John Collins (later Vice Admiral Sir fort attacked at night by personnel The next appointment was as HMS Mantis 17 John Collins) remembers an incident from Mantis. The bandits’ flag Executive Officer to HMAS Cerberus which gave some insight into the was recovered, and later became – the former Flinders Naval Depot – fiercely capable nature of the man’s the property of the HMAS Hobart now commissioned and considerably 18 character: Association. changed since Howden had dined there The inevitable storm in the Atlantic Promoted to Commander, Howden in splendid solitude. Where he had was encountered, and a party went voyaged with his wife to Australia in once dined alone he now oversaw, in to the forecastle to secure some 1932, and after a spell as Commander his many duties, the Wardroom, and gear that had come adrift. A heavy of the seaplane tender Albatross, he from April 1935 until December 1936 22 sea was shipped which swept a went to England and brought back the he was Mess President. Petty Officer, the Captain of the destroyer Vampire, already a veteran In his Confidential Report of 23 Forecastle, overboard. Fortunately though still far from her later fame as November 1935, Howden received we had been by then some months a member of the so-called ‘scrap-iron some criticism over his personality: in commission and the lifebuoy flotilla’. The day after his arrival back in ‘Complex, and in some ways a difficult drill worked well. It was too rough Sydney, Howden was appointed to the character...impulsive, and being to lower a boat, but the Captain, flagship,Canberra . Later-Rear Admiral egotistical his actions are inclined by very good seamanship brought Mesley noted that Howden introduced to lose value in a desire for personal the ship alongside the man. We electro-plating to the ship to ‘tiddly satisfaction’. Furthermore, his RN were rolling heavily and he was up the quarterdeck and gangway Captain noted: ‘I have welcomed an 19 obviously having difficulty in fixtures and fittings’. Bill Cook, then improvement in his dress in which catching the rope jumping ladder, a midshipman, remembers this caused respect he is inclined to be careless’ which was living up to its name. great comment in Australia: ‘we… - an unusual comment for one who The forecastle officer, Lieut- thought it wasn’t quite within the was in later life noted for his sartorial Commander Howden, went down spirit of the Service! Hal Farncomb, elegance. Despite these remarks, the ladder and was completely our Commander insisted on our davit Howden’s numerical ratings contained submerged on each roll. At last being shone by hand with a pussers’ two ‘eights’, for Zeal and Energy, and 20 he contrived to come up right steel wire burnishing pad’. It was Initiative. The other scores were under the exhausted man and thus probably the case that Howden paid for sixes and sevens with a sole five for cradled him in his arms till the such decoration out of his own pocket. Judgement. ladder was hauled the thirty feet to His generosity may have been helped By then a family had started to 15 the upper deck. by his finances being better than other arrive. His son Patrick – born in 1934 Eighteen months later Howden went naval officers: his father had left some – recalls: again to China, on RN exchange, to bequests to him as the eldest son of Naval lifestyle bred in young command HMS Mantis, a gun-boat on the family. These included properties, Harry an uncompromising the Yangtse Kiang. He was also actively amongst which was a commercial discipline, unnerving curiosity 21 pursuing, via letter, a love interest with venture. Such acquisitions may well and enthusiasm, inventiveness, a one Vanda Fiske, who he first met in have given him complacency in his precision for detail, encyclopedic Switzerland. She made a brave decision career which allowed him to indulge in knowledge, unorthodoxy, to join him in China where they were risky behaviour. legendary skills, a loyal duty to King Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 40 Studies in Trait Leadership - A Charismatic Warrior Captain Harry Howden, cbe, ran

and country, plus total intolerance for incompetence. This latter often scared me as a kid…One valet – Edwards at Flinders Depot where Pa was in charge – was matted 12 times until a perfect 4.5 minute 23 boiled egg arrived! Howden’s eccentricity went beyond that. A report of 1936 noted that he ‘kept two horses and regardless of late evening engagements always rides early in the morning and hunts when opportunity offers’. This was a little ostentatious by the standards of the age, but the report went on to add: ‘An expert on paint, it’s (sic) mixing, application and properties but not in my opinion on colour schemes’. Whether this was in reference to some decorative scheme for the Establishment in not known. light after his departure and I have Months of duty followed, with Howden and some of his In January 1937 Howden was made been unable to hear his side of the convoy escort a main feature as the war WWII men at the final paying off for Hobart. an Officer of the Order of the British matter. enveloped more countries. Italy joined Empire. This is noted on his Service There seems to be in Howden’s the German forces as a main partner. Record, but the reason for the award character an impatience with authority, The patrols were monotonous, tiring 24 is not given. Several historical notes if formed of petty or incompetent and hot. Hobart dragged her anchor in on Harry Howden suggest he received bureaucracy. Berbera Harbour and went aground on the honour for services on the China Howden was chosen to be the a mudflat. Irritation was not only the Station. Australian naval representative in captain’s: Syd Clark noted: His Cerberus report of February Westminster Abbey for the coronation Fri 7: Heat rash becoming steadily 1937 was a mixed message. Here of King George V1 in 1937, and then worse and nothing being done another Captain described him as to Admiralty Intelligence in London. about it so this morning something possessing ‘boundless self-confidence Promoted Captain and back in like 250 men muster(ed) for but perhaps a fair amount of vanity, Australia he commanded the sloop treatment. Some of the stokers are 25 selfishness and stubbornness’. The Yarra. On 28 August 1939 he moved having a really cruel time and a reporting officer made the interesting to the cruiser Hobart and the ship few have just toppled over with the remark that in war Howden would sailed from Sydney for the developing heat. One chap took a fit and had be the sort of person not to hesitate war in the Meditteranean. She was to be straightjacketted. in taking responsibility and showing soon engaged on patrol and escort But eventually action was joined. Early initiative, but in other circumstances duties, mainly in the Bombay-Gulf of in the morning of the 8th August 1940, 26 would show too much authority and Aden area. Howden quickly stamped three enemy fighter aircraft raided the have a highhanded manner. There also his own personality on the warship. On Berbera airfield, and, thinking they seems to have been something in a Christmas Day he provided 100 gallons might be from the nearby Zeila airfield background incident around this time of beer to provide ‘Christmas cheer’ and could be caught on the ground which irritated Howden’s superior: for the ship’s sailors. He had previously refuelling, Howden had Hobart’s I think he is also possibly inclined arranged in Singapore a shore party amphibian catapulted. At 0530 the to use unorthodox even ‘piratical’ for the ship’s company complete with aircraft approached Zeila from the sea Qualities of methods to get what he wants liquid refreshments. As one of the ship in a steady dive from eight thousand Leadership for the service but the particular histories notes: ‘…this was typical of feet and dropped its two bombs from 27 instance I have in mind came to him’. 800 feet, aiming at the Residency – Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 137 41

