An Analysis of the People and Forces Shaping the Development of New
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"" ♦ • • ~ ft •--✓~ ,.C,, ',, \~,;~"_t:3•"•,*.•,:~',., .. , .. , ♦• ♦.-: *'i< 11.,dt 9,,~ ~ ♦"" f * ! ♦ .# ~. ♦ fy f-"'. 11"4 .. 1! c;,' f • '> 4;,,/",/ ,ct j. t ,S'~ '#''b ta,'* .. ;\i',f, • .,' i,s •~.'!I<.,,!')·- ♦•. tl ♦ .,.,,,,,. Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. CHANGING CHANNELS A.~ analysis of the people and forces shaping the development oE New Zealand Broadcasting. A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University. Dale Cameron Bailey January 1985 "When you. take stuff from one writer, it's plagarism: but when you take it from many writers, it's research." Wilson Mizner 1876 -1933. AI3STRACT This thesis examines the people and forces shapLng the development of New Zealand Broadcasting. People and the structures they live with have proven to be important, both identifiable yet inseparable. By examining process, this thesis has brought the two together in social enquiry. The development of broadcasting from the first experience in Wireless Telegraphy to the present day has been a series of complex changes. Key individuals and certain structures have shaped that development. Each chapter that details this d~velopment.adoptsa different emphasis, thus providing insight' into the wide range of forces being brought to bear. Three aspects in particular are explored in detail. Changing technologies, the development or new conceptions of broad- casting, and the altering nature of organisations have proved focal points for this thesis. These avenues of enquiry reveal more about the nature of Broadcasting and the society in which it resides. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I heartily thank all those who have contributed to this thesis. I am in gratitude to my typist, Barby Taylor, my proof reader and Aunt, M. Barber and cartographer, K.Puklowski. I also thank my family who have endured my lhiversity education, and in the last year anecdotes of broadcasting. Thanks must also go to the Department of Geography, Massey lhiversity for valued assistance. To my colleagues, Jane and Iain, I express appreciation for the helpful discussions we have had. But special thanks must go to my supervisor and mentor, Richard Le Heron, whose time, patience and ideas have greatly shaped this thesis. ii Special thanks to the following individuals who granted me interviews. The discussions with these people greatly aided my thesis. I am indebted to their generosity. Keitha BOOTH Ian CROSS Hon, R.O. DOUGLAS H. GOUGH Hon. J. HlNT I. »:LEAN Mj Gen W. S. »::'KINNON C.G. SCRHGEOUR L. SMITH M.P. G.H. STRINGER Hon H.G. TEMPLETON. Also thanks to the Broadcasting Tribunal for their consideration and help. Acknowledgement is also made of the valuable help of the following frlstitutions: Alexander Turnbull Library B.C.N.Z. Reference Library General Assembly Library Massey University Library National Archives Post Office Headquarters Library Radio New Zealand Sound Archives And special thanks to the Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand. iii CON TENTS 1 • A PERSONAL FRAMEWORK 2. A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR A STUDY OF BROADCASTlliG Reproducing Society A Need to Consider Process Organisations The Social Context of Space Studies on Broadcasting Review of Thesis 3. RAD IO: INNOVATION AND MANIPULATION Introduction Early Innovators Parliament Acts The Liberal Experience The Innovation SpPeads International Experiences New Possibilities Timidity and Control Broadcasting Begins Regulation Overseas Experience Shaping the Future The Activity Spreads Funding ... / iv CONTENTS (Cont.) A Dominion Wide Scheme A National Scheme - A Political Necessity The Company Begins Alluring Opportunities and Hidden Obligations Review 4. FROM MANIPULATION TO MANAGEMENT Introduction The Company in Context Corporation Control RBCNZ - Success and Failure Under New Management Private Enterprise Under Fire Commercial Radio Freedom or Restriction Scrimgeour A Election Looms Review 5. THE CONTRADICTIONS OF INTERVENTION Introduction A Department 0£ State The Demise 0£ the Board State Commercial Radio The End of Private Ownership Growth and Dual Control The Approach 0£ War ... / v. CONTENTS (Cont.) Rationalisation Dual Services, Dual Goals A New Broadcasting System Scrimgeour Amalgamation Completed Review 6. STATE MANAGEMENT AND THE REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENT LYJ.troduction Into Peacetime An Integrated Broadcasting Plan Restrictions Television Another Challenge The NZBS and its Demise Review 7. CONTEMPORARY NEV ZEALAND BROADCASTfflG: TELEVISION STATE CORPORATIONS AND REVENUE CRISES Introduction The NZBC · Development The Continued Exclusion of Private Broadcasting The Monopoly Crumbles The Broadcasting Authority ... / vi CO NT ENT S (Cont.) Private Broadcasting? Political Bias A New Structure Revenue Review 8. CONCLID JNG REMAR:ts Appendix I Members of New Zealand Cabinet Responsible for Broadcasting. Appendix l! A Chronology of New Zealand Broadcasting. Appendix III Abbreviations Used. Bibliography 1 CHAPTER 1 'A PERSONAL FRAMEWORK' It is as unhelpful to separate a thesis from its author as it is to separate music from its composer. In the past, the character, ideals, hopes, values and aspirations of a researcher were seen as extraneous to his work, a distraction to his 'science'. Both, however, are interwoven, affecting each other. This short comment is intended to provide the reader with some background which has influenced the author's choice of topic and approach. Born in 1962, the author has lived and been educated within the confines of the Manawatu region. Attending a rural primary school, and later an urban boys' high school, he developed a taste for further educatioo. This led to enrolment in a Bachelor of Arts course, m.ajoring in Geography at Massey thiversity. This was later extended to a Masterate, £or which this thesis has been prepared. A committed anti-centralist, the author developed interests in both history and current events. The sensitivity to history was in part inspired by a long family association in the area. Politics has also dominated the author's interests, with a special interest in rural affairs. In Geography and Social Science studies, interests were pursued around the nature of people and the systems they create. In particular there has been a fascination with the structures, organisations and institutions created in society. This, combined with a desire to explain things more adequately has led the author to explore the development of knowledge in contextual terms, linking both human agency and social structure. To conclude it is important not to over-emphasise the impact of these ideas and experiences. But, on the other hand, to disregard them would be inappropriate. They have been acknowledged and should be recognised £or what they are. 2 "Reasoning Rules are intellectual tools by which we structure our thoughts and actions. My choice of reasoning mode is therefore analogous to the craftman's choice of trade tools; in both cases I am influenced by my subject matter, by my experiences I have accumulated in the past, by my present milieu and by my hopes and fears for the future" Gunnar Olsson, 1980. 3 CHAPTER 2 "A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR A STUDY OF B~ASTING" As B. Wood (1982) contends 'a history of Broadcasting can only proceed by referring to what is~ Broadcasting' (Wood, 1982, 107). Broadcasting, and indeed any other activity, must be explained within its milieu. In the context of New Zealand, this means gaining an understanding of a capitalist society. This can really only be achieved through embracing social theory. Recent social theorists havesought to overcome the difficult dichotomy of structure and agency. Latterly there has been a recognition that both global processes and local