believed to be the Italian headquarters in bomber and fighter raids. Seaward – for lack of other targets. The bombs defence was afforded by the radar and fell close enough to blow in all the anti-aircraft guns of Carlisle, and by an windows, after which the amphibian anti-submarine patrol of destroyers and overflew the town at 250 feet and sloops. machine-gunned the Residency, Embarkation into Chakdina began motor-lorries, and enemy post and shortly after noon on the 16th, and by troops. It landed on the harbour at 1845 she had embarked 1,100 of the Berbera with two bullet holes in the civilian population and sailed for Aden. port main lower plane, but no other On the 17th Ceres, patrolling the coast, damage. The Italians hit back three engaged with gunfire an enemy column HMAS Hobart in hours later, when two aircraft dropped moving along the Zeila-Berbera road WWII eight bombs which fell in the harbour forty miles west of Berbera, and held between Hobart, Auckland, and the up its advance. At 2030 intensive armed trawler HMS Amber. They came embarkation of troops at Berbera nearer in an attack at 1050, when they into Chantala, Laomedon, and Akbar straddled Hobart and armed merchant began and continued through strong cruiser HMS Chakdina. Neither attack winds. Hobart herself evacuated 1300 caused any official harm, although Syd members of the Black Watch Clark noted: ‘One did slight damage to Post this operation the cruiser the Captain’s cabin.’ continued on her normal duties In the evening of the following day, for the next four months. She was permanent repairs needed to Perth in response to a request for support bombed numerous times by the could be made in Australia, she should from military headquarters, Howden Italian air force; escorted convoys, return from the Mediterranean but be landed a three-pounder Hotchkiss patrolled unceasingly, and interrogated replaced by Hobart. This was agreed. saluting gun on an improvised numerous civilian ships. On 3 The ship left Sydney on 20 June and 34 mounting with a crew of three and December 1940 Howden was awarded reached Aden on 9 July. 28 sixty-four rounds of ammunition. By the CBE: ‘For distinguished services Howden found that conditions in 31 four o’clock in the morning the gun with the Somaliland Force’. A copy the Red Sea presented a contrast to was in position and supporting the of the Recommendation noted his those of 1940. Intelligence was that ‘all 29 garrison. ‘Untiring energy and exceptional surface vessels could be considered From the 14th Hobart was involved ability in preliminary organisation friendly; no submarines would be with the evacuation of Berbera, then were beyond all praise....To all these encountered; and attack by aircraft 30 the capital of British Somaliland. emergencies Captain Howden rose could be considered most remote’. He After some discussion with the supreme and his cheery confidence was quickly to find this last an over- 32 Base Commandant and an army inspired all’. optimistic appreciation. During July representative it was decided that By 28 December the ship had the Germans made heavy air attacks embarkation should begin at 1100 on left “the Med” and was alongside in on Port Said, Ismailia, Port Tewfik, and the 16th. Fremantle. No time ashore except Suez, and mined the Canal on several Hobart’s shipwrights made from for ‘wharf leave’ was given. The ship occasions. an old lighter an additional pontoon proceeded to Sydney arriving on 3 Hobart left the Mediterranean on 9 pier. Beachmasters were appointed, January 1941. Shore leave was given December, after orders were received and ship to shore communications and the ship was deployed on convoy for her to return to the Pacific, where 33 established with Hobart’s signalmen. escort to and from New Zealand. the Japanese had struck so successfully. Throughout the operation, ships’ Meanwhile, apart from the According to the history of the ship armament was constantly manned in withdrawal of the old destroyers, there Howden ‘blatantly disobeyed’ an order anticipation of a possible surface attack were other changes in Australian naval to return a four barrelled ‘Pom Pom’ 35 by enemy destroyers or torpedo boats, representation in the Mediterranean. gun which had been on loan to her. and in readiness for air attacks, which On 4 June the Australian War His ‘piratical methods’ of obtaining materialised on a number of occasions, Cabinet considered a proposal that if what was necessary for the ship were Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 42 Studies in Trait Leadership - A Charismatic Warrior Captain Harry Howden, cbe, ran sometimes imitated by his ship’s ahead and shortly afterwards company. He told one of his stewards masts and the bows of a large that a new engine was needed for his vessel closing fast….the largest jolly boat. The steward arranged, for a ship (was) HMAS Hobart, which bottle of scotch, for a suitable engine to was accompanied by Tenedos be sourced from an American ship. A and Stronghold…The relief was US Rear Admiral’s barge soon arrived qualified by the need to exchange alongside, and the query was made the recognition signal of the day. as to where the engine might be. The A number of Maryborough ratings Americans remove the barge’s engine, had served in Hobart and were had it hoisted aboard, and scuttled very much aware of Captain Harry the boat on the spot! Howden asked Howden’s policy of when in doubt, 38 his steward the next day how he had shoot. managed the engine’s acquisition, Duties in the Pacific were immediate and was told, for a case of scotch, a and difficult: escorting convoys, 36 battleship could be arranged. attacking submarine contacts Back at sea, on 16 December 1941, and beating off Japanese aircraft. bridge lookout Keith Barry noted in his Keith Barry recorded in his diary engine room killing about 30 people Howden and the Red Sea Governor diary: for 1 February 1942 that Hobart below decks. The freighter was blazing Somewhere in the Indian Ocean was alongside in Keppel Harbour, fiercely. While Tenedos attempted to Colombo bound. Now heard that a Singapore. The ship endured eight control the fire from alongside, Hobart Wireless Station on Minokoi Island air raids through the day, being ‘very took on the wounded and survivors. had not been heard from for 5 days. nearly hit’. Hobart left harbour at 1800 Keith noted: ‘4 or 5 boatloads, mostly The island is 2 days steaming from after taking her full load of stores and Chinese, all very badly burnt with their Colombo and was once a Leper fuel and with the ship’s company given raw red skin torn and blistered from Island. It was believed it could be permission to salvage anything useful blast and fire, bleeding very freely. A in Japanese hands. Hobart detailed from ashore. The ship took on board terrible sight. There were 40 survivors. to investigate. At 7:15pm a vessel many residents of Singapore including Four were buried at sea’. was sighted and when challenged Ah Yong, a young Chinese Amah, who The transport of the Dutch it would not answer our challenge later took up the position of nanny in reinforcements was covered by a sweep 39 for quite awhile. Captain Howden the Howden household. The Royal to the north of Bangka by a small ordered to train our eight 6’ guns Coat of Arms was salvaged from the British force. Hobart, with the Norah on the vessel in readiness to front dockyard gates, and eventually Moller survivors, reached Tanjong blow her out of the water. Then ended up in the NSW section Priok on 4 February, and sailed that identified herself as a Norwegian. headquarters of the HMAS Hobart night under orders from Commodore 40 Passed all was well. It could have Association. Keith noted too that Collins to join Exeter, Jupiter, and been another Sydney episode but Captain Howden commandeered: ‘…an Encounter in a search for enemy forces .37 we were prepared. Austin 8 motor car plus petrol’. north of Bangka Island. No surface Howden was always suspicious of Two days later Hobart and her ships were sighted, but around midday unidentified ships he encountered and escorts were bombed again and on the 5th, the ships went through took no chances. Seeing Hobart under became involved in the rescue three separate high-level bombing Howden from the enemy viewpoint of survivors from a bombed attacks. Keith remembered: could be quite daunting. On 29 January, merchantman. Entering the Bangka Attacks caught us by surprise as the 1942, Brian Ogle was on board the Straits they were attacked by three bombs were on their way before we corvette Maryborough in the Bangka enemy bombers dropping six bombs realised they were overhead. Bomb Straits: each. Keith thought they missed ‘by narrowly missing our bows by 5 As was normal at dawn, the ship approx 25 feet’. A little while later yards and put a dent in the Paint Qualities of was closed up at action stations fire and smoke could be seen on the Shop, showering the deck with Leadership when the lookout on the bridge horizon: the SS Norah Moller had been shrapnel. I myself was hit and sent sighted smoke on the horizon hit aft of the funnel and through to the to Sick Bay treatment for days after. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 137 43

The two other attacks missed us but all willing and eager to do battle He was gregarious and talkative, by miles. with the Nips. Closed up at Action friendly towards most but a fiery, 42 Hobart was officially near-missed, but Stations for the rest of the Patrol. quick temper and a villainously without damage. Howden noted: “… Speaking of the bombing attacks sharp tongue with an unprintable bombs from Japanese high-level attacks of February, Gordon Johnson, a vocabulary when roused to his have not the noisy shriek common to telegraphist on Hobart, recalled later: peppery best, or worst. But such German or Italian bombs.” There is little doubt that Hobart’s outbursts, although common were He observed, however, the Japanese survival from these bomber generally shortlived and he rapidly accuracy was better, and the explosive onslaughts was a miracle. But returned to the normally kindly effect more powerful, than those of the important factors contributed. and thoughtful person he mostly 41 46 German and Italian bombs. They were the extraordinary skill of was. our much revered Captain Harry On 13 March Howden received a signal Keith Barry related: Howden, together with a high from Collins telling him to join the Arrived at Oostenhaven at 11am level of competence of the ship’s striking force at Oosthaven. Hobart where we discovered the whole of company in all departments…. arrived to find a multitude of Dutch the Dutch Fleet were there waiting Hobart was also an extremely and American ships gathering for a consisting of 3 Cruisers De Ruyter, happy ship with a great team strike against the oncoming Japanese. 43 Java and Tromp plus 4 Dutch spirit. Speed was a necessity, and Bangka Destroyers. We secured alongside Howden’s nicknames acquired over his Strait was the quickest route by which a Norwegian Tanker for refuelling career attest to the spirit of the man. to get at the enemy. But Japanese and after securing alongside only ‘Lucky Harry’ was one, and ‘Captain ships had been sighted at the north to find she was carrying gasoline Harry’ another. He was also known entrance of the passage, and there was for aircraft and had to return to the as ‘Collar and Cuffs’ by junior ratings a possibility of enemy minelaying in the Naval Anchorage. at one period because of his liking for strait. It was decided that Rear Admiral fine clothes and stiffly starched three Doorman’s strike force should take the At 1pm Exeter with 6 American inch collars and five inch cuffs. He gave longer, difficult route north through four-funnel Destroyers arrived. others titles too: he was in the habit of the unlighted Gasper Strait; if possible Something brewing obviously. referring to his Hobart Ship’s Company attacking the enemy from the north of 47 Anchors weigh at 4:30pm and as his ‘Fighting Men’, a label they Bangka Island. 44 Hobart leaves with 3 Dutch recalled proudly in post-war years. The task force was deployed, but Cruisers, four Dutch Destroyers, Patrick Hanley, who was a Writer when it was obvious that the force the Six American Destroyers and (Clerk) on board, noted some of the had been reported, and conditions Exeter at 27 knots – what a sight reasons Howden was so popular: were favourable for enemy air to see. Looks a formidable battle January-February would have been attack, Doorman decided, in view fleet, the only Force left to repel Captain Harry’s greatest days. We of the absence of Allied air support, any Jap landings. Now proceeding were almost continuously under air to return to Batavia. Course was to intercept a Japanese Convoy attack but about three times a week reversed, but soon the ships were consisting of 6 Cruisers & 16 Harry addressed us and told us all the target for 13 successive heavy Destroyers headed for Java. he could. We had many near misses air attacks. Ships were near-missed but Harry had the crew in the palm and often completely hidden in Bangka Straits. Received a report of his hand. We all thought he was the columns of water raised by the from Catalinas (our Patrol Aircraft) wonderful. After we got through exploding bombs, but due to skilful that in this reported convoy were the Sunda Straits on 28-2-1942 handling avoided major damage. 25 Troop Transports with their around 30-40 unsigned letters were Howden estimated a total of 109 Escorts as previously stated, as dropped into Harry’s sea-cabin enemy aircraft took part in the opposed to our 5 Cruisers and 16 – all 100% complimentary. We attacks, the heaviest when three Destroyers. Captain Howden spoke just wanted to say thank you for a formations, of nine, eight, and 45 to the Ship’s Company over the wonderful job done. seven aircraft respectively, carried Intercom wishing us Good Luck Rear Admiral Mesley agreed in a later out a simultaneous attack on the and God speed. Everybody uneasy address: Australian cruiser. The average Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 44 Studies in Trait Leadership - A Charismatic Warrior Captain Harry Howden, cbe, ran

size of the enemy bomb was 500 he failed to meet the enemy by 0430 The ship continued to Melbourne. lb, though some heavier were on the 28th, he was to retire through Howden had always been concerned dropped. Howden later wrote: ‘the Sunda Strait to Ceylon, calling at for the welfare of his ships’ companies bombs fell close enough for me Padang on the way, to embark refugees over the years. However, now, he to see the ugly red flash of their from Singapore and Sumatra. In exhibited that even more. Chris burst and to feel the heat of their the northern part of Sunda Strait, Coulthard-Clark later wrote: explosions across my face – but the Howden’s force overtook a convoy Crace had …been…told…that ship steamed clear.’ He went on to escorted by HMAS Yarra and HMIS an extensive Japanese movement commend the actions of the ship’s Jumna – the former would soon be southwards from New Britain company, noting that with a less overwhelmed by a Japanese force was expected after 3 May…The alert engine-room team the results which would sink her and kill many of commanding officer of HOBART, 48 might have been different. Lieutenant Commander Rankin’s ship’s Captain Harry Howden had been 53 The task force was split up on its company. similarly forewarned…A later 49 return to Tanjong Priok. On the 26th The ship’s company were, CNS, Sir Richard Peek, then the Hobart and her consorts left harbour apparently, united in their praise of cruiser’s gunnery officer, recalls 50 at 2115, with an intention of joining their captain’s ‘…cool courage and skill that Howden promptly passed Doorman, and steamed north about 90 throughout the difficult operations. the news to the ship’s company miles until 0300, when they reversed He was the idol of the lower deck’, as while steaming down Port Phillip course. 45 minutes later a signal the ship’s history later put it. Howden Bay. Taking a risk with security, from Collins told Howden, as Senior himself praised his ship’s company: he announced from the bridge Officer of the force, of Japanese ships ‘I have never in my life seen a more that the six weeks leave due to all 55 miles north of him. As it would magnificent spirit of courage, loyalty, ranks would be reduced to two…If not be possible to establish contact determination and high ability, than has anyone spoke of this, Howden said before dawn, Howden continued south been exemplified by officers and men he expected to be court-martialled, and awaited dawn reconnaissance throughout by whole ship’s company but in the event his show of trust 54 58 results. The next morning he turned during the recent operations…’ was not misplaced. the force north, intending to attack if On 1 March, having sent the The ship arrived in Sydney on 4 April. reconnaissance disclosed an enemy destroyers on ahead, the cruisers Later-Commodore Dacre-Smyth not overwhelmingly superior, but to including Hobart arrived at Padang. recalled Hobart in April 1942: ‘I saw withdraw to the eastward if the odds The cruiser embarked 512 refugees: her arrive in Sydney, with so many were too great. However, no further navy, army, air force and civilians, shrapnel holes still in her funnel and sightings were reported, and the force including women and children. On 6 upper works that we christened­ her the returned to Tanjong Priok, after being March Hobart arrived at Trincomalee ‘pepperpot’’. bombed by eight aircraft and near- (Ceylon) Naval Base. The ship then Keith drafted off the ship, and later missed, with slight damage to Hobart proceeded to Fremantle escorting a noted of Howden: 51 and five of her ratings wounded. convoy which included Australian I left the ship to do a Radar Course 55 A day later Howden was instructed troops from the Middle East. She and later joined Warrego but by Collins to take Hobart and the arrived to some disbelief as popular we can all thank God for a great ships of the Western Striking Force opinion, emanating from rumours put Skipper. They’re maybe some who on a northward sweep. The official about by the Japanese propaganda of fell foul of him, who probably historian, Gill, noted: ‘Tokyo Rose’, had spread the story that cursed him as it is with anyone who 56 It was a token gesture, for it Hobart had been sunk. This may falls foul of discipline. Being an ex- was obvious that a force which have arisen because of the occasion Police Officer I know only too well. consisted (apart from HOBART) of when the ship was having difficulties But they can thank him also. old and obsolete ships and which with damage to the bow sections, Roy Scrivener remembers Howden was numerically and materially so which caused her, in the words of (later taking the ship’s company into his much inferior to that the Japanese Vice Admiral) Richard Peek, to mean confidence and that ‘Captain Howden’s Qualities of could oppose to it, would stand they entered harbour: ‘…stern first in trust was not broken by his loyal and Leadership 52 59 little chance in an engagement. Fremantle Harbour – caused the locals admiring men…’ Crew member 57 Howden’s instructions were that if to think we had our bows blown off’. Don Hewson summed that up over Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 137 45

50 years later: ‘…there wasn’t a bloke of April, Hobart sailed as part of could have hit it with a cricket on board who wouldn’t have walked Rear Admiral Crace’s Task Force 44, ball. We had two .5 machine guns 60 63 backwards to Bourke for the skipper’. together with Australia to become mounted down below either side of This extended even to the unusual: the part of what was to be called the Battle the bridge, and one hadn’t fired at car that Howden had commandeered of the Coral Sea. On 7 May the aircraft this plane. Howden sent me to find in Singapore was still on board, and from the Japanese fleet began their out why from the captain of the it saw regular use ashore as Howden’s attacks on two of the detached Allied gun...I brought the leading hand personal transport. Bill Wreford, one of ships, while a little while later five up – this was a Leading Seaman, the officers on board at the time, recalls vessels from the combined American- I don’t recall his name. Howden that a pipe would be made: Australian force were deployed apart listened to the explanation – he’d ‘Crane driver man the crane; from the main body, under Admiral forgotten to take the safety catch Captain’s car-handling party Crace, to seek out and destroy enemy off – and then said very quietly, muster on the iron deck’. Whereas ships. ‘Very interesting Able Seaman so a hairy-arsed team of stokers Hobart was in company with the and so’ - it was the quickest piece would literally manhandle the car Australia, USS Chicago and three US of justice I’d ever seen. That was the 66 into the ship’s pinnace, accompany destroyers. While the main body of sort of man he was. it to Man O’ War Steps and Harry’d the American aircraft in the main fleet Peek thought a lot of his captain, even step out of the jolly boat, pull on engaged the enemy, Crace’s force was though at times life with Howden could his gloves, thank the ‘car-handling spotted, and in mid-afternoon attacked be a mixture of excitement, trepidation 61 party’ and saunter off… by land-based navy bombers. Later it and exhilaration. While the Admiral The ship remained alongside for was attacked by another large number is of the opinion his CO was a ‘… a month, making repairs and of enemy aircraft, with the chief target tremendous character; the sailors loved undertaking thousands of maintenance Australia. Dacre-Smyth later recalled: him, and I think he loved the sailors’, he tasks. Nearby was Australia, going ‘The Coral Sea Battle, where Hobart also remembered Howden as a ‘man through similar housekeeping. The two and my ship Australia, were the only of violent emotions; he threatened to ships were soon to be united in one of Australian ships, and both escaped have me shot at dawn once through their greatest tests. damage during heavy aircraft attacks. a misunderstanding, but we became 64 Whilst alongside Howden took the Hobart bagged 3 Jap bombers’. quite good friends after it was cleared 67 opportunity to arrange an event which The ships escaped through skilful u p ’. once again showed his concern for handling, with some wounded With the bulk of the fighting taking 68 his men. He organised for afternoon members, including ‘Captain Howden, place some 350 nautical miles away, tea to be held on board the cruiser as who received a flesh wound in the arm the detached force escaped further she swung at Number One Buoy, with from fragments caused when one of the punishment, with the exception of every one of the 650 ship’s company to ship’s light anti-aircraft guns fired into being mistakenly bombed by some US 65 invite his mother, or wife, or girlfriend. the shield of another gun.’ The escape aircraft which fortunately missed their Patrick Hanley later wrote: ‘I was of the ship at this time is all the more targets. Meanwhile the two opposing delighted and proud with my mother remarkable, and all the more testimony fleets’ aircraft hammered each other. and then-girlfriend – I even took them to Howden’s command, in that the The end result was a tactical victory down to the Captain’s office where I Japanese aerial bombing was probably for the Japanese, but a strategic one for 62 worked’. It is an interesting insight at that stage the best in the world. the Allies, in that the enemy’s vision into how Howden handled his people. This was also the occasion when of cutting Australia off from United The massive afternoon tea would Howden exhibited the direct style of States support by dominating New have been quite a bit of work, but by leadership which must have endeared Guinea and the Australian east coast having each sailor bring a loved one him to many of his ships’ companies, was ultimately thwarted. Due primarily aboard, the ship’s company ‘owned’ even perhaps to the recipients of his to her low fuel state, Hobart was the evolution and therefore were in a unique brand of justice. Richard Peek eventually detached along with USS 69 position of being proud of their ship remembered one such incident when Walke, for Brisbane, then returning – an attitude that carried through to the ship had been attacked by two to Sydney. Captain Showers (from other activities. torpedo bombers: HMAS Adelaide) assumed command 70 After minor repairs to the end …one came close to the ship - you of Hobart on 8 June 1942. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 46 Studies in Trait Leadership - A Charismatic Warrior Captain Harry Howden, cbe, ran

Bill Wreford, one of the ship’s on 19 December 1945 the medical Hobart. His house had as a gateway officers, remembers that ‘…something report noted that he had received two old mines. The 1939 Austin ‘ died’ in the ship when Harry Howden ‘…a lesion of one of the arteries at the car from Singapore found a home left…Harry left an indelible reputation base of the brain, possibly due to the there, resplendent in battleship-grey behind him in ‘Hobart’ and she was strain imposed by his very arduous paint, and complete with naval-style 71 never the same ship again’. War service...’ Sea duty was to be ropework on the steering wheel, 77 Howden was brought ashore to considered in the light of that injury. although it carried as mementoes 81 travel Australia, interviewing and He remained apart from his family. bullet-holes from Japanese guns. selecting candidates for the new On 8 January 1946 Howden Howden had always had been a Officers’ Training School. The recruits received a disappointing letter from generous man, and as a result of years were amiably known as ‘Howden’s Admiral Louis Hamilton, informing of donations was asked to become a 72 Hussars’. On 8 September 1942 he him there was little prospect of Life Governor of the NSW Society for was awarded a Mention in Despatches: a sea-going command, with so Crippled Children. He was involved ‘for bravery and endurance when many younger Captains looking for with the Hastings and District Bush H.M.A.S Hobart was taking convoys experience. Furthermore, he had Nursing Hospital in Victoria, and the across the China and Java seas in the limited opportunities for Flag rank Benevolent Society of NSW. Reflecting 73 face of sustained enemy air attacks’. given his lesser war and sea experience his diverse range of interests, he 78 His Writer – Patrick Hanley – later compared to others. In September he was a member of the United Service recorded that he thought Howden had was posted as Naval Officer in Charge Institute in London, the United Hunt been unfairly treated: ‘…if ever a DSO (NOIC) of Western Australia. He Club of the same City, the Weld Club or DSC was appropriate this was the bought a house and moved much of his in Perth, and the Western Australian 74 82 occasion’. memorabilia there. Hunt Club. His Secretary from his In December 1942 Howden and his Post-war an HMAS Hobart WA appointment in the 1950s, Mrs family moved once more to Cerberus. Association was formed, with Roy Abbott, later recalled his spontaneous The Captain now held the title of Scrivener remembering that ‘Quite generosity in retirement: 75 Deputy Superintendent of Training. naturally, he (Howden) became Some people thought he was an Probably around 7 February 1943 founding Patron’. Scrivener recalled a eccentric, but he was a very kind Howden had what may have been some later occasion when a gathering of the and thoughtful person. He did a lot form of stroke. He was subsequently Hobart members was being held and: of kind things. When the Navy was moved to the Alfred Hospital in …the visiting US top general of disposing of any whalers he would Melbourne. Upon recovery, he decided the day inspected us ‘veterans’ and buy them with his personal cheque to separate himself from his family and invited our Captain to join him and give them to a group of sea 83 went for recuperation into the Blue and all VIPs at the official function. scouts. Mountains. From February until May Rejecting this fine thought, ‘Harry’ In 1962 what must have been a proud, 1943 he was posted as ‘Additional’ to explained that he was here to but sad occasion took place: Hobart Cerberus, and after that to Penguin in enjoy his WW2 men, sharing their was paid off for scrap. In Sydney, Sydney. hospitality. That coupled with so Howden attended a get-together In September 1943, having many inspirational moments was of some of her ship’s company ex- recuperated, he was appointed enough to have me offer my next members. Then the old ship was towed Commanding Officer of HMAS thirty or so years keeping that out of Sydney Harbour heads to the 79 84 Penguin in Sydney Harbour. Between Association together… breakers. the departure of Rear Admiral In retirement Howden travelled widely; Howden died in London 1969 at 85 Muirhead-Gould and the arrival of invested in several companies; kept up the age of 73. His ashes were brought Rear Admiral George Moore, Captain with old shipmates and periodically back to Australia, and his son Merlin 80 Howden acted as Naval Officer- spent time in hospital. He married organised a Memorial Service to him, 76 in-Charge, Sydney. Howden’s again. His permanent home was in held in the Navy Chapel of Garden subsequent service record certainly Applecross, WA, where a large and Island in Sydney. He is buried in the 86 Qualities of notes attendances to hospitals and diverse collection of memorabilia was Rookwood Cemetery in Sydney. A Leadership sickbays with headaches. Although housed, including a binnacle from memorial bronze has been raised to rated fit for duty to the highest category Tasmania, and a rangefinder from him in the wall of the naval section Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 137 47

of a Sydney cemetery. Small bequests personality probably got in the way of were settled on members of Howden’s this from time to time, but his people family, but the bulk of his estate forgave him sudden flashes of temper bequeathed over $2.7 million to his because they knew that inside that various charities – an enormous sum fierce exterior Howden cared for them. which must be multiplied by 10 to get By magnanimous gesture he showed 87 some idea of its worth today. his understanding of how seemingly small things were important. In studying Howden as an outstanding Although personal communication RAN leader, how may we sum up his was not his best field, for he could Lieutenant Commander Tom Lewis qualities? be too blunt, people always were in PhD, OAM, RAN has served in a variety no doubt as to what he wanted. It is of PNF and reserve roles within the Howden achieved almost all things notable that he was in regular contact Navy. He led US forces on deployment in he tried to do, with illness preventing with his ships’ companies, and carried Baghdad in 2006. him from the higher ranks to which his trust of his people through to he would undoubtedly have been equipping them with information (Endnotes) promoted. His primary achievement he thought they needed to know – 1 Gill. (299-301) must be the great feat of bringing as witnessed by the decision to tell 2 Gill, G. Hermon. Royal Australian Hobart through much of WWII, Hobart’s ship’s company of their Navy 1939-1941. Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1968. (65-66). Note on although she was in the thick of the shortened leave. Sources for this chapter: the official records action, and at the same time proving Howden looked the part of a concerning Captain Howden are far from complete. His file as held by Navy Records that Australia’s relatively new Navy leader. He possessed perhaps more office seems to have disappeared, although was as good as any other in combat. than any other RAN officer so far, that his son Dr Pat Howden has a copy, which in itself has some sections missing, for example As a cruiser captain, few were his characteristic author Ronald Welch a record of a Mention in Dispatches. At equal. The survival of Hobart against described: ‘panache’ - ‘…the almost some stage the file may have been copied to Australian Archives as file A3978/9 Howden the all-conquering Japanese Navy in untranslatable expression of dash, of HL, although this has not been ascertained. their great sweep south in the early valour, the ability to do things with an 3 Howden, Dr Patrick f. ‘HMAS HOBART Hero of the Lower Deck’. parts of their attacks on the Allies air of reckless courage and inspiring Biographical account of Captain Harry 88 was a testimony to his skill as a ship leadership’. Howden’s life by his son, written for the ‘King-Hall Naval History Conference’. commander, but also as a leader of Certainly one to go forward Provided by Dr David Stephens, Head of naval men, whom he welded into a whenever necessary, Howden was a the Naval History Directorate, to the author, 2001. (2) formidable team. man of action. He often translated that 4 As annotated in Howden’s Service Howden was a figure to be emulated into his ship’s strategic and tactical Record. 5 His Majesty’s Stationery Office. in the eyes of many, and he received manoeuvres: handling a cruiser like Battle of Jutland: Official Despatches with much loyalty from his ship’s company. a destroyer and always, but always, Appendices. London, 1916. (354) 6 Gill, G. Hermon. (299 - 301) Akin to another great fighting captain exhibiting that important Principle of 7 Gill, G. Hermon. (299 - 301) of the RAN – Hec Waller – he inspired War of Offensive Action; punching 8 Royal Australian Navy. Personal Record of Harry Leslie Howden, Navy devotion and almost love from his forward; looking for trouble, being Records, Canberra. (Copy now in the followers. We might recall, from the aggressive even in defence. However, possession of Dr P f Howden, as are other first explanation of trait leadership, this sometimes set him at odds with Personal Reports referred to hereafter.) 9 Burrell, Vice Admiral Sir Henry. the commander of the USS Benfold others. Mermaids do Exist. Melbourne: MacMillan, and his thoughts in It’s Your Ship. In conclusion, Howden must rate 1986. (27) 10 Connelly, Owen. On War and Howden had the same attitude of being as one of the Royal Australian Navy’s Leadership. New Jersey: Princeton a commander who expected the best foremost fighting captains. Together University Press, 2002. (113) 11 As noted on Howden’s Service but gave his people control over their with Waller, he shares that enviable Record. part of the warships he commanded, quality of inspiring fierce loyalty from 12 Mesley, JB, Rear Admiral, CBE, MVO, DSC, RAN (Rtd.). Memorial Address, and let them reap the rewards - or those under his command. Harry Garden Island Dockyard Chapel. 30 March not. He was always in tune with what Howden was truly a great leader of the 1969. 13 Gill, G. Hermon. (299 - 301) Despite his people were experiencing, and he RAN.  this and other authoritative accounts of acted on his understandings. His fierce  Howden’s period in Japan, his Service Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 48 Studies in Trait Leadership - A Charismatic Warrior Captain Harry Howden, cbe, ran

Record does not bear a note of such a trip, 1992. (44) wound to the right arm. whether as an official posting or otherwise. 39 Howden, Merlin. Son of Harry 66 Peek, Sir Richard, Vice Admiral. ibid. He may well, of course, have taken some Howden. Letter to the author. 30 August 67 Peek, Sir Richard, Vice Admiral. Ibid. leave to enable it. 2002. 68 Gill, G. Hermon. Royal Australian 14 Peek, Sir Richard, Vice Admiral, KBE, 40 HMAS Hobart Association, NSW Navy 1942-1945. (51) CB, DSC, RAN (Rtd.). Former Chief of Navy section. ‘The Buzz’. No. 149. 3 February 69 Gill, G. Hermon. Royal Australian Staff 1970-73. Interview with the author 2002. (Courtesy Merlin Howden). Navy 1942-1945. (52) May 2001. 41 Gill, G. Hermon. (564-565) 70 Gill, G. Hermon. Royal Australian 15 Collins, John. As Luck Would Have It. 42 Diary of Keith Barry, bridge anti- Navy 1942-1945. (footnote 124) Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1965. (45) aircraft lookout during command of Captain 71 Wreford, Bill. RAN Officer serving on 16 Howden, HL. Report from HMS Howden. Compiled and edited August 2000 board HMAS Hobart. Letter to the author. Mantis, 7 December 1930. (In the by son Dr. Patrick f Howden; supplied to the June 2003. possession of Dr P f Howden.) author. 72 Gill, G. Hermon. (299-301) 17 As described by letter from Merlin 43 Johnson, Gordon. ‘HMAS Hobart in 73 Typewritten note copy of the text - in Howden to the author, March 2003. The the Java Sea 1942’. Journal of the Australian the possession of Dr P f Howden. (The MID incidents were as recounted to Merlin by Naval Institute. Volume 27, Number 2, does not appear in Howden’s record.) his mother and Lieutenant Commander Spring 2001. (40) 74 Hanley, Patrick. Undated letter to Langley, godfather to Merlin Howden and 44 Mesley, JB, Rear Admiral, CBE, Patrick Howden following the Memorial the 1st Lieutenant of Mantis. MVO, DSC, RAN (Rtd.) Memorial Address, Service for Captain Howden. (Courtesy 18 HMAS Hobart Association, NSW Garden Island Dockyard Chapel. 30 March Merlin Howden) section. ‘The Buzz’. No. 102. 28 March 1994. 1969. 75 Personal Record. (Courtesy Merlin Howden). 45 Hanley, Patrick. Undated letter to 76 Gill, G. Hermon. (299-301) 19 Mesley, JB, Rear Admiral, CBM, Patrick Howden following the Memorial 77 Minute from ‘D.N.M.S.’ to Captain MVO, DSC, RAN (Rtd.). Memorial Address, Service for Captain Howden. (Courtesy Howden. In the possession of Dr P f Garden Island Dockyard Chapel. 30 March Merlin Howden) Howden. 1969. 46 Mesley, JB, Rear Admiral, CBE, 78 In the possession of Dr P f Howden. 20 Cook, WF. RAN Naval officer of 1930 MVO, DSC, RAN (Rtd.). Memorial Address, 79 Scrivener, Roy. ‘Captain H.L. and beyond. Letters to the author. April- Garden Island Dockyard Chapel. 30 March Howden, C.B.E., R.A.N. A Lowerdeckman’s December 2002. 1969. Friend’. Naval Historical Review. Volume 22, 21 Howden, Merlin. Telephone 47 Gill, G. Hermon. (571) No. 1, 2001. interview. 13 August 2003. 48 Gill, G. Hermon. (573-574) 80 Correspondence with Dr P f Howden, 22 Honour Board listing Mess 49 This location description is cited in 2002. Presidents, HMAS Cerberus Wardroom Gill but has fallen into disuse in modern 81 Colebatch, Hal. ‘Officer Lent Touch 2001. times. Of Color To W.A.’ The West Australian. 23 Howden, Dr Patrick f. (2) 50 Gill’s footnote on p. 608 of 1939- (Undated clipping courtesy of Merlin 24 For example, see HMAS Hobart 1941 explains this order from Admiral CEL Howden.) Association, NSW section. ‘The Buzz’. No. Helfrich, Royal Netherlands Navy. 82 Mesley, JB, Rear Admiral, CBM, 102. 28 March 1994. (Courtesy Merlin 51 Gill, G. Hermon. (608) MVO, DSC, RAN (Rtd.). Memorial Address, Howden). ‘H.M.S. Mantis completed her 52 Gill, G. Hermon. (609) Garden Island Dockyard Chapel. 30 March mission with distinction and returned to 53 Gill, G. Hermon. (616-617) 1969. her station. Her Commanding Officer was 54 Lind, LD and MA Payne. (40) 83 HMAS Hobart Association, NSW awarded an OBE for his exploits!’, and , Dr 55 Gill, G. Hermon. (299-301) section. Patrick f. Howden’s ‘HMAS Hobart Hero of 56 Keith diary. 84 Correspondence with Dr P f Howden, the Lower Deck’. (3) 57 Peek. op. cit. 2001. 25 Gill, G. Hermon. (299-301) 58 Coulthard-Clark, Chris. Action 85 References in several letters from Dr 26 Gill, G. Hermon. (132-133) Stations. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991. P f Howden 2000-2001. 27 Lind, LD and MA Payne. HMAS (76) 86 Correspondence with Dr P f Howden, Hobart. NSW: The Naval Historical Society 59 Scrivener, Roy. ‘Captain H.L. 2003. of Australia, 1979. (5) Howden, C.B.E., R.A.N. A Lowerdeckman’s 87 Australian Dictionary of Biography 28 Lind, LD and MA Payne. (13) Friend’. Naval Historical Review. Volume 22, draft, and covering letter from Darryl 29 Paraphrased from Gill. (134) No. 1, 2001. Bennet, author. 15 April, 1993. (Courtesy 30 Encyclopedia Britannica – CD-ROM 60 Abjorensen, Norman. ‘Nobody Merlin Howden) version, 1997. Berbera served as the capital remembers her because she wasn’t sunk’. 88 Welch, Ronald. Tank Commander. through until 1941. Unidentified news clipping circa 1993. London: Oxford University Press, 1972. 31 Extract from Service Record. (In the (Supplied to the author by Merlin Howden) (135) possession of Dr P f Howden.) 61 Wreford, Bill. RAN Officer serving on 32 Contained in papers supplied by Dr board HMAS Hobart. Letter to the author. P f Howden. June 2003. 33 Diary of Syd Clark. 62 Hanley, Patrick. Undated letter to 34 Gill, G. Hermon. (405) Patrick Howden following the Memorial 35 Lind, LD and MA Payne. (26) Service for Captain Howden. (Courtesy 36 Nye, William. Related to relatives Merlin Howden) and retold in an essay by his grandson, 63 Gill, G. Hermon. Royal Australian Midshipman Ben White, RAN. RAN Navy 1942-1945. Canberra: Australian War College, Jervis Bay. Used by permission to Memorial, 1968. (41) the author. 64 Address given by Commodore 37 Diary of Keith Barry, bridge anti- Dacre-Smyth RAN (ex-HMAS Australia) aircraft lookout during command of Captain at Victorian HMAS Hobart Shrine Service Howden. Compiled and edited August 2000 on 20 July 1983. (Supplied to the author by Qualities of by son Dr. Patrick f Howden. Supplied to the Patrick Howden) author. 65 Coulthard-Clark, Chris. Action Leadership 38 Ogle, Brian. The History of H.M.A.S Stations. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991. Maryborough. Sydney: Brian Francis Ogle, (98) Howden’s Service Record confirms a

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 49

FM CN AUSTRALIA

TO AIG 3600

AIG 3602

RAN ALL SHORE 1/3

RAN ALL SHORE 2/3

RAN ALL SHORE 3/3 Admiral Peek was awarded the OBE in the Vietnam war came to an end (Military) for his actions at Leyte Gulf and considerable effort was devoted to RAN ALL SHIP in HMAS Australia, and the DSC for force structure development including skill and devotion to duty in action at plans for a Light Destroyer (DDL) and ALL OVERSEAS Lingayen Gulf. a replenishment ship. Navy also took charge of manning larger amphibious 3. Fittingly, Admiral Peek led The RAN craft and personnel strength reached contingent in the victory celebrations its post-1945 peak of 17 000 men and INFO RAYASAA/CDF in London in 1945, remaining to women. AUSTRALIA complete Staff Course. After several BT postings at sea and ashore he took 5. Vice Admiral Peek retired on 23 UNCLAS command of the First Frigate Squadron November 1973 to life as a pastoralist SIC VZA/WUE/WZA and HMAS Shoalhaven in 1951 and but continued his lifelong involvement later commanded the destroyers HMA in Australia’s naval defence. He Subj: Passing Of VADM Sir Ships Bataan and Tobruk. provided expert advice to Parliament Richard Peek, KBE, CB, DSC, as recently as the 2009 White Paper RAN (Retd) During the Korean War, while in discussion process and was a tireless command of HMAS Tobruk he was advocate for naval veterans of all 1. I regret to inform the Navy of the awarded the Us Legion Of Merit. He campaigns. passing of VADM Sir Richard Peek, was Deputy Chief Of Naval Personnel KBE, CB, DSC, RAN (Rtd). At his in 1954 and again took command 6. Vice Admiral Sir Richard Peek’s request, a private cremation service of Tobruk from 1956 to 1958 and as passing marks the end of an era for was held today in Canberra. VADM Captain (D) 10th Destroyer Squadron. the RAN. He personified the values Sir Richard Peek served as Chief Of Four years later, he commanded the we strive for from the most junior to Naval Staff from 1970 to 1973, as the aircraft carrier HMAS Sydney and the most senior among us – Honour, culmination of a distinguished naval subsequently the RAN Flagship HMAS Courage, Loyalty and Devotion to Duty career in war and peace, and remained Melbourne. - whether in peacetime or in face of the one of Australia’s active advisors in challenges of war at sea. For himself, naval defence strategy until the end. 4. In 1964, he was promoted to Rear he never forgot the men under his Admiral and was appointed Fourth command and their welfare was among 2. VADM Sir Richard Peek’s life was Naval Member and Chief of Supply of his greatest concerns. He will be defined by the ideal of service. He the Commonwealth Naval Board, then remembered as the quintessential naval entered the Royal Australian Naval Deputy Chief of Naval Staff in 1965 officer and one of the most remarkable College in 1928, graduating with for two years. Admiral Peek’s next post and respected destroyer captains the maximum time, and specialised in was Flag Officer Commanding HMA RAN has produced. gunnery early in his career. When the Fleet in 1967, including oversight of the Second World War broke out he was Far East Strategic Reserve, before his Bt serving in the battleship HMS Revenge. appointment as Second Naval Member Drafter: Capt B.K. Gorringe, DNSOM In 1941 he joined the light cruiser and Chief of Naval Personnel in 1968 To CN HMAS Hobart as Gunnery Officer, and and then Chief of Naval Staff and First served in the same capacity in heavy Naval Member in November 1970. Released: Vadm R.H. Crane, CN cruiser HMAS Australia Until 1944. During his tenure, RAN involvement Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 50 The Experiences of the Men of the Royal Australian Navy Helicopter Flight Vietnam By Midshipman Claire Hodge

hen the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is remembered inW Vietnam, HMA Ships Vendetta, Hobart, Perth and Brisbane come to mind. ‘The Vung Tau Ferry1’, Operation SEA DRAGON2 and other naval support operations are associated with the RAN in Vietnam far more readily than Bell UH-1 Iroquois ‘Huey’ landing in hot Landing Zones. Yet 192 Australian Naval personnel served over four years as pilots, observers, gunners, aircrew and maintainers with the 135th Assault Helicopter Company (AHC) United States Army. The Royal Australian Navy Helicopter Flight Vietnam (RANHFV) consisted of four contingents, each issued khaki walking-out attire5 which Royal Australian completing a 12 month deployment to Preparations before displayed appropriate rank and rate Navy Helicopter Vietnam. The contingents comprised Deployment insignia. These naval badges had Flight Vietnam eight pilots, four observers, four been dyed green in an attempt to - company lift (Courtesy Sea Power aircrewmen, 24 maintenance personnel In May 1967 the RAN was posting provide continuity within the uniform. Centre - Australia). and six support staff. The difference future members of HFV into 723 Flight kit was only issued to those in for this unit, as compared to other Squadron.3 As the further commitment direct flight-related roles. On arrival Australians, was that they were fully of naval aviators to Vietnam had not in Vietnam, however, all RANHFV integrated with the 135th AHC, away been announced, the formation of personnel were issued flight suits and from RAN operational command. All the flight was top secret. This did not, some maintenance equipment, such members of the flight were assigned however, prevent the knowledge that as gloves, by the Americans due to roles within the 135th according to rank more Australians were on their way to the varied roles all members of the and experience. The Officer-in-Charge Vietnam spreading exceptionally fast – company undertook. (OIC) RANHFV was also the Executive naval wives recall being quizzed if their The Australians were disappointed officer of 135th AHC. What these men husbands were among those going. by the RAN’s lack of support. Not only experienced and how the RAN handled As the Flight would be operating were they not issued the appropriate their deployment both before and after in an army, field environment, uniform and equipment for the jobs their tour of duty is little known, yet members were issued with uniform that they would be doing but also there it is an important part of history to in accordance with Australian Army were no flight benefits provided to the remember and learn from. standards. This uniform was jungle support personnel as there were no 4 1 HMAS Sydney provided logistical green work dress, a sun hat and ‘Wings’ for Naval aircrew. Despite the aid to the 1st Australian task force. Sydney an army webbing belt as well as a fact that the Australian maintenance transported troops to and from Vietnam. She undertook 24 visits to Vung Tau earning naval beret with a metal cap badge. personnel acted also as door gunners her the nickname of ‘Vung Tau Ferry’. Members of the flight were also and crew chiefs they were paid no 2 Operation SEA DRAGON was an allowances for their increased duty. ongoing American operation along the Vietnamese coast. This was the RAN’s 3 723 Squadron became the parent As recalled by NAMAE Waskin,6 the principle commitment during the Vietnam squadron for the HFV, with all HFV war with a destroyer provided to the personnel posting in for pre-deployment 5 A neater uniform consisting of a shirt, operation on a rotational basis. The ships training for all four contingents. tie and trousers. involved were HMA Ships Hobart, Vendetta 4 This was not actually army uniform 6 NAMAE Ivan Waskin was a member and Brisbane. but navy clothing dyed khaki. of the 1st Contingent RANHFV as an aircraft Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 51

American maintainers were paid more experience. This placed the Australians than double that of the Australians in a unique position. As all Australians completing the same job. were ‘lifers’8 their level of professional Prior to departure all members of ability and conduct far exceeded RANHFV received pre-deployment that of their American counterparts training. While the later contingents allowing the Australians to attain a far trained at the Australian Army jungle higher percentage of command roles training base in Canungra, the first than their small numbers would have contingent received their field training initially indicated. This was particularly in West Nowra. While this training did unusual for the Americans as they give the HFV an idea about conditions would rarely relinquish control of their in the bush, it did very little to prepare forces. the flight for the army environment to The ethos of the Australian which they were entering. For the later personnel also varied greatly from contingents the RAN improved the the American attitude. While all training regime. Some time was spent considered the tour in Vietnam at the jungle training base learning a harrowing experience, the Australian Army field methods and professionalism of the Australians even maintenance and training was also in trying circumstances distinguished undertaken at the Royal Australian them from other units. The company RANHFV troop Air Force (RAAF) base at Amberley motto was originally a quote of the Australian Army had to confirm insertion 3000 feet completing escape and survival lessons, Australian Lieutenant, Max Speedy, imminent fire and the Royal Australian (Courtesy Sea Power both theoretical and practical. who on 27 January 1969 when asked Air Force were under orders not to Centre - Australia). While never enough to completely if the EMUs would stay after dark enter ‘Hot’ LZs. Comparatively the US prepare one for war, the training to extract the last men of a battalion Army, under which the RAN HFV was provided to the HFV gave the men replied that they would ‘Get the bloody commanded, was not only permitted to enough of an idea of what was coming job done’. The motto was certainly return fire but also to use suppressive that soon after the third contingent apt. The EMUs were held in such high force if they believed the enemy to be arrived in Vietnam, a junior sailor regard by other aviation companies present.11 commented that ‘it’s just like they said that should a crisis occur ‘the cry went The Flight transported the th7 Army it would be’.7 out “call for the EMUs”9. All levels of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) of the U.S. Army from Command to Division to where the enemy was Throughout the Tour of enlisted personnel held the Australians found. Unlike the Australian task force, Duty in high regard for their ‘professional who worked in an enclosed space, the skill and ability.’10 EMUs regularly inserted into areas The Experimental Military Unit In Vietnam, the RAN HFV took known to have an active Viet Cong (EMUs), comprising the 135th AHC more hits and lost more personnel (VC) presence. They never gained and RANHFV, was the first fully than any other Australian aviation ground or held a front line. Of the integrated American-Australian unit unit. Primarily this was due to the seven RAN deaths during the Vietnam since World War I. While a US Army different rules of engagement that the War, five were members of the RAN officer was always commander of HFV adhered to. To engage the enemy, HFV. LCDR Vickers, LEUT Casadio, the unit, the executive officer was PO Phillips, SBLT Huelin and LACM Australian and all other positions 8 “Lifers”, the term American personnel Shipp lost their lives during flying used to describe career military members 12 were allocated according to rank and as opposed to conscripts or draftees. All operations with the EMUs. Australians were lifers. maintainer. He retired from the RAN in 9 Speedy, M and Ray, M (eds) 2008, 11 CMDR I.M. Speedy (then Lieutenant) 1982. Interview conducted by MIDN C.E. A Bloody Job Well Done, second edition, 2IC RAN HFV 2nd Contingent. Interview Hodge at Fleet Air Arm Museum on 26 Defence Publishing Services, Canberra, conducted by MIDN C.E. HODGE 06 May Apr 10. ACT, pp 333 10. 7 The identity of the speaker is 10 Crabb, G 1968, Letter to LCDR Ralph 12 In full those personnel are Lieutenant uncertain; the quote is recalled by LCDR and Australian Personnel of the RANHFV. Commander Vickers, Lieutenant Casadio, David Farthing OIC 3rd Contingent, to (Supplied by Fleet Air Arm Museum Petty Officer Phillips, Sub-Lieutenant whom the comment was made. Historical Archives). Huelin and Leading Aircraftsman Shipp, the Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 52 The Experiences of the Men of the Royal Australian Navy Helicopter Flight Vietnam

Back in Australia the families of the RAN HFV were experiencing difficulties due to the deployment of their husbands. Many of the men of the flight had lived on ‘the Patch’13 at HMAS Albatross. However when the flight deployed, they were posted to HMAS Penguin (Additional- Vietnam) and therefore could not retain their houses at Albatross. Moving away from the married quarters was not negotiable and many wives chose to move interstate to be closer to family. This led to a huge amount of disruption to the families involved and great resentment was developed towards the Navy for this callous attitude towards personnel RANHFV troop deploying to a war zone.14 By the well received by their own service. For and forgotten. insertion (Courtesy time the third contingent departed the HFV this was not the case. On their Partially due to a lack of contact Sea Power Centre - a more appropriate system had return to Australia, the RAN gave the between the flight and the RAN during Australia). been implemented. After numerous veterans no support, no welcome and their deployment, a general ignorance complaints and a directive from the very little acknowledgement of what of the experiences of the flight exists to Chief of Staff Admiral VAT Smith, they had accomplished. The members this day, both internally and externally wives and families of the men of RAN of the flight were flown into a back of the Australian Defence Force. Many HFV were able to retain their married hanger of the airport during the early junior HFV pilots, now with over 1000 quarters. hours of the morning and met by a combat flying hours were rotated single representative from the Navy. from the FAA altogether. The HFV On their Return They were given back-pay, leave passes commander was criticised for having and travel warrants before being left a lack of ‘Front-line’ experience17. The Possibly the greatest failing of the RAN to find their own accommodation and invaluable knowledge and experience to the members of the flight was their transport. No transport had even been gained by the men of the flight was lost treatment on their return to Australia. arranged to take them to their ‘posting’ as they were scattered across the fleet. While it is common knowledge that the at Penguin.15 No attempt was made to capitalise anti-war movement prevented many Men returning from the flight were on the unique skill attained by the Vietnam veterans receiving a well- met with the attitude that they had veterans while in Vietnam. NAMAE deserved welcome home, it would be not been in a real war. The Fleet Air Waskiw, on his return to Albatross, assumed that the personnel would be Arm’s (FAA) attention was focussed was informed he lacked the training on the embarked squadrons of HMAS and rank to perform tasks simpler first two being from the 1st contingent, the latter three from the second contingent. The Melbourne’s air group and despite than those he had completed on a daily 3rd and 4th Contingents did not suffer any having seen more combat than any basis in Vietnam. The RAN seemed fatalities. other Australian unit; army, navy or air determined to ignore the lessons 13 Naval term for an area of an establishment where married personnel are force;16 the RAN HFV was ostracised learned in Vietnam. When LCDR Neil accommodated 14 Speedy, M and Ray, M (eds) 2008, 15 See paragraph 8 A Bloody Job Well Done, second edition, 16 NAMAE Ivan Waskin (1st 17 Eather, S 1998, Get the Bloody Job Defence Publishing Services, Canberra, Contingent). Interview conducted by MIDN Done, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, NSW, ACT C.E. HODGE 26 Apr 10. pp120. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 53

Ralph attempted to incorporate some situation vastly different to what any BIBLIOGRAPHY of these lessons into planning the other Australian unit experienced. ‘Bearcat – Home for Elite Flyers’ August response was simply that ‘they did not Despite this they performed their 1970, Canberra. (Supplied by Fleet Air Arm want to know’.18 duties with distinction earning them a Museum Historical Archives) ‘Project EMU’ December 1982, The Australian government reputation for professional excellence. Australian Aviation. (Supplied by Fleet Air also took a particularly hard line They demonstrated the positive Arm Museum Historical Archives) ‘The RAN Fleet Air Arm’ 2005, towards foreign awards and honours. ethos associated with the RAN to all Semaphore, no 8. http://www.navy.gov.au/ Members of the flight received those they worked with and greatly Publication:Semaphore_-_Issue_8%2c_2005. Crabb, G 1968, Letter to LCDR Ralph numerous Australian and imperial developed our military relationship and Australian Personnel of the RANHFV. honours including 34 Naval Board with America. (Supplied by Fleet Air Arm Museum Historical Archives) Commendations, 27 Mentioned in Unfortunately, the navy handled Eather, S 1993, Target Charlie, Aerospace Dispatches, a Member of the British the flight on their return to Australia Publications Pty Limited, Weston Creek, ACT. Empire award; eight Distinguished very poorly. Specifically the Navy did Eather, S 1998, Get the Bloody Job Done, Service crosses, six Distinguished not welcome them home in any way, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, NSW. Evans, C 1996, Mostly Sailors, Carla Flying crosses and one British they did not utilise the skills that had Evans, Wangaratta, Victoria, p10-16. Empire medal. Yet as the RAN HFV been developed and they did not take Geale, B n.d., RAN Helicopter Flight Vietnam 1st Contingent (Supplied by Fleet was completely integrated with the care of their people. Had they been Air Arm Museum Historical Archives) Americans, it is hardly surprising that met and placed back within the Navy Geale, B n.d., RAN Helicopter Flight nd they were nominated for numerous in positions where their unique skills Vietnam 2 Contingent (Supplied by Fleet Air Arm Museum Historical Archives) American and Vietnamese awards. were utilised, perhaps in teaching Geale, B n.d., RAN Helicopter Flight rd Until recently however the Australian the next generation of combat pilots, Vietnam 3 Contingent (Supplied by Fleet Air Arm Museum Historical Archives) Government has not allowed any the resentment felt towards the Navy Geale, B n.d., RAN Helicopter Flight th of these awards to be worn or even would have been lessened and fewer Vietnam 4 Contingent (Supplied by Fleet Air Arm Museum Historical Archives) 19 issued. It is unknown exactly how exceptional combat-trained pilots, Geale, B n.d., Royal Australian Navy st many foreign awards the Australians observers and aircrew would have left Helicopter Flight Vietnam 1 Contingent (Supplied by Fleet Air Arm Museum in the HFV were nominated for; the Navy feeling as though their efforts Historical Archives) however, the list includes a US Silver were not appreciated. t Mitchell, B and Perryman, J n.d., Australia’s Navy in Vietnam, Topmill Pty Star, a pair of US Distinguished Flying Ltd, Silverwater, NSW. crosses and several Vietnamese Ogden, M 1995, ‘They also Served’ Flightpath, Vol 5, no 1, pp70-75. Crosses of Gallantry. As a unit the Pfennigwerth, I 2008, Missing Pieces: The 135th AHC received seven decorations; Intelligence Jigsaw and RAN Operations from 1939-71, Papers in Australian none of which were ever awarded Maritime Affairs No. 25, Sea Power Centre, to Australians.20 In 2002, more than Canberra, ACT, pp253-264. Ralph, N 1968, RAN Helicopter Flight 32 years after the HFV returned to Vietnam – Report of Proceedings month of Australia, the Australian Government February 1968. (Supplied by Fleet Air Arm Museum Historical Archives) finally allowed Australian personnel to Reeve, J and Stevens, D 2007, Sea Power wear their American honours. ashore and in the air, Halstead Press, Ultimo, NSW, pp214-221. In conclusion, the Royal Australian Speedy, M and Ray, M (eds) 2008, A Navy Helicopter Flight Vietnam Bloody Job Well Done, second edition, was a small but dedicated group Defence Publishing Services, Canberra, ACT. of sailors who were thrust into a Stewart, E 2009, ‘Welcome home Midshipman Claire Hodge joined the Vietnam vets return from war’ Wartime, no RAN in January 2010 and is currently 45, pp10-13. 18 Speedy, M and Ray, M (eds) 2008, A Bloody Job Well Done, second edition, serving in HMAS Warramunga Defence Publishing Services, Canberra, ACT, pp 337. completing phase two of Junior 19 It is important to note that this has now changed and Australians in the Middle- Warfare Applications Course. She plans East area of operations are now able to accept and wear US Decorations. to go on to study science at ADFA and 20 To further add to this, time in hopes to specialise in navigation after Vietnam with the RAN HFV is not included towards service time for the Sea Service attaining her BWC. readiness pin. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 54 Naval Officer turns 100 and gains the OAM By Greg Swinden

ichard ‘Dick’ Nossiter recently as an Anti Submarine Warfare officer was demobilised celebrated his 100th birthday at HMAS Rushcutter, and onboard in April of that andR was also awarded the Medal of HMAS Moresby, he was promoted year although the Order of Australia (OAM) in the to Lieutenant and then dispatched he remained a 2010 Queens Birthday Honours List to Britain for service with the Royal member of the for “Services to sailing through the Navy in April 1940. In July 1940 he was RANVR and circumnavigation of the Globe in the appointed as First Lieutenant in the was promoted vessel Sirius 1935-37”. corvette HMS Mallow and served in to Lieutenant Dick Nossiter was born in Sydney her until April 1941 when he was given Commander in on 22 June 1910 and learned to sail in command of the ASW Trawler HMS June 1948. He the Lane Cove area as a child. In 1935, Paynter during which time the ship later transferred aged 25, he joined his father Harold was involved in convoy escort duties to to the RANR Nossister Sr and his younger brother Russia. when the Harold in their circumnavigation of In August 1942 he was awarded RANVR was the globe. They embarked in the the Distinguished Service Cross disbanded and family yacht Sirius (a 53 foot, 35 for “Bravery whilst serving in HMS was placed on A poster of Richard Nossiter probably for WWII ton staysail schooner) and sailed to Paynter taking convoys to and from the Retired List morale purposes . England via Bali, Malaysia, Colombo, Murmansk through the dangers of in March 1958. the Suez Canal and the Mediterranean ice and heavy seas and in the face of After the war he retained his interest in sailing and before reaching Great Britain in June relentless attacks by enemy U-boats, navigated in six Sydney to Hobart yacht races and is 1936. The Nossiters then returned to aircraft and surface forces”. Nossiter currently the longest serving member of the Royal Sydney Australia via Madeira, Trinidad, the relinquished command of Paynter in Yacht Squadron. Dick Nossiter was also a member of Panama Canal, Galapagos Islands, October 1943 and was posted ashore the Lane Cove Council for nine years during the years French Polynesia, the Cook Islands and to assist with the training of ASW 1968–1977; which included three years as Mayor. Dick was Tonga before finally reaching Sydney Officers. In February 1944 he was married in 1941 and he and his wife Nancy celebrated 67 in May 1937; thus becoming the first joined the destroyer HMS Brilliant and years of married life before her death in 2008. He now lives Australians to circumnavigate the then in May 1944 was given command in Cardiff Heights near Newcastle. t world by sailing vessel. of the newly commissioned Flower Dick Nossiter was appointed as class corvette HMS Potentilla. a probationary Sub-Lieutenant, in In April 1945 he was made an the RANVR, in February 1939 and Acting Lieutenant Commander and Note: The Yacht Sirius is also still going strong and is owned was mobilised for war service in served as Assistant Staff Officer by retired British Airways pilot Simon Norris who resides in November of that year. After training Disarmament of Vessels as hundreds Thailand. of vessels were disarmed and returned Richard Nossiter at the wheel of Sirius (Public domain). to their original owners after the end From It’s an Honour, the website of the Australian Honours of the European theatre of war. He and Awards system (http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au) returned to Australia in early 1946 and Sirius in 1935 (Public domain). Name: NOSSITER, Richard Harwin Award: Medal of the Order of Australia Post-nominal: OAM Date granted: 14 June 2010 State: NSW Suburb: Cardiff Heights Postcode: 2285 Country: Australia Citation: For service to sailing through the circumnavigation of the globe in the vessel Sirius, 1935-1937.

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 55

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 56 Book Reviews

Changi is interesting and the attempts studied in sufficient depth and it is pleasing that it has proved by officers to get messages out the possible to publish it while some of the former prisoners camp in statements authorised by the are still alive. All too soon the events described will have Japanese are analysed in detail. The passed from living memory and it is important that future hidden messages were not always generations can read a work that was researched and written comprehended by Allied Governments with the aid of people who were there. It is illustrated with or the Red Cross and apparent praise contemporary sketches, photographs and maps and makes for the Japanese led to resentment a positive addition to the available literature on the suffering against their officers among other of Allied prisoners in the hands of Japanese. I thoroughly prisoners. recommend it. By focusing on this single camp, the author is able to trace the prisoners’ experience from the cramped hold of the SS Tottori Maru which carried 1,993 American prisoners from the Philippines, through the desperate Guests of the Emperor journey to Manchuria in which By Linda Goetz Holmes many died and on to liberation by a resourceful OSS team that was dropped Naval Institute Press 2010 , Hard cover, by parachute nearby in August 1945. Unusually the author continues the 128 pages, illustrated, USD $29:95 story into the post-war era describing ISBN: 978-1-59114-377-2 the need for rehabilitation when the prisoners returned home, the evidence Reviewed by Commodore David Hobbs some gave at war-crimes tribunals and RN (ret’d) even the return by a small number to one of the surviving buildings which has recently become a museum. The HMAS Bataan, 1952: An Australian Warship Linda Holmes spent over twenty city is now known as Shenyang and still in the Korean War years researching the experiences has a major aircraft production facility By Anthony Cooper of American, Australian and British on its outskirts. prisoners of war who were held at Linda Holmes has a reputation as University of New South Wales Press, www.unswpress.com. Mukden in Manchuria, occupying the the leading American authority on largest fixed camp of its kind in the Allied prisoners of war and this work au, 2010, 295 pp, illustrations, maps, appendices, notes, Japanese Empire. The men were treated fully measures up to the standard bibliography, index. AUD $49.95, paperback, brutally and, contrary to international that one would expect from her. She ISBN: 978-1-74223-118-1. laws endorsed by the Japanese describes Japanese brutality not merely Government, they were forced to work for its own sake but attempts to explain Reviewed by Greg Swinden on components for combat aircraft in the mental attitudes that led to it and the nearby Mitsubishi factory. the effect it had on the prisoners. It The author describes how the is the first book to shed light on the When Able Seaman Geoff Cooper wrote letters home to his majority of Red Cross officials were medical experiments carried out on mother, from Tribal class destroyer HMAS Bataan off the deceived by the Japanese authorities some American prisoners and the coast of Korea in 1952, he probably never suspected that into thinking that conditions in the author’s research has allowed some of one day they would form the basis for a book concerning camp were far better then they really the survivors to better comprehend the Australian warships role in the war. His son Anthony were. The comparison between what happened to their fellow Cooper has used his father’s letters as the background for an the poor standard of fitness of the prisoners. excellent description of the ships service during its second Americans held in the Philippines Guests of the Emperoris a work deployment to Korea during February–August 1952. and the better state of British and of clarity that sheds new light on a This is, however, no ordinary ship history working Australians who had been held in subject that has not, until recently been its way through the day by day events of the ship and its Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 57

crew. Cooper prepares the scene operational deployments such as and differences between the RAN warships operating off well outlining how Australia became liberty in Japan, shipboard living, Korea with that of the Royal Navy, United States Navy and involved in the war and describing the leadership and morale, air and the Royal Canadian Navy. The Canadian Navy comes into trials and tribulations of preparing a sub-surface threats, navigating in reasonably close analysis, both good and bad, because the ship, and the RAN, for the conflict. hazardous water, shore bombardment Tribal class destroyers HMC Ships Athabaskan, Cayuga and The story flows easily through the and refueling and ship-handling. Sioux also served in Korean waters during Bataan’s first and experiences of the Lower Deck, The mundane tasks of plane guard second deployment to the war zone. Wardroom and Commanding Officer duty are described as well as the Books describing the Australian experience in the Korean (Commander Warwick Bracegirdle, few moments of sheer terror when War are few and those dealing with the RAN in the conflict DSC and Bar, RAN) alike and makes Bataan came under enemy fire. This are even fewer. This well researched and very easy to read comprehensive use of first hand resulted in the ship being straddled book may signal the start of more written work concerning sources such as the ship’s Reports of by several enemy shells; one of which the Australian Navy during this often forgotten war. Highly Proceedings, Captain’s Night Orders as one hit the Captain’s day cabin and recommended to all naval historians or those just interested well as private letters. tore a hole in his full dress uniform in what it was like to serve in a warship during the Korean Cooper breaks the book down jacket which was fortunately the only War. into interesting chapters analysing casualty of the action! various aspects of shipboard life and He also discusses the similarity

benefit. From that perspective alone it serving military personnel are bound by a higher ethical represents a meaningful contribution standard than that which might apply to wider society. to the professional literature. Arguing against the famous claim of Hackett that “a bad The title, therefore, is regrettable – person cannot be a good soldier, or sailor, or airman,” for it implies that this is a work about Ficarrotta presents a logical, thorough and compelling Kant’s moral theory, examining closely case. He concludes that “military personnel are bound argued claims about what Kant said, or by some unique and/or especially strict moral standards what Kant might have said, regarding (which) do not encompass all of morality”. Closing with the the problems Ficarrotta presents. assertion that “we cannot ask (military personnel) to be This is not the case. Rather, opinions saints” Ficarrotta resonates with Kant’s argument against the presented are intelligible and relevant “fancies of moral perfection,” but he ignores the powerful as thinking inspired by Kant, and inspirational qualities of the “military ideal”. This is an ideal Kantian Thinking About bearing a close relationship to what which, as Polanyi would have it, is “tacit” – real, powerful Military Ethics Kant might have thought. and yet unable to find expression in the unfeeling terms of By J. Carl Ficarrotta For those who are concerned Kantian logic. that this will therefore be irrelevant In Chapter Two, Ficarrotta writes in address of women “philosophy-lite”, Ficarrotta explains in combat. This discussion attracted recent interest in the Ashgate: Farnham, Surrey and that the essays are the result of trying to press. Ficarrotta’s line, inspired by Kant’s maxim that “every Burlington, Vermont, 2010 take his Kantian commitment seriously member of the commonwealth must be entitled to reach ISBN: 978-0-7546-7992-9 in the real world. Rather than a work any degree of rank which a subject can earn through talent, bound up with meta-ethical fine- industry and good fortune” is unsurprising. Concluding a Reviewed by Lieutenant Commander points, this is a practical, applicable and systematic argument, he argues that whilst some forms of informative work which will enrich and discrimination are justifiable, excluding women from combat Richard Adams, RAN elevate the quality of moral reasoning based upon gender alone is not a morally permissible form of in the real world. discrimination. In a collection of eight essays written Chapter One: Are Military Discussion in chapter three concerns the wrongs of over the period of fifteen years, Professionals Bound by a Higher “careerism” – the derivation of personal gain by professional Ficarrotta presents a variety of Moral Standard, has been presented failure. Ficarotta challenges the reader to consider just what important arguments, none of which previously in several fora. Inspired by it is which the “ticket punching, boot licking (and other require special training in philosophy to Kant’s idea that “morals began with less flattering military colloquialisms for the same sort of interpret. This is a work from which the the noblest attribute of human nature” activity), back stabbing, certain types of job-hunting or even generally interested reader will derive the essay takes issue with claims that in the extreme sending troops to unnecessary death for Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 58 Book Reviews the sake of good appearance all have Perhaps the most challenging Kantian meta-ethic – a sort of inflexible absolute deontology in common”. Though he is unable to essay in the collection is that which, which presumes to prescribe unequivocal conditions for afford a precise and specific definition in chapter eight, deals with just war war, and for peace. Indeed, Ficarrotta recalls Kant’s romantic of careerism, he does identify theory – a theory Ficarrotta scorns 1795 project – Perpetual Peace – in which he advocated a the least commendable and most as theoretically incoherent. Ficarrotta federation of free states bound by a covenant forbidding war. corrosive elements of military culture. believes just war theory fails to cope Whilst Ficarrotta does not present a compelling Ficarrotta’s resonant argument presents with the problems posed by twenty- alternative to just war theory he does present an interesting good reasons for “reform of promotion first century conflict; in particular professionally relevant perspective. Ultimately his argument and retention policies” and concludes terrorism, genocide, weapons of mass fails to counter the logic that war and conflict are more than with a damnation of “institutionally destruction. legal constructs – they are profoundly moral constructs also, and culturally sanctioned temptations But Ficarrotta is a Kantian, and and in this regard they are esse est percipi, and not reducible to violate moral rules”. his argument reflects an unworkable to legalistic dogma.

In this impressive book Robert Stern depth’ was critically important. describes the creation of the ‘Tokkotai’ HMAS Australia, the ‘kamikaze magnet’, has a chapter special attack units and the aspects of devoted to the ship. She was the first to be hit on 21 October Japanese culture that led men, many of 1944 when her popular commanding officer Captain Emil whom were students with no significant Dechaineux RAN was killed on his bridge with five other military background, to volunteer to die officers and 23 men. Stern believes that this was a Jibaku, for the Emperor in a way that is difficult rather than a Kamikaze hit, because it pre-dated the ‘official’ for the Western mind to comprehend. start of the first Kamikaze campaign by four days. She was He explains the distinction between hit and damaged for the sixth and last time in January 1945, ‘Jibaku’ or ‘spur-of-the-moment’ more than any other warship. Like all the chapters, this one is decision to crash into a ship by a pilot well illustrated with contemporary photographs and one has who, for whatever reason, might not to admire the courage of photographers who stood on deck be able to return to his base and the using their cameras while, in some cases, aircraft dived right ‘Kamikaze’ campaign in which the pilot at them. All told, 66 Allied warships were sunk by Kamikaze took off with the deliberate intention attacks and a further 250, including Australia and five of the of crashing into his target; a subtle six aircraft carriers in the British Pacific Fleet were damaged. Fire from the Sky: Surviving distinction that men in the targeted Allied casualties amounted to over 15,000 half of which were the Kamikaze Threat ships may not have appreciated at the personnel killed in action. By Robert C Stern time. Stern has made good use of an obvious wealth of research It is thought that about 2,525 IJN and his book includes detailed accounts the majority of and a further 1,388 Army aircrew attacks on American, Australian and British warships taken Seaforth Publishing, 2010, 340 pages, died in suicide attacks and although from contemporary combat reports. There are a large hard cover, illustrated, all the aircraft used by the Tokkotai number of illustrations; they are well chosen and complement GBP £30.00, ISBN: 978 -1-84832-038-3 were capable of having been flown by the text which is generally clear and easy to follow. USN-style a single pilot, those that could carry terminology is used to describe decks, compartments and Reviewed by David Hobbs observers and air gunners still carried gun mountings and an appendix that explained them to the a full volunteer crew. At first Allied non-American reader would have been a useful addition to The realisation that it could not defeat sailors were awed by this alien tactic the work. Stern uses metric measurement in the text but the the Allied Navies by conventional but eventually developed defensive original feet and inches are retained in the quotations from means led the Imperial Japanese Navy tactics and learned to endure the combat reports. to adopt suicide tactics with increasing threat. Kamikaze aircraft were the most Although Fire from the Sky is written mainly from the numbers of aircraft from October effective ‘ship-killing’ weapon of the war Allied perspective, this is the most comprehensive work I 1944 to the last day of hostilities on and of those that got through the fighter have read on the kamikaze subject, describing the evolution of 15 August 1945. The Army followed screen to commence a terminal dive tactics and countermeasures by both sides. It sheds new light and by the end of the war about 3,000 into a chosen target, one in three hit it. on an unnerving form of warfare which has a contemporary missions had been flown, many of them Countermeasures were still evolving resonance and adds significantly to earlier works on the War in massed attacks known as ‘Kikusui’. when the war ended but ‘defence in in the Pacific. I recommend this book highly. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 59

A successful Melbourne visit

etween 1924 and 1936 the RAN her Squadron, but she performed a visit to Portsmouth and shows sent a succession of its cruisers on creditably and on occasion even Melbourne’s officers with the Bexchange service with the Royal Navy, operated as flagship for a destroyer Australian High Commissioner, The primarily to improve training and squadron. Her effectiveness may be Rt. Hon. interoperability, but also to encourage judged by the Commander-in-Chief’s Sir Joseph Cook, GCMG. The recruitment within Australia. farewell signal which read in part: future Vice Admiral Sir John Collins HMAS Melbourne’s turn ‘If the Australian Fleet possesses was serving as Melbourne’s Gunnery came in November 1925 and she other ships which are as efficient as Officer at the time, and is standing on subsequently operated in both the Melbourne there can be no doubt Cook’s left. t Mediterranean and the Atlantic. as to the part they will play in the The Australian cruiser’s equipment defence of the Empire should the was out of date compared with the occasion arise’. more modern British cruisers in This picture was taken during

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 60 ANI On-line: A guide to the website.

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 138 61 Thinking of Making a Contribution? Style Notes for Headmark

In general, please present your work publication: publisher, year of that Commander Bill Crabbe, or Jack Aubrey, or Reverend James with the minimum of formatting. edition. Moodie. At the end of the article, please supply full honours So: - Lieutenant Commander Bill Crabbe, CSC, RAN - unless Paragraphs: Adkin, Mark. Goose Green. London: you would prefer not to use them. Then please supply a Don’t indent, and leave left justified. Leo Cooper, 1992. paragraph on yourself, to a maximum of 50 words, including Separate paragraphs by one line. Single Adler, Bill (Ed.) Letters from Vietnam. any qualifications you would like listed, and any interesting spacing only. Use one space only after New York: EP Dutton and Co., 1967. biographical aspects. If possible please supply a colour or stops and colons. Articles use quotation marks around greyscale head and shoulders e-photo of yourself for use Conventions: their title, which is not in italics. alongside the article title. Use numbers for 10 and above, words If citing web sites please use the Illustrations: below. Ship names use italics in title convention: Do not embed graphs or figures in your text without case; prefixes such as HMAS in capitals Australian Associated Press. “Army sending a separate file as well. If supplying photographs use and italics. Book and Journal titles use admits mistakes in SAS investigation”. a minimum of 300 dpi. We are keen on colour images but italics. 17 February, 2004. Please send to the Editor on Endnotes rather than footnotes. Use So, web site name. Article title. Full footnotes to explain any points you date of accessing the site. Full URL. Editorial considerations: want the reader to notice immediately. Bylines: The Editor reserves the right to amend articles where Book titles follow Author surname, Supply your everyday title for use at the necessary for the purposes of grammar correction, and to first name, title if any. Title. Place of beginning of the title, so: Lieutenant delete tables or figures for space considerations.

Republic of Korea Ship (ROKS) Yang Man Choon (DDH 973) arrives in Sydney Harbour during a worldwide tour to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Korean War. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 62 Australian Naval Institute

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Shark 22 prepares to land on number one spot which is on the forward flight deck of HMAS Kanimbla. It is one of three Sea King MK50A helicopters from 817 Squadron embarked on HMAS Kanimbla for Exercise RIMPAC 2010.